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Geometric Representation of
Modulation Signals Version 1.1: Nov 16, 2007 9:51 pm US/Central

Tuan Do-Hong

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Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals

Geometric representation of signals can provide a compact characterization of signals and
can simplify analysis of their performance as modulation signals.
Orthonormal bases are essential in geometry. Let {s1 (t) , s2 (t) , . . . , sM (t)} be a set of
signals.
s1 (t) RT
Define ψ1 (t) = √
E1
E1 = 0 s1 2 (t) dt.
where
RT
Define s21 =< s2 , ψ1 >= 0 s2 (t) ψ1 (t)dt and ψ2 (t) = √1ˆ (s2 (t) − s21 ψ1 ) where
E2
RT 2
Eˆ2 = 0
(s2 (t) − s21 ψ1 (t)) dt
In general  
k−1
1  X
ψk (t) = p sk (t) − (skj ψj (t)) (1)
Eˆk j=1

RT  Pk−1 2
where Eˆk = 0
sk (t) − j=1 (skj ψ j (t)) dt.
The process continues until all of the M signals are exhausted. The results are N or-
thogonal signals with unit energy, {ψ1 (t) , ψ2 (t) , . . . , ψN (t)} where N ≤ M . If the signals
{s1 (t) , . . . , sM (t)} are linearly independent, then N = M .
The M signals can be represented as

N
X
sm (t) = (smn ψn (t)) (2)
n=1
PN

with m ∈ {1, 2, . . . , M } where smn =< sm , ψn > and Em = n=1 smn 2 . The signals can
 
sm1
 sm2 
be represented by sm = . 
 
 .. 
smN
Example 1:
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Figure 1

Figure 2

s1 (t)
ψ1 (t) = √ (3)
A2 T
√
s11 = A T (4)

 √ 
s21 = − A T (5)

ψ2 (t) = (s2 (t) − s21 ψ1 (t)) √1ˆ

 √  E2
= −A + A√TT √1ˆ (6)
E2
= 0

Dimension of the signal set is 1 with E1 = s11 2 and E2 = s21 2 .

Example 2:
sm (t) RT A2 T
ψm (t) = √
Es
where Es = 0
sm 2 (t) dt = 4

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Figure 3

 √       
Es √0 0 0
0   Es   0  0 
, s =  √
 
s1 =  , s =  , and s4 = 
0  2  0  3  Es

 0 
√
 
0 0 0 Es
 v 
uN   p
uX 2
∀mn : dmn = |sm − sn | = t (smj − snj ) = 2Es  (7)
j=1

is the Euclidean distance between signals.

Example 3:
Set of 4 equal energy biorthogonal signals. s1 (t) = s (t), s2 (t) = s⊥ (t), s3 (t) =
⊥


− (s (t)), s4 (t) = − s (t) .
s⊥ (t) RT
The orthonormal basisψ1 (t) = √s(t)
Es
, ψ2 (t) = √
Es
where Es = 0 sm 2 (t) dt
 √     √
  
Es √0 − Es 0

√
s1 = , s2 = , s3 = , s4 = . The
0 Es 0 − Es
four signals can be geometrically represented using the 4-vector of projection co-
efficients s1 , s2 , s3 , and s4 as a set of constellation points.

d21 = |s
√2 − s1 | (8)
= 2Es

d12 = d23
= d34 (9)
= d14

d13 = |s√
1 − s3 |
(10)
= 2 Es

d13 = d24 (11)

√
Minimum distance dmin = 2Es

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Signal constellation

Figure 4

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