SEMINAR REPORT On

Six Stroke Engines

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by Mukesh Kumar -1209369 (7th sem.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Seth Jai Parkash Mukand Lal Institute of Engg. & Technology,

Radaur 135133 (Yamuna Nagar ) (Affiliated To Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India)

TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No. Content

I II 1. 2. Acknowledgement Abstract Introduction Crower six stroke engine 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. Working principle Valves used in crowers engine Heat recovery system Block diagram of heat recovery system Some facts about crowers six-stroke engine Advantages of crowers six stroke engine

Page No.
1 2 3 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 18 19 21 22

Bajulaz six stroke engine 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Features of bajulaz six stroke engine Working of bajulazs six stroke engine Six stroke engine cycle diagram Main advantages of the six-stroke engine

4. 5.

Conclusion References

LIST OF FIGURES
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Figure Number Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2 Fig 2.3 Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2 Fig 3.3 Fig 3.4 Fig 3.5 Fig 3.6 Fig 3.7 Fig 3.8 Page No. 6 7 8 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There is always a sense of gratitude which one express to other for the helpful and needy service. They render during all the phases of life, It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people who directly or indirectly contributed in the department for this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior and acts during the course of study I express my sincere gratitude to Er Sanjeev Kumar Garg, HOD Mechanical Engineering Department for providing me an opportunity to undergo this seminar, I am thankful to Er Pardeep Sharma, for his support, cooperation and motivation provided to me during the working of this seminar for constant inspiration, presence and blessings, Lastly I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day to day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

Mukesh Kumar

ABSTRACT
One of the most difficult challenges in engine technology today is the urgent need to increase engine thermal efficiency. The research work for obtaining an engine which having the same or more power with higher fuel efficiency than the existing ones has started before many years. As a result of all these researches a new engine concept is formed, which is a six stroke engine. Lot of research works are conducting on this topic nowadays and already six types of six stroke engines were discovered yet. Of these the recent developed two six stroke engines, i.e. Bruce crowers and Bajulaz Six Stroke Engines are undergoing tremendous research works. During every cycle in a typical four stroke engine, piston moves up and down twice in the chamber, resulting in four total strokes and one of which is the power stroke that provides the torque to move the vehicle. But in a six stroke engine there are six strokes and out of these there are two power strokes. The automotive industry may soon be revolutionized by a new six-stroke design which adds a second power stroke, resulting in much more efficiency with less amount of pollution.

1. INTRODUCTION
The term six stroke engine describes two different approaches in the internal combustion engines, developed since the 1990s, to improve its efficiency and reduce emissions. In the first approach, the engine captures the waste heat from the four stroke Otto cycle or Diesel cycle and uses it to get an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. Designs either use steam or air as the working fluid for the additional power stroke. As well as extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine and removes the need for a cooling system making the engine lighter and giving 40% increased efficiency over the normal Otto or Diesel Cycle. The pistons in this six stroke engine go up and down six times for each injection of fuel. These six stroke engines have 2 power strokes; one by fuel and one by steam or air. The currently notable six stroke engine design in this class is the Crower's six stroke engines, invented by Bruce Crower of the U.S.A. The second approach to the six stroke engine is the Bajulaz Six Stroke Engine, which was invented in 1989 by the Bajulaz S, A company, based in Geneva, Switzerland. The Bajulaz six stroke engine is similar to a regular combustion engine in design. There was however modifications to the cylinder head, with two supplementary fixed capacity chambers, a combustion chamber and an air preheating chamber above each cylinder. The combustion chamber receives a charge of heated air from the cylinder; the injection of fuel begins, at the same time it burns which increases the thermal efficiency compared to a burn in the cylinder. The high pressure achieved is then released into the cylinder to work the power or expansion stroke. Meanwhile a second chamber which blankets the combustion chamber has its air content heated to a high degree by heat passing through the cylinder wall. This heated and pressurized air is then used to power an additional stroke of the piston.

2. CROWER SIX STROKE ENGINE

This engine is invented by Bruce crower of California in USA in the year 2004. Bruce Crower is actually a race car mechanic with his own workshop. In his six-stroke engine, power is obtained in the third and sixth strokes. First four strokes of this engine are similar to a normal four stroke engine and power is delivered in the third stroke. Just prior to the fifth stroke, water is injected directly into the heated cylinder via the converted diesel engine's fuel injector pump. The injected water absorbs the heat produced in the cylinder and converts into superheated steam, which causes the water to expand to 1600 times its volume and forces the piston down for an additional stroke i.e. the second power stroke. The phase change from liquid to steam removes the excess heat of the engine. As a substantial portion of engine heat now leaves the cylinder in the form of steam, no cooling system radiator is required. Energy that is dissipated in conventional arrangements by the radiation cooling system has been converted into additional power strokes. In Crower's prototype, the water for the steam cycle is consumed at a rate approximately equal to that of the fuel, but in production models, the steam will be recaptured in a condenser for re-use. This design also claims to reduce fuel consumption by 40%. Crower's six stroke engine has the following important features 1. No cooling system required. 2. Improves a typical engines fuel consumption. 3. Requires a supply of distilled water to act as the medium for the second power stroke. 4. This engine is more efficient and powerful than the existing four stroke engines. 5. The engine is also having the scope of using heavy fuels and bio-fuels.
6. The engine with varied thermodynamic cycle of operation has better thermodynamic

efficiency, reduced fuel Consumption, reduced pollution. 7. Nearly 40% more fuel efficiency can be obtained.

2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The six strokes included in the crowers engine are 1. Intake stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Fuel power stroke 4. Fuel exhaust stroke 5. Steam power stroke 6. Steam exhaust stroke 2.1.1. Intake stroke During the first stroke the inlet valve is opened and air or air-fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder. Thus the charge is inducted into the combustion chamber. This is done by the suction created due to the downward movement of the piston into the cylinder from top dead center to bottom dead center. 2.1.2 Compression stroke

During this stroke air or air fuel mixture compressed to the maximum pressure. The piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center, and the charge inside the cylinder gets compressed. 2.1.3 Fuel power stroke

This is first power stroke of the engine. This is given by primary fuel (petrol or diesel or LPG). During this stroke all valves are remains closed. The charge gets ignited by some suitable means, depending upon the type of fuel used. Due to the combustion the of the air fuel mixture, the combustion products expands and they exerts a pressure on the piston head, thereby moving the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center, and hence producing the first power stroke. 2.1.4 Fuel exhaust stroke

During this stroke, the exhaust valve will be opened and burned gases send out to the atmosphere through the heat recovery system to warm-up the water. This is done by the upward movement of the piston from bottom dead center to the top dead center. All of these four strokes are similar to the four strokes of an ordinary four stroke engine.
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2.1.5

Steam power stroke

This is the second power stroke of the Crowers six stroke engine. In this stroke, water is injected into the hot cylinder through the steam valve. By absorbing the heat from cylinder walls, the water gets converted to a superheated steam and the steam expands causing the piston to move down, from top dead center to bottom dead center by exerting a pressure on the piston head. 2.1.6 Steam exhaust stroke

The expanded steam escapes through the opened exhaust valve by the upward movement of the piston into the cylinder. This exhaust steams is also sent via heat recovery system to warm-up the water.

Fig 2.1

2.2 VALVES USED IN CROWERS ENGINE

1. Inlet Valve 2. Exhaust Valve 3. Water injector

2.2.1 Functions of all the valves in engine 1. Inlet Valve It opens to supplied fresh air or air-fuel into the cylinder. 2. Exhaust Valve It opens to remove the burned gases and steam from the cylinder. 3. Water injector It opens to inject the water into the cylinder with high pressure.

Fig 2.2

2.3 HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM

The main objective of is to utilize the heat from exhaust by a system called heat recovery system. This system utilizes the waste heat from the burnt fuel and exhaust steam. Water tank is placed inside the recovery tank. At same time the exhaust burnt gases and the steam passes through this tank and thereby continuously transferring the heat to the water before injecting it to the cylinder.

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM

Fig 2.3

2.5 SOME FACTS ABOUT CROWERS SIX-STROKE ENGINE

1. The water enters only when the temperature inside the cylinder reaches above 250 degree Celsius. 2. The water cannot enter the spark plug, because of high temp of the spark plug. 3. The cylinder will not get rusted because engine will run for 15-30 sec before it shuts down, thereby removing all the water from the cylinder. 4. Distilled water may also be used in order to avoid the corrosion. 5. The heat from the exhaust (both Steam and burnt gases) is reused to heat the water before injecting it to the cylinder. 6. The six-stroke engine does not require any basic modification to the existing engines and all the technological experience and production methods remain unaltered. 7. It can also be working using multiple fuels.

2.6 ADVANTAGES OF CROWERS SIX STROKE ENGINE

1. It is having a higher efficiency as compared to the 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines. 2. Improves a typical engines fuel consumption. 3. No cooling system required in the engine. 4. The weight and power loss of most conventional cooling system parts such as the fan, radiator and coolant pump can be eliminated. 5. Higher mechanical efficiency is obtained in the engine. 6. Physical engine size reduced due to removal of the cooling system. 7. The higher percentage of power strokes may allow lower working speeds, with higher torque output at lower and broader rpm ranges. 8. Reduced exhaust emissions per a given power range, CO can reduce up to 65%.

3. BAJULAZ SIX STROKE ENGINE

The Bajulaz Six Stroke Engine was invented in 1989 by the Bajulaz S A Company based in Geneva, Switzerland. The Bajulaz six stroke engine is similar to a regular internal combustion engine in design. There was however modifications to the cylinder head, with two supplementary fixed capacity chambers, a combustion chamber and an air preheating chamber above each cylinder. The combustion chamber receives a charge of heated air from the cylinder; the injection of fuel begins, at the same time it burns which increases the thermal efficiency compared to a burn in the cylinder. The high pressure achieved is then released into the cylinder to work the power or expansion stroke. Meanwhile a second chamber which blankets the combustion chamber has its air content heated to a high degree by heat passing through the cylinder wall. This heated and pressurized air is then used to power an additional stroke of the piston. The advantages of the engine include reduction in fuel consumption by 40%, multi-fuel usage capability, and a dramatic reduction in pollution.

3.1 FEATURES OF BAJULAZ SIX STROKE ENGINE

Bajulaz six stroke engine has the following features 1. Reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40% 2. Two expansions (work) in six strokes 3. Dramatic reduction in pollution 4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas 5. Costs comparable to those of a four-stroke engine combustion engine in design.

3.2 WORKING OF BAJULAZS SIX STROKE ENGINE

The engine has the following main components 1. Intake valve 2. Heating chamber valve 3. Combustion chamber valve 4. Exhaust valve 5. Cylinder 6. Combustion chamber 7. Air heating chamber 8. Wall of combustion chamber 9. Fuel injector 10. Heating plug 11. Piston 12. Crankshaft

Fig 3.1

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The sketch shows the cylinder head equipped with both chambers and four valves of which two are conventional (intake and exhaust). The two others are made of heavy-duty heat-resisting material. During the combustion and the air heating processes, the valves could open under the pressure within the chambers. To avoid this, a piston is installed on both valve shafts, which compensate this pressure. Being a six-stroke cycle, the camshaft speed is one third of the crankshaft speed. The combustion chambers walls are glowing when the engine is running. Their small thickness allows heat exchange with the air-heating chamber, which is surrounding the combustion chamber. The air-heating chamber is isolated from the cylinder head to reduce thermal loss. (To make the engine presentation easier, the details of the chambers are not described on the cycle sketch). Through heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the heating chamber, the work is distributed over two strokes, which results in less pressure on the piston and greater smoothness of operation. In addition, since the combustion chamber is isolated from the cylinder by its valves, the moving parts, especially the piston, are not subject to any excessive stress from the very high temperatures and pressures. They are also protected from explosive combustion or auto-ignition, which are observed on ignition of the air-fuel mixture in conventional gas or diesel engines. The combustion and air-heating chambers have different compression ratio. The compression ratio is high for the heating chamber, which operates on an external cycle and is supplied solely with pure air. On the other hand, the compression ratio is low for the combustion chamber, which operates on an internal combustion cycle. The combustion of all injected fuel is insured, first, by the supply of preheated pure air in the combustion chamber, then, by the glowing walls of the chamber, which act as multiple spark plugs. In order to facilitate cold starts, the combustion chamber is fitted with a heater plug (glow plug). In contrast to a diesel engine, which requires a heavy construction, this multi-fuel engine, which can also use diesel fuel, may be built in a much lighter fashion than that of a gas engine, especially in the case of all moving parts.

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Injection and combustion takes place in the closed combustion chamber, therefore at a constant volume, over 360 degrees of crankshaft angle. This feature gives plenty of time for the fuel to burn ideally, and releases every potential calorie (first contribution to pollution reduction). Bajulazs six stroke engine consists of the following six strokes 3.2.1 1st stroke (suction stroke) The inlet valve (1) is kept open. Due to cranking, the piston moves downward which results in the formation of a pressure difference due to which pure air enters the cylinder (5). The crankshaft completes revolution for half cycle.

Fig 3.2

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3.2.2 2nd stroke (compression stroke) The inlet valve closes and the heating chamber valve opens. The piston moves upwards due to cranking forcing the pure air into heating chamber. The air at this stage is converted to high pressure.

Fig 3.3

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3.2.3 3rd stroke (1st power stroke) The combustion chamber valve opens and the gases of combustion enter the cylinder. The high pressure combustion products enter into the cylinder, and exert a force on the piston head, forcing it to move downwards, thereby producing the first power stroke. This stroke gives the 180 degree revolution to the crankshaft.

Fig 3.4

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3.2.4 4th stroke (exhaust stroke) The exhaust valve opens. The piston moves upwards and the exhaust gases are removed via this valve. The crankshaft rotates another half cycle. At this stage the crankshaft completes 2 full cycles.

Fig 3.5

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3.2.5 5th stroke (2nd power stroke) The heating chamber valve opens and the pure air now at high pressure and high temperature enters the cylinder as shown in the figure which does work on the piston and hence it moves downwards resulting in the 2nd power stroke. The crankshaft completes another half cycle.

Fig 3.6

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3.2.6 6th stroke Finally the combustion chamber valve opens the piston moves upwards forcing the pure air into the combustion chamber. The crankshaft will complete 3 full cycles at the end of the 6th stroke.

Fig 3.7

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3.3 SIX STROKE ENGINE CYCLE DIAGRAM

Fig 3.8

3.3.1 External combustion cycle (divided in 4 events) No direct contact between the air and the heating source. 1. e1. (Event 1) Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event). 2. e2. (Event 2) Compression of pure air in the heating chamber (dynamic event). 3. e3. (Event 3) Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event).
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4. e4. (Event 4) Expansion of the superheated air in the cylinder work (dynamic event). 3.3.2 Internal combustion cycle (divided in 4 events) Direct contact between the air and the heating source. 5. I1. (Event 5) Re-compression of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event). 6. I2. (Event 6) Fuel injection and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). 7. I3. (Event 7) Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder work (dynamic event). 8. I4. (Event 8) Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event).

3.4 MAIN ADVANTAGES OF THE SIX-STROKE ENGINE

3.4.1 Reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40% An operating efficiency of approximately 50%, hence the large reduction in specific fuel consumption. The Operating efficiency of current petrol engine is of the order of 30%. The specific power of the six-stroke engine will not be less than that of a four-stroke petrol engine, the increase in thermal efficiency compensating for the issue due to the two additional strokes. 3.4.2 Two expansions (work) in six strokes Since the work cycles occur on two strokes (3600 out of 10800 ) or 8% more than in a fourstroke engine (1800 out of 720 ), the torque is much more even. This lead to very smooth operation at low speed without any significant effects on consumption and the emission of pollutants, the combustion not being affected by the engine speed. These advantages are very important in improving the performance of car in town traffic. 3.4.3 Dramatic reduction in pollution

Chemical, noise and thermal pollution are reduced, on the one hand, in proportion to the reduction in specific consumption, and on the other, through the engines own characteristics
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which will help to considerably lower HC, CO and NO emissions. Furthermore, its ability to run with fuels of vegetable origin and weakly pollutant gases under optimum conditions, gives it qualities which will allow it to match up to the strictest standards. 3.4.4 Multi fuel

Multi fuel for excellence, it can use the most varied fuels, of any origin (fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G. or animal grease. The difference in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present any problem in combustion. Its light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low compression ration of the combustion chamber; do not exclude the use of diesel fuel. Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended. 3.4.5 Cost comparable to those of a four-stroke engine.

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4. CONCLUSION
There is, at this day, no wonder solution for the replacement of the internal combustion engine. Only improvements of the current technology can help it progress within reasonable time and financial limits. The six-stroke engine fits perfectly into this view. Its adoption by the automobile industry would have a tremendous impact on the environment and world economy, assuming up to 40% reduction in fuel consumption and 60% to 90% in polluting emissions, depending on the type of the fuel being used. Drastically reducing fuel consumption and pollution without radically affecting performances would allow the current concept of the automobile to be reassessed. The six stroke engine modification promises dramatic reduction of pollution and fuel consumption of an internal combustion engine. The fuel efficiency of the engine can be increased and also the valve timing can be effectively arranged to extract more work per cycle. Better scavenging is possible as air intake occurs during the fifth stroke and the exhaust during the sixth stroke. Due to more air intake, the cooling system is improved. It enables lower engine temperature and therefore increases in the overall efficiency. Automobiles equipped with the sixstroke engine could appear in the market within 3 to 5 years.

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5. REFERENCES
1. http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060227/FREE/302270007/1023/TH ISWEEKSISSUE 2. http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEO20060903112344&Topic=0&Title=Th iruvananthapuram Page=O 3. http://www.autocarindia.com/new/Information.asp?id=1263 4. www.sixstroke.com 5. High speed internal combustion engines by John B. Heywood.

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