INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

WORKING PAPER Untuk memenuhi tugas matakuliah Morfologi Tumbuhan yang dibina oleh Ibu Sunarmi dan Bapak Martono

Oleh Kelompok 8 Anis Samrotul Lathifah Siti Nurwaqidah 108341409789 208341412062

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG MATEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC FACULTY BIOLOGY MAJOR OCTOBER 2009

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Main Problems What is the definition and function of integumentary system? How is the histology of the skin? What is the appendage of the integumentary system? Purpose To explain about the definition and the function of integumentary system To determine and explain about the histology of the skin To determine and explain about the appendages of the integumentary system.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

The Definition and The Function of Integument System The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages together. The skin covers the entire outer surface of the body. Structurally, the skin consist of two layers. The outer layer of the skin is epidermis while the underlying thicker layer is dermis. Beneath those two layers, there is subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, the hypodermis or subcutis, which bind and connect the skin to the underlying structures. The appendages of the skin are hair, nails, and several type of glands in the skin (Telford, 1995). The integumentary system has the important function to the body. The integumentary system plays its rule to the body as protection, sensation, thermoreguation, excretory agent, and metabolic agent. As protection agent, the skin protects the body against the harmful UV light radiation, mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses. It can also prevents the body from dehydration (water loss) and microorganisms invasion. As the sensation agent, the skin has receptors which can sence a touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. As the thermoregulation agent, the skin can help to regulate the body temperature involving its appendages part such as sweat glands, hair, and adipose tissue. As the excretory agent the skin throught its sweat glands excrete the waste product of the body contstantly such as sodium and urea. While as the metabolic agents, the skin which has subcutaneous adipose tissue is involved in the production of vitamin D from precursors with the aid of sunlight and also triglycerides. Beside those function, skin can also rise and cover the inflammation part of the body because of its elastic characteristics, for example are shown in edema and pregnant condition. The Histology of The Skin

The skin is the outermost component of the integumentary system. Histologically, the skin consist of two layers, they are epidermis and dermis layers. Both of them has different characteristic. The epidermis is superficial, epithelial, waterproof, avascular ayer while the dermis one is deeper, vascular, has connective tissue layer which supplies support for the overlying epidermis. Between epidermis and dermis exist the hypodermis layer. Epidermis Dermis Dermis develop from mesodermal. Dermis consists of connective tissue layer which support the epidermis and binds it to the underlying layer, hypodermis. Dermis is thicker than epidermis and the thickness of dermis self is varied depends on the body parts where it lies. Dermis thickness can reach maximum 4 mm in back region. The dermis surface is irregular and has many papillae which lock each other with the epidermis ridge. Dermis is divided into papillary (sub-epithelial) layer and reticular (deep) layer. The fibers between the layers tend into intermingle without a clearly marked boundary. Papillary layers It consist of loose (areolar) connective tissue which called papillae, it also has many capillaries. The cellular papillary layer is characterized by the presence of dermal papillae which vary in number from 50 to 250/mm2. Most of these papillae contain a capillary bed, which nourishes the overlying, avascular epithelium. The other are tactile papillae which consist of sensory nerve endings that mediate touch sensation (touch receptor) called Meissners corpuscle. Meissners corpuscle are highly sensitive mechanoreceptors for touch found on the palmar surface of fingers and plantar service of feet (highly tactile). It sensitive to temperature. There are also Ruffini corpuscles and Krause end bulbs in the dermis, as the further types of mechanoreceptors. Reticular Layers The thicker and deeper fibrous reticular layer constitutes most of the dermis. Reticular layer consist of dense connective tissue. This layer characterized by the

presence of coarse collagenous fibres and a few elastic fibres form an irregular, dense, interlacing network. At the deeper levels, the network become more open. Its spaces contain adipose tissue, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicle. The reticular layer merges with the underlying fatty, loose connective tissue, the superficial fascia, or hypodermis. Cell in the dermis are relatively scarce. They are the cells that are found in most connective tissue, mostly fibroblasts and fat cells, a few macrophages and mast cells, and melanocytes in pigmented areas (Telford, 1995).

NAILS Nails are protective, keratinized, hard plates of cells that cover the dorsal surfaces of the distal ends of digits of all primates. The most proximal part of the nail is covered by a fold of thin skin called the eponychium or cuticle. The nail plate grows out of the nail bed as a protective, keratine shield over the distal phalange. Since the nail bed is a continuation of the deeper layers of epidermis, it is composed of two to three layers of prickle and basal cells resting on a basement membrane. Projecting under the proximal part of the nail is a white, crescentic area called the lunula because of its shape. In the distal tip of the matrix projecting beyond the cuticle. The hardened stratum corneum, under shelter of the free edge of the nail, is the hyponychium. Nails which are modification from the epidermis consist of three parts, nail body, nail wall, and nail bed. a) Nail body with the free edge which construct of transparent, squamous cell layers. The proximal part of the nail body under the skin fold called the nail root. b) Nail wall is the fold around the proximal and lateral edge of the nail which seperate from the nail by nail groove.

c) Nail bed is the epidermis under the nail body. Its has no stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum, and only construct of epidermal layers. In addition to being aids in grasping and holding objects, nail may subtle indicator of the health of an individual. For example, furrows and opacities of the nail frequently accompany infection. Thin, concave, or spoon nails are often present in chronic anemias, syphilis, and rheumatic fever. Dry and britle nails may suggest vitamin deficiencies or a hypothyroid condition.

The dermis is a connective tissue layer, that contains collagen and elastin fibres, and fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes, as well as nerves, glands and hair follicles. The dermis is tough, and is the layer used to make leather. It can be divided into two regions: superficial region - (papillary dermis) the region around the dermal papillae, which makes up around 20% of the dermis. This layer contains loose connective tissue, and it has many capillaries. It extends up into the epidermis in small projections called dermal papillae. This region also contains Meissners corpuscles, which are touch receptors, as well as free nerve endings (non-myelinated) that are sensitive to temperature. deeper region - (reticular dermis) this is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, which contains collagen and elastin, which give skin its strength and extensibility. The collagen bundles are woven into a coarse network. This layer contains fibroblasts, macrophages and fat cells. The sweat glands are found deep in this region and in the hypodermis. Can you see the two regions of the dermis in the picture above? The hypodermis lies under the dermis, and mainly contains adipose tissue.

This diagram shows the blood supply of skin.

Dermis

The dermis is the thick layer of connective tissue to which the epidermis is attached. Its deepest part continues into the subcutaneous tissue without a sharply defined boundary. Its thickness is for this reason difficult to determine but 1-2 mm is a good guestimate for "average" skin. The dermis may be divided into two sublayers (again without a sharp boundary): The papillary layer consists of loose, comparatively cell-rich connective tissue, which fills the hollows at the deep surface (dermal papillae) of the epidermis. Capillaries are frequent. Collagen fibres appear finer than in the reticular layer. The reticular layer appears denser and contains fewer cells. Thick collagen fibres (5-10 m) often aggregate into bundles (up to 100 m thick). The fibres form an interlacing network, although their predominant direction is parallel to the surface of the skin. A preferred orientation of the collagen fibres is not visible in the sections, but the main orientation of the fibres differs in skin from different parts of the body. Usually, their main orientation will follow the "lines of greatest tension" in the skin (Kraissl lines). This is of some surgical importance since incisions parallel to these lines will heal faster and with less formation of scar tissue. Kraissl lines have been defined in living humans. They not always coincide with the cleavage lines, which Langer defined (Langer's cleavage lines) about a century before Kraissl in cadavers. Elastic fibres are found in both the papillary (fine fibres) and reticular (coarse fibres) layers. They can not be identified in H&E stained sections. Dermis The dermis also varies in thickness depending on the location of the skin. It is .3 mm on the eyelid and 3.0 mm on the back. The dermis is composed of three types of tissue that are present throughout - not in layers. The types of tissue are: collagen elastic tissue reticular fibers Layers of the Dermis The two layers of the dermis are the papillary and reticular layers. The upper, papillary layer, contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. The lower, reticular layer, is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged parallel to the surface of the skin. Specialized Dermal Cells The dermis contains many specialized cells and structures. The hair follicles are situated here with the erector pili muscle that attaches to each follicle. Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine (scent) glands are associated with the follicle. This layer also contains eccrine (sweat) glands, but they are not associated with hair follicles.

Blood vessels and nerves course through this layer. The nerves transmit sensations of pain, itch, and temperature. There are also specialized nerve cells called Meissner's and Vater-Pacini corpuscles that transmit the sensations of touch and pressure.

The dermis: a thicker inner portion. This is the connective tissue layer of skin. It is important for sensation, protection and thermoregulation. It contains nerves, the blood supply, fibroblasts, etc, as well as sweat glands, which open out onto the surface of the skin, and in some regions, hair. The apical layers of the dermis are folded, to form dermal papillae, which are particularly prominent in thick skin.