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e=m 2 c

PRODUCTS AND FACTORS

KEY SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE By the end of this chapter you will be able to: use a process that consists of identifying a number pattern, completing a table of values, describing the pattern in words and algebraic symbols, and representing the relationship on a graph. add, subtract, multiply and divide algebraic terms, dealing correctly with indices. determine and justify whether a simplified expression is correct by substituting numbers for letters. generate a variety of equivalent expressions that represent a particular situation or problem. recognise and manipulate algebraic expressions involving fractional and negative indices. simplify algebraic expressions by expanding brackets and collecting like terms. check expansions and factorisations by performing the reverse process. interpret statements involving algebraic symbols in other contexts e.g. spreadsheets. represent descriptions of quantities by an algebraic expression. explain why a particular algebraic expansion or factorisation is incorrect. describe relationships between the algebraic symbol system and number properties.

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Algebra is the life blood of higher mathematics!

Since mathematicians first used symbols to stand for an unknown number, the processes and rules of algebra have been revised and improved to form a system that is logical, consistent and extremely powerful for manipulating ideas symbolically.

GETTING STARTED
Now lets see if I can recall these results from last year. I could try substituting a number for each letter to work out if it is the same as the given answer.

1.

a+b= (A) b + a (C) c + d ab= (A) b a (C) 0 a+a= (A) a (C) b + b aa= (A) z (C) b 2x x = (A) 2 (C) x

6. (B) ab (D) 2ab 7. (B) z (D) none of these 8. (B) 2a (D) aa 9. (B) 0 (D) none of these (B) w (D) 1

aa= (A) 2a (C) b xx= (A) 1 (C) 1x xy= (A) z (C) x + y a+a+a= (A) 3a (C) b + b + b (A) a + c + t (C) t + a + c

(B) a (D) a2 (B) x (D) 2x (B) y x (D) x y (B) c (D) aaa (B) (D) all of these

2.

3.

4.

5.

10. c + a + t =

5.01

REVIEW PATTERNS AND ALGEBRA

In About Maths Year 7, we established that algebra was a way of representing patterns. An algebraic expression could stand for a general rule connecting variables. Example 1 To represent the pattern 2, 4, 6, 8...... we wrote T = 2n T is the term in the series and n is the number of terms. So the 50th term in the series can be found by putting n = 50. T50 = 2 50 = 100
n is a variable! It can stand for any number.

Example 2 To represent the pattern 1, 3, 5, 7 ....... we wrote T = 2n 1 T is the term in the series and n is the number of terms. So the 40th term in the series can be found by putting n = 40. T40 = 2 40 1 = 79

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Example 3 To represent the pattern 1, 4, 9, 16 ....... we wrote T = n2 of T when n = 20. T is the term in the series and n is the number of terms. So the 20th term in the series can be found by putting n = 20. T20 = 202 = 400
n= T= 1 8 2 11 3 14 4 17 n

So T20 means the value

Example 4 To represent the pattern 8, 11, 14, 17 ... we first make a table relating each term to its number.

Differences 3

By checking the value of 3n for each value of n we can see that T = 3n + 5 So the 60th term in the series can be found by putting n = 60. T60 = 3 60 + 5 = 185

This is the key that unlocks the pattern. As n goes up by 1 each time, T goes up by 3. The pattern must be like T = 3n.

5.01
1. For each of these patterns, work out an expression for the general term T using n for the variable, and calculate the value of the indicated term. (a) 3, 6, 9, 12, Calculate the 30th term. If you need help (b) 4, 7, 10, 13, Calculate the 40th term. with e, just look at (c) 5, 10, 15, 20, Calculate the 80th term. Example 3 above! (d) 4, 9, 14, 19, Calculate the 25th term. (e) 0, 3, 8, 15, Calculate the 30th term. (f) 1, 6, 11, 16, Calculate the 30th term. (g) 9, 11, 13, 15, Calculate the 50th term. (h) 2, 5, 10, 17, Calculate the 20th term. Sometimes, we may not know every term from the first. We may only know some of the terms. Using the method of differences outlined in Example 4 above, work out a relationship between the variables and write an equation to represent it algebraically. (a) x = 5 6 7 8 (b) n = 7 8 9 10 (c) t = 4 5 6 7
y = 21 25 29 33 T = 21 23 3 37 4 21 25 4 47 6 22 27 5 57 8 23 P = 30 38 46 54

2.

(d) (f)

s= 3 4 f = 29 38 a= v= 0 1 1 21

5 47 2 41

6 56 3 61

(e)

a= 2 v = 27 v = 20

(g) a = 2

In these tables, there are two variables. One to represent the number you are putting in and one to represent the answer.

Decreasing patterns
Sometimes the second variable will decrease as the first increases. For example, when unloading a truck, the more people who help, the less time it takes. Example x= 5 6 7 8
y = 15 12 9 6

Differences 3 3 3

Since each difference is 3 when x increases by 1, the pattern must be like y = 3x. Checking each term gives y = 3x + 30 or y = 30 3x.

3.

Using the method of differences outlined above, work out a relationship between the variables and write an equation to represent it algebraically. (a) x = 5 6 7 8 (b) n = 7 8 9 10
y = 90 88 86 5 15 84 6 10 T= 6 4 2 0

(c) (f)

t= 4 P = 26

5 20

6 14

7 8

(d)

s= 3 4 f = 25 20

(e)

a= 2 3 4 5 v = 180 170 160 150

x= 0 1 2 3 y = 180 160 140 120

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4.

Here is a geometrical pattern that can be represented algebraically. (a) If there are n houses: There are n black roof sticks There are n green roof sticks There are n red floor sticks There are n + 1 blue wall sticks Number of sticks S = n + n + n + n + 1 (b) Complete these statements for n houses: Number of green roof sticks = Number of red floor/wall sticks = Number of blue wall sticks = Total number of sticks S = Complete these statements for n houses: Number of green and red sticks = Number of blue wall sticks = Total number of sticks S =

(c)

Complete these statements for n houses: Number of red sticks = Number of green sticks = Number of blue sticks = Total number of sticks S = (e) Complete these statements for n houses: Number of red sticks = Number of green and blue sticks = Number of black sticks = Total number of sticks S = (f) The number of sticks is the same in each case.Therefore, these are equivalent algebraic expressions. State true or false. (i) n + n + n + n + 1 = 4n + 1 (ii) 2n + 2n + 1 = 4n + 1 (iii) 3n + n + 1 = 4n + 1 (iv) 2n + (n + 1) + n = 4n + 1 5. A semitrailer is loaded with large coils of steel for reprocessing into tin cans. Records are kept from the weighbridge on the combined weight of the truck and steel, and the number of coils transported. Here is a table showing the weighbridge records.
Number of coils (c) Combined weight (W) 1 18 2 3 24 30 4 5 36 42

(d)

(a) Deduce an expression for the combined weight (W) of the truck and its load in terms of the number of coils (c). (b) Hence, work out the weight of the truck and the weight of 1 coil of steel. Units are in tonnes.

Extension

Irregular table values

Sometimes, we dont know all of the values in the table. We have to work out how much the second variable changes for each change in the first one. 3 2 5 Example x differences
x= y= 7 31 10 46 12 17 56 81

y differences

15 10 25 Products and Factors

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6.

Using the method of differences outlined above, work out a relationship between the variables and write an equation to represent it algebraically. (a) x = 1 3 6 8 (b) n = 2 5 9 12 (c) t = 3 7 10 12
y= s= f= 10 4 76 16 8 72 25 31 T= a= v= 10 2 90 22 7 65 38 50 P= a= v= 14 2 56 34 5 50 49 59

(d) 7.

11 16 69 64

(e)

17 19 15 5

(f)

3 9 54 42

A survey of taxi fares in an American city shows the cost for the length of each trip. A taxi fare consists of a flagfall (initial hiring charge) and then a certain rate per km travelled. Calculate the rule used for charging taxi fares and state the flagfall and rate per km.
Distance travelled (d) Cost of Taxi (C) 3 $7.00 5 8 12 $10.00 $14.50 $20.50

5.02

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING PRONUMERALS

Substitution: Since a pronumeral stands for a number, we can substitute any number for the pronumerals in an expression and calculate its value. Examples: Find the value of these expressions when x = 5; y = 2; a = 3 1. x + 6 2. y 5 3. 2y + 5 =5+6 = 2 5 = 2 (2) + 5 = 11 = 7 = 4 + 5 =1

4.

4y2 = 4 (2)2 =44 = 16

5.

6a 5x =6355 = 18 25 = 7

Review - Adding and subtracting pronumerals

Theres no substitute for showing all of your working!

Example 1 Adding and subtracting a constant x+7 These are as simple as they can be written algebraically. y6 Note that the constant term cannot be associated with the pronumeral. 3 + 2a It is usual to write the constant term last. i.e. 2a + 3. Algebraic terms 3 a = 3a 3a is one algebraic term. x y z = xyz xyz is one algebraic term. 5 yyyyy=y y5 is one algebraic term. 2 The expression 4t 3b + 5y 4x has 4 terms. Algebraic terms are separated by + or signs.

If it has four terms, does that make it a whole year?

Like terms
Like terms are terms that contain the same letters exactly. . 5a, 18a, 9a are like terms. 7 xy, 6 yx, 1 xy 2 6ab, 6 xy, 7 ax are like terms. are unlike terms. 3a + 6b + 2a = 5a + 6b
3a and 2a are like terms so only these can be added.

Example 2 Adding and subtracting like terms. 2x + 5x = 7x 7y 2y = 5y 7ab + 11ab = 18ab

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Example 3 Collecting like terms. 8 x + 4 y + 3x + 5 y = (8 x + 3x) + (4 y + 5 y ) = 11x + 9 y 7ab + 5a 2ab + 6a 8 y 6bc 7 y 2bc = (7ab 2ab) + (5a + 6a) = 5ab + 11a = (8 y 7 y ) + (6bc 2bc) = y 8bc

Note that every term has its own sign in front of it. Keep an eye on the minus signs. 7y, 6bc and 2bc are all negative!

Example 4 Terms with like powers.

I like powers!

You mean you like like powers!

4 x2 + 5x2 = 9 x2 15 y 3 7 y 3 = 8 y 3 Note: 5 x 2 + 3x3 cannot be simplified be ecause they are not like terms (different powers).

5.02
1. Copy these tables into your book and complete the missing values by substituting the given values of the variable. (a) (b) 4x 5x 9x 7y 2y 5y State true or false from State true or false from x=1 y=2 the values you have the values you have x=2 y=3 tried: 4x + 5x = 9x tried: 7y 2y = 5y
x=3 y=4

2.

Calculate the value of the following expressions if t = 2; x = 3; y = 4 (a) y + 16 (b) t + 3 (c) x + 7 (d) x 4 (e) t 5 (f) t 1 Here is an example. (g) t + x (h) x + y (i) t + y 2y x2 = 2 4 (3)2 (j) 3x 2 (k) 2y + 5 (l) 4t + 7 =89 (m) 2x + y (n) 2t + 3y (o) 2t 3x = 1 (p) t2 + 5 (q) 2y2 1 (r) 3x2 + 7 (s) 2y2 + t (t) 2t 3x2 Here is an example. 3pq + r2 = 3 3 4 + (5)2 = 36 + 25 = 61

3. Calculate the value of the following expressions if p = 3; ; q = 4; r = 5 (a) qp + 9 (b) pr 3 (c) qr + 5 (d) 12 pr (e) pq + r (f) rq p 2 2 (g) q + pr (h) r + pq (i) p 2 + qr 2 2 (j) r 2 pq (k) p rq (l) 2 pq r 2 3 2 2 (m) q + 10 pr (n) p + q (o) q 2 r 2 4. Choose the term from the list, which is a like term to the one given. (a) (c) (e) (g) (i) 3x 3xy 3 y3 3x 2 y 3 3x 2 y 2 {4 x, 3 y, 2 x 2 } {4 x, 5 xy, 2 y} {4 y, 4 y 2 , 4 y 3 } 3 {4 xy 2 , 4x 3 y 2 , 2 x 2 y 3 } y, 2 y 2 x 2 } {4 x3 y 3 , 9x xy (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) 3x 2 3ab 3axy 3 3p

{4 x, 3 y, 2 x 2 } {4ba, 3a, 2b} xy {4axy, 4 x y, 2ay} {3x, 6, 3xy} Pp } {4 P, 4 p, 4Pp

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5.

Verify that these algebraic sums are correct by substituting a value. (a) 4 x + 3x = 7 x (b) 7ab + 3ab = 10ab (c) 7 xyz + 4 xyz = 11xyz (d) 2 y 2 + 3 y 2 = 5 y 2 If x = 5 If a = 2, b = 3 If x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 If y = 2 (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) Calculate the value of 4 x + 3x. Calculate the value of 7x. Calculate the value of 7ab + 3ab. Calculate the value of 10ab. Calculate the value of 7 xyz + 4 xyz. Calculate the value of 11xyz.

(i) Calculate the value of 2 y 2 + 3 y 2 . (ii) Calcul late the value of 5 y 2 . (c) 13t + 9t (h) 6 xy + 2 xy (m) y 2 + y 2 (r) 6 s 5 + s 5 (b)
4ab mm 8ab mm

6.

Add the like terms to give a single algebraic term. (a) (f) (k) (p) 3x + 2 x 3g + 11g 18 xyz + 6 xyz 7ax 2 + 2ax 2 (b) (g) (l) (q) 4y + 8y 9ab + 5ab g + 9g 8b 2 t + 3tb 2 (d) 16e + 7e (i) 8atq + 11atq (n) 3x 2 + 5 x 2 (e) 8 z + 6 z (j) 7ax + 7 ax (o) 15a 3 + 6a 3

7.

Calculate the perimeter of these figures. (a) 2gt cm

5gt cm

6ab mm

(c)
4x2 mm

5x2 mm 6x2 mm

(d)
3xyz cm 7xyz cm

xyz cm

7x mm
2

8.

Verify that these algebraic differences are correct by substituting a value. (a) 5 x 3x = 2 x (b) 6 xy 2 xy = 4 xy (c) 3abc abc = 2abc (d) 5 y 2 3 y 2 = 2 y 2 If x = 4 If x = 2, y = 5 If a = 2, b = 3, c = 4 If y = 2 (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) Calculate the value of 5 x 3x. Calculate the value of 2x. Calculate the value of 6 xy 2 xy. Calculate the value of 4 xy. Calculate the value of 3abc abc. Calculate the value of 2abc.

(i) Calculate the value of 5 y 2 3 y 2 . (ii) Calculate the value of 2 y 2 . (c) (f) (i) (l) (o) (r) 9t 5t 31g 11g 9 xtq 8 xtq gx 6 gx 6h 4 9h 4 f3 4f3

9.

Subtract the like terms to give a single algebraic term. (a) 7 x 2 x (d) 16e 7e (g) 10bc 8bc (j) 6ed 4de (m) d 2 d 2 (p) 5tb3 2b3t (b) (e) (h) (k) (n) (q) 8y 4y 18 z 6 z 8 xy 9 xy 18 gz 18 gz 9 z3 5z3 6c 2 c 2
Check this out! ab is the same as ba. So ab + ba = 2ba or 2ab.

10. Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 6 x + 3x (f) 11g 11g (k) 8 z 3 z 3 (b) 7 y 4 y (g) 6ax 2ax (l) 4 pg 2 11 pg 2 (c) 19t + 5t (h) 6by + 4 yb (d) 6e 5e (i) 17 sty 4tys (e) 8 z + z (j) 9e2 + 7e2

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11. Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) In a computer ordering system, the stock of watermelons is represented by p watermelons. The stock of rockmelons is represented by q rockmelons. How does the computer represent the total number of melons in stock?

(b) In determining the cost of air travel, a travel agent records 10t km of international travel points and 5t km of domestic travel points. How many travel points are recorded altogether? (c) Down at the soft drink warehouse they monitored the inventory of cola. During the week they received 750 kt2 pallets of cola and they shipped out 250 kt2 pallets to distributors. How much cola remained at the warehouse? 12. Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) 8 y + 2 y + 9 y (b) 6a 3a + 4a (e) 5 z 2 z 4 z (f) 12b 11b + 4b (i) 11abx 4abx + abx (j) ) 4 x 2 + 3x 2 + 5 x 2 (c) 17 w + 4w 9w (g) 6by + 3by 7by (k) 8 z 3 z 3 (d) 8 g 4 g g (h) 5st + 3st 7 st (l) pt 2 4 pt 2 3 pt 2 (d) 8y (h) 2k = 5y = 5k

13. Fill in the box with an algebraic expression to make a true statement. (a) 6x + = 12x (b) 8y + = 15y (c) 3z + = 11z 2 2 6 = 11y (g) 3z + = 11z6 (e) 5ab + = 19ab (f) 6y + 14. Identify the like terms and add them. (a) 6 y + 1 3 y + 4 (b) 7 a + 5 4a + 3 (e) 16q 4 6q + 7 (f) 21h 8 11h 3 (i) 9 pqr 8 prq + 3 (j) 16ef 11 4ef 9 (c) 8w + 6 5w 2 (g) 8bc + 4 8bc 1

(d) 13t + 4 7t 11 (h) 7cd 5 9cd

15. Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 11x + 4 y + 6 x (b) 6 y + 4a 4 y (c) 4t 6b + 5t (e) 7 z 7c + z (f) 7 g 7h 8 g (g) 3by + 5cx 2by (i) 16abc + 9 xyz 4abc (j) 3x 2 + 9 y 2 + 7 x 2 (k) 7 a 3 b3 a 3 16. Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 5 x + 2 y + 3x + 9 y (b) 7 y + 6a 4 y + 3a (d) 9 f 3c 5 f + 7c (e) 5 z 9a + z a (g) 9ax + 8 xy 2ax + 3xy (h) 9cf 6td + 4cf 5dt (j) 7 z 2 8 y 2 + 7 z 2 6 y 2 (k) 5 x3 + 4t 3 x3 5t 3

(d) 3e 6t 5e (h) 3bc 5ax + 4bc (l) 4ac 2 + 8ac 11ac 2 (c) 3t + 8d + 5t 7 d (f) 9h 9 y 11h 7 y (i) 7 pqr 2rts 4 pqr + 5tsr

17. (a) Bill has 2x shirts in his top drawer and 3y shirts in his second drawer. Alan has 5y shirts in his top drawer and 7x shirts in his second drawer. (i) How many shirts do Bill and Alan have altogether? (ii) How many shirts are stored in the top drawers? (iii) How many more shirts does Alan have in his second drawer than Bill has in his top drawer? (b) Secretary Sal has 8x white envelopes and 2y brown envelopes on her desk while in the cabinet there are 10y white envelopes and 5x brown ones. (i) How many envelopes are in Secretary Sals office? (ii) How many brown envelopes are there?

(c) Freddy the filing clerk has filed 3xb files this morning and 5ab files this afternoon. Yesterday he filed 6bx files in the morning and 9ba files in the afternoon. (i) How many files were filed in the last 2 days? (ii) How many files were filed in the afternoon sessions? (iii) How many files were filed in the morning sessions?
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(d) In a building at school there are four classrooms. Rooms 1 and 2 are downstairs while rooms 11 and 12 are upstairs. Here is a table of the number of chairs in each room.
Room 1 Room 2 10ax 12bx Room 11 Room 12 9xb 8xa

(i) What is the total number of chairs in the building? (ii) How many chairs are upstairs? (iii) How many chairs are downstairs? (iv) If the number of chairs downstairs is larger, how many more chairs are there downstairs than upstairs? 18. Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 4a + 2b 3a + 7b (b) 7b 6 y 4b 3 y (c) 3d 8t 5d + 7t (d) 4 f 3c 5 f + 7c (e) 2c 9q c q (f) 5 y 9h 10 y 7 h (g) ax 8 xy + 2ax + 3xy (h) 7cf 6td 5dt 8cf (i) 7 paq 2 4qpa 5 (l) 3qt 2 + 9qr 2 5rq 2 11qt 2 (j) 7 g 2 8 y 2 7 g 2 6 y 2 (k) 5a 3 6t 4 5t 4 a 3 19. Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) 5 x + 3 y + 2 3x + 7 y + 7 (c) 5d 2 + 7 y + 2 5d 2 + 3 y 3 (e) 6 x 2 7 y 3 x 2 y 2 (g) 2ax 5 xy 3 + 3ax 2 xy 5 (i) 3xyz 2 + 5 p 3 + 4 p 5 (k) c3 6k 4 + 1 c3 5k 4 (b) (d) (f) (h) (j) (l) 5a 6b + 8 4a + 3b 6 3g 3 2k 8 + 5 g 3 + 7k + 4 4by + 9c + 4 10by 6c 1 4ab 2 5tc + 8 7 ab 2 4tc + 3 9a 2 5 8a 2 ab 7 6ab 3 2qt 2 + qr 2 5qt 2 4 5rq 2

5.03

REVIEW MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING PRONUMERALS

Substitution: Since a pronumeral stands for a number, we can substitute any number for the pronumerals in an expression and calculate its value. Example 1 Find the value of these expressions when x = 5; y = 2; a = 3 (a) 3 x =35 = 15 (b) 2 3y = 2 3 (2) = 12 (c) x y = 5 (2) = 10 (d) 2x 3a =2533 = 90 (e) 3a2 2y3 = (3 32) (2 (2)3) = 432

Example 2 Multiplying single pronumerals together. 4 5 x = 20 x x y = xy ab pq = abpq 4ax 6cy = 24axcy 3a (4 y ) 7c = 84ayc 3d 2 (5a 3 ) = 15d 2 a 3
I bet I know what the brackets are for! All that happens here is the multiplication signs are left out between the letters.

Example 3 Dividing one simple expression by another. 20 x 5 4 x = = 4x 5 5 30 xy 30 xy x = = 30 y x 24ab 8 3ab 24ab 8b = = = 3a 8b 8b 20 x 5 =

Hey, this is easy as long as you write the division as a fraction and remember to cancel.

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5.03
1. Copy these tables into your book and complete the missing values. (a) (b) 4x 5a 20ax State true or false
x = 2, a = 3 x = 3, a = 4 x = 4, a = 2

30xy

6y

5x

from the values you have tried: 4x 5a = 20ax 47y 10 (4t ) 4 x9 y 63

x = 2, y = 5 x = 3, a = 4 x = 4, a = 2

State true or false from the values you have tried: 30xy 6y = 5x

2.

Multiply the algebraic terms by the constant. (a) 6 2 y (e) 2 6 p (i) 5 (2b) 7 (m) 3a (8) (2) (b) (f) (j) (n) (c) (g) (k) (o) 8 7d 2 5a 3 6 5z 4 a (4) (d) 7 4 f (h) 4 2 y (3) (l) 3x 7
I seem to recall that two like signs multiply to make a positive.

3.

Write an algebraic expression for the answer to these problems. (a) Six boxes of CDs with 3d CDs in each box. How many CDs? (b) Five hours driving at a constant speed 7x km/h. How far is travelled? (c) Seven Rugby League games played each weekend for 20 weeks. Each game there are 2p points awarded. How many points are awarded in the entire season? (d) There are 800 students who attend our school. Each student lives an average distance of 4k km from the school. What is the total distance travelled to and from school by all pupils in one week? Multiply the algebraic terms together. (a) 6 y b (b) 2 x g (f) g 5t (g) 2a c (k) 4 (5t ) (l) 3t (3) Multiply the algebraic terms together. (a) 5 x 2a (d) 8e 3 f (g) 3a 5b 4c (j) 7a x b (m) 4 y 3t (p) 5b 2a (s) 6d 4e (v) 3b ( y ) a (b) (e) (h) (k) (n) (q) (t) (w) (b) (f) (j) (n) 3 y 7b 9 z 6q 4 x 2 y 3z 6 x 5z 2 y 4 x (6b) 2 x (7c) 7 p (5q) 2 p (5q) (2r ) 2 y 3 7b 2 5t 6 5h6 4 3x3 5b 2 4a 2b (3c) (c) (f) (i) (l) (o) (r) (u) 6t 9d 12 g 5h 5q 2a 10c 3t 8 2 g 5d (7a) 5d (8 f ) 10 g (5k ) Here is a hint for you. 5t (2s) 6d Step 1 Multiply the numbers 5 (2) 6 = 60 Step 2 Multiply the pronumerals t s d = tsd Answer: 60tsd (c) 5d y (h) 4 x (3) (d) e 4 g (i) 8q (10) (e) m 6q (j) 7 7d

4.

6.

Multiply the algebraic terms together. (a) 4 x 2 3a (e) 8 z 4 3q 3 (i) q 3 2a 3 10c 4 (m) 2 g (3h) (4k ) (q) 3k 5 j (2 g ) (c) (g) (k) (o) 5t 4 9d 3 2a 2 5b3 4c3 5 (2 y 2 ) 9 x3 6r (2t ) (5 f ) (d) (h) (l) (p) e2 3 f 5 3x3 2 y 4 5 z 7 (6) (t 4 ) (3x3 ) 4b ( y ) (a)

7.

Find an algebraic expression for the area of these shapes. (a) (b) 5y cm
2x cm 3x2 mm

(c)
6ay mm
5t 2 m

4c4b3 m

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(d)
4y

(e)

2 xy 5 ab 2

6x

(f)
7 b 2c 2 8 t 3a

Measure the area of a triangle by multiplying half the base times the height.

8.

Calculate the value of the given expressions for the stated values of the pronumerals. (a) For x = 2, a = 3 (b) For x = 3, y = 2 (c) For t = 2, d = 10 (d) For e = 2, f = 2 Calculate (i) 3x 4a 2 (ii) 12 xa 2 Calculate (i) 2 x 2 3 y (ii) 6 x 2 y Calculate (i) 2t 3 4d 3 (ii) 8t 3 d 3

Here is an example for you. z = 3, p = 2 8z 3 p2 24 zp 2 = 8 3 3 (2) 2 = 24 3 (2) 2 = 89 4 = 24 3 4 = 288 = 288

9.

Calculate (i) e2 3 f 3 (ii) 3e2 f 3 Write an algebraic expression for the answer to these problems. Think how you would do the problem with numbers. (a) How many km does a car travel in 2x2 hours at 7y3 km/h? 3 2 2 (b) What is the cost of 25x a kg of fertiliser at $2by per kg? (c) How much fuel is pumped by a pump working at 6t litres per minute if it pumps for 5a2 minutes?
8y x (b) 12 2 24b (g) 8 a (c) 93 k (h) 16 8 k (d) 10 5 20q 5 40 pq (j) 5

10. Cancel out common factors to find the quotient. (a) 4 (e)

t (f) 21 7

(i)

14 xy 7

11. Divide the first expression by the second. (a) 4 x 2 (b) 6 y 3 (f) 6 y 2 (g) 15c (5) (k) 40st (10) (l) 32kt 8 12. Divide the first expression by the second. (a) 6a a (d) 18t (t ) (g) 12b 3b (j) 32 xy 8 y (m) 28 gt (7 g ) (b) (e) (h) (k) (n)

(c) 16a 4 (h) 18 x (6) (m) 27 g (3) (c) (f) (i) (l) (o)

(d) 24t 6 (i) 12ab 4 (n) 4a (2) 12 y y 8y 2y 12ab 3a 12kt 2k 42tsr (2 st )

(e) 36k 9 (j) 24 xy 8 (o) 48t (4)

15b b 36k (k ) 18c 9c 50 st (10 s ) 4ax (2ax)

Here is an example for you.

3

15 a b = 3a 15ab 5b = 5b

13. Divide the first expression by the second. (a) 6 x 12 (d) 9t 12 (g) 2c 30 (j) 4ab 8b (m) 2 gt (14 g ) (b) (e) (h) (k) (n) 5a 15 3k 36 4c 6 10 pq (50 p) 4ax (12ax) (c) (f) (i) (l) (o) 6c 18 8 y 12 6a (30) 2kt 12k 6tsr (9 st ) Here is an example for you. 6x y y = 6 xy 12 x = 12 x 2
2

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14. Find an algebraic expression for the missing side marked in each rectangle or square. (a) (b) (c) Area = 3xy Area = 15abc 6y m ? sq m sq cm Area = ? 3xyz ? 20ab cm sq m
4xya m

(d)
Area = 9x2 sq cm ? cm ? cm

(e)
Area = 16a2b2c2 sq cm ? cm ? cm

(f)
Area = 25a4x2 sq m ?m ?m

15. Simplify these expressions. (a) 4a 3x 18a (c) 8 p 3qt 18 pq (e) 12 z 4 y 20 xy

(b) 2 x 4ay 12ax (d) 5st 15tk 25t (f) 7 g 3hk 42 gk

Here is an example for you. 12ax 3ab 24a =

12a x 3ab 3abx = 2 24a
2

WHO AM I?
I was born on a Greek island in about 580 BC. I grew up with the idea that numbers were the basis of everything in the Universe including good and evil. I became a philosopher and teacher, surrounding myself with a brotherhood of students who studied mathematics, philosophy and religion. The political ideas of the group led to them being physically attacked and disbanded but not before my most famous theorem appeared. The theorem concerns the relationship between the lengths of the sides in any right angled triangle and is named after me. Who am I?

INVESTIGATION
How many vibrations per second does it take to produce the note on a piano called middle C? How many vibrations per second does it take to produce the C one octave higher? How many notes are in an octave? (Count the sharps and flats)? Does the number of vibrations per second for each note go up evenly? Investigate the pattern.

GROUP ACTIVITY
Recall from Year 7 how to calculate the Highest Common Factor of two numbers (HCF). Recall that the Least Common Multiple (LCM) is the product of the two numbers divided by the HCF. Try an example to recall the process. Find the LCM of 15 and 20. Now choose three different numbers with common factors, say 15, 18, 24. Investigate the LCM of various pairs 15 and 18; 18 and 24; 15 and 24. Can your group come up with a method for finding the LCM of three numbers?
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5.04
Example 1

WORKING WITH INDICES

Multiplying different powers together. a a = a2 You just have to add the indices! (but x x x = x3 multiply the numbers in front). 2 3 5 y y = ( y y) ( y y y) = y 7t 3 8t 4 = 56t 7 4 f 2 5 f 3 = 20 f 5
If you operate on the indices, it increases the power of the operation.

The secret power of indices

Inverse operations + ( )2
:

As you go down the table, the power of the operation increases. Operations on the same level are inverses. One undoes the other. When determining the order of operations, the more powerful operation is done before the less powerful one.

So if you subtract indices, move one step down the table! You are dividing the numbers.

Example 2 Dividing different powers.

3 aa a a3 a = a = = a2 a 5

a xxx x x x5 x 2 = x2 = = x3 x x x y y y y y4 =y y 4 y3 = 3 = y y y y 9t

You just have to subtract the indices! (but divide the numbers in front).

5 27t 5 9t 3 = 27t3 = 3t 2

I suppose you are just as smart as I am and realise that y 1 = y

45 f 7 5 f 2 = 9 f 5 Extension Example 3 Raising one power to another power.

You just have to multiply the indices! (but raise the numbers in front to the power).

( )2

(a ) = a a = a = a ( 2 x 5 )3 = 2 2 2 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 23 x53 = 8 x15 = 8 x15 (a 2 y 4 )3 = a 23 y 43 = a 6 y12

3 2

23

5.04
Multiplying algebraic expressions
1. Multiply these pronumerals together, writing the answer in index form. (a) x x x (f) g 2 g 2. (a) 4 x 2 x (f) 7 g 5 g 2 g (b) y y (g) a 2 a 3 a (b) 3 y 8 y (g) 3a 5a 4a (c) t t t t (h) x 4 y 3 x 2 y 5 (d) e e e k k (i) t 4 t 3 t 2 t (e) z z z z z

Multiply these algebraic terms together, writing the answer in index form. (c) 3t 9t (d) 4e 3e 2e (h) 4 x 2 x 3x 10 x (i) 6q 5q 3q (e) 2 z 3z 4 z (j) 7 a a 5a a

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3.

Multiply the algebraic terms together, adding the indices where required. (a) 4 x 2 3x (e) 6 z 3 6 z 3 (i) 3q 2a 4 10q 5 (m) 4 x 2 (2 y 3 ) ( x 4 ) (b) (f) (j) (n) 4 y 7 y3 9 g 2 3g 7a 2 x 2 a 2 (5t ) (4a 4 ) (3t 5 ) (c) (g) (k) (o) 5t 3 9t 3 3a 5b 4a 9 g 2 3g 9 p 3 (q 3 ) s 2 (d) 4e3 e4 (h) 4 x 2 2 y 3 x 4 (l) 2 y (4 x) 3 y

4.

(a) At the mint in Canberra, gold bullion is stacked in a pile of gold bars that is 5g bars wide, 10g bars long and 6g bars high. How many gold bars are in the stack? (b) If g = 3 complete the table with an expression in g for the number of bars and the total.
Width 5g g=3 Length 10g Height 6g No of bars

Dividing algebraic expressions

Example 4 x x =x =x 45 y 4 9 y 2 = 5 y 4 2 = 5 y 2 35a 2 y 3 7ay = 5a 2 1 y 31 = 5ay 2
24 x3a 4 = 3x31a 4 1 = 3x 2 a 3 8 xa
3 5 2 5 2 3

To divide one power by another, you have to subtract the indices. (but divide the numbers in front).

5.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by cancelling and subtracting the indices.

y5 y3 4 (f) 6d 2 2d

(a)

x 6 (g) 12 x2 4x

5 (b) x2

z 10 y 5 (h) 5 y2

8 (c) z 3

t 3 (i) 15t2 5t

10 (d) t 7

x d 12 (j) 18 9d

6 (e) x5

6.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices where required. (a) x 6 x 2 (f) 9 g 2 3g (b) y 8 y 3 (g) 8s 6 4s 4 (c) t 7 t 3 (h) 12w7 3w3 (d) e12 e4 (i) 15e11 5e4 (e) z 9 z 6 (j) 24 z 7 6 z 6 (d) e10 k 8 e4 k 5 (h) 16w6 y 3 4 w4

7.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices where required. (a) a 4 q 5 a 2 q 3 (e) t 4 z 9 tz 7 (i) 5 x5 d 5 x5 (b) b7 c 6 b3c5 (f) 12 g 5 f 3 3g 2 f (j) 24a 6 b5 c 4 6a 4 b 2 c
5 3 (b) x c2

(c) c 4 d 4 c 4 d 3 (g) 18s 6 t 2 9s 4

8.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by cancelling and subtracting the indices.

x4 y5 xy 3 4 x 3d 4 (f) 24 4 xd 2

(a)

cx 10 y8 x 6 (g) 5 y5 x2

xy 4 z 6 y 2 z3 16t 5 y 5 (h) 4ty 2

(c)

at 15a 2t 3 (i) 5 a 2t 2

6 8 (d) a2t 7

k7g6 k5g5 12 (j) 18d12 9d

(e)

9.

Write an algebraic expression for the answer to these problems. (a) How many coal trucks containing 5d 2 tonnes will it take to fill a container ship of capacity 125d 3y tonnes? (b) What is the speed of a jet aircraft that travels 45d 4 km in 5d 2 hours?

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(c) Calculate an expression for the width of the rectangle with the given length and area. Area = 36a3b2 sq metres Length = 9ab metres (d) How many files containing 25ax2 bytes of information each, will it take to fill a computer disk of capacity 50bax3 bytes? (e) What is the cost of one skateboard if a consignment of 9bx3 skateboards cost $36b2x4?

Multiplying and dividing algebraic expressions

Example 5 y3 y 2 y 4 =
4 5

y3 y 2 = y 3+ 2 4 = y1 = y y4
3 3

2 x 4 6 x5 = 3x 4 + 53 = 3x 6 2x 6x 4x = 4 x3
2

Deal with the numbers first, then cancel each letter one by one. Sometimes you can cancel in two different places.

9ab 4a b 6a b =

3 4

2 2

9 a b 2 4 a3b 4 6a b
3 2 2

= 6a 2 b 4

10. Simplify these algebraic expressions, by adding and subtracting indices where required. (a) t 3 t 5 t 5 (f) x5 x 2 x3 (b) x 4 x3 x5 (g) s 5 s 6 s 4 (c) c 2 c 4 c3 (h) w6 w3 w4 (d) k 4 k 5 k 6 (i) x5 x 2 x3 (e) y 5 y 2 y 6 (j) a 6 a 4 a 4 (d) 4t 3 t 5 2t 6 (h) 12 y 6 6 y 3 2 y 5

11. Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) 6 x 2 3x5 9 x 4 (e) 3b5 6b 2 2b 4 (i) 4 x3 12 x5 6 x 4 (a) 2t 3 6t 2 4t 6 (e) 6 y 2 12 y 2 9 y 6 (i) 2 x5 8 x8 2 x3 (b) 4 y 3 3 y 4 6 y 5 (f) 8 x 4 4 x 2 2 x3 (j) 12 g 5 6 g 3 5 g 4 (b) 6 x 4 4 x3 8 x9 (f) 10 x5 5 x12 3x3 (j) 3a 6 12a 9 2a (c) 6a 3 10a 4 12a 5 (g) 2 w3 3w6 6 w4

12. Simplify these algebraic expressions, by adding and subtracting indices where required. (c) 3c5 6c 4 9c3 (g) 5s 2 4 s 3 10 s 6 (d) 8k 4 6k 2 16k 8 (h) 6 w3 12 w8 2w2

Extension
13. Simplify these algebraic expressions by expanding the brackets. (a) ( x 4 )3 (f) (5a 3 ) 2 (b) (a 3 )5 (g) (2 xy )3 (c) ( y 2 ) 2 (h) (3a 2 b3 ) 4 (d) (2b3 ) 4 (i) (2ab3 )5 (e) (3a 2 )3 (j) (10a 2 b3c)3

14. (a) There are 5 houses down one side of a street. At night, each house may have its front outside lights on or off. How many different patterns of lights are there? (b) In the next street there are x houses down each side of the street. At night, each house may have its front outside lights on or off. How many different patterns of lights are there? (c) If you walked down the street in (b) once every night for a week, how many different patterns are observable over the week? 15. Multiply and divide these algebraic expressions by first expanding the powers. (a) ( x 2 )3 ( x 4 ) 2 (e) (4c3 ) 2 (5c3 )3 (i) (2) x (2)3 x (a) x 2 x 2 (b) (b 2 )5 (b3 ) 2 (f) (2 y 3 )4 (4 y 2 )2 (j) (3) 4 x (3) 2 x (c) y 8 ( y 4 ) 2 (c) ( y 4 ) 2 ( y 3 )3 ( y 2 )5 (g) (6a 2 b)3 36ab (d) (2a 4 )3 (3a 5 ) 2 (h) (2a 2 ) 4 (3a 4 )3 (6a 5 ) 2

16. Multiply and divide these algebraic expressions by adding and subtracting indices. (b) (b 2 )5 b10 (d) a 3 a 0 (e) y 0 ( y 2 )3 (f) x 0 x 0

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What do you notice about powers where the index is 0?

x
0

a3

a0

x a
0

The zero index: As we have seen in the exercise above: x0 = 1 for all x 0 17. Simplify these expressions by applying your knowledge of the zero index. (a) 30 25 (b) 23 x 0 (c) (5a)0 (11 y 2 )0 (d) 20 1875
0 (e) x 0

(f) (8a 3b5 c)0 (37 x 2 yz11 )0

5.05
Power of 2

NEGATIVE INDICES (EXTENSION)

Expression xxx
I notice there is an x x0 which we just learned is 1. I also notice that each term in the last column is the one above divided by x x. So if we keep dividing by x x, it means that 1 x x-1 must be x x 1 -2 and x must be x x2. x

Look at this table of powers of x and predict the missing expressions.

x3 x2 x1 x0 x1 x2

xx x 1 ? ?

Example 1 Let us see how that ties in with what we already know about t indices. How does it fit with multiplication? We know that x3 1 x We know that when multiplying, add indices So x3 x 1 Check:

= x2 = x31 = x2

It works for multiplication

t division. Example 2 Let us see how that ties in with what we already know about We know that x 4 12 = x 4 x 2 = x 6 We know that when dividing, subtract indices So x 4 x 2
x

= x 4 ( 2) = x 6

And division

Example 3 This should also tie in with what we already know about the e zero index! We know that x3 13 = 1 We know that when multiplying we add indices Negative index rule: Example 4 Write the expression with a positive ind dex 5 5 2x = 2 x = 2 15 = 25
x x

So x3 x 3 Check

= x0 = 1

And with the zero index.

x n = 1n x Example 5 Multiply the ese expressions 9 x 4 2 x 3 = 18 x 4+ ( 3) = 18x Example 6 Divide these expressions 18 y 2 6 y 5 = 3 y 2 5 = 3 y 3 or 33
y

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5.05
Extension algebraic expressions with negative indices
1. Write these expressions using only positive indices. (a) x 4 (e) 2 k 2 3 (i) (2st ) 2.
2

(b) a 3
3 6 (f) 5 b

(c) 7 y 2 (g) (ab) (k) 4ab

4 5

(d) 6t 3 (h) 6( xy )
1

(j) xy

(l) 3a 2 b 3

Here is an example. 9d 5 = 9 15 = 95
d d

Multiply the algebraic terms together, adding indices where required. (a) 3x 7 7 x 2 (e) 6a 4 5a 3 (i) 3q 2 2q 4 10q 5 (b) 4a 1 2a 3 (f) 8 x 2 3x 3 (j) 7a 2 a 3 2a 4 (c) 5 y 3 7 y 2 (g) t 2 5t 1 (d) 4t 3 e6 (h) 6 x 2 2 x3 Here is an example. 5 x 4 3x 2 = 15 x 4+ ( 2) = 15 x 2

3. 4.

In physics it is known that the pressure (P) , the temperature (T) and the volume (V) are related by the expression P V T. Write this expression using a negative index. Evaluate these expressions. (a) 3x3 when x = 2 (c) 12y4 when y = 2
5 (a) x8 5 (b) c7

(b) 6a2 when a = 3 (d) 50t1 when t = 100

3 (c) z8

5.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by cancelling and subtracting the indices. Write answers using negative indices.
x 11 (e) x12 x 3 (i) 2t 5 10t c 16d 4 4d 6 6d 2 18d 3 z 8 y6 (g) 4 y8

(d) (h)

(f) (j)

y10 y 20 5a 5 20a12

An example:
15 t 5 =3 t 5 8 8 4 20 t 4 =3 t 3 4
3

6.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices. (a) y 6 y 2 (b) c3 c 7 (c) t 2 t 6 (d) 9 g 2 3g 4 (e) 4 x3 8 x 4

7.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices where required. (a) t 3 y 2 t 5 y 3 (f) 3s 2 9s 4 t 3 (b) x 2 y 3 x3 y 5 (g) 6w6 y 4w4 y 2 (c) a 4 b 4 a 6 b7 (h) 5a 4 5a 4 t (d) e4 k 3 e8 k 5 (e) 4 g 5 f 3 8 g 2 f 4

8.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by cancelling and subtracting the indices. Give answers in powers of the variables rather than a complete fraction.
x2 y3 x4 y 4 3 4 (e) 24 x6 d8 4x d

(a)

5 3 (b) a7b2

(f)

ab 15 y 2 x3 10 y 5 x8

xy 4 z 6 y5 z8 4 xy 5 (g) 16 x5 y 2

(c)

bc3 b 2c 7 2 3 (h) 12a4t 6 18a t

(d)

Here's an example for you.

25 k 2 f 3 15 k 6 f 6
3 2

=5 k 2 6 f 3 6 3 =5 k 4 f 3 3

Multiplying and dividing expressions with negative indices

Example: y 3 y 2 y 7 = y y = y 3+ 2 7 = y 2 = 1 7 2
y y
3 2

Just add and subtract the indices from left to right.

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9.

Simplify these algebraic expressions, by adding and subtracting indices where required. Leave the answer in either positive or negative index form. (a) t 3 t 2 t 6 (b) x5 x3 x10 (c) c 2 c 4 c8 (d) x5 x12 x3 (e) w3 w9 w4

10. Simplify these algebraic expressions, leaving the answer in index form. (a) 4 x 2 6 x3 8 x 7 (e) 2w3 3w6 6w9 (b) 4 y 3 6 y 2 12 y 8 (f) 8 y 6 4 y 9 2 y 2 (c) 5a 3 10a 4 25a 9 (g) 4 x3 9 x5 6 x10 (d) 6t 3 t 2t 6 (h) 12 g 3 6 g 8 5 g 2

11. Simplify these algebraic expressions by expanding the brackets. (a) ( x 2 )3 (e) (3a 3 ) 2 (i) (2ab3 ) 3 (b) ( y 3 ) 3 (f) (5b 3 ) 2 (j) (3a 2 b 4 c) 3 (c) (t 2 ) 4 (g) (2 xz ) 3 (d) (2k 2 ) 4 (h) (3a 2 b3 ) 2 Here is an example. (2a 2b 3 )5 = 25 a 25b 35 = 32a10b 15
Remember to subtract indices when dividing.

12. Multiply and divide these algebraic expressions by first expanding the powers. (a) ( y 3 ) 2 ( y 4 ) 2 (c) (a 4 ) 2 (a 3 )3 (a 2 ) 6 (e) (4c 2 ) 2 (5c3 )3 (b) (d) (f) ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 2 ) 4 (2a 2 )3 (3a 5 ) 2 (2 y 2 ) 4 (4 y 2 ) 3 Here is an example. (3x 2 ) 3 (2 x3 ) 3 = 33 x 6 (23 x 9 ) 8 x15 = 33.23.x 6( 9) = 27

5.06

FRACTIONAL INDICES (EXTENSION)

1 52
1 2 1 2

Lets look at algebraic expressions containing fractional indices and see if we can find patterns. Recall from chapter 2 that
1 x2 1 x2 1+1 x2 2

= 5
That means 2 is equal to .
1

= x x =x

= x1 = x

Let us see if we can extend that pattern or? What about fractions with a larger numerato What about combining fractional and negative indices?

x3 x3 x3 = x3
2 x3 1 2 x3

1+1+1 3 3 2

= x1 = x
3 2

x3 = 3 x
3

1 = = x3 = 3 x 4 = 13 = 1 4 3 x x4 x

( x)

or

x2

Fractional Index Rule: Example 1 Write the expression without a fractiona al index. y 6 = 6 y5
5

x b = xa

Negative Fractional Index Rule:

a b

= 1 b a x

Example 2 Multiply the ese expressions x3 x4 = x3

2+1 4 11 2 1

Example 3 Divide these expressions y4 y = y4

5 3 1 2

3 ( 1 ) 2 4

= x12 or 12 x11

= y 4 or

y5

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5.06
Extension algebraic expressions with fractional indices
1. Write these expressions without fractional indices. (a) x (f) b 2.
1 5 2 5

(b) a
2 3

(c) y 6
2 3

(d) t 5
1

4 3 4

(e) k

1 2 1 1 4

(g) b

(h) ( xy ) 2

(i) (2st )

(j) (6 xy )

Write these expressions using fractional indices. (a) (e)

4 5

g 8 xy

(b) (f)

t
1 z3

(c)

y2

(d) (h)

m5

Here is an example.
5

(g) 3 1 2a

7 5 4 xy

3 ( xy )2
1 = 3( xy ) 2 5 ( xy ) 2 5

= 3. 3. Multiply these algebraic terms together by adding indices. (a) x 2 x 3 (e) 3 y 6 y 4.

3 2 5 9 1 1

(b) a 3 a 3 (f) 8k
2 3 4

(c) y 2 y 2 3
3 8

(d) 4t 5 2t 5 (h)

Here is an example. 5 x 4 3x = 15 x 4
3 2 3 2

3k

(g)

1 x3

1 4 13 3 y x

2 3

3 +( 2 ) 3

= 15 x12

Evaluate these expressions. (a) x 3 when x = 8 (d) x when x = 27

2 3 2

(b) y 4 when y = 16 (e) y when y = 81

3 4

(c) 3t (f) 3t

when t = 9 when t = 4

5.

Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices. Write answers using indices. (a) x 3 x 2
2 1

(b) y 4 y 4

(c) c 2 c 5

(d) g 3 g

1 4

(e) x

3 8

4 5

Multiplying and dividing expressions with fractional indices

Example:
3 y4

2 y3

1 y2

3+21 y4 3 2

11 y 12

Just add and subtract the indices from left to right.

6.

Simplify these algebraic expressions, by adding and subtracting indices where required. Leave the answer in fractional index form. (a) t 3 t 5 t 3 (d) x 2 3 x 4 x
1 1 2 2 3 4 1 3 2

(b) x 3 x 4 x 6 (e) w 4 w4 w2 2
3 1

(c) c 4 c 5 c10

7.

Simplify these algebraic expressions, leaving the answer in index form. (a) 2 x 2 6 x 5 3x10 (c) 2a 2 25a 3 10a 6 (e) 2 y 4 3 y 5 12 y
3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 2 3

(b) 3 y 4 8 y 3 6 y 2 (d) 8 x 3 x
2 1 2

Here is an example. 4 x 3 6 x 4 12 x12 = 12 x 3 = 2x 6

1 1 3 11

2x 6

46

1 + 3 11 4 12

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8.

Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) ( x 3 )3 (e) (a 5 ) 2 (i) (8a 2 )

1 1 4 3 2 5 2

(b) ( y 5 ) 4 (f) ( y 4 )1 2 (j) (16c 5 )

2 3 4 3 1

(c) (t 2 ) 4 (g) (4 z 3 ) 2
2 1

(d) (k 3 ) 3 (h) (9b 5 )

2 1 2

Here is an example: (25k 3 )

1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1

= 25 2 .k 3

= 1 k 3 = 1k 3 5 25

5.07

EXPANDING BRACKETS
5( y + 3) = 5 y + 5 3 = 5 y + 15 4( x 8) = 4 x 4 8 = 4 x 32 2(3a + 7) = 2 3a + 2 7 = 6a + 14
Notice how the number out the front multiplies everything inside the brackets. And notice the negative (subtraction) sign in the middle.

Example 1 Multiplying an algebraic term in brackets by a constant.

Example 2 Multiplying an algebraic term in brackets by an algebraic term. 4 y ( y + 6) = 4 y y + 4 y 6 = 4 y 2 + 24 y 3 y ( x 5) = 3 y x 3 y 5 = 3 yx 15 y 2 x(3x + a) = 2 x 3x + 2 x a = 6 x 2 + 2 xa Example 3 Multiplying an algebraic term in brackets by a negative term. 4( x + 5) = 4 x + (4) 5 = 4 x 20 2a(a 3) = (2a) a (2a) 3 = 2a 2 + 6a 3 y (5 y x) = (3 y ) 5 y (3 y ) x = 15 y 2 + 3xy Example 4 We can consider multiplying terms together as finding the area of a rectangular field. (All measurements are in metres.) Area = length breadth Ruminates: Id love to get into those two fields with = (2x + 3) 4y all that area - no bull! = 8xy + 12y (square metres)
4y Area = 4y x 2x = 8xy 2x Area = 4y x 3 = 12y 3
If you can recognise the minus sign out the front and get it right, youll be a winner at algebra.

2x + 3

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5.07
1. Multiply the bracketed terms by the constant. (a) (f) (k) (p) 2. (a) (f) (k) (p) 3. 6(a + 4) 5( x 6) 6(2 y + 3a) 9(2b + 3) 5a(a + 3) 9a(a 6) 6k ( 2 k ) 10a(2a 3) (b) (g) (l) (q) (b) (g) (l) (q) 4( x + 2) 8( y 11) 7(3b 2a) 12(2 y a) 7 y ( y + 2) 8 x( x 1) 2d (1 d ) 4k (9 2k ) (c) 7(e + 9) (h) 4( z 9) (m) 4(c 7) (r) 11(b 2a) (c) (h) (m) (r) 2b(b + 9) 4 p ( p 7) x(3x 2) 3e(5 4d ) (d) 2( f + 5) (i) 6(3a + 2) (n) 5(2 z 1) (e) 3( g + 8) (j) 5(3b + 1) (o) 3(7a + 5)

Multiply the bracketed terms by the algebraic term. (d) 2 f ( f + 5) (i) c(3c 2) (n) p(2 p + 7) (e) 3g ( g + 8) (j) 5 y (3 y 2) (o) c(1 + 2c)

Take care with the negative signs when expanding these brackets. (a) 2 x( x + 1) (b) 3 y ( y + 2) (c) 5b(b + 9) (f) 7m(m 6) (g) 3x( x 1) (h) 4q(q 2) (k) 4 j (8 j ) (l) 5d (2 d ) Expand these brackets carefully. (a) 2a(3a + 4) (b) 3 y (2 y + 3) (f) 7n(3n 2) (g) 4 y (3 y 5) (k) 2 x(8 3x) (l) 4 y (2 5 y ) Choose the correct answer. (a) 2(a + 3) = (A) 2a + 3 (b) 3( y 4) = (A) 3 y + 12 (c) 5(2 x 3) = (A) 10 x 3 (d) 4(3a + 2) = (A) 12a + 8 (e) 2 x( x + 5) = (A) 2 x + 10 (f) 3a(a 4) = (A) 3a 2 12a (g) 6 y (2 y + 3) = (A) 12 y 2 + 18 (h) 3t (4t 5) = (A) 7t 2 15t (B) a + 6 (B) 3 y 12 (B) 10 x + 3 (B) 12a + 2 (B) 2 x + 10 x (B) 3a 2 12 (B) 12 y + 18 (B) 12t 2 15t (b)
2x

(d) 3e(e + 4) (i) c(2 c)

(e) 4k (k + 5) (j) 3 y (3 y )

4.

(c) 4b(5b + 1) (h) 4 j (3 j 2) (m) c(2 3c)

(d) 6 g (3g + 5) (i) 11c(3 2c)

(e) 7 k (2k + 3) (j) 3a(5 3a)

5.

(C) 2a + 6 (C) y 12 (C) 10 x + 15 (C) 3a + 8 (C) 2 x 2 + 10 x (C) 3a 12 (C) 8 y 2 + 18 y (C) 3t 2 (c)

3t

(D) 5a (D) y (D) 10 x 15 (D) 20a (D) 2 x 2 + 10 (D) 3a 2 4a (D) 12 y 2 + 18 y (D) 12t 2 + 15t

6.

Calculate the area of these rectangles and triangles. Measurements are in centimetres. (a)
4x + 5 5t 3

2x y

4x

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(d)
3p 2

(e)
3q

(f)
5t

4p

4 6q

1 + 3tp

Expanding brackets and collecting like terms

Expand both brackets and collect the like terms. Example 1 2( x + 3) + 3( x + 4) = 2 x + 6 + 3x + 12 = 5 x + 18 Example 2 3( x 3) + 4( x 2) = 3x 9 + 4 x 8 = 7 x 17 Example 3 4( x 2) 2( x + 3) = 4 x 8 2 x 6 = 2 x 14
Look at that minus sign out the front of the second bracket in example 3. This type should be banned!

Example 4 5 y (3 y + 1) 3(4 y 3) = 15 y 2 + 5 y 12 y + 9 = 15 y 2 7 y + 9

7.

Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) 5( y + 4) + 2( y + 1) (b) 3( x + 2) + 2( x + 3) (e) 3( g 2) + 2( g + 3) (f) 4( x 6) + 3( x 2) (i) 6(a + 1) + 3(a + 2) (j) 9(b 2) + 3(b 1) Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) 4(a + 3) 2(a + 1) (b) 2( y + 5) 2( y + 4) (e) 9(t 1) 3(t + 3) (f) 4( g 5) 3( g 2) (i) 7( x + 2) 3( x + 3) (j) 8(b 2) 5(b 1) Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) x( x + 2) + 2( x + 1) (b) y ( y + 5) + 3( y + 4) (e) t (t 1) + 3(t + 3) (f) g ( g 5) + 3( g 2) (i) y ( y + 2) + 3( y + 3) (j) b(b 2) + 5(b 1)

(c) 4(a + 4) + 5(a + 3) (g) 6( g + 3) + 5( g 4) (k) 7(c + 2) + 4(c 5) (c) 3( x + 2) 4( x + 3) (g) 8(k + 3) 3(k 4) (k) 6( y + 1) 4( y 5) (c) a(a + 3) + 4(a + 2) (g) k (k + 3) + 3(k 4) (k) y ( y + 1) + 4( y 5) (c) a(a + 4) 5(a + 3) (g) g ( g + 3) 5( g 4) (k) c(c + 2) 4(c 5) (c) a(4a + 2) + 4(2a + 3) (g) k (4k + 3) + 3(k 4) (k) 5 y ( y + 1) 4( y 5) (c) (f) (i) (l)

(d) 2( f + 5) + 3( f + 2) (h) 2( x 6) + 3( x + 2) (l) 3(t 5) + 2(t + 3) (d) 2(c + 4) 3(c + 2) (h) 2( x 6) 3( x + 2) (l) 2(t 5) 2(t + 3) (d) c(c + 4) + 3(c + 2) (h) x( x 6) + 3( x + 2) (l) t (t 5) + 2(t + 3) (d) t (t + 5) 3(t + 2) (h) x( x 6) 3( x + 2) (l) x( x 5) 2( x + 3) (d) c(5c + 4) + 2(3c + 2) (h) x(3x 6) 3( x + 2) (l) 2t (t 5) 2(t + 3) 5a(2a + 1) + 3a(4a + 3) 3g (2 g 5) + 2 g ( g 2) 2 x(9 x + 2) 3x(2 x + 3) 2t (7t 5) 3t (5t + 3)

8.

9.

10. Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) y ( y + 4) 2( y + 1) (b) x( x + 2) 2( x + 3) (e) g ( g 2) 2( g + 3) (f) x( x 6) 3( x 2) (i) a(a + 1) 3(a + 2) (j) b(b 2) 3(b 1) 11. Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) x(2 x + 3) + 2(3x + 1) (b) y (3 y + 5) + 3(2 y + 4) (e) t (2t + 1) + 2(3t + 3) (f) g (2 g 5) + 3( g 2) (i) x(2 x + 2) 3( x + 3) (j) 3b(b 2) 5(b + 1) 12. Expand the brackets and collect like terms. (a) (d) (g) (j) 2 x(3x + 1) + 3x(2 x + 5) 6c(2c + 1) + 5c(c + 2) 8k (2k + 3) + 3k (k 4) 8b(2b 5) 5b(3b 1) (b) (e) (h) (k)

3 y (2 y + 3) + 2 y (4 y + 1) 7t (2t + 3) + 2t (3t + 1) 4 x(3x 6) 3x( x + 2) 6 y (2 y + 1) + 4 y (3 y 5)

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Richard Dedekind - The effective founder of abstract algebra

Dedekind was born on October 6, 1831, in Brunswick, Germany, the fourth child in his family. His father was a professor of law and at first, his interests were in science. However, studying at the University of Gttingen, he obtained a doctors degree in Mathematics at the age of 21, being tutored by the celebrated mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss. In 1854 he secured a lectureship at Gttingen, transferring to Zurich in 1858. He then took up an Educational position in Brunswick where he remained until retirement. He died in Brunswick in 1916. Dedekind made many contributions to mathematics. His renowned analysis of irrational numbers, known as "Dedekind cuts", put this subject on a firm logical foundation. His work on unique factorisation led to the modern theory of algebraic numbers and he pioneered the theory of rings and fields. The notion of ideal, as well as the term itself, is due to Dedekind. Mathematical historian Morris Kline has referred to Dedekind as the effective founder of abstract algebra.

5.08
Arithmetic symbol +
+

ALGEBRAIC REPRESENTATION IN OTHER CONTEXTS

Spreadsheet symbol + * /
>

Example 3+4 34 3*4 20/5 2 3

>

Sometimes algebra is used to represent numbers in a different way. For example in a computer spreadsheet calculator there are different symbols for operations and formulas are constructed from their position in the grid.

23

Spreadsheets
The value of a variable is found by referring to a cell in a spreadsheet. The cell has a name according to the column and row it belongs to.
1 2 3 A B Length Breadth 4 7 C Perimeter = 2*(A2+B2) D Area =A2*B2
A2 in this case doesn't mean A times 2. The result is 28, not 4AB.

A2 refers to the length cell with value 4. B2 refers to the breadth cell with value 7.

Computer Programming
Y3

The instruction X3 = Y3 + 5 means: Fetch the value of Y3 (23) Add 5 to it (28) Store the result in X3

23 X3 28

The instruction Y3 = Y3 + 5 means: Fetch the value of Y3 (23) Add 5 to it (28) Store this in Y3 (Note the original value of Y3 is lost).

Y3 28

This statement would be meaningless in the context of ordinary algebra. It would say that there is some number X when multiplied by 3 (X3) and added to 5 (X3+5) gives the same number as when you multiplied it by 3 (X3). That is, adding the 5 makes no difference.

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Class property languages

Modern computer languages have variables that are subclasses of other variables. For example, Table A may have columns X and Y while Table B also has columns X and Y. To refer to the different Xs and Ys, they are separated from their table name by a dot. This allows the programmer to use the same variables X and Y in different contexts without getting them mixed up.
TABLEA TABLEB X Y X Y 1 7 11 22 55 2 8 12 23 56 3 9 13 24 57

So TABLEA.X(3) + TABLEB.X(3) = 9 + 24 = 33

5.08
1.
A B C D Result 1 First Second Third 2 4 8 5 = A2*B2*C2 3 5 4 12 = A3*C3/B3 4 6 5 4 = B2 2 A4*C4 5 9 8 3 = A5/C5*B5 6 3 9 7 = (A6 + C6)*B6 7 1 0 9 = (C7 + B6 A5)*B7 >

Calculate the result in column D when these values and formulas are placed in a spreadsheet. Note that normal order of operations apply, and brackets take precedence with powers being done before multiplication and division while addition and subtraction are last.

2.

Calculate the final values of x and y given the initial values of x = 5 and y = 6. (a) y = x^2 + 10 (b) y = x^2 + y^2 (c) x = x*y + x (d) x = x*(x + y) (e) y = (2*x + 3*y)/7
A B C 1 Base Height Area of triangle 2 4 7 3

3.

Write a formula for the spreadsheet that will calculate the area of a triangle with given base and height. Place the formula in cell C2. (Hint: all spreadsheet formulas begin with =).

4.

Work out the values of these variables from the given table of class variables. (a) Rectangle.height (1)*Rectangle.width (1) Rectangle Triangle Height Width Height Width (b) Rectangle. height (3)*Rectangle. width (3) 6.5 4 9.5 12 1 (c) Triangle. height (2)*Triangle. width (2)/2 2 7.5 6 10.5 14 (d) Triangle. height (3)*Triangle.width (3)/2 3 8.5 8 11.5 16 (e) (Rectangle.height(1)+Rectangle.width(1))*2 From the table in Question 4. write a computer expression to calculate these quantities. (a) Area of rectangle 2 (b) Area of triangle 1 (c) Perimeter of rectangle 3 Other database languages used in some computers are similar to English language. One such language, called Hypertalk, uses a mixture of English words and algebraic symbols to carry out mathematical tasks. See if you can evaluate these expressions. (a) Make value1 3 Make value2 7 Make value3 the sum of value1 and value2 (b) Get the value of value3 Add 6 to it Put it into x (c) If x = 16 then make y = sqrt(x) or else put Not a Square into Message Box. (d) Print the value of (the product of (the sum of x and y) and (the difference of x and y)).

5. 6.

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5.09
Example 1

FACTORISING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Factorising numbers. 12 = 4 3 = 2 2 3 18 = 9 2 = 3 3 2 50 = 25 2 = 5 5 2 30 = 6 5 = 2 3 5 Factorising algebraic terms. xyz = x y z ab 2 = a b b x3 y 2 = x x x y y 30 x3 z 2 = 2 3 5 x x x z z
Notice that you keep factorising until all of the factors are prime numbers!

Example 2

Example 3

Factorising algebraic expressions. 3x + 15 = 3 x + 3 5 = 3( x + 5) common factor is 3 6a + 14 = 3 2 a + 2 7 = 2(3a + 7) common factor is 2

Factorisation is the magic of algebra! It turns addition and subtraction into multiplication!

5.09
1. Factorise these numbers into sets of prime factors. (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (f) 40 (g) 42 (h) 45 (k) 72 (l) 360 Find the highest common factor of these pairs of numbers. (a) 10, 15 (b) 15, 25 (c) 20, 40 (f) 45, 15 (g) 18, 24 (h) 45, 30 (k) 80, 12 (l) 360, 30 (d) 24 (i) 48 (e) 36 (j) 60

2.

(d) 24, 36 (i) 48, 64

(e) 36, 60 (j) 72, 48

3.

Factorise these expressions by finding the highest common factor. (a) 4 x + 8 (b) 5 x + 15 (c) 25 y + 30 (d) 16a 2 + 8 (f) 75 + 50k (g) 18t 6 (h) 24 g 18 (i) 21z 2 15 (k) 40t 15 (l) 28 35 g

(e) 9a + 6 (j) 6k 21

4. 5.

Take each answer that you obtained in Question 3 and expand the brackets. Check that your result is the same as the expression in Question 3. Verify these factors by checking that a substituted pronumeral produces the same value. The first one is done for you.
Substitution Expression Factors Value Expression 30x 24 6(5x 4) 6 (5 2 4) = 36 30x 24 30 x=2 40y + 8 40y + 8 y=3 z=4 16z 8 16z 8 t=2 15t 2 12 15t 2 12 14 + 7c 14 + 7c c=5 w=3 8 4w 8 4w
+ +

Value 2 24 = 36

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6.

Write these algebraic terms in expanded form. (a) bc 2 (e) 28 x 2 y 2 (i) 24 x3t (b) t 4 k 3 (f) 36 g 4 k (j) 2 yz (c) 4abc (g) 8 xyz 2 (k) eft (d) 18 x 2 y (h) 17 x (l) 100 x 2 (c) 4abc, 2a 2 b 2 (g) 4kt , 6bx 2 t Here is an example for you. 8ab3 = 2 2 2 a b b b

7.

Find the highest common factor of these terms. (a) 2 x, 2 y (b) t 2 k , 2tk 2 2 (e) 4 x y , 8 xyz (f) 36 g 3 k , 30gkt (i) 24ab, 36ac (j) 2 yz , 4 y 2 z 2

(d) 18 x 2 y, 9xy 2 (h) 8 pq 2 r 3 , 12pq 3 r 2

8.

Factorise these expressions by taking out the highest common factor. (a) xy 2 + xy (b) yp 2 + yp (c) tk 3 + t 2 k 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 (d) xk + x k (e) w v + w v (f) pqr pqt 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 (g) mnp m np (h) s t f s t f Factorise these expressions by taking out the highest common factor. (a) 4 pq 2 + 8 pq (d) 12kt 3 + 8k 2 t (g) 6 gtk 3 9 g 2 tk (b) 3tk 2 + 6tk (e) 6 x 2 y 2 + 9 x3 y 3 (h) 10 j 2 t 2 p 2 15 j 2 t 3 p (c) 15en3 + 12e2 n 2 (f) 12abc 18azb (i) 30c3 j 2 k 24cj 2 k 3 Here is an example for you. ab2 a3b = ab(b a2)

9.

Here is an example. 6a3x + 2a2x5 = 2a2x(3a + x4)

10. Take each answer that you obtained in Question 9 and expand the brackets. Check that your result is the same as the expression in Question 9. 11. Substitution Expression Verify these factors by checking that a Value Value Factors substituted pronumeral produces the same x=2 6xy 24x 2y 36 288 = 252 6xy(1 4x) 36 (1 8) = 252 y=3 value. The first one is done for you.
+

p=2 q=5 r=1 k=2 t=2 k=3 g=5 x=1 y=2 z=3

4p2q + 8pq 6r2k2 3rk 4tkq 12t2k 8xyz + 10xy2

WHO AM I?
My father was a humble bricklayer in Germany but I was a child prodigy. I devised a way of constructing a 17-sided polygon with a ruler and compasses when I was only 19. I am credited with first proving the fundamental theorem of algebra: that every polynomial equation has at least one solution. I contributed to the mathematical theory of electromagnetism and have a physical unit named after me. I taught at the University of Gttingen where I was also director of the Observatory. I have made many famous mathematical and scientific discoveries including the mathematical prediction of the location of the asteroid Ceres. My initials are K.F.G.

INVESTIGATION
Take the number 142 857 and multiply it successively by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. What pattern is observed?What pattern in the digits of 142 857 do you think might account for this? Can you find an explanation for the pattern suddenly changing?
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GROUP ACTIVITY
Here is a word and logic game you can play in a group. Find a word and its opposite that have the same number of letters. Start with one word and by changing one letter at a time, arrive at the second word. Heres the catch, all intermediate words must be real words. The group can be the judge. Example: Turn hand into foot. Hand Band Bend Bent Belt Bolt Boot Foot A gear puzzle How many complete turns of gear wheel A are necessary before all three gear wheels are back in the same position?
Gear B Gear A Gear C 24 teeth 36 teeth 15 teeth The winner is the one who can do it in the least number of steps. Can you beat 8?

You can use a working spreadsheet on the CD to help you. [Gear puzzle]

5.10

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
1 3 + 3 4 5 x x + 2 5 5 3 3y 2 y + 3 4 3 1 1 2 3 4 x x 3 4 4 8 2 y 3y 8 3 8

Example 1 Adding fractions. =

1 4 + 3 3 12 2 x5 + x 2 25 2 4 13 = 12 1 = 112

Remember that fractions must have the same denominator before you can add or subtract them.

5x + 2x 10

7x = 10
5 12

3y 3 + 2 y 4 43 4 1 3 1 2 6 3 x4 x3 3 4 3 3

9y + 8y 12

= 12

17 y

Example 2 Subtracting fractions. = =1 6

4 x 3x 12 x = 12
You dont have to check the answer in the back of the book. You can check it yourself by substituting a value.

Reality check: Choose y = 24. Why?

8 3

2 y 8 3 y 3 16 y 9 y = 24 38 3

= 24

7y

2 24 3 24 LHS = = 16 9 = 7 3 8

RHS =

7 24 =7 24

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5.10
Adding and subracting algebraic fractions
1. Add these algebraic fractions.
x x (a) 3 +2 s s (f) 4 + 8

(b) 2 + 7 +a (g) a 3 6
y y

z 3z (c) 2 + 5 3 2z 5z (h) 3 + 6

k 3k (d) 35 + 4 3k 7 k (i) 5 + 10

t t (e) 4 + 5 6 5t t (j) 6 + 12

2.

Subtract these algebraic fractions.

x x (a) 2 5 x x (f) 4 8

(b) 3 7 b b 6 (g) 2 3 (b) a +aa 3 4 5 b 5b 2b (e) 3 + 6 3 5

z z 2x (h) 3 +2 3 4

a 3a (c) 23 5 3z 3z (h) 4 8 t t 3t (c) 2 + 3 2 4 e 2e e (f) 3 + 3 2 4 c 3c c (i) 9 + 5 10 2

z z (d) 2 4 5 4c 3c (i) 5 10

k k (e) 35 6 5x x (j) 6 12

3.

Simplify these algebraic fractions.

x x x (a) 2 +53 2y y y (d) 5 + 3 4

Here is an example for you.

3d 2d 2d + 5 3 4 3d 15 + 2d 12 d 20 = 60 45d + 24d 20d d = 49 60 60

k 5k 3k (g) 23 6 + 4 x x 3x (j) 6 + 12 4

4.

Add these algebraic fractions.

x +1 x + 2 + 3 2 y +3 y + 4 (d) 5 + 3 g 5 g +5 (g) 3 + 6 2 y 5 3y 7 (j) + 12 6

(a)

a + 2 a +1 + 4 3 k + 2 k 3 (e) 5 + 6 z 3 z (h) 4 + 2

(b)

t + 2 t +3 + 2 3 e 3 e 1 (f) 4 + 3 2 x +1 3 x 2 (i) + 10 5

(c)

Here is an example for you.

3d + 1 2d 3 + 5 4 5(3d + 1) + 4( 2d 3) = 20 15d + 5 + 8d 12 23d 7 = 20 20

5.

Subtract these algebraic fractions.

a + 2 a +1 3 2 z +3 z + 4 (d) 3 5 k 5 k +5 (g) 3 6 2c 5 3c 7 (j) 12 6

(a)

x +1 x + 2 4 3 t + 2 t 3 (e) 5 6 b 3 (h) 3 b 6

(b)

(c) (f) (i)

y + 2 y +3 5 2 x 3 x 1 4 3 3 x +1 4 x 2 10 5

Here is an example for you.

3x + 2 2 x 5 4 3 4(3 x + 2) 3( 2 x 5) = 12 12 x + 8 6 x + 15 6 x + 23 = 20 12

And the winner is: the one who remembered from 5.05 to multiply by the negative sign in front of the brackets!

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Multiplying algebraic fractions

Multiplication of algebraic fractions is very similar to the process of division investigated in 5.03. To divide 1 by 2, for example, is the same as multiplying by 2 . To set up a product of algebraic fractions, all that is required is to cancel out common factors and multiply out numerators and denominators Examples 1.
a c b d

2.

x xy a y

3.

ac = bd

= b d

ac

2 =x a

= a

x x

q p3 2 q p p 1 = 1

4.

2 ab 9 a 2 b 6 ab 4b 3 a 2 4 3a 2 = 4

=p
a 3b (c) 23 5 3z 3 y (h) 4 y 8x z (d) 5 10 6 ac 3 xc (i) 4 2 xy 6a 3p

6.

Multiply out these algebraic fractions. (a) a b 2 5 5y (f) 3yx 8

x x (b) 3 7 2b 6a (g) 3 a 4ab k k (e) 35 6 xy 5x (j) 6 2 y 12 x

Dividing algebraic fractions

Division of algebraic fractions is the same as the process of division of numerical fractions reviewed in a Chapter 1 (Section 1:02). To divide by b , for example, is the same as multiplying by b . Recall that to divide a by a fraction, invert the divisor and multiply. It involves only one extra step to multiplication of fractions. Examples 1.
a c b d a d =b c xy 2. x a y

3.

p3 p 2 q q
p2

4.

2ab 9a 2b 4c 6cd c = 2ab 4 2 6 cd

3

= x a y xy = a2
y

p3 q 2 p q

9a b

= ad bc 7. Perform these algebraic divisions.

x y (a) 3 4 6 xy (f) 3yx 5 s t (b) 2 3 2b 6b (g) 3 a ac s p s (b) 2 6 3 2b 5a 6b (g) 3 a 2c ac

= 1
z (c) 23x 5 6 3z 3x (h) 4 y 8y a 3 x 5a (c) 53 4 6 a 6c 3c (h) 3 4b 5 8b

p q

= 274 ad
k 4k (e) 35 5 xy 5x (j) 6 2 y 12 y

a 9b (d) 35 10 ac ay (i) 4 2 xy 6cx

8.

Simplify these algebraic expressions.

x a x (a) 3 26 4 z 6 xy (f) 3yx 15 5 t 4 z 9m k 9d 4k (d) 3 3 10 (e) 35 16 15 5 xy xy 3 xy 3y ax 5x (i) 2 xy 9 (j) 6 2 10 x y 5 y 6 yx 12 y

5.11

BINOMIAL PRODUCTS (EXTENSION)

{Students wishing to reach Stage 5.3 should attempt this section} Binomial product means multiplying together algebraic numbers that contain 2 terms each. Example 1 Find the area of the rectangular field that measures (2y + 3) m by (3y + 1) m.
2y Area = 2y 3y = 6y2 Area = 2y 1 = 2y
+ +

3 A = 3 3y = 9y A=3 1=3
+ +

3y

Therefore total area (2y + 3)(3y + 1) = 6y2 + 9y + 2y + 3 = 6y2 + 11y + 3

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Example 2 (x + 2)(x + 5) = x(x + 5) + 2(x + 5) = x2 + 5x + 2x + 10 = x2 + 7x + 10

The x in the first bracket multiplies all of the second bracket then so does the 2.

Example 3 (y 3)(y + 1)= y(y + 1) 3(y + 1) = y2 + y 3y 3 = y2 2y 3

Note how the 3 multiplies both terms in the second bracket making them both negative.

Example 4 (2a + 1)(3a + 7) = 6a2 + 14a + 3a + 7 = 6a2 + 17a + 7 second terms by 2a then both
second terms by 1.

Take a shortcut! Multiply both

Example 5 (3x 2)(5x 4) = 3x(5x 4) 2(5x 4) = 15x2 12x 10x + 8 = 15x2 22x + 8 THE CRABS CLAW (3x 5 )(2x + 7) = 6x2 +21x 10x 35 = 6x2 + 11x 35

Here are a couple of ways that some people use to remember how to expand binomials!

FOIL = First ; Outer ; Inner ; Last

5.11
Extension - binomial products (expanding brackets)
1. Multiply out these binomial products. Here is an example. (d + 7)(d + 5) =d 2 + 5d + 7d + 35 = d 2 + 12d + 35 2. (a) (x + 1)(x + 4) (d) (a + 9)(a + 7) (g) (y + 8)(y + 5) (b) (x + 2)(x + 3) (e) (x + 3)(x + 5) (h) (a + 7)(a + 4) (c) (y + 11)(y + 5) (f) (x + 3)(x + 4) (i) (t + 12)(t + 6)

Multiply out these binomial products, taking particular care of the minus sign. Here is an example. (a 5)(a + 9) =a2 + 9a 5a 45 = a2 + 4a 45 (a) (b 1)(b + 3) (d) (x + 8)(x 5) (g) (m 1)(m + 4) (b) (g 3)(g + 4) (e) (y 2)(y + 5) (h) (p + 5)(p 7) (c) (k + 10)(k 4) (f) (w + 3)(w 4) (i) (z 13)(z + 12)

3.

Multiply out these binomial products, taking particular care of both minus signs. Here is an example. (h 3)(h 9) = h2 9h 3h + 27 = h2 12h + 27 (a) (q 4)(q 3) (d) (k 7)(k 6) (g) (b 2)(b 5) (b) (d 3)(d 5) (e) (x 1)(x 7) (h) (y 6)(y 7) (c) (t 9)(t 8) (f) (a 5)(a 4) (i) (d 3)(d 12)

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4.

Multiply out these binomial products, taking particular care with the signs. Here is an example. (5x 2)(x 9) = 5x2 45x 2x + 18 = 5x2 47x + 18 (a) (3x + 1)(2x + 3) (d) (2k + 5)(k 3) (g) (6b 1)(b 5) (b) (4d + 5)(3d + 2) (e) (2x 1)(3x + 7) (h) (8y 3)(2y 1) (c) (3t + 7)(7t + 3) (f) (5a + 5)(4a 4) (i) (5d 3)(4d 12)

INVESTIGATION
Extension
Investigate these three patterns and come up with a rule:
x x 3 x2 3x 3 3x 9
I get it! The x2 is from squaring the first and the 9 is from squaring the second!

...and the 3x is the product of both but there are two lots of it!

2 2 2 (A) ( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x + 3) = x + 3x + 3x + 9 = x + 6 x + 9 ( x + 4) 2 = ( x + 4)( x + 4) = x 2 + ...x + ...x + ... = x 2 + ...x + ... ( x + 5) 2 = ( x + 5)( x + 5) = x 2 + ...x + ...x + ... = x 2 + ...x + ... ( x + 6) 2 = ( x + 6)( x + 6) = .... ( x + 7) 2 = Write down the answer from the pattern without any working.

Does this patt tern hold when there is a negative sign in the bracket? ( x 6) 2 = ( x 6)( x 6) = x 2 6 x 6 x + 36 = x 2 12 x + 36 ( x 7) 2 = ( x 7)( x 7) = x 2 ...x ...x + ... = x 2 ...x + ... ( x 8) 2 = ( x 8)( x 8) = x 2 ...x ...x + ... = x 2 ...x + ... ( x 9) 2 = ( x 9)( x 9) = ... ( x 10) 2 = Write down the e answer from the pattern without any working.
2 2 2 (B) (2 x + 3) = (2 x + 3)(2 x + 3) = 4 x + 6 x + 6 x + 9 = 4 x + 12 x + 9 (3x + 4) 2 = (3x + 4)(3x + 4) = 9 x 2 + 12 x + 12 x + 16 = 9 x 2 + 24 x + 16 (4 x + 7) 2 = (4 x + 7)(4 x + 7) = 16 x 2 ... . x... x + ... = 16 x 2 + ... x + ... (5 x + 8) 2 = (5 x + 8)(5 x + 8) = 25 x 2 + ... (3x + 5) 2 = Write down the answer from the pattern without any wor rking.

Does this pattern hold when there is a negative sign n in the bracket? (2 x 5) 2 = (2 x 5)(2 x 5) = 4 x 2 10 x 10 x + 25 = 4 x 2 20 x + 25 (3x 2) 2 = (3x 2)(3x 2) = 9 x 2 6 x 6 x + 4 = 9 x 2 12 x + 4 (4 x 3) 2 = (4 4 x 3)(4 x 3) = 16 x 2 ...x...x + .... = 16 x 2 + ...x + ... 2 (3x 5) = (3x 5)( (3x 5) = 9 x 2 + ... (5 x 4) 2 = Write down the answer from the patte ern without any working.

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2 2 (C) ( x + 3)( x 3) = x 3x + 3x 9 = x 9 2 ( x + 4)( x 4) = x ...x + ...x ... = x 2 ... ( x + 5)( x 5) = x 2 ...x + ...x ... = x 2 ... ( x + 6)( x 6) = x 2 ...x + ...x...... = ( x + 7)( x 7) = Write down the answer from the pattern n without any working.

Similarly, (2 x + 3)(2 x 3) = 4 x 2 6 x + 6 x 9 = 4 x 2 9 (3x + 5)(3x 5) = 9 x 2 15 x + 15 x ... = 9 x 2 (4 x + 1)(4 x 1) = 16 x 2 .. ..x + ...x ... = 16 x 2 (2 x + 5)(2 x 5) = 4 x 2 ...x + ...x ... = 4 x 2 (4 x + 3)(4 x 3) = Write down the answer from the pattern without an ny working. Summary of binomial product results from Investigation 1. To square a binomial we get : Square the first ; square the second ; and twice the product! (a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2 2. The product of a sum and difference is equal to the difference of their squares. (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2

Exercise 5.11 (continued) Multiply out these binomial products. Write the answers straight down without any working. (b) (d + 5)2 (c) (t + 7)2 (d) (k + 3)2 5. (a) (x + 1)2 (e) (y + 20)2 (f) (b + 0.5)2 (g) (2 + x)2 (h) (x + y)2 6. 7. 8. 9. (a) (x 1)2 (e) (p 30)2 (a) (2d + 5)2 (e) (3x + 10)2 (a) (3d 4)2 (e) (2d 5)2 (a) (x 4)(x + 4) (e) (2d + 5) (2d 5) (b) (a 4)2 (f) (f 1.5)2 (b) (4a + 3)2 (f) (2a + 7)2 (b) (2a 5)2 (f) (4a 3)2 (b) (a 5) (a + 5) (f) (4a + 3) (4a 3) (c) (b 5)2 (g) (4 a)2 (c) (5b + 3)2 (g) (4b + 0.5)2 (c) (5t 2)2 (g) (5 3x)2 (c) (t + 2)(t 2) (g) (5 3x) (5 + 3x) (d) (y 3)2 (h) (y x)2 (d) (10y + 1)2 (h) (2y + x)2 (d) (4y 1)2 (h) (10y 3)2 (d) (10 x)(10 + x) (h) (10y 3x) (10y 3x)

Abbreviations HCF LCM = Highest Common Factor = Lowest Common Multiple

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5.12
Miscellaneous extension
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What must be added to 4x2 in order to make 8x2 ? What is the opposite of 5y2? Why cant 3 and 17 have a common factor? If a brick weighs 5 kg plus half a brick, what is the weight of a brick and a half? Divide 100 into two parts so that one quarter of one part exceeds one third of the other part by 11. There are 10 railway stations on the Xanadu to Kashmachek railway line. The ticket machines that are located on each station can dispense a ticket between any two stations on the line. How many tickets must be printed for the machines?

7. 8.

The area of a triangle is 9 square metres and the base is 12 metres. Calculate the perpendicular height of the triangle. Find a quick mental arithmetic method for working out these calculations. (a) 25 25 (b) 2 1 21 2 2 (c) 40 40 40 (d) 900

9.

What speed in metres per second is the same as 36 km/h? (Hint: Travel 36 km in 1 hour)

10. If x is one angle in an isosceles triangle, what might the other two be? 11. Explain what is wrong with this factorisation: 6x2y 3xy3 = 3xy2(2x y) 12. The factors of 24p2q3 18pq2 are apq2(bpq c). State the values of a, b and c. 13. A cow and a donkey can eat all of the grass in a certain field in 45 days. The cow and a sheep can eat all of the grass in the same field in 60 days. The sheep and the donkey take 90 days to eat all of the grass in the same field. How long will the grass in that field last, if all three animals are set to graze at the one time?

14. What would have existed at the start?

Start Add 6 Add 2x Subtract y Multiply by 2 6x + 12

15. In a year 9 class of 40 students, there are 17 boys. There are 21 students who are over 13 years of age of which 9 are girls. (a) How many girls are there? (b) How many students are 13 years and under? (c) How many boys are aged 13 years and under? 16. Calculate the value of x.
130o 125o xo 110o

110o

17.

?
140

A briefcase has 2 combination locks, right and left, with different combinations. Each lock is opened by the correct set of 3 digits from 0 to 9. Unfortunately, the combinations are written down on a piece of paper inside the briefcase.What is the greatest number of combinations that you would need to try, in order to be sure of opening the briefcase?

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KEY WORDS
variable bracket like term power product factor expand substitute indices difference geometrical equivalent index sum equation constant multiple unknown pattern cancel quotient pronumeral decreasing algebraic factorise expression

DIAGNOSTIC DIAGNOSTIC TEST TEST

Products and factors
1. Calculate the value of the term indicated. (a) Tn = 2n + 3. Find T4 2. (b) Tn = 3n 1. Find T5 (c) Tn = 50 n . Find T6 5.01
2

5.01

Use the method of differences to write a rule connecting x and y. (a)

x= y= x= y= x= y= 5 90 4 22 1 8 6 88 5 20 3 14 7 86 6 18 8 84 7 16

(b)

(c)

6 8 23 29

3.

Evaluate these expressions for the given value of the variable. 2 xx + 9 4 when (a) 2 x + 9 when x = 8 (b) 2 when xx= =5 8 Simplify these like terms. (a) 8 x + 7 x (b) 11axy 6axy (b) 9ab + 18 2ab 7 (b) 5 xy 2 2 yx 2 3 y 2 x (b) 8 xt 2 3tx 2 4t 2 x + 2 x 2 t (b) 8 p 2q 5 j (b) 6d (3r ) (2 fg )

5.02 (c) 3x 2 + 5 x 4 when x = 2 5.02 (c) 5bc 2 7bc 2 + 3bc 2 5.02 (c) 7 gt 3 3 4t 3 g 4 5.02 (c) 6ay 3 2a 3 y ya 3 5.02 (c) 6 y 3 2 x3 3 y 3 x3 5.03 (c) 4 g (7t ) 5.03 (c) 3v3 (2k 3 ) (t 4 )

4.

5.

Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) 6 x + 5 + 4 x + 8

6.

Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 4 xy + 6 xt + 5 yx

7.

Simplify these algebraic expressions by adding or subtracting like terms. (a) 8 xy + 6 xt 5 yx + 2 xt

8.

Multiply out these factors. (a) 2 k 4 (a) 4 x3 5k 3

9.

Multiply the algebraic terms together.

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10. Cancel out common factors to find the quotient.

ab (a) 126

5.03
6rt (c) 2 rt
3

(b)

8 pq 4p

11. Divide the first expression by the second. (a) 4kt 2t 12. Simplify (a) 4b 5a 10ab (a) y y
4 3 4 2

5.03
2

(b) 12tg 4 gt (b) 10 f 3kt 15kf (b) 4 x 5 x

6e f 3ef 2
5 3 6

(c) 6 gk 8kg

(c) 6 xy 10b 15ax (c) 2a (3b ) 4a

3 4 2 3 4

5.03 5.04

13. Multiply these algebraic terms together, writing the answer in index form.

14. Divide these algebraic expressions, by subtracting the indices where required. (a) 12a2
3a

5.04

(b)

(c) 24d 2 x3
18d x

15. Simplify these algebraic expressions. (a) c c c

2 4 3

5.04
3 2 3

(b) 4 z 2 z 8 z (b) 3d (d + 8)

(c) 4 x 6 x 12 x (c) 4s (12 8s )

16. Expand these brackets. (a) 4(2 y + 7)

5.05

17. Expand these brackets and collect like terms. (a) 2( y + 3) + 3( y + 4) (b) 3(2 x + 5) 4( x 8) 18. Expand these brackets and collect like terms. (a) 2 y ( y + 1) + 3 y ( y + 2) (b) 3x(2 x + 3) 4 x(2 x 1) 19. Factorise these expressions. (a) 6 y + 9 20. Factorise these expressions. (a) 2 x y 4 xy
x y (a) 2 7
2 2

5.05 (c) 3(3t 2) 2(1 4t ) 5.05 (c) 3t (5t 3) 2t (2t 4) 5.07 (c) xt 3tx
2 2

(b) 18 gt 6 g (b) 12ab c + 9a b c

3y (b) 23x 4 x
2 2 2 2

5.07 (c) 24n m 18nmt 5.07 (c)

2 x 2 6 xy 4z 3y
2 5

21. Multiply these algebraic fractions.

22. Divide these algebraic fractions.

a (a) a 23 4 ab 6ax (b) 3xy 2by b 4abc (c) 2a 3 xy xc
2

5.07

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