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Department of Cbemical Engineering Tbapar University Patiala

Tutorial Sbeet
Sbell Energy Balance
1runxport Phenomenu UCH
Course Instructor Dr Avinasb Cbandra
Solution
Q1.
Heat loss from a rectangular fin: Calculate the heat loss from a rectangular fin for the following
conditions:

Solution

Q2.
Maximum temperature in a lubricant. An oil is acting as a lubricant for a pair of cylindrical surfaces such
as those shown in Fig. The angular velocity of the outer cylinder is 7908 rpm. The outer cylinder has a
radius of 5.06 cm, and the clearance between the cylinders is 0.027 cm. What is the maximum temperature in
the oil if both wall temperatures are known to be 158F? The physical properties of the oil are assumed
constant at the following values:


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Solution

Q3.
Current-carrying capacity of wire: A copper wire of 0.040 in. diameter is insulated uniformly with plastic
to an outer diameter of 0.12 in. and is exposed to surroundings at 100F. The heat transfer coefficient from
the outer surface of the plastic to the surroundings is 1.5 Btu/hr ft
2
. F. What is the maximum steady current,
in amperes, that this wire can carry without heating any part of the plastic above its operating limit of 200F?
The thermal and electrical conductivities may be assumed constant at the values given here:

Solution



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Q4.
Temperature rise in an electrical wire.
(a) A copper wire, 5 mm in diameter and 15 ft long, has a voltage drop of 0.6 volts. Find the maximum
temperature in the wire if the ambient air temperature is 25C and the heat transfer coefficient h is 5.7
Btu/hr. ft
2
.
o
F.
(b) Compare the temperature drops across the wire and the surrounding air.
Solution





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Q5.
Heat conduction from a sphere to a stagnant fluid: A heated sphere of radius R is suspended in a large,
motionless body of fluid. It is desired to study the heat conduction in the fluid surrounding the sphere in the
absence of convection.
(a) Set up the differential equation describing the temperature Tin the surrounding fluid as a function of r,
the distance from the center of the sphere. The thermal conductivity k of the fluid is considered constant.
(b) Integrate the differential equation and use these boundary conditions to determine the integration
constants:
(c) From the temperature profile, obtain an expression for the heat flux at the surface. Equate this result to
the heat flux given by "Newton's law of cooling" and show that a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
(known as the Nusselt number) is given by

in which D is the sphere diameter. This well-known result provides the limiting value of Nu for heat transfer
from spheres at low Reynolds and Grashof numbers.
(d) In what respect are the Biot number and the Nusselt number different?
Solution




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Q6.
Viscous heating in slit flow. Find the temperature profile for the viscous heating problem shown in Fig.,
when given the following boundary conditions: at x = 0, T = T
0
; at x = b, q
x
= 0.

Solution


Q7.
Heat conduction in an annulus:
(a) Heat is flowing through an annular wall of inside radius r
0
and outside radius r
1
The thermal conductivity
varies linearly with temperature from k
o
at T
o
to k
1
at T
1
. Develop an expression for the heat flow through
the wall.
(b) Show how the expression in (a) can be simplified when (r
0
- r
1
)/ r
0
is very small. Interpret the result
physically.


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Solution




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Q8.
Forced-convection heat transfer in flow between parallel plates: A viscous fluid with temperature-
independent physical properties is in fully developed laminar flow between two flat surfaces placed a
distance 2B apart. For z < 0 the fluid temperature is uniform at T = T
1
,. For z > 0 heat is added at a constant,
uniform flux q
o
at both walls. Find the temperature distribution T(x, z) for large z.
(a) Make a shell energy balance to obtain the differential equation for T(x, z). Then discard the viscous
dissipation term and the axial heat conduction term.
(b) Recast the problem in terms of the dimensionless quantities






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Solution






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Q9.
Heat loss from a circular fin:
(a) Obtain the temperature profile T(r) for a circular fin of thickness 2B on a pipe with outside wall
temperature T
o
. Make the same assumptions that were made in the study of the rectangular fin.
(b) Derive an expression for the total heat loss from the fin.

Solution



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Q10.
Radial temperature gradients in an annular chemical reactor. A catalytic reaction is being carried out at
constant pressure in a packed bed between coaxial cylindrical walls with inner radius r
o
and outer radius r
1
.
Such a configuration occurs when temperatures are measured with a centered thermowell, and is in addition
useful for controlling temperature gradients if a thin annulus is used. The entire inner wall is at uniform
temperature T
o
, and it can be assumed that there is no heat transfer through this surface. The reaction
releases heat at a uniform volumetric rate S
c
, throughout the reactor. The effective thermal conductivity of
the reactor contents is to be treated as a constant throughout.
(a) By a shell energy balance, derive a second-order differential equation that describes the temperature
profiles, assuming that the temperature gradients in the axial direction can be neglected. What boundary
conditions must be used?
(b) Rewrite the differential equation and boundary conditions in terms of the dimensionless radial
coordinate and dimensionless temperature defined as


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Explain why these are logical choices.
(c) Integrate the dimensionless differential equation to get the radial temperature profile. To what viscous
flow problem is this conduction problem analogous?
(d) Develop expressions for the temperature at the outer wall and for the volumetric average temperature of
the catalyst bed.
(e) Calculate the outer wall temperature when r
o
= 0.45 in., r
1
= 0.50 in., k
eff
= 0.3 Btu/hr. ft. F, To = 900F,
and S
c
= 4800 cal/hr cm
3
.
(f) How would the results of part (e) be affected if the inner and outer radii were doubled?
Answer: (e) 888F
Solution:




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