ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Analog & Digital Communication

demodulation
Performance Evaluation: Name of the student Performing on Extra Regular First submission Enrollment No. Second submission 2-hrs

EXP 1: AM modulation-

Grade and Remarks by the Tutor 1. Clarity about the objective of experiment 2. Clarity about the problem statement 3. Submitted the work in desired format 4. Shown capability to solve the problem 5. Contribution to the team work Remarks

http://gate.practice-tests.learnhub.com/tests/gate-2011-ec-question-paper

Grade: Cross the grade. A B C D

F Tutor Nasreen Noorani

1. Title: To generate and analyze performances of DSB-AM 2. Aims and Objectives and value addition: To learn about the following aspects of Amplitude Modulation waveform. a. b. c. d. To visualize that AM is the product of two signals in time domain. To distinguish between the under~, critical ~ and over modulation cases. To investigate ways to apply techniques of multiplication to achieve modulation. Calculation of distortion, power output and efficiency as a function of modulation index. e. To visualize that modulation shifts the spectrum of intelligence about carrier frequency.

3. Problem statement:
a. To know the designing methodology of the product modulator IC and design considerations in using it. How the transistor circuit of it is designed. b. To determine the linearity range of a modulator. c. To analyze linearity by inspection of modulated wave and modulating wave on a CRO. d. To analyze linearity by display of modulating signal and modulated wave in x-y mode and Calculation of %-age modulation depth by oscilloscope measurement.

e. f. g. h. i.

Need and specifications of a band select filter. Calculation of efficiency of a modulator as a result of %-age depth modulation. To plot the waveforms at various %-age depth modulation. Effect of over modulation on distortion. To envisage the product of two time dependent signals as frequency shift in frequency domain and that amplitudes of side bands as a function of modulation depth. j. Demodulation as a re-modulating the modulated wave with carrier. k. For proper demodulation, carrier frequency during modulation should be at least 2* signal bandwidth.

4. Theory: Tele-communication means to be in communication over long distances. The distance can range between few KM to several thousand KM. The intelligence must be received intact, is the basic requirement. These days, several features including Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels and data security, call management etc., have become the part and parcel of the communication system. But in the basic, we need to know how to manage to receive intelligence intact. The message travels through air, copper~ and optical-fibers cable. These are called media or, transmission lines. It is the addition of noise during transmission and poor quality of media that pollutes the intelligence, would be our immediate next concern once the basic techniques of transmission are well understood.
A low frequency-band signal such as voice using loudspeakers, does not go beyond few tens of meter. To enable it to go over 100s of KM, that the message go galloping like a rider on a horse, we need to change its wave characteristics. This change is done by a process called modulation. At the receiver, we need to undo the wave characteristics by demodulation. The signal is transmitted through air, wire or optical cables. Self Assessment-1
a. b. c. d. What is modulation? Why is it needed? What is the minimum requirement of transmission proc What is the process de-modulation?

An intelligence is basically continuous in time and called analog. It can be disseminated into many (theoretically infinite) sinusoidal frequency components; each is specified with amplitude and phase. Generally amplitude decreases with frequency. The range of useful frequency components of this intelligence is found out. It depends upon the strength or power of these disseminated components. The maximum distance between two frequencies where the signal power reduces to half of the energy_max in the frequency range, is called half power bandwidth, also called (-3) dB bandwidth. It is equivalent to frequency points where the voltage level reduces to (1/2) of maximum RMS voltage in the frequency range. In carrying out modulation, we either change amplitude or, frequency or, phase of a carrier wave. Carrier is a predefined sinusoidal waveform. This change is done in accordance with the intelligence wave. If we are changing the amplitude of the carrier wave in accordance with the time varying amplitude of the intelligence, it is called amplitude modulation. If the frequency is changed in accordance with the time varying amplitude of the intelligence, we call it frequency modulation etc. The mathematical model for different modulation techniques are now defined. Carrier is essentially a sinusoidal wave defined as yc(t). yc(t) = Ac Sin(ct) .. (1)

.. Amplitude modulation: AM = Ac (am(t)) Sin(ct) .. . (2)

Here Ac, the peak amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance with the instant amplitude of the intelligence, we now rename it time varying amplitude of modulating signal Am(t). Frequency of modulated carrier wave remains unvaried, Phase also remains unvaried. Mathematically, the above observes properties of linear function, hence it is a linear modulation. Frequency Modulation: .. (3) .. Here Ac is the amplitude of the carrier and , its phase, remains unchanged after modulation. c(t) varies in accordance with the time varying amplitude of modulating signal am(t). FM = Phase Modulation: PM = Ac Sin (ct + (am(t)) .. .. (4) Ac Sin (c(1+am(t))+ )

Here Ac and c of the carrier wave and modulated wave are same. The phase (t) varies in accordance with the time varying amplitude of modulating signal am(t). Angle Modulation: Since phase/frequency modulation affect the phase/frequency of the carrier as shown in (3) and (4), they are grouped as angle modulation. The modulation equations are mathematically non-linear. For the purpose of simplified analysis, we take a tone-signal as an intelligence, represented by yt(t) = AmSin(mt) Self Assessment-3
a. Why carrier wave should be strictly sinusoid ? b. Write the relation between phase angle and .

..

..

(5)

Amplitude Modulation with tone signaling: The carrier is essentially a sinusoidal wave represented by (1) yc(t) = AcSin(ct). If am(t) is the intelligence to be modulated, The Amplitude modulated wave as shown in (2) becomes: AM = Ac (am(t)) Sin(ct). Choosing the modulating signal to be a tone signal and using (5), we get

am((t) = yt(t) = Am Sin(mt) Where Ac is the peak amplitude of the carrier wave and is a real number whose value lie between 0 and 1 for distortion-free modulation. Putting (5) in (2) we get AM for tone: AMt = AcAm Sin(mt) Sin(ct) .. .. (6)

Looking at (6), we conclude the followings a. It is the output of multiplication of two time-domain functions, yc(t) and ym(t). b. Using trigonometry, it can be represented in following mathematical form AMt = [AcAm /2][sin(c - m) - sin(c+m)] .. .. (7)

c. (7) contains two beat frequency signals (spectral lines) of same peak magnitude [AcAm /2]. It is the product of rms values of carrier and tone signals. d. Beats (spectral line) are the sum or difference of two frequencies. e. The distance between the two spectral lines is 2m, twice the tone frequency, called bandwidth. f. (7) does not contain any carrier frequency (c) component. g. The two spectral lines lie odd- symmetrically around the carrier frequency location. h. It is the frequency spectrum of suppressed carrier AM, SC-AM.

We now discuss two strategies: (a) We include a constant term representing DC of A volts with the modulating signal, causing ym(t)= [A+AmSin(mt)] = A[1+ sin(mt)] where =Am/A The modulated signal is represented as:

AM = (Ac A)[1+ sin(m t)]Sin(ct) = Ac{Sin(ct)+ [/2][sin(c - m) - sin(c+m)]

(8)

Where Ac A = Ac is the effective peak carrier voltage in the modulated output.

Thus
i. The modulated wave is a carrier wave with positive and negative side enveloped by modulating signal. Read the maximum and minimum of the signal amplitude. It is used to calculate the Amplitude modulation index, alternatively named as modulation depth, . This can also be calculated using oscilloscope in X-Y mode. X- is energized by modulating signal and Y- by modulated signal.

ii.

iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

AM spectra contain: Upper Side Band (USB) , Carrier and Lower Side Band (LSB). Ac is the peak value of the carrier;

Modulation depth = Am/A ;

The relative magnitude of each side spectra in tone signal is /2; The ratio of amplitudes of carrier and side spectra is 1: /2.

Generation of Amplitude Modulated wave.

The following three are the mathematically driven techniques to implement AM. To generate AM with carrier, a constant (A) is added with the signal. For DSB-SC AM modulation, no such term is needed. The techniques are: a. Product Modulator: Here the electronics is used to multiply linearly the two time varying signals. To implement this philosophy, several IC have been developed. One amongst them is MC 1496/1596. It is also called doubly balanced modulator. Students are advised to find out more about this and similar ICs. Here the carrier as well as modulating signal are inherently absent in the output. The other device popularly used is Trans-conductance Operational Amplifier (TOA). The trans-conductance of this amplifier can be varied by an external electric signal. (learn more using web-sites) A modulation system representation based on above principle is given in the figure below. Here a signal A is introduced to make carrier available in the output.

Block Dia. of product modulator

b. Square law modulator: The second and most popular technique is to process the signal as outlined below. 1. Add carrier and modulating signals, 2. Amplitude square the above signal. 3. Pass the squared signal through a flat-pass band filter in frequency domain called band-select filter.

Mathematically it can be expressed as:

1. Add the two sinusoidal time varying signals: AmSin(mt)+ AcSin(ct). 2. Amplitude Squaring : [AmSin(mt)+ AcSin(ct)]2 = Am2 Sin2 (mt)+ Ac2 Sin2 (ct)+2 AmAcSin(mt)Sin(ct) =[(Am2+ Ac2)][2- Cos(2mt) - Cos(2ct)] +(AmAc) [Cos(m-c) t - Cos(m+c) t] 3. Using a suitable band-select filter to select the frequency band (m-c) to (m+c) and reject the frequencies 2m and below; and 2c (and may be above). This yields the desired multiplied output (kAmAc) [Cos(m - c) t - Cos(m+c) t], where k is the gain of the band-pass filter. Squaring devices are not always easy to get. Most devices including diodes have the transfer-characteristic in (x, y) plane as y = ao + a1x +a2x2+a3x3+ . The device having prominent coefficient a2 should be chosen. In FET, except a2 , all other coefficients are negligible, it is most efficient and suitable amplitude squaring device. (Revisit Id vrs Vgs characteristic of a FET, value addition)

Square Law Modulator

Band select filter x=A(1+am/A)

z=x+y
2 3 w ao+a1z+ a2z +a3z +

x.y
c- m c+ m

y=Ac cos(ct)

c. Switching modulator. Here we gate the signal through an ideal on-off analog switch. When the switch is open, it does not permit the input signal to flow out. When the switch is closed, it lets input signal appear at the output. Thus if we call the gating signal to be g(t) and the input signal is x(t), the gated signal is the product of two: y(t) = x(t).g(t). An ideal gate signal with 50% duty cycle and frequency of switching s is represented by the Fourier Series as: g(t) = ao + cos(s t) + cos(3s t)/3 + cos(5s t)/5+-----Multiplying above with Amcos(mt) and using a band pass filter at the output as discussed in b(3) above, yields the desired output. The diode or transistor in switching mode or, analog switch IC 4016, 4066 etc. can be employed. It should be well borne that if the switch does not pass input signal in both

the directions, a suitable d.c. voltage should be added with the modulating signal so that the signal passes. This causes carrier to appear in the output.

Switching Modulator
switch am(t)
x=A(1+am/A) Band select filter

x.g(t)
c- m c+ m

Ac(1+am/A)cos(ct)

g(t)
0 c 1/c switch on for 50% time in every carrier frequency (c) cycle

For successful recovery of the signal at the receiver, the carrier frequency should be at least twice as high as the bandwidth of the signal. The process of recovery is called de-modulation. In amplitude demodulation, the modulated input is given as an input to an amplitude modulator and in place of band-select filter, low pass filter is used. (value addition: Justify yourself.) Self Assessment-6
a. Justify that ideal product modulator does not need a band-select filter. b. What should be the ideal characteristic of the band-select filter to pass all the frequencies in the band cm. c. Whether the output is an AM if the duty cycle of the switch is not 50%. d. Enumerate the ideal properties of the switch in the switching modulator. e. Define the circuit to use FET as a square-law modulator. f. Use of diode belongs to the category of a switching modulator or, a square law
modulator.

5. Tutorial Problems/additional questionnaire as a supplement to experiment. 6. Experiment-Setup with list of equipment, circuit diagram and expectations.

Setup:

1. Amplitude modulation trainer kit with power supply to contain AM DSB, SSB (USB & LSB) modulation facilities. 2. CRO/DSO 3. Carrier generator: function generator (0-2MHz, 0-10V, 50 ohms), 4. Sine wave Signal generator: (100 Hz to 10 KHz, 0 to 2V, 600 ohms)

Circuit Diagram:

Internal Circuit details of IC MC 1496.

Circuit Diagram of a Balanced Modulator using MC 1496 Submission details.

To be done by the student and submitted: 7. Neatly drawn and labeled circuit diagram with bill of material and precautions. (procedure sheet to be prepared by the student as part of assessment Clarity about the problem statement else is available in laboratory, not to be submitted.) 8. Theoretical solution of the instant problem 9. Tabulation Sheet 10. Results, inferences (justification of results) in agreement with problem statement; value addition. 11. Solved tutorial problems/questionnaire submitted.

5. Requirement:ACL-01: AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMITTER KIT with given specifications, CRO/DSO, BNC Cords, function generator (2MHz), Multimeter, connecting wires. SINE WAVE GENERATOR(Frequency: 100 Hz to 10 KHz, Amplitude : 0 to 2V) VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) (Output Signal: Sine wave., Frequency Range : 1) 400 KHz to 500 KHz, 2) 400 KHz to 1500 KHz, Amplitude : Adjustable from 0 to 2 V p-p, Output Impedance : 50 ohm) BALANCED MODULATOR (Modulation : AM DSB, SSB (USB & LSB) Carrier Input : 1 1000 KHz , Modulating Input : 0.1 100 KHz, Carrier Null : Adjustable, Output Amplitude : Adjustable) POWER SUPPLY : GND , +5V , + 12V

5. Theory:Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation signal. Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two requirements are satisfied 1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency components fm ofthe message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm 2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

Waveform diagram of modulation:

Waveform of different type of modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING TRANSISTOR:

The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from

modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope. An increased time constant RC results in a marginal output follows the modulation envelope. A further increase in time constant the discharge curve become horizontal if the rate of modulation envelope during negative half cycle of the modulation voltage is faster than the rate of voltage RC combination ,the output fails to follow the modulation resulting distorted output is called as diagonal clipping : this will occur even high modulation index. The depth of modulation at the detector output greater than unity and circuit impedance is less than circuit load (Rl > Zm) results in clipping of negative peaks of modulating signal. It is called negative clipping.

Test procedure 1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit. 2. The power supply is connected to the collector of the 3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor. 4. Calculate Emax and Emin from the output waveform.

Simulation on Tina Pro without LPF

Output on CRO without LPF

Simulation on Tina Pro with LPF

Analysis of the circuit: VG1 : It is the carrier signal (sin wave) of 500 k Hz generated by function generator. VG2 : It is the modulating signal (sin wave) of 1k Hz generated by function generator. C1 : C1 IS the blocking capacitor, blocks DC available at the output of VG1. If we dont block the DC it will affect the amplitude of the signal. Transistor : Transistor (BC548) is use mainly as an switch. We use BC 548 because its speed is much faster than the carrier signal. Its switching speed is 100 MHz. R1 & R3 : This is for voltage divider biasing for more stability.

R4 : It is the register (24.7 k) at the emitter of the transistor. C2 : It is the bypass capacitor of 100 nf which pass AC. it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit. The capacitors effectively maintain power-supply voltage at frequencies from hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz (in the milliseconds to nanoseconds range). C3 : The output of transistor is given to Capacitor c3 which removes the DC component present in the output of the transistor. L1 & C4 : This is an Band Pass Filter. R5 : It is the load resistor, across which we calculate our desired output . This circuit uses two signal generators to simulate an Amplitude Modulated RF carrier wave. The output can be used to simulate the response of LC and tank circuits. Two signal generators are used in this circuit, one representing a high frequency (200kHz) RF carrier, VG2, the other signal generator is used to inject a 1KHz audio signal. The two signals are mixed and amplified by the transistor and an amplitude modulated signal appears at the collector of the BC548. The DC component is removed by C2 and R3 and the RF output now appears across the load resistor R3. Waveforms below are produced using Tina. List of component
COMPONENT VALUE CAPACITOR RESISTER TRANSISTOR INDUCTOR 100n,100n,470p,5n 56k,10k,15k,24.7k,1k BC 548 0.02mH

Fc=500KHz, Ac=50mv, Fm=1kHz, Am=10mv, V1=15v

Output on CRO without LPF

Student should have the knowledge of the internal circuit of function generator used to generate the modulating and carrier signal is given below:

ICL8038 The ICL8038 waveform generator is a monolithic integratedcircuit capable of producing high accuracy sine, square,triangular, sawtooth and pulse waveforms with a minimum ofexternal components. The frequency (or repetition rate) canbe selected externally from 0.001Hz to more than 300kHzusing either resistors or capacitors, and frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished with anexternal voltage. The ICL8038 is fabricated with advancedmonolithic technology, using Schottky barrier diodes and thin lm resistors, and the output is stable over a wide range oftemperature and supply variations. These devices may beinterfaced with phase locked loop circuitry to reduce temperature drift to less than 250ppm/0C.

9. Tabulation of readings & calculation:Carrier signal EC (MAX.)V Modulating signal(massage signal) fC EM fM (MAX.)Hz (MAX.)V (MAX.)Hz Modulated signal VMAX (V) VMIN (V) M.I. % Type of modulation

Ec and fc will be obtained using VCO shown in fig. 7. Analyze fig. 7. Em and fm will be obtained using function generator shown in fig. 8. Analyze fig. 8. Vmax and Vmin will be obtained using balanced modulator shown in fig. 5. Analyze fig. 5.

9. Result:The amplitude modulation has been generated. The modulation index of the AM signal in case of sin wave (modulating signal) is found to be For under modulation = For critical modulation =

10. Self Assessment:a) Explain communication system? b) Define the carrier signal, modulating signal and modulated signal? c) What is the need of modulation and write down its merit & demerit? d) what is the importance of side band in amplitude modulation? e) Define modulation index and explain its effect on AM wave. f) Explain SSB and DSB in amplitude modulation? Which is better? g) Draw the spectrum of AM modulation? h) Compare DSBFC and DSBSC in terms of power.