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A CHAT ABOUT THE NAVY
"three cheers !'
 '-'^:-fc:^b. A

CHAT
ADULT

Tin:
<;;

N AVY
IIY

//'. /. CORDON

LONDON :

SIMPKIN, MAR-llALL, HAMILTON, KKNT, & CO., LTD.

1891.
 Illustrated and Printed
BY
DAY & SON
{2j years Lithog7-aphers to the Queen),

21 A, Berners Street, London, W.

 ILLUSTRATIONS

I. Tlircc Cheers — "All toi;clhcr from

Admiral to IJoy." 2. The Sii;nal. 3. The
Painter. 4. Hand Signalling I^nmp. 5. Tol>acco.
6. Boatswain's Call. 7. Poris-

'^ mouth. 8. H.M.S. Royal

Sovereign, First-class Battle-
ship, 14 heavy guns, 24 quick-

1 ^ firing guns,
displacement,
power, 634
14,150
13,000
officers
tons

and men.
horse

iT- - ' 3
II.M. Indian Troopship
9.
Malabar, 3 guns, 6,211 tons displacement, 4,200 horse jxiwcr,
243 officers and men. 10. Broadside Ironclads with and
without military masts. 11. Singlestick practice. 12. A
Torpedo catcher. 13. II. M.S. Hannibal, Linc-of-battle .ship,

91 guns, 4,150 tons displacement, 820 men. 14. Tailoring

15. Shocmaking. 16. Turning; in- " Place one cllow in your
own hammock, and the other in the next, then throw your l>ody
up I" 17. Drafted —
^Jack and his belongings ; in the bag arc
his kit and bedding, the clothing at the l>oltom, the l)cil at the
top, the straw hat is tied to the mcnith of the bag, the Ikjx is

2()2-l82J)
 the ditty-box for odds and ends. i8. Revolver
practice (Sul>Lieutenant). 19. Reefing topsails.
20. Masthead cleared for action ; the enemy in
sight. 21. II. M.S. Hercules, Second-class Battle-
ship ; 14 heavy guns, 17 quick-firing guns, 6
|1^^_J other.s,. 8,680 tons displacement, 8,500 horse
ji! power, 683 officers and men. 22. Vocabulary
4. signalling (the men are wearing the now
obsolete blue jacket). 23. First-class Batileships, "Ad-
miral " class. The nearest is the Camperdown, 10 heavy guns,
19 quick-firing guns, 7 others, 10,600 tons displacement, 11,500
horse power, 526 officers and men. The other is the Rodney,
10 heavy guns, 14 quick-firing guns, lo others, 10,300 tons
displacement, 11,500 horse power, 515 officers and men. 24.
Holystoning deck. 25. Sword Bayonet exercise. 26. Captain
Peel's Battery;Naval Brigade before Sebastopol. 27. H. M.S.
Marlborough, First Rate Line-of-Battle Ship, 131 guns, 4,000
tons B.O.M., 1,100 men. 28. Slinging the monkey. 29.
Cutlass Exercise. 30. H.M.S. Royal Arthur, First-class
Cruiser, 13 heavy guns, 12 quick-firing guns, 7,700 tons dis-
placement, 12,000 horse power, 500 officers and men. 31.
Gun-vessel and Third-class Cruiser (of the " " class). 32. M
Lieutenant Lucas, R.N., throwing the Russian Shell off the
deck of the old Ilecla in the Baltic. 33. H.M.S. Vulcan.
Torpedo Depot Ship, 8 quick-firing guns, 12 others, 6,620 tons
displacement, 12,000 horse power, 300 officers and men. 34.
Steam Tactics. 35. Making a Plum Duff (when raisins are
used the duff is a " figgie"). 36. A Mess Dinner. 37. Serv-
ing out cocoa. Three-decker Pie (layer of meat and
38.
vegetables, then one of duff; over that two similar series, six
 —

layers in all, covered with a clolli and tied down in the mess

kettle). 39. A Store Ship. 40. First-class Torpedo Boat

riding in the Atlantic while taking water on board. 41. Chief
Petty Officer. 42. Sir Provo W. P. Wallis, G.C.B., Admiral
of the Fleet (Second Lieutenant of the Shannon in the action
with the Chesapeake on the 1st of June, 1S13). 43. Admiral,
Captain, and Midshipman. Heaving the Log. 45. Getting
44.
out Torpedo Booms and Nets. 46. Royal Marine Artillery at
Machine Gun Drill. 47. Royal Marine Light Infantry. 48.
P. and O. S.S. \'ictoria, 6,268 tons register, 7,000 horse power.
Royal Naval Reserveil Merchant Cruiser. 49. II. M.S. Empress
of Imlia, First-class Battleship, 14 heavy guns, 24 (luick firing
g:ms, 14,150 tons displacement, 13,000 horse power, 640
officers and men. 50. II. M.S. Howe, First-class Battleship, lo
heavy guns, 19 quick-firing guns, 7 others, 10,300 tons dis-
placement, 11,500 horse power, 515 officers and men. 51.
H.M.S. Dreadnought, First-class Battleship, 4 heavy guns, 6-
quick-firing guns, 15 others, 10,820 tons displacement, S,2iO
horse power, 440 officers and men. 52. Boatswain's Mate
(First-class Petty officer). 53. Heaving the lead. 54. The
lead. 55. The Chief Admirals of the great war. 56. II. M.S.
Hero, Second-class Battleship, 6 heavy guns, 12 quick-liring
guns, 5 others, 6,200 tons displacement, 6,000 horse power,
335 officers and men. 57. H.M.S. Inconstant; one of the
last of the sailing frigates on her trial cruise. 58. Hand-FKig
Signalling. 59. The Carpenter and his crew. 60. Pulling
" Give way bend your backs
; up with her ; !
" 61. H.M.S.
Victory, First Rate Line-of- Battleship,
104 guns, 2,164 tuns B.O.M., 850 men. ^SSSHHpW^
She is here shown as flagship at
rortsmoulh with her proper spars, which are now replaced l)y
those of a frigate. 62. Boat Exercise, Sailing. 63. H.M.S.
Terror nipped in Fox's Channel during Back's Expedition in
1836. 64. Gunboats of the so-called "flat-iron" class. 65.
H.M.S. Enterprise at noon in midwinter off Point Leopold,
during Sir James Ross's expedition in 1849. 66. The Tobacco-
nists. 67. H.M.S. Alert leaving Portsmouth on the Nares
expedition of 1875. ^^- Naval Brigade in square with 5-barrel
Nordcnfelt in the angle. 69. H.M.S. Bulldog at the bombard-
ment of Bomarsund, August 15, 1854. Sir Charles Napier has
the telescope under his arm. 70. A Battleship's Mast, fitted
with military top, crow's nest, and semaphores. 71. Field-Gun
Drill. 72. Musketry Exercise. 73. The Log Ship. 74.
H.M.S. Victoria, First-class Battleship, 15 heavy guns, 21
quick-firing guns, 8 others, 10,470 tons displacement, 14,000
horse power, 588 officers and men (she is firing one of her
Ill-ton Guns). 75. The Search Light. 76. Disabling Field-
Gun. 77. Nelson's Monument, Trafalgar Square.

Henry Coish, E. T. Dolby, Sir Oswald

7/ie Ilhistrations are ly
Brierly, K.W.S., William Sinipson, E. W. Cooke, R.A.^
Captai?i Smyth, R.N., Lietit. IK H. Browne, B.N.,
W. H. Overend, /. R. Wells, R. H, Neville Gumming^
and others.
 A CHAT ABOUT THE NAVY

OUR Navy is the finest fighting force on earth — but

there is not enough of it. When Trafalgar was
fought the population of the empire was twice what that
of London alone is now. Since then the people have
increased thirty-foldand yet the Navy of 1805 had
;

three times as many ships, and twice as many men, as

our Navy in 1891.
It is the Navy's pride that gave us the world to
it

choose from for our colonics, and made us what we are.

But that existence, due to the Navy, is more than ever
dependent on it. Our interests on the seas are vastly
H.M.S. ROVAL SOVEREIGN— FIKST-CLASS DATTLESHU',
 greater than they
were, and ever)' year
they increase ; the
development of our
sea-borne trade lias

exceeded anything
known in the world's
history ; and the
growth of popula-
tion in these islands has been such that we, in
crowded Britain, can neither feed nor clothe ourselves
with home-grown produce. If we lose the command of

the seas,we must go half-clad, and starve. Expenditure

on our Navy is really the premium we pay for insurance
against a risk. There is no question here of mere glory
or the bubble reputation ; it is a matter of plain bread
and cheese. In a Royal Naval Exhibi- . ^

tion there is thus a living interest for

us all, inasmuch as it is on the Navy,

under the Good Providence of God,

that our Food and Raiment, as well
as our Wealth, Prosperity, and Peace, / X'
depend. j^
In these days of
peace, the seamen of
our fleet are recruited ' ^"^
by voluntary enlist-
 12

ment ; and the service

being popular, and the
demand being small in

proportion to the popula-

tion, there is no difficulty

in finding recruits.
In the past volun-
tary enlistment was
also in vogue, but
it had to be supple-

mented by compul-
sion. In the Nelson days the taverns and street corners
of the dockyard towns were gay with bills stating, for
instance, that His Majesty's fast-sailing frigate londa,
thirty-six guns, Captain Crodjack, had a few vacancies
for smart men wishing to go to sea ; bounties, ^5 for
Able Seamen; £1 los. for Ordinary Seamen; £1 ids.

or Landmen — early application recommended for

quartermasters and boatswain's mates. *'N.B. — Great
advantages in His ^Majesty's service over mere privateer-
ing !" And if the londa did not fill up her complement
in this pleasant way,
she had to trust to -1 - <r\
the press-gang and
complete her crew
with pickings from
r,^jg ^1 ^
the crowd, or in
 .

X; H.M.S. HANNII'AI. on-t ANAl A. .A/tcr S I'r (^iu;u'.t I'. > U- r.'y, K M'.S
 14

cases of unpopu-
lar captains, with
all whom they
could lay hands
on.
Nowadays our
fleetis manned
almost entirely
from our naval
training ships.
The boys are
mostly of the class
of skilled mechanics, a large proportion being sons of
warrant officers, and petty officers who have been through
the work and know what the serviceis like from experience.
more than soldiering and
Sailoring runs in families, even ;

in Portsmouth, Chatham and Devonport there are families

who have sent five or six generations to the lower deck.
The boys come from all parts of the Kingdom, the majority
from the South Coast. Most of them are introduced by
the Coast Guard who are always on the look-out for likely
lads, the encouragement for doing so being a premium of
ten shillings to the man for every acceptable boy he sends.
The system works well ; the old sailor is jealous of his
trade and careful in his choice ; he is not indifferent to
the half-sovereign but he scorns the lubber ; he knows the
sort of lad that has the making of a seaman in him, and he
sends only samples that do credit to the recruiter. The
best of the boys come from Circenwich Naval School
direct, with no between leaving' school and
interval
beginning work slip back into ignorance.
in which to The
worst come from London and the great cities, where the
notion still lingers that the Navy is the last refuge of the
hopeless — whicli is not the case.
Jack is is in no way the Jack
not what he was, and he
of our novels and caricatures. Officers and officials who
know him best, and even the petty shopkeepers in the
dockyard towns, are all agreed as to the improvement in
his bearing and condition. The modern man-o'-war's-
man docs not run away to sea he is not caught in a
;

miscellaneous haul by the press-gang and he does not ;

come from a workhouse or a gaol. A few hail from the

charity training ships which occupy the place of pre-
paratory schools. To many people all training ships are
alike, but there are vital differences between them.
Some arc industrial schools and reformatories to which the
boys are sent by magistrate's order,
some arc for honest boys not neces-
sarily poor, some for the honest and
very poor. No
boy can enter the
Navy who has been convicted before
a magistrate, or detained in a reforma-
tory or industrial school, either alloat
or ashore.
 No matter where
he may have been
trained he must pass
through the course
in one of the Nava
training ships. The
Impregnable at
Devonport is the
headquarters of the
training department.
She is the last and
largest of the old
three-deckers ; once
she was the Bulwark
but was as the Howe that she was launched at
it

Pembroke in i860. At Devonport there is also the

training ship Lion, and with her the Implacable at ;

Portland is the Boscawen at Falmouth is the Ganges

; ;

at Portsmouth is the St. Vincent. To one of these

ships the boy must go, no matter where he comes from ;

he can be received on board the various flag, drill, and

guard-ships round the coast, but he is sent south to be
trained at the earliest opportunity.
The young sailor enters the service in his sixteenth or
seventeenth year as a " second - class boy." He is

educated and trained under picked officers for a year or

so ; he becomes in time a " first-'Class boy;" and then he
goes to sea and mixes with men. He must be sound in
body and mind and able to read and write, and the
antecedents of himself and his parents must l)car in-
vestiyjation. He has to bring with him a registrar's
certificate of birth and the written consent of his parents
or guardians to his serving his country continuously for
twelve years from the age of eighteen, and this consent
has to Ixi certified by the clergyman of his parish or a
resident householder of position and he must be
;

prepared to be vaccinated or re-vaccinated as the case

may be.
When he come? on board the training ship he is mea-
sured and weighed and medically examined, and he has
to pass a test examination in reading and writing. If
approved he is measured for his
clothes and loose as these clothes
;

may look they are in each case

made to fit him. He is credited
in the books with £^^ for his kit
and £\ for his bedding, and
against these the articles given
are charged. At the end of six
months his kit is increased ; when
he passes as " first-class boy," it is

again increased ; and it receives

its final increase when he is kitted
for sea.
n
 8

We miy as well run through his kit ; it will show us

that a sailor^s outfit is not a simple one. A blue serge
frock and jumper and two working jumpers, two pairs of
trousers, a black silk handkerchief, two hat ribbons, one —
plain, —
one with a name, a serge cap, a blue cloth cap, a
comforter, two flannels, two check shirts, two night shirts,
a serge frock, two pairs of trousers for night wear, two
pairs of socks, two towels, a type for marking his clothes,
a knife and two lanyards, a pair of shoes, two bedcovers,
a bed and blanket, two jerseys, a pair of scissors, a comb,
clothes brush, scrubbing brush, duck bag, haversack,
soap bag, two pocket handkerchiefs, a ditty box, as the
sailor's desk is called, and a seamanship book. The
chaplain gives him a prayer book, and he can have a
bible if he asks for one. At the end of the six months he

<^^ gets a pair of blue cloth trousers, a pair

V^ j' /*P^^ of working trousers, and an extra working
jumper, and both his hat ribbons are
named, and both his caps are blue cloth.
When he joins the battalion for drill

ashore, he has a pair of half boots and a

housewife with sundries for clothes-mend-
ing. He has to pay for all this out of
his £6 bounty and his pay of 6d. a day,
but to help him, on going to sea, he has
a further gratuity of £2 los.
His first duty is to go over the mast-
 every morning for
six weeks. During;
the first week he
is taught to look
after his ham-
mock and bag,
to mark and wash
his clothes, and
use a needle. He
then begins to spend his
forenoons in gymnastics,
«9- afternoons
and his in

school, the course being scripture, reading, writing,

geography, and arithmetic running up eventually m

some cases into trigonometry and conic sections. Four
stages he has to pass, and when safe through the last he
has a prize writing case and a certificate exempting him
from any school in the Navy.
When his gymnastic instruction is over he sj)ends his
forenoon in seamanship, taught first from the model,
then from the real thing. In the Lcimre Hour not so
very long ago, the writer in describing the .St. Vincent
spoke of this remarkably thorough course as follows :

"Here a model of the foremast of the St. V^incent,

is

answering in every detail to the actual foremast that can

be seen froin it. Mere is a model an( hor, answering to
the real anchor at the bows and here is a model
;
 semaphore, answering to the
real one on the poop. Here is
a model brig, answering to the
real brig now cruising ofif

Southsea Castle. Here is a

model lead and line and here ;

is a model of every tackle used

in the Govern-
'ment service. A
monkey or dum-
my topsail-yard
is rigged for the
novicetopractise
on. The sail has
the names of its
parts painted on
it so that there can be no
excuse for ignorance ; and the
boy is taught to lay out en the
20. yard, to loose and furl, pass an
earing, reef and shake out reefs,
and bend and unbend the sail and its gear. Then he
joins his comrades in handling the spars that rise so
proudly from the deck, and, with spar drill and sail drill
is gradually smartened up to man-o'-war form. On the
day of our visit spar drill is in progress, the rigging and
decks are dotted with the lads of one of the divisions,
Jl. M.M.b. nUKCtLb^-SiauM. UASS ..Mnl^i.i..
 "

and as we come up the hatchway down come the royal

yards Hke huge fishing-floats in mid-air.
The boy has to learn swimming, and concurrently,
with seamanship, gunnery, the gunnery including cutlass
drill and and revolver practice and in time he drills
rifle ;

on shore and when his course is

in the naval battalion,
terminating he takes to ball cartridge and working heavy
guns. As tenders to the training ships there are a few
smart little brigs like the Martin, Seaflower, Pilot, and
Nautilus, in which the boy gets his first taste of sea
life during a summer cruise in which he is kept in a
painful state of alertness and receives the finishing tcuch
to his school career.
He leaves the training
ship as a first-class boy,
and is generally drafted
to one of the vessels with
a full outfit of spars and
sails, ''floating gymnasia"'
as they are facetiously
called, generally forming
part of a training squad-
ron. At eighteen he be-
comes an ordinary seaman
and is paid fifteen pence
a day. It was when
he reached this grade
 23

^1

4-

aj. TWO HKbT-CLASS UAT iLEbMll'S OV Till ALi.MlKAL

that he used to have to provide himself with the

tunic or "bluejacket'' from which he took his name.
l>ut there are no blue jackets now, unless the more
sensible monkey jacket used as a great coat can be
called by the name.
 24

-^^

A# — r'~--
^3 ^'
" ^^-
Every seaman
has a number,
and the crew is
halved,
odd
all

numbers
forming the
Starboard
the

watch, all the evens the port

f
^^ watch. The red stripe on the
right shoulder shows the starboard watch on the left it
;

shows the port watch. When the crew is large (and some
ships will have six hundred men on board) the watches
are further split into divisions, when two watch stripes
show the second division of the
watch. Yet another point of
difference between the present and
the past. The "calls," military
and disciplinary, some forty-four
in number, are now nearly all
given by bugle, the boatswain's
pipe, without which no nautical
spectacle would be complete, being
almost entirelyconfined to seaman-
ship matters and the drum that
;

used to " beat to quarters " so thril-

lingly has come down in the world

to a much humbler duty.
 TlIK NAVAL BRIGADE nEKOKE SKUAS!

Thewarshipof to-dayisafloatingfort; the sailor, like the

viking of old, is a sca-goini; soldier. When the old ships

were cleared for action the partitions and wooden screens
were hooked up and the decks cleared all along now-a- ;

days when "quarters for action " is sounded the steel doors
are closed, the ship cut up into as many sections
as possible, and the crew enclosed in compartments
to which the captain's commands come by voice tube.
The crew is in fact a regiment with the lieutenants in

in charge of the comi)anies, each with subordinate officers

responsible for a certain part of the ship.
The sailor breakfasts at half-past five in the morning.
Soon afterwards he stows his hammock and learns the rig
of the day. When the ship is not cruising alone, the
 ''^'\:"}i

27. H.M.S. MARI.BOROUGH— FIRST-RATE SCREW LIXn-OF-BATTI.E SHU'

 27

Older as to how the men

arc to dress comes from the
senior commanding ofTicer,

so that the whole fleet appear

in the same uniform— hats,
cai)s, covers or not, bkics or
whites as the case may be.
After the settHng of the
raiment comes a spell of
cleaning, the watches taking
it turn about at the brass
» \ 7T'^<^N^^r^^^^>^ and woodwork, scrubbing
-^^sJ^X \^ "x^V ^28 the decks in man-o'-war
fashion in gangs of forty or fifty at a lime all on their
knees in rank and file, every
movement of every man iden-
tical, polishing up the floor with
as much precision as if they
were polishing olT the enemy.
When the cleaning is over
(and attacked in this orderly
manner it is not likely to take
long) the bugle sounds and
the day's drill begins. Every
man knows what that drill is to
be, for every shij) has its routine
board announcing the work of
'"^'^^^'^S^
 28

the week ; and

about the ship
are other boards
giving every
man's station in
the various du-
ties that fall to
him.
On a fine morning the drill of a fleet at sea
is always in

seamanship, and wonderful are the things that are done

with so many hands at work on spar and sail. As we
have said elsewhere " the art of organisation by which
one particular man does one particular thing at one
particular moment, steadily and with perfect knowledge
of what he is about, is nowhere better shown than in these
drills, which are practised ship against ship so that each

crew may have a chance of excelling the rest there is a ;

deftness of grip, combined with a freedom from fumble

which cannot be
praised too much ;

it is precision itself,

nautical legerde-
main with every
twistand pass done
without falter and
in full view of the
audience."
 %-i'y

At eight o'clock the drill ends, the watch changes, and

the men clean guns and arms and themselves ready for
inspection and then every man is inspected. At nine
;

o'clock j^rayers, which last five minutes, the service

come
being read by the captain or someone appointed by him
when there is no chaplain on board. Every Sunday on
board ship service is held, generally twice, compulsory in
the morning, voluntary in the evening. And every ship
has now its lending library, the libraries being in classes

like the ships ; a first-class library for a first-class ship is

 "not to exceed three
hundredweight," and
so on, —a praise-
worthy but delusive
method of favouring
light literature.
But with regard to
33- these classes of ships.
In the old days the Navy was divided into ships of the
line, with — speaking generally— not less than two rows of
ports, frigates with one row of ports, and corvettes, sloops,
now the division is into Battleships, Cruisers, Sloops,
<S:c.;

Gun-vessels, &c. Of the old ships of the line we have

examples in this book in the Victory and the more
modern Marlborough, as representing three-deckers, and
in the Hannibal as representing a two-decker. Of the
new ships of the line we have the Royal Sovereign, the
Empress of India, the Hero, the Victoria, the Rodney,
Howe, Camperdov/n and Dreadnought, as representing
First-class Battleships, and the Hercules, as representative
of Second-class Battleships, to which class belong such
well known vessels as the Bellerophon, the Belleisle,
Hotspur, Invincible, and Triumph. The Third-class
Battleships consist of more or less obsolete ironclads
like the Achilles, Agincourt, Northumberland, and
Minotaur.
Answering to the old frigates, of which we give an
 31

example ill the InconslaiU, are the three classes of

Cruisers. The First-class Cruisers are armoured; among

34- STBAM TACTICS. By J R, WcUs.

»
 —

32

them are the Aurora, Australia,

Immortality, Impdrieuse^
Orlando, Royal Arthur, and
a dozen others. Among the
Second - class Cruisers are
such vessels as the Active,
which is generally the com-
modore's ship of the training:
squadron, the Amphion, Arethusa, Bacchante, Boadicea,
the M's —
Magicienne, Marathon, Medea, Medusa, &c.,
and the Raleigh, Severn, Thames, and about twenty
others. Among the Third-class Cruisers are such vessels
as the Archer, Blanche, Calliope, so famous for her
behaviour in the storm at Samoa, the Canada, Champion,
Cleopatra, and thirty-
five others, several of
which, as in the other
cases, are still being
built. The Sloops are
a little over thirty in
number, and include
such vessels as the
Acorn, Basilisk, and
Mariner. Then come
the small fry of Gun-
vessels, Gun-boats, and
special service vessels,
 33

such as a fleet

of battleships re-
(luircs as tenders

fe i
and
and
to
auxiliaries
in addition
these is the
important class ot
;

heavy coast de-

fence ships like
the Cyclops, and
Glatton, and the
tor})edo dep6l
ships like the
Hccla and Vulcan
As an instance of what complicated boxes of machinery
our warships have now become, we may cite the newly-
l)uilt Vulcan, which is at present the fastest warship

of her size afloat. In addition to her two propelling en-

she has four circulating engines, four fire engines,
),'ines,

one drainage engine, two turning engines, two auxiliary

engines, two starting engines, five feed engines, one
steering engine, one workshop engine, twelve fan engines
four ash-hoisting engines, three
electric-lighting engines, one cap-
stan engine, two hydraulic engines,
four air-compressing engines, ten
water engines, and in the various
c
 34

second-class torpedo boats and small craft which she

carries, thirty-three other engines ; or ninety-three en-
gines in all.

But we must relieve our man-o'-warsman from his

prayers for the day. As soon as his five minutes of devo-
tion are over he goes again to drill, and then the officers
become busy with steam tactics, and other tactics,
manoeuvring ship with ship in divisions and sub-divisions
and squadron and peloton, in column and line, on narrow
fronts and extended fronts, in open and close order,
almost as elaborately and readily as a brigade on shore
is handled on a field day. The art of naval warfare is as
comprehensive as that of warfare on land. It also has
its strategy and its tactics, and it does not consist, as

some people seem to think, in merely lumping up

alongside an enemy.
At noon the sailor dines. He has every day a pound
and a quarter of biscuit or a pound and a half of soft
bread, and for groceries, two ounces of sugar, an ounce of
chocolate, and a quarter of an ounce of tea. When fresh
provisions can
be had, which
must always be
the case in port
and for two days
afterwards, he
has a pound of
40. A FIRST-CLASS TOKrUUO HOAT.

C2
 36

fresh meat and half a pound of vegetables. At sea he )ms

a pound of salt meat, or three quarters of a pound of pre-
served meat and certain quantities of peas, flour, suet,
raisins, rice, or preserved potato, or mixed vegetables,
all having interchangeable values. In some ships there
is nine o' clock coffee, but that he has to pay for himself.

If he does not drink grog he gets instead an extra

quarter-ounce of tea and an ounce of sugar. No boy is

allowed to have grog ; and the allowance per man is but

half a quartern per day. It is served out at half past
twelve. An officer is in charge of the proceedings. The
tub is on the deck ; into it is poured the rum into the
;

rum poured twice its bulk of

is

water each man thus getting less

;

than half a pint of liquor of which

two thirds are water. There is great
care in the measuring, for if the brew
runs short the measurer must pay,
and if it runs over the surplus is
thrown overboard there and then so
that it should be nobody's interest to
rob Jack of his due
After dinner he may smoke,
but on
no smoking
the upper deck, for there is

between decks on a man-o'-war, and

then drill begins again, lasting till

four o'clock, when his evening, not

 necessarily of leisure, begins. The
work he most dishkes
is coaling, owing to the

mess in which it makes

himself and his ship ;

some ships after coaling

take three clays to clean.
He washes his clothes
in salt water, rinses
them in fresh, and irons
them with a basin. His
cheapest clothing is the
white hence he prefers
;

the tropics as there he

is better off. In the
tropics, too, the vessels
SR I'ROVO WALLIS, G.C.ll
are painted white, or
else French grey, whereas ordinarily they arc black,
the funnels being always cream colour.
There arc nine naval stations, that of the Mediterra-
nean, the Channel, North America, the .South-east
Coast of America, the Pacific, the Cape oi (iood Hope
and West Coast of Africa, the East Indies, China, and
Australia and there is the training scjuadron, con-
;

sisting at present of the Active, Calypso, Ruby, and

Volage. Our strongest fleet afloat is that in the
Mediterranean ; our weakest is that on the coasts of
 38

Australia, which will soon be

strengthened by the Wallaroo
and her consorts, which have
been specially built for the
protection of our floating trade
in Australasian waters.
When the ship comes home
and is put out of commission
the men receive leave in
proportion to the number of
months they have been afloat;
and on returning from leave
they report themselves on board
the receiving ship at the naval port of their own choosing
from which they are in turn drafted off to fill other
vessels. Hence we hear of Portsmouth ships, Chatham
ships, Devonport ships, from the port at which they are
manned.
When the man has become an
able seaman and is in
receipt of is. day he has to choose what branch of
gd. a
the service he will follow. If he decides to be a seaman
gunner and his character is without a blemish, he is
transferred to the Excellent, which is a kind of technical
university on land and water covering the entire
military side of a sailor's life. The headquarters in
Portsmouth Harbour has a miscellaneous battery of
guns, light and heavy, at which all ranks, from seaman
 gunners to would-be
gunncry-lieutcnantsarc
assiduously practised.
The drill is incessant,
practical and theoreti-
cal, rifle, pistol, cutlass,

bayonet, heavy guns,

machine guns, every
^/^ iirm used in the service,

^^§7^ in short, and the sea-

44- man gunner must have
fair knowledge of them all. If he passes his examina-
tions creditably, he travels on to the Vernon and to
the gun on his arm adds the torpedo. When he goes
afloat again, what with these marks on his sleeve and
the extra pennies
they add to his pay,
he is a valuable man;
and step by step he
may rise through
the three grades of
petty officers to be
gunner's mate, from
which rating he may,
by examination, rise
to be gunner, which
is a diftcrent sort of
 40

thing altogether. He is a
"petty officer" no longer; he
is a "warrant officer" with
5s. 6d. a day rising to half as
much again, and if he is lucky
he may become a
chief gunner.
Should he follow
up the seamanship
side he may receive
his warrant as a
boatswain and end as chief boatswain with a com-
mission and nine shillings a day. The popular notion
of a boatswain is an easy, rolling, corpulent individual
in a loose wide-collared frock who is constantly hitching
up his trousers. The boatswain of real life is a smart,
well set-up, educatedman, in a blue cloth uniform coat
and waistcoat, not unlike a lieutenant's, and with belt
and sword.
The commissioned officers of the Navy are of the same
class as they used to be, but they enter the service in a
different way ; when Provo Wallis, our hundred years'
Sir
old Admiral of the Fleet, entered the Navy he was four
years old, that is to say his name was then written in the
books of one of the King's ships as an able seaman when ;

on board ship in actual work that he learnt all he knew.

 41

Nowadays the officer, like the man, has two years' training
in a ship in harbour. He obtains a nomination from the
First Lord of the Admiralty or some other high personage,
and has to pass an entrance examination between the ages
of 13 and 14.2. If successful he is sent to the Britannia at
Dartmouth be trained for two years, his relatives pay-
to
ing ^75 a year for his board and education. He passes
out of the Britannia with so much sea time, by way of
reward, and according to this sea-time he ranks in the
service. From a Naval Cadet, he becomes a Midship-
man, and thence by way of Sub- Lieutenant, Lieutenant,
Commander, Captain, Rear Admiral, Vice Admiral, and
Admiral, he may, if extraordinarily fortunate, end as
Admiral of the Fleet, ranking with a Field l^Larshal.
As in the case of the men, there are none of the earlier
steps without examination, and like men the officers
study in the Excellent and the Vernon, and many of
them also complete their studies at the Royal Naval
College at Green-
wich.
o
The number
ranks and ratings
of
M^4<i.
in the Navy is

almost incredible.
In the ship's com-
pany alone there
are 148, though
48. 1'. AND 0. ss. VICTORIA, OFF GicRALTAR. By R. H. Ncville Cu7)Wimg,
 43

!»?] S-
many
of
are becoming obsolete, and
them never were on board
- — »*: "T^
all

any one ship at a time and as ;

^^- --ji- Aj.p^p / Jd to the officers there is the navi-

^i^^^t-^^Xr V^--"^ its lieutenants, staff

— ,:::::^^r^^"^Tr-=^^^^ri^=^^=TCrr-^ commanders, and
49. staff captains ; there
is the medical brancli with its surgeons, staff sur'^cons,
fleet surgeons, and inspectors-general of hosi)itals and
fleets ; there is the engineering branch whose novices
enter as engineer students, and by way of engineers rise
to be chief inspectors of machinery ; there is the pay-
master's branch with the novices entering as clerks and
rising to be paymasters-in-chict. Then no ship goes to
sea without a detachment of the Royal Marines, of which
again there arc two divisions, the Light Infantry in scar-
let, and the Artillery in blue, the latter with their

headquarters at Portsmouth, the

former with three divisions, one
at Chatham, one at Portsmouth,
one at Devonport. On some of
the ships, too, there
is a lieutenant or r\A_lX-^i^'^^i:f^ -^ K
midshipman of the ~ " " '
^—•^-'^Jr,-^
\^ ••4i<t:f';
'"~
-
I

Royal Naval "SSSKglgM

Reserve, these be-
51. H.M.S. DREADNOUGHT- KIRST-CI.AKS BAITLESHIP.
 \n^ volunleers from the '-^^#^£5^
Merchant Service who liold

themselves at the disposal

of the country in case of
war, and receive a small
fee in consideration of their under-
going^ a certain amount of training ;

and besides these there may be a few

Xaval Reserve men, also from the
Merchant Service, who give their
-ervices on similar condition. When
an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve
commands a merchant vessel, in 5-'-

which ten of the crew are members of the reserve,

he can fly the blue ensign, thereby distinguishing
his vessel from an ordinary merchantman which
flies the red, and from the Navy itself which now
always flies the white, though in the old days it
used to fly white, red, and blue, when we had
three dificrent series of admirals. At present there are
39 vessels flying the blue ensign on these conditions.
The men in this reserve, which is a small affair, but
growing, are mostly old men -o'- war's men who have left
the Navy at the expiration of their twelve years of service,
to be welcomed by the dift'erent mail companies who
are only too glad to get their able seamen ready-made.
Not only is there a reserve of men, but as a nucleus
 46

there is a reserve of ships. There

are certain vessels held at the
disposition Admiralty in
of the
return for an annual subvention,
and which always fly the blue
These are the Etruria,
ensigri.
Umbria, and Aurania, of the
Cunard Company the Victoria, ;

Britannia, and Oceana, of the

P. and O. Company; the City of
Paris, and City of New York, of
53* the Inman and International Line ;

and the Teutonic and Majestic, of the White Star Line,

But there are several more held at the Admiralty's
disposition without further subsidy. These are the
Servia and Gallia, of the Cunarders the Britannic,
;

Germanic, Adriatic, and Celtic, of the White Stars;

the Arcadia, Valetta, Massilia, Rome, Carthage, Bal-
laarat,and Parramatta, of the P. and O. and the City ;

of Berlin and City of Chicago, of the Inmans ;

the two classes together making a fleet of twenty-

four of the finest and fastest Mail-boats afloat.
And this reminds us that a few words may be
said concerning the ships' names, for there is a
sort of system in naval nomenclature, although it

is weakened by many exceptions. First we have

a class of first-class ironclads, the heaviest we 54.
 Wr

55. TMK ClltEl A.

 48

have whose names all begin with R,

built or building,
except the Hood, and the Empress of India, which
was to have been the Renown. Next to these, which
consist of the Royal Sovereign, Ramillies, Repulse,
Resolution, Revenge p.nd Royal Oak, we have a class
like the Trafalgar and Nile, named after great victories.
Then there is a class named after famous Admirals,
such as Howe, Anson, and Rodney, all barbette
battle ships, though the generalisation is spoilt by
the Blake, and Nelson, and Hawke, which are first-
class cruisers. There is a " gem " class of corvettes, or
third-class cruisers, such as the Pearl, Opal, Diamond,
and Tourmaline there are three " bird " classes
;

of sloops, gun-vessels, and gun-boats, such as the

Penguin, Flamingo, and Redwing; there is a "river"
class of second-class cruisers, like the Severn, Thames,
and Mersey but unfortunately there is another class
;

"
of small gun-boats with river names ; there is a " C
class of third-class cruisers, like the Carysfort and
Curagoa ; we have hinted above, there
and, as is an
" M " same rating. The names
class of the
of the heavy heroes and villains of classical
mythology are mostly applied to big battle-
ships, and to the same class fl/
are also applied really suit- i

able names, such as Thun- L

derer, Devastation, Dread-
 50

nought, and Inflexible. A few of the

names, such as ImmortaHtd, Imperieuse,
Magicienne, Mutine, and Pique, come
from French prizes, owing either to the
circumstances of their capture, or their sub-
sequent services under the British flag, the
names being perpetuated as a sort of glory
roll, just as the army has its regimental
" honours."
One of the best examples of this is that of
the Pique, a name deserving a chapter to
every naval history. It was at daybreak
itself in

on the 4th of January, 1795, that Robert

Faulknor found the Pique under the guns of
a battery in Guadeloupe. Faulknor was one
of the most brilliant of the young heroes of
the old war, and his monument is in St. Paul's. He
was an officer somewhat of the modern style, having
been one of the first pupils trained at the then
new Naval Academy at Portsmouth. When Jervis
captured Martinique on St. Patrick's Day, 1794,
Faulknor, in the Zebra brig, had run right in to
the bastion in the thick of the showering grape, laid
alongside the wall, leapt overboard at the head of
his brig'scompany, and stormed and carried the position
unaided, while the boats of the fleet were occupied else-
where capturing the frigate Bienvenue. Jervis gave
 ;

5»

Faulknor the command of the capiurcd frigate, but he

re-named her. " Like you, sir," —runs the legend— he
said to the young captain, "she is Undaunted!"— and
the name survives in the Navy. Soon afterwards
Faulknor exchanged into the Blanche, and in her cut
out a French schooner from under a fort in Uesirade.
Five days afterwards he found the Pique.
Like the Blanche, she was a 32.gun frigate, carr>'ing
really 38 guns, but, as it afterwards appeared, she had
279 men to the Blanche's 198.At daybreak the Pique
was sighted, and the day was passed in luring her
out in pursuit ;and when, at eight o'clock at night,
she was seen astern, Faulknor turned to meet her. It was
just after midnight when the vessels crossed, the French-
man, to windward, giving broadside for broadside as he
went by. About went
the ships, and for half
an hour they mancLU-
vred in a seamanship
duel. Then, as the
Blanche was within
musket shot, the Pique
suddenly wore to rake;
at the same momc
the Blanche bore up
and away in the ni^hi, ^u
amid the crash and Hash
 of the guns, rolled
the frigates side by
side before the wind,
upper canvas
their
lurid amid the
smoke, their lower
torn with shot and
ruddy with the fire.
For an hour the fight roared on, Faulknor gaining inch by
inch along the Frenchman until he was far enough ahead
to luff and rake his enemy but hardly had he altered his
;

course, than the Pique's bowsprit was aboard him on

the starboard quarter. The Pique's quarter-deck guns
were run in amidships, and fired forward and the
;

musketry from the tops rained on to the Blanche's

deck, as overboard w^ent her mainmast and mizenmast,
and confusedly, amid the wreck, attempt after attempt to
board her was repulsed. Then the Pique began to
drift away but that did not suit Faulknor, who had no
;

intention of being satisfied with a mere repulse. He

managed to catch into the rigging with his grappling
irons : again the ships came together, and, while helping
his men to lash the Pique's bowsprit to the capstan,
Faulknor was killed, shot through the heart by a musket
ball. Watkins, the first lieutenant, took the command.
Soon the lashing of the bowsprit gave way, and again
the ships parted, the guns going uncensingly the while-
' I ii.M.s. viLi. KV IN lOHisMoi. in iiAKiujLK. A/ttr E. W . Coi'ie, R.A.
Down
went the Frenchman's foremast, then his mizen-
mast and the frigates fought on, each having only one
;

mast. Then llie Blanche i)aid off before the wind, and
 54

fell aboard the Pique and again did the Blanche's

;

men lash her bowsprit to hold her, this time to the

stump
of the mainmast, and thus towed her along. But in
that position nearly all the fire available came from the
two quarter-deck six-pounders and in the thick of the
;

fight, the carpenter's crew went to work to cut out new

ports where they were wanted. But the frigate was

strongly built, and time was precious, and a desperate
step was taken the Blanche's guns were run in, and
;

fired through her own stern-frame, and then, through the

gap they had made, were fired on
the enemy. Down went his main-
mast sullenly gun after gun be-
;

came silent amid the havoc and ;

in the growing daylight the fire

grew feebler. Again the vessels
broke asunder, and slowly the
Frenchman was reduced to fight
only with his musketry, until at a
quarter-past five, some of his crew
ran out on the bowsprit and
called for quarter; but as every
boat in both ships had been
ruined by shot, the second lieu-
tenant of the Blanche, subsequently Sir David Milne,
had to jump into the sea with ten seamen, and swim to
take possession of the prize, ^\ hich afterwards had a
 /
\

iM- V^
*
vt

•''
t

\'s (. UANNKL. Jijf Captain Stnyth, R..\

 brilliant career as a 36-gun frigate.

In time came
another Pique to
carry on the
name, and she
"^
"-^ T- was the ship
brought home by
Captain Rous, in from the Straits of Belleisle
1835,
to Portsmouth, miles
2,000 in 20 days, without
a rudder, her keel gone, her main and mizen masts
sprung, and the water leaking in at the rate of two feet
an hour. And now we have her representative in the
second-class cruiser building at Palmer's, on the Tyne,
where there is also building the new Retribution, a
name of even greater interest in the Navy.
In 1797 the crew of the Hermione, then on the West
India Station mutinied and murdered their officers, the
only three to escape being a master's mate and two
midshipmen. The mutineers took the ship into La Guayra
and handed her over to the Spaniards who received her
gratefully and manned her two years afterwards the
;

Surprise found her at anchor in Puerto Cabello. The

Surprise had been the Unite the Unite had been
;

taken by the Revolutionnaire the Revolutionnaire

;

had been taken by the Artois the Artois had been

;

taken by the Romney that was the way our men got
;

their ships ready-made in those days. Puerto Cabello had

65- M.M.S. EHTFKI-RISK OFF lOINT I.EUl'UM). I>v Luut. H'. II. BrCTH-nf, R.N.
 200 guns in position,
but Captain Hamil-
ton resolved to have
the Hermione at any
risk, although she
was moored head and
stern between the
two batteries. When
the darkness of the

24th of October he
with a hundred men
and officers went off
in boats and pulled
for the harbour. They were discovered; and the
Hermione' s launch, rowing guard in front of the ship,
with a 24-pounder came to attack them but she
;

was beaten off, and then the frigate's guns opened on

them and then her musketry as the crew of the captain's
boat came fighting their way up over her bow on to her
forecastle. Every foot was fought along the port and
starboard gangways ; on the quarter-deck there was a
stubborn prolonged struggle for an hour and a half,
ending in the driving of the Spaniards to the main deck;
and there some continued the strife while the rest of
the Surprise men cut the cables, set sail, and, man-
ning the boats, began to tow the frigate out. The
ALtKT LI.A\1N(. iLiKI^ MOl I II IIAKUOUR.
 6o

whole town was

aroused the two ;

hundred guns
were pounding
away on to the
ship and boats ;

the musketry-
crackled along the
shore ; the fight
raged hand to
hand on the main
deck and regular
;

as at went the oars as the harassed boats

practice
towed the ship. And not until she was out of
gunshot and within range of the Surprise did the
fight on the main deck cease by surrender. Thus was
the Hermione restored to the Navy to be henceforth
known as the Retribution. And so we might go on
giving ship after ship with some good reason for the
retention of the name until, with the Victory, the Lion,
the Dreadnought, and the Triumph, we went back to
the days of the Spanish Armada.
When a prize was taken and added to the Navy, she
was bought by the Government and the money was
shared among the officers and crew of the ship that
captured her. In these days a few vessels have been
bought ready-made during a war-scare, but as a rule our
 62

ships are built in the Royal dockyards and in

private shipyards under special contract and
survey. The Royal Corps of Naval Construc-
tors, whose headquaiters are in Whitehall, at
the Admiralty, superintend their building.
Ships used for exploring expeditions and other
purposes not necessarily of police or war are
generally bought in and adapted. Captain
Cook's ships were all bought in; the Sirius,

in which Phillip began the colonisation of

Australia, was a bought ship; and many of
the Arctic ships have been bought and altered
to suit the service.
Of the Polar work of their Navy Britons may well be
as proud as of their triumphs on the open sea. The
wearisome search for the North-West Passage brought
much honour, although we now know of seven North-
West Passages and all of them useless owing to the
caprices of the ice. To the North, on the tenth meridian,
we have Phipps's farthest with the Racehorse and
Carcass expedition of 1773, the latter ship having then
asmidshipman one Horatio Nelson, who shot the bear to
bring the skin home to his father. On the twentieth
meridian is Parry's farthest on the famous journey from
the Hecla over the rotten pack, which slowly drifted
southwards as the boats toiled to the north. In a hun-
dred and twenty west we have Banks's Land, where.
while Collinson in the companion ship Enterprise lay in
the fierce grip of Mercy Bay, McClure was frozen up for
years in the Investigator, from which Crcsswcll started
with the sledi^-^e party to find the passage, and unlike
Franklin, come home alive. And further east we have
the stations of the Alert and
under Discovery
Nares and Stephenson, Markham and Parr's farthest
with the sledges on the 12th of May, 1S76, being in 83^,
20', 26", nearly four hundred miles from the Pole. And
besides these we have Back's work in the Terror,
afterwards one of Franklin's ships, and also one of the
ships with which James Ross went to the Antarctic. Sir
James was the greatest and most fortunate of these
Arctic heroes. In 1831 he reached the northern mag-
netic pole ;in 1842 he found the southern magnetic
pole ; and nine winters and sixteen navigable seasons
did he pass in Polar waters.
The Navy is not like the Army. The 1! of Ri-hts
prohibits a standing
army in time of peace
without the consent of
Parliament, and hence £i^
every year a vote i^A.^^
necessary to sanction^^-
sancti
the number of men.
The Navy is a per- >**i
manent force, and Par-
 64

liament merely votes the sum required

for the seamen's wages. The Navy
as a permanent force with trained
officers was instituted by Henry the
Eighth, who founded the Navy Office
and Trinity House, and Portsmouth,
Deptford and Woolwich Dockyards.
But the Tudor fleets were of a
character of their own, and the modern
system really dates from Cromwell,
who divided the Navy into rates and
under Blake, raised it
classes, and,
to pre-eminence on the ocean. Among
^^'

all our naval heroes it may be doubted if we ever

had a greater than Blake, the man whose corpse, in
that cursed party spirit which is the shame of our race,
was dragged from its grave to be thrown into a hole in
St. Margaret's churchyard. Since his time what a list

of services the Navy has to show I During the two

centuries and a quarter the battle roll of actions large
and small, on land and sea, in which the Navy has taken
part, runs to nearly 1,500 But of the greater actions
I

the story is old and known and for the minor

to most,
fighting, ship to ship, a library would be required to
detail it. We have all heard of Russell at Barfleur and
La Hogue, of Rooke, "who Gibraltar took," and of
Vernon and his capture of Portobello, the Vernon
 65

of the grop^ram breeches, from which " old ^^rogram " as

a nickname, and "grog" for the watered spirit he
introduced. We have heard of Anson, his voyage round
the world, and his victory oflf Finisterre ; of thoughtful
IJoscawen, who crushed De la Clue ; of Hawke, who
"did bang Mounscer Conflang" in a raging tcmj)cst on
a lee shore of Rodney, who saved us off Dominica,
;

when so gallantly he broke the line and began a new

era in naval tactics.
In story and picture wc are familiar with I^lack Dick
Howe's "glorious first of June," off Ushant, and familiar
to our ears is the name of handsome who
Hridport,
helped him there, and afterwards on his own account
had a June engagement ofT L'Orient. We have all heard
of Duncan, whose fire saved him from the severe Winter
at Camperdown ; and of St. Vincent, who was with
Wolfe Quebec, and lived to win the great victory of
at
Valentine's Day, and become the most efficient of our
naval administrators. Of Exmouth, the Penzance boy
who won the first frigate action of the long war by
capturing the Cl(?opatre in 55 minutes, who fought the
Droits de I'Homme in the storm, and lived to bombard
Algiers nineteen years afterwards, the tale has often been
told ; and of Collingwood and Nelson 'V^ /r\
the stor)' will never die. -
-«;^IIl2^^"^ \\
Let those who would know what -^I^^^I^c*^ jr-
our sailors do go first to the panorama 73. ^ ^
E
 66

and see what a sea fight used to mean.

of Trafalg-ar,
Then them go to the Victory, and see her in her
let

every-day trim along one side, and her guns cleared

for action along the other. Look around at the
heavy timbers and the wide space made wider by the
beams so close overhead that you instinctively stoop to

74. H.M.S. VICTORIA FIRING ONE OF HER III-TG.\ OL No.

 67

avoid thcni ; fancy yourselves

among the groups of eight that
bent over the guns on that warm
October afternoon, at Trafalgar ;

people deck in imagination

the
as it was peopled then think of ;

the tumult going on overhead and

around hear the roar of the
;

75. cannonade and the crash of des-

truction as the iron hail tears in among your comrades,
and ask yourselves if your hearts would beat as bravely
for your country and your race as did those of
the nicn who stood where you arc standing when the old
ship did her duty.
Then go and see what the men
to the picture galleries,
looked like who made what she is see what the
Britain ;

ships looked like, and then go to the models and see how
they were built, and how they have changed in build ;

and trust to the models rather than the i)ictures, for the
presentments of all pre-Cromwell ships produced by
monks, needlewomen, die sinkers, and artists in general,
are simply impossible.
And as the ships have changed so have the guns.
Great has been the change since the days of Trafalgar ;

the discharge from one of our {present guns being etiual

to that of a whole broadside of the Victory. Our present
guns are forty times the weight of those which Nelson
L2
 68

handled, more than double the calibre, and five times the
length,and they have twelve times the range, and take
one hundred and twenty times as much powder. The
guns with which Napier bombarded Bomarsund were an
advance on those used in the French war, and the
Lancastcrs of Peel's battery before Sebastopol were even
more advanced but vast is the
; difference between them
and our present Armstrongs.
And the guns take as long to make as the ship to build.
For a iio-tonner fifteen months are required working
night and day. And what a tremendous projectile it
hurls It weighs over i6 cwt. and requires a powder
!

charge of 960 lb. which of itself is 9 feet long. Guns are

now compared with regard to their " energy," and the
energy of a iio-tonner is 55,253 foot-tons, or in other
words has a range of about fourteen miles, and could
it

shoot right over London and bombard Hampstead from

Woolwich Common. And one of the projectiles at a
trial has been fired
through a mass of
shielding consisting of
a 20-inch steelplate,
8 inches of iron, 20
feet of oak balks, 5
feet of graniie, 1 1 feet
of concrete, finally

stopping 3 feet deep

 69

ina mass of brie kwork. But the lo-tonncr, or i to speak

more correctly llic iii-tonner, is ko'"K
out of fashion in favour of llie handier
67-tonner, which has the great advantage
on the score of economy in using up
/loo less at every shot.
The projectile has of course increased
with the gun. There may not be much
to choose between thebomb which Lucas
picked up off the Hecla's deck and threw
overboard into the Baltic, and the shell
which Harding popped into the tub of
water at the bombardment of Alexandria ;

but the shells for our present naval guns

are very difierent to
destructive power.
And in this
these in

matter of weapons we can-

size and
^
not be over-prci)arcd. The
work best of
cannot be done with bad and good
tools,
tools take time to make. The Maid of
Orleans drove the English out of France
with the aid of the newly invented cast
iron cannon shot of Bureau our sailors!;

won victory after victory on the seas with

the aid of the newly invented carronade.
The carronade of these days is the (juick-
firing gun in which the use of a metal ^^.
 70

cartridg-c case containing a priming tube saves the time

spent not only in sponging out the powder chamber after
each round, but in extracting and inserting the primer. A
6-inch quick-firing gun will throw ico-lb. projectiles at
the rate of 6 a minute, a 3-inch gun will throw a 12-lb.
projectile every 3 seconds, and the intermediate sizes

willthrow intermediate weights at intermediate rates.

There are over 400 of these guns in the Navy at present,

originally devised as a defence against torpedo attacks
and now seen to be of immense value in other ways.
Smaller than these are the machine guns but this chat—
has lasted long enough we need not venture on a course
;

of gunnery and torpedo, and we have lost sight of the

men with whom we had intended to keep throughout.

And thereby we are reminded of what we were told
when we looked at the personal ledgers on the Excellent.
"Do you ever lose sight of a good man?" "Lose
sight of a man ? No, sir Tell us of a place vacant,
!

and we know the man for it. We know where he ought

to be this very day, and when he will be within hail.
We have only to turn to his page in one of those books,
and we can tell you his present latitude and longitude I
AD\EKTlSEMBiNTS.
 THE LITTLE ONE'S

OWN COLOURED PICTURE PAPER

EDITED BY MRS. ELIZABETH DAY.

Among the Distingiiishcd Sjtbscrihers ivill he found

\W Princess Louise, Marchioness of

(H.R.H. subscribes for the benefit of two of the Children's Hospitals).
Lorne.

The Right Hon. the COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN, 8 Copies.

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MY PLAYMATES AND I.
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LA COMTESSE DE PARIS; HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF

HAMILTON; LORD DUNSANY, M.P., &c.. &c

MR. CROP'S HARRIERS.

A Series of Sketches, Artistic and Descriptive, by G. BOWERS,
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The aboz'e work consists of T'.vcnty /iiU-pat;e facsiinUc Water-colour
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BITS ABOUT HORSES

(Quotational and Equitationalj
FOR EVERY DAY.
SELECTED AND ILLUSTRATED BY 8. TURNER.
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llie
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YOUR
A
FIRST GAME OF GOLF.
/tumorous, descriptive and illustrated account of a Beginner's
experiences, racily told, and spiritedly depicted.

By GERALD HILLINTHORN.
In twenty-eight small 410. pages of descriptive text, interspersed with
twenty-six fac-simile water-colour sketches, and six black and
white outline drawings.

THE SATURDAY REVIEW. -'"Your First Game of Golf illustrates

by pithy observations and diverting drawings— chromos, for the most part
— the fortunes of a beginner during his
first day on the links. The artist
shows much humour in his treatment of a suggestive theme. Especially
amusing are the drawings and simple diagram of the science of driving.' "
'
'
'

THE GRAPHIC— " An amusing addition to golf literature The . . .

author gives much good information and advice to the tyro, and points his
remarks with some capitally-executed sketches— for the most part printed
in colours."
THE QUEEN. — A very amusing book
'* this is, and certainly very harm-
less. The text is clever and practical, and if, like the capital coloured
pictures, a little exaggerated, is as near to truth and fact as caricature
ought to be. In any case we have quite enjoyed it."
THE —
LADY. " This most instructive, amusing, and well -illustrated
work ... we have no hesitation in recommending ' Your First Game
of Golf equally to the initiated and to those who are ignorant of this
popular game."
—
GOLF. After a very humorous and appreciative notice of the book, Golf
" Now the typical golfer is a person in whom a long
winds up as follows :

course of bunkers has destroyed all capacity for a smile, and even all con-
genital disposition to profanity. No surgical instrument more delicate than
a niblick stroke can get a joke mto him. Happily the typical golfer is
non-existent. If he ever existed at all, he was, perhaps, a contemporary of
the Dodo. And that any golfer can read .and gaze upon this little book
without genuine amusement is to us inconceivable. The illustrations are
bright and well-coloured, and drawn with truth and fancy; and the fun is
of a cheery, yet delicate, sort, which will do no one any harm, and some a
deal of good."
THE PUBLISHER'S CIRCULAR.—" A little publication in which the
humorous side of the game (to an onlooker) is very amusingly set forth with
pen and pencil."
From THE HON. SEC. GOLF CLUB.-" It is the best
thing of the kind I have seen. Its perusal afforded me very great amuse-
ment and pleasure. The author is a humorist of the first rank."

Price in Picture Cover, Is. 6d. ; post free, Is. 8d.

LONDON: DAY & SON, 21a, BERNERS STREET, W.

 NOW READY.
Deeply intcreslinR, |g™^ ,
A complete com-
hi{;hly attractive^ ami a ^^^^ mcmoration of the glo-
bnlliant dccoraUon for ,
rious achicvcmcnu of
any house. POST FREE. the BriiUh Army.

Tlie Colours of the Britisli Army,

Contpi'ininff the StainJortJs, fitiidons, and J-'latjs of
ALL THE REGIMENTS IN HER MAJESTY'S SERVICE,
W 1 1 n KVERV r.ATTLE RKCOKDKI) ON JHE.M.
109 ILLUSTRATIONS, forming^ a complete Comwemornti'^n of tlu
Chricus Achic-jcments of tlie BRITISH ARMY.

A Work of permanent attraction and importance to cver>- family to

whom the glorious annals of the Services are matters of interest and pride.
The whole of the icg Illuminated Illustrations are so arranged tliat they
may l>e framed and seen at one view, and, as they are attractively Chromo-
Lilhographed, they make an imposing and deeply interesting addition to
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.

G.C.B., G.C.H.. (l.C.M.G., G.C.S.I., P.C, D.CL., &c., &c.',

Commander-in-Chief.
General H.R.H. Pki.nce Christian.
Terms of Vx^mACATXOS.^Size of the Sheet, 27 l<y 39 it contains 109
;

Illustrations, heauti/ully printed in Colours, on thick paper.

Free hy Parcel Post, 5J.
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 The only work ap-
"OUR COUNTRY'S
proaching this in com-
FLOWERS " should be
pleteness issued in
is
PRICE in every house for
study and reference,
II Vols., and
sells at
and an unfailing com-
£22, and does not in-
panion out of doors,
clude the Ferns. The
Ferns are included in
6/- as by its means every
one of the flowering
"OUR COUNTRY'S plants of Great Britain
FLOWERS," which may be identified and
sells complete at Six
POST FREE.
fixed indelibly on the
Shillings.
memory.

ODR COUNTRY'S FLOIEI|S,

AND

HO\V TO KNO"W THEM.

— A —
Complete Guide to the Flowering Plants of Great Britain,

BY W. J. GORDON,
WITH AX
Introduction by the Rr.'. GEORGE HENSLOW, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

Illustrated by John Allen with over One Thousand examples in

Colour and Outline.

IN "Our Country's Flowers" there is published for the

first time, in an inexpensive form, a complete illustrated
guide to the i,8oo species of Flowers, Grasses, and Ferns of which
our flora consists. It is a practical handbook of plant identifica-
tion. It contains over 500 examples on thirty-three coloured plates,
printed in a superior style, and comprising a figure of every genus
Our Col'ntrys Flowkrs— <vw/;/;//<-</.
in the flora and every genus is further ilhist rated by a scries of
;

diagrams of characteristic parts. Both plates and diagran's are

new, and amount to over i.joo examples in colour and outline,
specially drawn for the work by Mr. John Allf.n, in consultation
with the liighest living authorities. Another of its new features is
the system of indexing by which the species, genus, or order, can
be instantly iilentified without reference to the body of the work.
It contains a list of over 1,200 of the popular and local names of
our plants, an explanator)' chapter on the system of classification
and the identification of the different orders, a tabular scheme for
ready reference, a catalogue of the natural orders as defined by
modern botanists, examples of identification, a glossary, a list of
the genera in botanical series, with the derivations of the generic
names, and the indexes alx)ve mentioned, by which order can be at
once distinguished from oriler, genus from genus, and species from
species.
It is the clearest, completest, and comparatively the chca|x;st of
any of the popular wild-llower books in the market, which are all
of them either sketchy or sentimental and give no details, or else
presuppose an acquaintance with the distinguishing marks of the
orders and genera. "Our Country's Flowers" is in itself a
suflTicient guide to the identification of P>titish plants, and rcciuires
no previous acquaintance with vegetable anatomy and physiology,
while at the same time it enters only so far into technical detail as
is needed for the eftectual introduction to the reader of his floral
acquaintances of the wayside without leading him away from the
beaten track. The system adopted is in harmony with that in
general acceptance among our loading botanists, and there is
nothing in the book which the student will find it necessary to
unlearn.
The size of the book is Crown 8vo, and it consists of 160 pp.
text, 33 groups containing over 500 specimens in Chromo-
lithography, and more than 700 illustrations in outline. It is
bound in cloth, lettered, price six shillings.

Orders for the first Limited Edition should be fonvarded at

once to the PuHishers,

DAY & SON (25 Years Litliograpliers to the Queen),

21a, BERNERS STREET. LONDON. W.
SIMTKIX, MARSHALL, cV CO., LTD.
 '

READY SHORTLY.
Among the Subscribers for the Edition de Luxe appear: —
THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LEVEN AND MELVILLE
THE RIGHT HON. LORD SUDELEY.
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GENERAL SIR OWEN TUDOR BURNE, K.C.S.I., CLE.
E. F. DUNCANSON, ESQ. S. S. GLADSTONE, ESQ.
J. S. GODFREY, ESQ. W. FANE-DE-SALIS, ESQ., &c., &c.

By W. W. LLOYD.
THIS work
sketches
will of forty-eight plates, containing about 150
consist
twenty-four plates being fac-simile water-colour drawings
;

executed in the best style of chromo-lithography, and twenty-four plates of

pen-and-ink sketches.
These clever sketches illustrate all the principal incidents in a voyage
from London to the East, and deal with every subject, from the stokehole
—
to the freezing chamber from the " cup of comfort " at 7 a.m. to moonlight
— —
scenes from Divine service to sports on deck from the first feelings of
vtal-dc-iner to the luxurious enjoyment of lounging on deck in the Indian
— —
Ocean from the stokers or seedie boys to the captain from the first
introduction, orthodox or otherwise, to the final adoption by the young
couple on arrival at Bombay, of the good old motto, " Quis separabit.
In fact, every incident likely to happen during the most enjoyable voyage,
in a magnificent floating hotel, through the loveliest seas in the world.
The sketches of life on board abound with humour, which will be all the
more appreciated by anyone who has ever spent even a few days on an
ocean liner.
This work is issued under the auspices of the Peninsular and Oriental
Steam Navigation Company, regardless of trouble or expense, the aim
being to make it in every way as perfect as possible.
The book is unique nothing approaching it has ever been issued.
;

The size is imperial quarto.

Illustrated Prospectuses may be obtained at the

P. & O. Pavilion at the Royal Naval Exhibition.
 .

r. & O. rF.NCII. LINGS— <tW//////<-</'.

hernia of Subscription.
F.ditiOH dt I.uxt. —
The edition lic luxe will he restricted to 300 copies.
It will be handsomely Ixiund half-n)orocco, jrilt and jjilt edges, each copy
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—
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AUTHORS, ARTISTS, & AMATEURS
Contemplating Works with Coloured Illustrations as the leading
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EDUCATIONAL WORKS
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ONLY ADDRESS:—
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{2j Years Litliographers to the Queen)

21a, BERNERS STREET, LONDON, W.

II
B 000 002 033 y
"U'^:.

iii
-•-'Jc