Roxhill Stewardship Report 2007

ROXHILL IARK NA1URAL AREA
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Ella Elman, Ecologisi
i
Contents
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. ii
Executive Summary........................................................................................................... iii
I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1
II. The Community Organizes ............................................................................................5
III. Reintroduction of Native Plant Communities.............................................................11
IV. Plant Community Assessment Methodology .............................................................21
V. Results and Findings ....................................................................................................23
Overview......................................................................................................................23
Zone 1Peat Cell 1.....................................................................................................26
Zone 2Peat Cell 2.....................................................................................................38
Zone 3Peat Cell 3.....................................................................................................46
Zone 4Peat Cell 4.....................................................................................................58
Zone 5Peat Edge Phase II ........................................................................................64
Zone 6Street Green ..................................................................................................68
Zone 7Maple Woods Phase II..................................................................................71
Zone 8Maple Woods Phase I ...................................................................................76
Zone 9Peat Edge Phase I..........................................................................................80
Zone 10Upper Basin ................................................................................................85
Zone 11Meadow......................................................................................................89
Zone 12Aspen Sweep ..............................................................................................98
Zone 13Upper Woodland.......................................................................................105
Zone 14LATCH Strip ............................................................................................111
Park-wide Vegetation Trends ....................................................................................114
VI. Stewardship Recommendations................................................................................128
VII. Monitoring...............................................................................................................129
References........................................................................................................................130
Map 1: Roxhill Park Restoration Zones..............................................................................2
Map 2: Roxhill Park 2007 Survey Transects ....................................................................22
Appendix A: Species and plant quantities planted during Phase I ..................................131
Appendix B: Species and plant quantities planted during Phase II .................................134
Appendix C: All species found in Roxhill Park during 2007 survey .............................138
Appendix D: Species observed in Roxhill Park during spring/summer 2007 not found
on survey transects or not identified as to species when transect data was collected......144

Appendix E: All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey................145

ii
Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this report:

James Kolb, for consultation, guidance, and review.
Sharon London, Executive Director, Seattle Urban Nature (SUN), and SUN Project
Manager for this report.
Nelson Salisbury, Ecologist, Seattle Urban Nature, for guidance and review.
Fred Stark, for his assistance in sedge and rush identification.
iii

Roxhill Park Natural Areas: Past Efforts, Vegetation Survey and
Recommendations for Future Stewardship

Peat Cell 1

Executive Summary

Roxhill Park, located in the Delridge district of West Seattle, is an important site for
recreation and wildlife, providing ballfields, a picnic area and a 5.3-acre natural area with
a wide variety of habitats. The site is at the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. The City of
Seattle received the land as a donation in 1960, subsequently draining and filling the
wetland portions of the site in order to create lawns for recreation. In spite of those
efforts, much of the lawn remained too wet to be usable most of the year. In 1999,
neighborhood residents and other stakeholders embarked on a planning process with
Seattle Parks and Recreation to improve the underutilized acres in the park. The result of
the ensuing public planning process was a vision for a natural area centered on a restored
wetland that would be aesthetically appealing and would serve as a site for nature-
oriented recreation and environmental learning. To act on this vision, several dedicated
community members formed the Friends of Roxhill Bog and solicited support for the
project from various public and private entities. Starflower Foundation committed to
providing in-kind support for design, plants and seeds, restoration expertise, planting and
maintenance, with 14 other organizations also contributing to the project. Friends of
Roxhill Bog supervised the process and held monthly work parties to remove invasive
species, plant native species and maintain the plantings.

Construction and initial planting were completed in two phases in 2000 and 2001. Over
the course of 8 years, more than 215,000 native plants were planted in 14 different
management zones at Roxhill Park. In addition, a large amount and variety of native
iv
plant seed was sown. An average of 2000 person-hours a year were spent doing
maintenance on the project, primarily consisting of hand-removal of non-native plants.
Maintenance hours decreased towards the end of Starflowers involvement with the
project, with 626 person-hours scheduled for maintenance in 2007.

In the spring of 2007, Starflower Foundation partnered with Seattle Urban Nature to
assess the composition of the plant communities at the park. Data was collected using the
line-intercept method on 86 transects that spanned each of the 14 management zones. In
addition, Starflower Foundation assembled comprehensive planting and seeding lists for
each management zone.

A total of 300 native species were planted and/or seeded in Roxhill Park by Starflower
Foundation from 2000 to 2007. During the 2007 survey, a total of 255 species were
recorded: 189 native plants, 55 non-native plants (of which 16 are considered potentially
invasive) and 11 plants that were not identified to species. Potentially invasive species
found were mostly seedlings. Twelve of the 16 potentially invasive species found
showed an average percent cover in zones where they were found of less than 1%, and
four an average percent cover of 1%. A total of 135 species that were planted and/or
seeded were not located during the survey.

Based on the surveys findings, Section VI of this report includes recommendations for
managing invasive species, improving structural diversity and increasing conifer
regeneration developed for future stewards of the area. Of note is the importance of
encouraging the development of a structurally diverse, species-rich conifer forest on the
site. Care should be taken that invasive species do not regain a foothold. Also, young
conifers should be encouraged by periodically clearing competing plants around them
and mulching with woodchips.

1

I. Introduction

Purpose

This report provides background information and baseline data to inform ongoing
stewardship of the natural areas at Roxhill Park. It tells the story of the work undertaken
to restore the natural areas, including community organization, construction, planting and
maintenance. In addition, it presents the findings of a comprehensive plant survey of the
natural areas conducted in 2007. Finally, it presents a vision of how the natural areas can
evolve, and identifies stewardship activities aimed at tending to that evolutionary process.

Area Description

Roxhill Park is located in West Seattles Delridge district (Map 1). The park is bounded
to the north by Southwest Barton Street, to the south by Southwest Roxbury Street and
the LATCH housing development, to the east by the Daystar retirement community and
LATCH housing development, and to the west by 29
th
Avenue Southwest and Roxhill
Elementary. It sits on the border of Seattle with unincorporated King County, across
Southwest Roxbury Street from the community of White Center. Westwood Village
shopping center lies across Southwest Barton Street to the north.

Two baseball fields make up the southwest portion of the park, north of Southwest
Roxbury Street and east of Roxhill Elementary. The northwest portion along 29
th

Avenue Southwest includes lawns, an informal soccer field, a playground, a comfort
station and a parking lot. The informal soccer field was designed to collect rainwater
underground and gradually release it into the wetland. The natural areas make up
approximately five of the parks 13 acres, reaching from just north of the baseball fields
northeast to Southwest Barton Street.

The wetlands and associated upland natural areas are located at the headwaters of
Longfellow Creek, one of Seattles four longest creeks. Longfellow Creek, along with
Thornton Creek, Taylor Creek and Pipers Creek, is a focus of Seattle Public Utilities
Urban Creeks Legacy project. Roxhill Park is at the south (upstream) end of the
Longfellow Creek Legacy Trail.

Hydrology and Soils

The wetlands are made up of five cells, or ponds. The southernmost pond is named the
Upper Basin. It is spring fed and has mineral soils. There is standing water in the Upper
Basin throughout the year, with surface water flowing into the next cell to the north (Peat
Cell 4) during the rainy season. The four cells south of the Upper Basin (Peat Cells 1-4)
have peat soils. They are seasonally inundated in some areas and seasonally saturated in
others.

Map 1: Roxhill Park Restoration Zones
(Click on image below to load high-resolution map.)
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The wetlands receive surface runoff from the entire park. They also receive surface
runoff from the Roxhill Elementary grounds via a pipe ending at the northwest end of the
Upper Basin. Two other pipes drain into the wetland. One drains a reservoir below the
soccer field just west of the wetland by Southwest Barton Street, emptying into Peat Cell
3. The other drains a small portion of the lawn north of the soccer field, emptying into
Peat Cell 1. Two overflow outlets were included during construction of the wetland, both
set at the same elevation. One is in the southeast corner of Peat Cell 1, and the other at
the northeast corner of Peat Cell 4. A drainpipe (a couple of feet below the overflow
drains) can be opened to drain most standing water. The drainpipe is located in Peat Cell
1, running from the channel that enters from Peat Cell 2 to the overflow outlet pipe in the
southeast corner. The valve for the drainpipe is located just west of the outlet in the
southeast corner.

After Phase I re-grading was complete in fall 2000 and until Phase II excavation was
done in 2002, some standing water remained in Peat Cell 4 throughout the summer, and a
subterranean seep could usually be heard trickling out the overflow outlet pipe in the
northeast corner. In the winter, water would continually flow out the outlet on the
surface.

Since Phase II excavation (Peat Cells 1, 2 & 3) was completed in fall 2002, there has
been no standing water in Peat Cells 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the summer, and the water level in the
winter only gets high enough to flow out the overflow outlets (in the southeast corner of
Peat Cell 4 and the southeast corner of Peat Cell 1) during heavy rains. After rains, water
has been observed draining out small openings in the ground (presumably created by the
rapidly draining water) along the east and south sides of Peat Cell 3.

History of the Site

Aerial photos from 1953 show the area as undeveloped. Long time residents of the area
remember it as a swampy area dense with vegetation, ripe for youthful adventures but not
used for much else. A part of the same wetland system to the north where Westwood
Village lies today was in agricultural production in 1953.

A King County report (2000)
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describes the historic conditions of the site as follows:
dominated by herbaceous emergent vegetation, with scattered clusters of scrub-shrub
and trees. Data from soil tests indicate that a peat-forming wetland existed in the vicinity
of Roxhill Park. Seeds obtained from the test pits indicate that sedges (Carex spp.)
occupied the site. In addition, Mr. Wayne Miller, an employee of the Seola Peat Mining
Company, which mined the nearby Seola bog, was interviewed regarding the historic
wetland in Roxhill Park. He indicated that attempts may have been made to farm the
wetland but that by 1942 that effort had been abandoned. Plants found in the wetland
included the native Indian (i.e. Labrador) tea (Ledum groenlandicum), blueberries
(Vaccinium spp. and willows (Salix spp.).

1
Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Recommendations; King County Wastewater Treatment
Division Department of Natural Resources; March 2000
4
The land where Roxhill Park lies was given to the City of Seattle in the1960s by the
developers who built Westwood Village. The existing wetlands were subsequently
drained, with the water channeled through a pipe that runs along the east edge of Roxhill
Park, under Westwood Village, and emerges just south of Southwest Thistle Street, east
of Chief Sealth High School. In 1969, the City of Seattle re-graded, filled and drained
the wetlands in an attempt to create drier ground for park use.

The springs that have fed Longfellow Creek over the millennia continued to flow at a rate
to keep the newly created lawn too wet to use during most of the year. The following
section describes the community process that led to the restoration of the site as a
functioning wetland, replete with a diverse community of native plants.

History of the Project
In 2000, the Westwood Neighborhood Council received a Department of Neighborhoods
grant to restore a portion of the park as natural wetlands with surrounding uplands and
accessible trails. The Friends of Roxhill Bog was born, and they partnered with
Starflower Foundation to reestablish native vegetation throughout the restoration site.

Phase I included the two southernmost wetland cells, surrounding uplands, and a portion
of the woodland along the eastern edge of the site. Re-grading, trail construction and
initial planting of Phase I were largely completed in the fall and winter of 2000. Phase II
included the three northernmost wetland cells and the remaining adjacent woodland along
the eastern edge of the site. Construction and initial planting of Phase II were largely
completed in the fall and winter of 2002.

Subsequently, Friends of Roxhill Bog has held regular monthly workparties, and
Starflower Foundation has continued to provide plants, seeds and field crews for
supplemental planting and ongoing maintenance while the plant communities have
become established. Starflowers participation will cease at the end of 2007.
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II. The Community Organizes
The text for this section is taken from the Westwood Neighborhood Council website:
www.scn.org/westwood/roxhill

Planting Party 2001

In the late 1990s the Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing (LATCH) was selected by the
Seattle Housing Authority (SHA) to be their development partner in the redevelopment of
the north half of the Roxbury House and Village site that is adjacent to Roxhill Park. The
plan called for the development of resident managed mutual housing cooperatives for 50
families in two-and three-story townhouse style apartments.

As part of the development process, LATCH and SHA held a series of meetings with the
surrounding community, and in this process, it was suggested that the Roxbury House
and Village site be redeveloped in such a way as to help restore the headwaters of
Longfellow Creek. LATCH committed to investigating the feasibility of helping to
restore the Roxhill Park wetlands to see if they could still comply with the City of
Seattles storm water detention requirements and stay within their funding limits and
schedule deadlines.

(Note: LATCH ultimately determined they would construct 45 instead of 50 units to
preserve a 50 buffer to the wetland. They also ended up designing a system in which all
the water runoff was collected and retained on their site, and then trickled into the City of
Seattles storm water system under an adjacent street, with none entering the wetland.
This was because it was determined that the wetland restoration site was already
extremely wet for much of the year and that the LATCH water would be available at
exactly the same time that the wetland would already be saturated. Additional water at
that time of year would be counterproductive since it was important to stabilize the water
table as much as possible. At the time of year that additional water would be needed for
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the wetland, mid-summer to mid-fall, the LATCH project would generate little or no
water.)

Early in 1999, LATCH took the lead in organizing the Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee,
to clarify input and available resources for restoring the wetlands. The following
organizations were represented on this committee: Longfellow Creek Advisory Council,
Westwood Highland Park Neighborhood, Roxhill Elementary School, Seattle Parks
Department, Seattle Public Utilities (SPU), Seattle Housing Authority, Starflower
Foundation, Department of Neighborhoods, and Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing.

The Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee determined that as the landowner, Seattle Parks and
Recreation would be the lead organization for the wetland restoration. Separate from this
project, Seattle Parks staff had already identified several smaller major maintenance
projects addressing drainage and path improvements that could be designed as part of a
larger wetland development/restoration project. Parks staff also identified some limited
parks upgrade funds for additional paths and benches.

Seattle Public Utilities indicated that addressing the drainage issues in Roxhill Park was
not in the SPU capital improvement plans, but they were interested in coordinating the
Roxhill Park work with their Millennium/Urban Creeks Legacy project for Longfellow
Creek. SPU also indicated they would consider contributing partial design and
engineering services through an agreement with the King County Surface Water
Engineering and Environmental Services Section.

The wetland restoration was a high priority for the neighborhood, and the
Westwood/Highland Park Neighborhood Planning Group agreed to partner with Seattle
Parks and SPU on the purchase of wetland design services with their Early
Implementation Fund dollars.

A community meeting was hosted by Seattle Parks on July 21, 1999, for a presentation
and comment session on proposed projects to re-establish the historical headwaters of
Longfellow Creek, within an underused area of Roxhill Park. As announced in their flier,
the objectives of the project included improvements to drainage and water quality,
restoration of natural habitat, enhancement of public access (including ADA
improvements), building stewardship and citizen involvement and celebration of the
communitys artistic and cultural legacies.

Community members rallied behind the project by forming the Friends of Roxhill Bog
(FORB), also in 1999. As FORB and Seattle Parks and Recreation took responsibility for
project implementation, the Roxhill Wetlands Subcommittee eventually disbanded.

FORB described their mission as follows: This community recognizes the unique
opportunity to restore and become stewards of an urban bog at the headwaters of
Longfellow Creek. The stewardship experience will involve caring for and about Roxhill
Park and Longfellow Creek through education, maintenance, and monitoring the health
and success of this restored wetland. Their goal was to replace soggy grass with a place
7
for people to go for relaxing walks, to enhance their bird watching skills, or to just sit on
a bench and enjoy the scenery.

FORB raised funds and recruited community volunteers to implement this restoration
project in two phases. Additional public meetings were held in September and October
2000 to give people more information and a chance to sign up to help out. In the fall and
winter of 2000/2001 alone, more than 300 volunteers planted over 20,000 native plants in
the peat bog and surrounding uplands.

The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation and
stewardship of the project:

Hariana Chilstrom, For Peats Sake: A Guide to Roxhill Bog
EarthCorps
Fauntleroy YMCA Science Club
Chuck Lennox, Cascade Interpretive Consulting
Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing: wetland delineation
Nature Consortium: restoration assistance and education
Neighborhood Planning/Early Implementation Funding: $20,000
Seattle Conservation Association/Urban Youth Corps: 2001 fall planting
Seattle Department of Neighborhoods: $100,000 Phase I funding
Seattle Parks Dept Cumulative Reserve Funds: $106,000
Seattle Parks Dept. Pro Parks Levy: $400,000
Seattle Parks Dept. Upgrade/Block Grant Funding: $25,000
Seattle Public Utilities (SPU): $60,000 for design (SPU hired King Co. Dept. of Natural
Resources as the lead designer. Parks Dept. hired Anderson and Ray Landscape
Architects (now Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture) to augment King Countys
efforts)
Seattle Works
Starbucks: $10,000 for interpretive signage
Starflower Foundation: planting plans, plants, planting, maintenance, consulting on
educational programs, education materials
United Way Day of Caring
Washington Mutual Community Action Network: Bog Education Event 5/10/03
White Center Garden Tour

Starflower Foundation staff members Chris Behrens, Jim Evans, Jeremy Valenta and
Acacia Smith worked with FORB to develop a strategy for fostering stewardship and
educational activities. The following framework may be of assistance to other volunteer
groups interested in doing something similar with their restoration project.

1) Stewardship activity should be within a unified framework, i.e., people shouldn't
operate independently of the overall goals and objectives of the park. Someone who
understands the big picture of the project in the role of stewardship coordinator can be
helpful in administering a unified strategy.

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2) Identify people and organizations that are interested in stewardship opportunities and
identify their needs. What does the potential steward have in mind? Suggestions for
stewardship activities should be developed with these needs in mind.

3) Stewardship involves actively caring for the site and promoting caring about the site.
Therefore, stewardship would have three facets: education (about the site, project,
ecology, native plants, etc.); activity (e.g., planting, maintenance work, monitoring, etc.);
and leading/educating others.

4) The following three types of stewardship activity were identified: maintenance,
planting, and monitoring.

Maintenance activities include: watering, weeding, trash removal, mulching, and repair.
What is the current maintenance plan for the site? Exactly what maintenance needs to be
done, how, when, and where? Who will be coordinating/doing the maintenance? Answer
these questions before implementing a stewardship program involving maintenance
activities.

Planting activities include plant placement, with assistance from the landscape
architect/designer, Seattle Parks Department, and other organizations responsible for
carrying out planting.

Monitoring activities include: establishing protocols, plots and markers; undertaking
vegetation, wildlife and macro invertebrate surveys; water quality and chemical testing;
photo-documentation; data entry, etc.

5) All the stewardship activities mentioned above gain power when coupled with an
educational component. Educational components help the stewards understand why they
are doing what they are doing, give them a sense of purpose and direction, and allow
them to see the big picture. For instance, during a weeding activity, basic plant
identification and ecology might be taught, as well as tool use and safety, weeding
techniques, and the rationale behind maintenance strategies/priorities. In addition,
education components can be fun breaks from the hard work associated with the
stewardship activities.

As they become more knowledgeable in their role, stewards can increase their ability to
be leaders, and take on the role of educating others. For instance, community members
and others could be trained to lead small groups of planters at work parties. Education
activities and naturalist walks could be led by teachers or community members.
Community members could also perform public outreach with the objective of involving
adjacent schools, community organizations, etc., in stewardship activities.

6) The following format was developed by FORB to create a plan based on their goals
and objectives for maintenance, education, and monitoring.
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MISSION
GOAL 1
MAINTAIN
GOAL 2
EDUCATE
GOAL 3
MONITOR
Objectives: Objectives: Objectives:
1.A Conduct Monthly
Workparties
2.A Conduct On-site Tours 3.A Plant Survival
1.B Involve Immediate
Neighbors
2.B Give Presentations to
Interested Groups
3.B Water Quality
1.C Develop Annual
Maintenance Plan
2.C Create BogKeepers
Program
3.C Wildlife Activity
1.D ??? 2.D ??? 3.D ???

GOAL 1 MAINTAIN
1.A Conduct Monthly
Workparties
1.B Involve Immediate
Neighbors (LATCH,
Daystar, Roxhill Elem.)
1.C Develop Annual
Maintenance Plan
i. check plan for
maintenance activities
i. create informational
material for neighbors
i. look for other Park
maintenance plans
ii. contact potential
volunteers (email, phone)
ii. meet with neighbors ii. discuss requirements
with Starflower and Parks
iii. reserve tools iii. invite neighbors to all
events
iii. identify volunteer
opportunities
iv. obtain materials (plants,
mulch, etc)
iv. create annual schedule
v. create flyer
vi. distribute flyer
Etc.

GOAL 2 EDUCATE
2.A Conduct On-site Tours 2.B Give Presentations to
Interested Groups
2.C Create BogKeepers
Program
i. write tour script i. create display boards
ii. train tour guides ii. create slideshow and/or
Powerpoint presentation

iii. identify tour groups iii. identify opportunities
iv. match guides with
groups
iv. train presenters
v. write schedule of tour
dates
v. match presenters with
opportunities

vi. write schedule of
presentation dates

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GOAL 3 MONITOR
3.A Plant Survival 3.B Water Quality 3.C Wildlife Activity

Today, the natural area at Roxhill Park is rich in native plant and wildlife diversity.
Teachers at the nearby Roxhill Elementary School utilize this area as an outdoor
classroom, and neighbors of all ages enjoy walking through the park at all seasons of the
year.

FORB meets on the second Saturday of the month for stewardship activities. In
December, it is traditional for the stewards to walk the Legacy Trail and taking time to
appreciate how their work at the headwaters impacts Longfellow Creek.

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III. Reintroduction of Native Plant Communities

Background

Three main principles guided drawing up the plans that were the culmination of the
public planning process leading to the restoration of the natural area at Roxhill Park. The
area was to be visually appealing, to be composed of diverse, 100% native plant
communities, and to serve as a living laboratory for environmental learning.

The natural areas at Roxhill Park can be divided into three general categories: mineral
basin, peat cells, and uplands. The mineral basin and the peat cells comprise the wetland
portion and are surrounded by an upland buffer of varying width.

The peat cells historically formed part of a larger peatland. While the site is colloquially
referred to as a bog, technically, the peatland was closer to being a fen. While bogs and
fens are both characterized by peat soils, a bogs only significant water source is rainfall.
At Roxhill, a spring (in the mineral basin) provides much of the water, and surface runoff
also contributes. Additionally, the pH observed at Roxhill, while slightly acidic, is closer
to neutral than the pH typically associated with bogs.

Water flows from south to north, originating in springs below the mineral basin (named
the Upper Basin Zone 10 during the restoration years) (Map 1). A short channel carries
the water to the peat cell complex, which is made up of four wetland areas called Peat
Cell 1 (Zone 1), Peat Cell 2 (Zone 2), Peat Cell 3 (Zone 3) and Peat Cell 4 (Zone 4) (Map
1). Fill was removed from Peat Cell 4 during Phase I. Two years later, fill was removed
from Peat Cells 1, 2 and 3 during Phase II of the project.

Most of the soil in the upland areas is the fill material brought in by the City of Seattle in
1969. The wetland areas were excavated at the onset of the project, exposing native soils.
The Phase I excavation in 2000 exposed the original mineral soil of the Upper Basin and
peat of Peat Cell 4. The Phase II excavation in 2002 exposed the original peat of Peat
Cells 1, 2 and 3. The peat ranges from 8 to 10 feet in depth. Excavated materials in 2000
and 2002 were kept on site and used to create higher areas in the park, including the
Birch Mound between the Phase I Maple Woods (Zone 8) and Peat Cell 4, and the soccer
field west of Peat Cells 1 and 2 (Map 1).

All natural areas were planted with some combination of shrubs, forbs (broadleaf herbs),
and graminoid plants (grasses, sedges, rushes, etc.), with the uplands also being planted
with trees. It was assumed that both herbaceous-planted upland areas and tree/shrub-
planted areas would follow the successional patterns common in this region (likely with
the assistance of some human stewards), eventually becoming forested with conifers. In
the meantime, it was hoped that the land would be covered with a structurally diverse and
species-rich assortment of plants native to the Puget Sound lowlands.
12

For practical reasons concerning maintenance and design, the site was divided into the
following management zones (Map 1):

Zone 1 Peat Cell 1
Zone 2 Peat Cell 2
Zone 3 Peat Cell 3
Zone 4 Peat Cell 4
Zone 5 Phase II Peat Edge
Zone 6 Street Green
Zone 7 Phase II Maple Woods
Zone 8 Phase I Maple Woods
Zone 9 Phase I Peat Edge
Zone 10 Upper Basin
Zone 11 Meadow
Zone 12 Aspen Sweep
Zone 13 Upper Woodland
Zone 14 LATCH Strip

Evolution of Plant Communities

Throughout the life of the project, efforts were made to introduce as many species of
plants native to the Puget Sound lowlands as possible, including species from all stages
of succession. It was believed that in so doing, sufficient genetic or vegetative raw
materials would be introduced to the site to enable the plant communities best suited to
the various microhabitats present to self-select and establish over time. It was also hoped
that the presence of a high diversity of native species from various stages of succession
would make the site more resilient in the face of unforeseen disturbances in the future.

The original planting plans called for four basic planting regimes:

Wetland areas planted primarily with herbaceous species,
Upland areas planted primarily with herbaceous species (meadows), and
Upland areas planted primarily with trees and shrubs.

Cattails (Typha latifolia) and soft rush (Juncus effusus) have volunteered in the wetlands
consistently over the years, the windborne seed likely arriving from wetlands to the
south. While a native species, cattail has been removed during the restoration years in
order to prevent their dominating the wetlands and preventing a diverse native plant
community from establishing. Likewise, soft rush has been removed during the
restoration years to prevent it from dominating the wetlands.
13

Maintenance
Starflower Foundation supported maintenance activities from the beginning of the project
through 2007. The goal of the maintenance activities was the establishment of dense,
species-rich and structurally diverse native plant communities as safe, educational and
aesthetically appealing components of the park.

An average of 2000 person-hours per year were spent on maintenance. After peaking in
2003, maintenance hours have gone down on average 40% per year. Approximately 626
maintenance hours are scheduled for 2007. Maintenance activities included removal of
non-native plants, removal of native plants that tended to dominate a site, mulching,
laying and removing landscape fabric, installation and removal of animal deterrents
(primarily bird-net), installation, maintenance and removal of drip irrigation, and hand
watering (irrigation and watering done minimally). By far the largest number of hours
was spent removing non-native plants, and the bulk of those hours were spent in open,
meadow or wet meadow areas.

By and large, each management zone was weeded two to three times annually. Crews
were instructed to remove all non-native plants, leaving each zone 100% native after each
weeding pass. No pesticides or herbicides were used. All weeding was done with hand-
tools. Care was taken to avoid compacting wet ground by waiting for areas to dry out
before weeding, or laying down planks for crewmembers to stand on.

During the early years of the project, maintenance was done by Starflower staff as well as
volunteers and EarthCorps. During later years, the bulk of maintenance work was shifted
to contractors including EarthCorps, Frank A. Maduzia, Jr., Plantas nativa, and Buckley
Nursery. Every day that contractors worked at a site, Starflower staff would spend at
least an hour or two with them, reviewing tasks, methods, goals, and plant identification.
Particularly when contractors were new to the project, Starflower staff would spend more
time working with them on site, as crews were working to remove all non-native plants
and consequently needed to be able to identify every plant they encountered (native and
non-native).
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Meadows

Meadow
The Meadow (Zone 11) and Phase I Peat Edge (Zone 9) were initially planted with a
wide variety of herbaceous species, both graminoid plants and forbs. Soil moisture levels
range from drier (most of the area) to seasonally inundated (the smallest portion,
bordering the Upper Basin and Peat Cell 4). It was expected that over time, the Meadow
would gradually become forested.

In the first years of the project the areas were seeded and planted with primarily
herbaceous species. Woodchip mulch was not used, in the interests of encouraging a
more meadow-like microbial community. The strategy attempted was to introduce a high
diversity of native species through planting and seeding, allowing them to establish while
simultaneously hand removing all non-native species that germinated, either from wind-
borne seed or the seedbank. Efforts were made to schedule weeding so as to minimize
passes over the meadow and the resulting soil compaction and damage to native seedlings
and plantings. When possible, work in the meadow was avoided when soils were very
wet in order to avoid compaction. When work had to be done on wet soils, boards were
laid down to walk on in order to minimize impact.

Lesson Learned - Urban Meadows:
Keeping non-native plants out of large sites planted densely with primarily herbaceous
species in an urban environment using only manual labor is extremely labor intensive.
As the restoration progressed it became evident that native meadow plants would not out-
compete the multitude of non-native grasses and forbs that blanket the nooks and
crannies of the city without an inordinate amount of hand weeding.
15

Lesson Learned Tree and Shrub Islands:
To accelerate the evolution of the meadows towards a state requiring minimal
maintenance, additional trees and shrubs were planted throughout. These plantings were
concentrated as tree and shrub islands throughout the sea of native grasses and forbs.
Mulch was concentrated around the trees and shrubs to simplify maintenance and to
minimize competition while the trees and shrub grow to the point where they close
canopy, limiting the spectrum of invasive species that pose a threat.

Peat Cells

Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4

Peat Cells 1, 2, 3, and 4

The Phase I Peat Cell (Cell 4) was excavated and initially planted and seeded in 2000.
The Phase II Peat Cells (Cells 1, 2, and 3) were excavated and initially planted and
seeded in 2002. Species known to exist in the historic peatlands were planted, as well as a
wide variety of other herbaceous and shrub wetland species. Species know to exist at the
site historically include Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), willow (Salix spp.) and
blueberries (Vaccinium spp.).

The vision for the peat cells originally included the following elements:
- A highly diverse collection of native herbaceous species and shrubs found in
wetlands of the Puget Sound Lowlands
- A significant proportion of western Washington peatland species (e.g. the
Labrador tea [Ledum groenlandicum] known to exist at the site historically)

16
Given the dramatic changes to the environment resulting from urbanization (including
deforestation; surface water contamination, flow control, and flashy hydrology; warming
due to the urban heat island effect; and concentration of invasive plant species), it was
thought that it would be most prudent to introduce a wide pallet of species native to a
wide range of roughly similar sites in the Puget Sound Lowlands. In addition,
uncertainty as to how static the hydroperiod at the site will be over the years led to the
decision to introduce species tolerant of a variety of moisture regimes.

While other willows were planted in the Peat Cells, the Pacific willow (Salix lucida) and
black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) were not. Both of these
species are naturally colonizing the Peat Cells, which was not part of the original plan.
Pacific willow, in particular, is dominating a significant portion of Peat Cell 4. All who
have expressed an opinion consider this trend undesirable, and volunteers have worked to
remove some Pacific willow and black cottonwood saplings.

Peat Cell Edges

Peat Cell Edges

The Peat Cell edges were planted with a diversity of native shrubs and herbaceous
species. Species were selected to be attractive, to maintain the view into the cells and to
require minimal maintenance in order to keep the trails open. Over the years, more and
more evergreen shrubs were added to the Peat Cell edges so the year-round shade they
produce would inhibit weed establishment.
17

Lesson Learned hearty Asters and Trail Edges:
In earlier years, a variety of members of the Aster family (Asteraceae) were planted and
seeded in the Peat Cells Edges. They were considered tough and attractive meadow
plants that would compete well in sunny areas against non-native weeds. It was learned
however, that certain plants (e.g. gumweed (Grindelia integrifolia) Douglas aster
(Symphyotrichum subspicatum) and Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) were a
little too successful. They bushed out significantly into the trails, restricting passage and
requiring regular maintenance. As a result, those species were removed from within 6
feet of the trail edges and replaced with evergreen shrubs and groundcovers.

Aspen Sweep

Aspen Sweep

This area was first planted in fall 2000 with 90 5-gallon aspen (Populus tremuloides) and
an assortment of evergreen trees, shrubs and some herbaceous species. Additional shrubs
and trees were added over the years, and by 2006 a dense canopy had developed. In
2006, a wide assortment of shade-loving herbaceous species was planted, with more to be
planted in fall 2007.

The vision was for this zone to evolve into a coniferous forest, with the overstory in the
meantime dominated by aspen. The understory would include a dense and diverse
assortment of shrubs and herbaceous species found in Puget Sound Lowland forests.
18

Upper Woodland

Upper Woodland

The eastern portion of the Upper Woodland was planted in 2000 and in subsequent years
with an assortment of native trees and shrubs, as well as some herbaceous species.

The western portion was not planted the first fall (2000). Planting there was postponed to
observe how the various other plantings went, and thereby determine the best approach.
The original idea was to plant this area as a meadow that would evolve more gradually
into a zone dominated by evergreen trees. Based on experience at Roxhill and at other
projects in Seattle, the conclusion was reached that beginning an urban restoration
process by planting primarily herbaceous species and using no woodchip mulch was
prohibitively expensive, particularly if 100% of the non-native plants that came in were
to be removed by hand.

Consequently, the Western portion of the Upper Woodland was mulched heavily around
2002 and planted with trees on a 15-foot grid. The following planting season, shrubs and
some herbaceous species were added. In subsequent years, additional plants have been
added, as in the eastern portion of the Upper Woodland.

It is envisioned that the Upper Woodland will develop into a coniferous forest, with some
deciduous component at least along the way. The understory would include a dense and
diverse assortment of shrubs and herbaceous species found in Puget Sound Lowland
forests. In addition there would be native trees, shrubs and herbaceous species that
tolerate more light and are associated with edges, as the area includes a large proportion
of edge habitat.
19

Maple Woods

Maple Woods

The Maple Woods are divided into two zones: the Phase I Maple Woods (Zone 8) and the
Phase II Maple Woods (Zone 7). The Phase I Maple Woods were initially planted in
2000, and the Phase II Maple Woods in 2002. Some planting has continued through
2006, and forest understory herbs will be added to the Phase II Maple Woods in 2007.

The overstory of mature London planetrees (Platanus x acerifolia) that existed at the
onset of the restoration was maintained. Bigleaf maples were planted to eventually
replace the large London planetrees when the latter senesced. In addition evergreen trees
were planted as well as a wide variety of native understory and edge shrub and
herbaceous species.

The site is naturally moist, located above the pipe that collects the headwaters of
Longfellow Creek. The London planetree overstory combined with a dense native shrub
mid-story creates some pockets of deep shade. As a result of both of these factors, the
site is ideal for native herbaceous species found on Western Washingtons moist forest
floors.

20

Upper Basin

Upper Basin

The Upper Basin was planted with a variety of native emergent and aquatic species, both
graminoid and herbaceous. It was intended to exhibit a diversity of attractive native
wetland plants.

21

IV. Plant Community Assessment Methodology

A vegetation survey of restored areas within Roxhill Park was conducted in April and
May 2007. To accurately assess vegetation conditions within each management zone,
Seattle Urban Nature (SUN) and Starflower established linear transects stratified across
the entire zone to capture the full variability of conditions present in each area. The line-
intercept method was used to evaluate vegetation conditions in Zones 1-14 where
intensive restoration activities have taken place (Map 2). A baseline was established
running across the entire length of each zone. Linear transects were established at set
intervals along the baseline, running perpendicular or diagonal to the baseline (in narrow
zones) and spanning the entire zone. Table 1 lists the number of transects established in
each surveyed zone, distance between transects and the bearing in degrees of each
transect. For each transect, all species of overstory, midstory and regenerating trees,
shrubs, vines and groundcovers were recorded where they intersected the transect tape.

Data were collected on a TDS Recon PDA and transferred to an Access database for
analysis.
Collected values were converted to percent cover for each surveyed transect, and
averaged to provide percent cover information for the entire zone.

Table 1. Transect layout in 14 sampled zones in Roxhill Park.
Zone
Number
Zone Name
Transect
Quantity
Transect Bearing
Distance Between
Transects
1 Peat Cell 1 4 270 15 meters
5 Peat Edge Phase II 20 270, 180, 0 15 meters
6 Street Green 4 225 10 meters
7 Maple Woods Phase
II
7 45 20 meters
8 Maple Woods Phase I 3 45 20 meters
9 Peat Edge Phase I 12 180 15 meters
10 Upper Basin 3 135 20 meters
11 Meadow 5 135 20 meters
12 Aspen Sweep 5 90, 0 20 meters
13 Upper Woodland 6 90, 0 20 meters
14 LATCH Strip 5 135 20 meters

Map 2: Roxhill Park 2007 Survey Transects
(Click on image below to load high-resolution map.)
23

V. Results and Findings

Overview

A total of 299 native species were planted and seeded in Roxhill Park by Starflower
Foundation from 2000 to 2006.

During the earlier years of the project, most planting and seeding records were park-wide
or encompassed multiple management zones. In some cases, information could be
extrapolated to a specific zone. During the later years of the project, planting records
were kept by management zone.

Table 2 lists the species and quantities of plants planted during 2001, the second year of
work in the park, for which there are no management-zone-specific data available. These
plantings include six species of trees, 20 species of shrubs and seven species of forbs.

Table 3 lists the species of seed sown during 2002, for which there are no management-
zone-specific data available. These species include one shrub species, 30 forb species
and 23 graminoid species seeded within the park.

Appendix A lists species planted during Phase I of the project in 2000, which span
management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Appendix B lists species planted during
Phase II of the project in 2002, which span management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7.

For years where management-zone-specific data are available, species planted and seeded
are listed in the results discussion for each management zone below.

During the 2007 survey, a total of 255 species were recorded: 189 native plants, 55 non-
native plants (of which 16 are considered potentially invasive) and 11 plants that were not
identified to species. Twelve of the 16 potentially invasive species found showed an
average percent cover in zones where they were found of less than 1%, and four an
average percent cover of 1%. Appendix C lists all the species identified project-wide
during the 2007 survey, as well as the native/non-native status of those species. Species
recorded by management zone are listed in the discussion below.

Table 2. Species and plant quantities planted parkwide in the years for which
no zone-specific records were kept.
Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001
Trees
Abies grandis grand fir 2 gallon 30
Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 gallon 12
Populus tremuloides aspen 2 gallon 12
Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 1 gallon 20
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 7' 12
Thuja plicata western red cedar 6' 12
24
Table 2. Species and plant quantities planted parkwide in the years for which
no zone-specific records were kept.
Shrubs
Acer circinatum vine maple 1 gallon 19
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 42
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 4" pot 170
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 1 gallon 220
Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 2 gallon 20
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 gallon 20
Frangula purshiana cascara 1 gallon 20
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 70
Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 80
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 15
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 4" pot 300
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 40
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 gallon 60
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 13
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 6
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 1 gallon 30
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 gallon 30
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 gallon 120
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 1 gallon 40
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 1 gallon 50
Forbs
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort 1 gallon 27
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 4" pot 40
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 4" pot 172
Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 94
Stachys chamissonis var.
cooleyae hedgenettle
rhizome bag
(salvage) 5
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 4" pot 47
Viola glabella stream violet 4" pot 100

Table 3. Species seeded parkwide in the years for which no zone-
specific records were kept.
Scientific Name Common Name 2002
Shrubs
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea X
Forbs
Alisma triviale northern water plantain X
Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink X
Bidens cernua nodding beggartick X
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil X
Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur X
25
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X
Galium trifidum small bedstraw X
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X
Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X
Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed X
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed X
Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley X
Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold X
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X
Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X
Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X
Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala yellow pond-lily X
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X
Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush X
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X
Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress X
Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X
Sagittaria latifolia wapato X
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod X
Symphyotrichum subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster X
Triantha occidentalis ssp.
brevistyla sticky false asphodel X
Graminoid Species
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X
Carex aquatilis var.dives Sitka sedge X
Carex aquatilis water sedge X
Carex arcta northern cluster sedge X
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X
Carex obnupta slough sedge X
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge X
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X
Carex vesicaria blister sedge X
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush X
Juncus bufonius toad rush X
26
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush X
Schoenoplectus americanus American bulrush X
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed X

Zone 1 Peat Cell 1

Species planted and seeded

One species of trees, 24 species of shrubs, 79 species of forbs and 45 graminoid species
were planted in Zone 1 during the years for which management zone-specific records
were kept (Table 4). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000
(Appendix A).

Additionally, 64 forb species and 34 graminoid species were seeded in Zone 1 during the
years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 5).

Table 4. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 1 Peat Cell 1
(In the years for which zone-specific records were kept).
Scientific Name Common Name Size 2003 2004 2005 2006
Trees
Shrubs
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100 100
4" pot 41 135 100 100
Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 3 30 40
Empetrum nigrum crowberry 1 gallon 200
Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 50
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 10" plug 4
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 4" pot 26 20
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 9 10 5
2 gallon 10
4" pot 13 50
Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 8 10
Malus fusca western crabapple 1 gallon 4
bare-root 20
Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia 1 gallon 8
Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 4 14 20
bare-root 80
27
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 gallon 4
bare-root 5
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 20 59 20
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry 4" pot 100
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 42
Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 45 50
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 gallon 8
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 1 gallon 45
4" pot 80
Forbs
Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 18 90 150
Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion bare-root 40
Allium cernuum nodding onion 7" plug 80
bare-root 42
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 10" plug 130
7" plug 105
Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 4" pot 90
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 126
7" plug 64
bare-root 84
Argentina egedii ssp.
egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 80 100 200
Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink 7" plug 40
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard bare-root 25
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 4" pot 15
Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot bare-root 50
Blechnum spicant deerfern 7" plug 21
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 4" pot 240
7" plug 82
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 150 60 50
Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 11 28
Camassia leichtlinii large camas bulb 103
Camassia quamash small camas bulb 400 110
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 7" plug 84
Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 10" plug 45
7" plug 41 100
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 10" plug 100
7" plug 126
Chamerion angustifolium
ssp. angustifolium fireweed bare-root 150
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 293 135 300 196

28
Dichelostemma
congestum ookow bulb 25
Dodecatheon
hendersonii
Henderson's shooting
star rhizome 11
Dodecatheon pulchellum
few-flowered shooting
star 10" plug 68
2" pot 21
Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 4" pot 42 108
Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane 7" plug 150
Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 7" plug 5
bare-root 50
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 10" plug 100
7" plug 75
bare-root 75
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 10" plug 156
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 4" pot 84
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily bulb 84
Galium trifidum small bedstraw 1 gallon 32
7" plug 40
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian 10" plug 100
7" plug 25
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 10" plug 158
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 10" plug 202
bare-root 80
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 10" plug 44
7" plug 75
Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 2" pot 44
3" plug 100
7" plug 109 94
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 7" plug 335
Lilium columbianum tiger lily bulb 84
Linnaea borealis twinflower 4" pot 65
Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot bare-root 42
Lomatium nudicaule
bare-stem desert-
parsley bare-root 126
Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold 7" plug 41
Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine 10" plug 153
Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed tuber 9
Maianthemum
racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 25
Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 151
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 204 200 49
bare-root 400 75
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 10" plug 200
bare-root 50

29
Olsynium douglasii var.
douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 13 50
Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon 7" plug 50
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 160 50
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush 10" plug 82
2" pot 144
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 10" plug 65
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 211 125
Rubus pedatus
strawberry-leaf
raspberry 10" plug 45
Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 100 112 100
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 125 208
Sidalcea hendersonii
Henderson's checker-
mallow 10" plug 70
Sisyrinchium
californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 50 100
bare-root 13
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass bare-root 100
Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 50 75
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod bare-root 85
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 7" plug 41
Stachys chamissonis
var. cooleyae hedgenettle bare-root 36
Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle bare-root 150
Symphyotrichum
chilense California aster 10" plug 100
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 10" plug 190
4" pot 36 45
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 300 45
7" plug 35
bare-root 126
Tellima grandiflora fringecup 10" plug 98
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 10" plug 80
Trientalis europaea ssp.
arctica arctic starflower 4" pot 1
Veronica americana American Speedwell 7" plug 196 125
bare-root 200 100 400 110
Viola adunca early blue violet 4" pot 20
Viola palustris marsh violet 10" plug 140 250
4" pot 213 235 100 200
Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 392
7" plug 44

30
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 150 135 100 50
Carex aperta Columbian sedge bare-root 50
Carex aquatilis water sedge 3" plug 150
bare-root 100 200
Carex aquatilis var.
dives Sitka sedge 3" plug 150
bare-root 100 200
Carex arcta northern cluster sedge bare-root 75
Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 350 100
Carex canescens silvery sedge 3" plug 50
4" plug 98
Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 200 67 150 100
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 10" plug 22
4" plug 154
Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100 50
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" plug 42
bare-root 200
Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 50 140 200
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 150 201
Carex lenticularis var.
lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 22
bare-root 400
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 350 100
Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 1001
bare-root 450
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 158 200 50
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 90
4" plug 86
Carex spectabilis showy sedge 7" plug 100
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 149 45 100 100
Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge bare-root 25
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 3" plug 135
4" plug 94
bare-root 120
Carex utriculata
Northwest Territory
sedge 4" plug 265
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 116 180 200 200
bare-root 225
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 4" plug 98
7" plug 100 100
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 10" plug 90
bare-root 100
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 170 225 200
Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush 3" plug 225
4" plug 291
31
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush 3" plug 200
bare-root 104
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 163 45 100 200
Eriophorum chamissonis
Chamisso's cotton-
grass 3" plug 450
4" plug 260
Festuca idahoensis ssp.
roemeri Idaho fescue 4" plug 205
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 48 67 75
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 147 67 200
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 210 100 40
Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 225 156
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 159 90 100 40
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush bare-root 150
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 100 50
Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 222 90
bare-root 156
Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3" plug 75
Luzula parviflora
small-flowered
woodrush 3" plug 54
Schoenoplectus acutus
var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 45
bare-root 50
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 10" plug 61
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 181 135 100 40
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed 7" plug 54
bare-root 100

Table 5. Species seeded in Zone 1 Peat Cell 1
Scientific Name Common Name 2005 2006
Forbs
Achillea millefolium yarrow X
Alisma triviale northern water plantain X X
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica X
Aquilegia formosa western columbine X
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed X
Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood X
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard X
Camassia leichtlinii large camas X
Camassia quamash small camas X
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X
Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X X
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X
Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X
32
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce X
Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary X
Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X X
Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb X
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry X
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily X
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X X
Heracleum maximum cow parsley X
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf X
Iris tenax Oregon iris X
Lilium columbianum tiger lily X
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X
Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine X
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X
Maianthemum stellatum
star-flowered false solomon's
seal X
Mentha arvensis wild mint X X
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower X X
Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not X
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X X
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely X
Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon X
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon X
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot X
Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcorn flower X
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil X X
Ranunculus orthorhynchus straight-beaked buttercup X
Rorippa islandica northern marsh yellowcress X X
Sagittaria latifolia wapato X X
Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X
Sisyrinchium angustifolium narrow-leafed blue-eyed grass X
Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle X
Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X
33
Tellima grandiflora fringecup X
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant X
Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X X
Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover X
Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover X
Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower X
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X X
Carex aquatilis water sedge X
Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge X
Carex arcta northern cluster sedge X
Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X
Carex aurea golden sedge X X
Carex comosa longhaired sedge X X
Carex densa dense sedge X
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge X
Carex echinata star sedge X X
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge X X
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X
Carex obnupta slough sedge X X
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge X X
Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge X X
Carex vesicaria blister sedge X X
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X X
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X X
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush X X
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush X X
Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush X
Juncus bufonius toad rush X X
Juncus falcatus falcate rush X
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush X
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush X
Juncus tenuis slender rush X X
Luzula multiflora common woodrush X
Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush X
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X

34
Zone 1 Overstory and regenerating trees

The 2007 survey showed that this open peat area has very little canopy cover. Overstory
refers to the upper canopy of a forest. The only overstory present in this zone consists of
several branches of a London planetree (Platanus x acerfolia) which is extending from
the adjacent Street Green (Zone 6). Very small amounts of five native tree species are
found in the midstory and regenerating layers in this zone and include shore pine (Pinus
contorta) (1% cover), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) (1%
cover), big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) (trace), red alder (Alnus rubra) (trace) and
paperbark birch (Betula papyrifera) (trace) (Table 6).

Table 6. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park
during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
OVERSTORY TREES (Percent Cover)
Platanus x acerfolia London planetree 3 No
MIDSTORY AND REGENERATING TREES (Percent Cover)
Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T Yes
Alnus rubra red alder T Yes
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T Yes
Pinus contorta shore pine 1 Yes
Populus balsamifera
ssp. trichocarpa black cottonwood 1 Yes
1
Species in bold are non-native species.
2
T=Trace presence of species (less than 1%).

Zone 1 Shrubs

A total of 23 native species were recorded in Zone 1 during the survey. The shrub layer
is quite sparse with an average percent cover of 40%. Willows are the most dominant
species, with an average combined cover of 9%, followed by red-osier dogwood (Cornus
sericea) (7% cover). The willow species are composed of Hooker's willow (Salix
hookeriana) (3% cover), Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana) (3% cover), Sitka willow
(Salix sitchensis) (2% cover), Pacific willow (Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra) (1% cover) and
one willow not identified to species (Salix sp.) (trace).

Several of the species in this zone are commonly found in bog habitats in Western
Washington. These species include sweet gale (Myrica gale) (4% cover), bog-rosemary
(Andromeda polifolia) (3% cover), scrub birch (Betula glandulosa) (2% cover),
crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) (2% cover), bog laurel (Kalmia microphylla) (2% cover),
Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) (2% cover), dwarf blueberry (Vaccinium
caespitosum) (trace) and bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) (trace).

35
Table 7. Shrub species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the 2007
survey. Values represent percent cover.
Scientific Name Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 3 Yes
Betula glandulosa scrub birch 2 Yes
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 7 Yes
Empetrum nigrum crowberry 2 Yes
Gaultheria shallon salal T Yes
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 2 Yes
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 2 Yes
Lonicera involucrata twinberry 5 Yes
Malus fusca western crabapple T Yes
Myrica gale sweet gale 4 Yes
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark T Yes
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 Yes
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose T Yes
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 1 Yes
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 1 Yes
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 3 Yes
Salix sp. willow T Yes
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow 1 Yes
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 3 Yes
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 2 Yes
Spiraea douglasii hardhack 1 Yes
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry T Yes
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry T Yes
1

Zone 1 Herbaceous species

A total of 76 herbaceous species were recorded in Zone 1, of which 51 are native, 20 are
non-native and five are undetermined (Table 8). Woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) is the
most dominant species (29% cover), followed by various sedges (Carex sp.) (27% total
cover), rushes (Juncus sp.) (21% total cover), asters (Aster sp.) (19% cover) and small-
seeded bulrush (Scirpus microcarpus) (15% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was
completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to
species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park
that were identified later in the year.

This zone also contains many other wetland species such as Pacific silverweed
(Argentina egedii ssp. egedii) (7% cover), marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre) (4%
cover), Chamisso's cotton-grass (Eriophorum chamissonis) (1% cover), mannagrass
(Glyceria sp.) (1% cover), American speedwell (Veronica americana) (1% cover), white
marsh marigold (Caltha leptosepala) (trace), ovate spikerush (Eleocharis ovata) (trace),
water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa) (trace), wapato (Sagittaria latifolia) (trace) and
cattail (Typha latifolia) (trace).
36
Twenty non-native species were recorded in this zone, of which three are considered to
be invasive (Table 8). Redtop (Agrostis gigantea) is the most common non-native
species, present at an average percent cover of 4%. Invasive species include creeping
buttercup (Ranunculus repens) (2% cover), nipplewort (Lapsana communis) (trace) and
meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) (trace). These species do not have a legal
designation from the King County Noxious Weed Program at this time.

Table 8. Herbaceous species found in Zone 1 in Roxhill Park during the
2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Agrostis gigantea redtop 4 G No
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 2 G No
Alisma triviale
northern water
plantain 4 F Yes
egedii Pacific silverweed 7 F Yes
Aster sp. aster 19 F Yes
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern T F Yes
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T F Yes
Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress 2 F No
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 1 G Yes
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge T G Yes
Carex obnupta slough sedge 10 G Yes
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge T G Yes
Carex sp. sedge 11 G Yes
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1 G Yes
Carex viridula green sedge 3 G Yes
coarse woody debris 2 O X
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 4 F Yes
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 1 G Yes
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush T G Yes
Elymus repens quackgrass 1 G No
Epilobium ciliatum ssp.
watsonii Watson's willowherb 4 F Yes
Chamisso's cotton-
grass 1 G Yes
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily T F Yes
Galium trifidum small bedstraw 12 F Yes
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4 F Yes
Glyceria sp. mannagrass 1 G Yes
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 3 F Yes
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed T F Yes
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass T G No
Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T F No
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris T F No
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T G Yes
37
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Juncus effusus soft rush 2 G X
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 6 G Yes
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush 1 G Yes
Juncus sp. rush 12 G X
Lapsana communis** nipplewort T F No
Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 3 G No
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine T F Yes
Luzula multiflora common woodrush T G Yes
Medicago lupulina black medick T F No
Mentha arvensis wild mint T F Yes
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4 F Yes
Myosotis laxa
small-flowered forget-
me-not 1 F Yes
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley T F Yes
Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T F No
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 3 F No
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T F Yes
Poa sp. bluegrass T G X
Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 F Yes
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 F Yes
Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T F No
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup T F Yes
Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 2 F No
Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress T F Yes
Rumex acetosella sheep sorel T F No
Sagittaria latifolia wapato T F Yes
Satureja douglasii yerba buena T F Yes
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue T G No
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 29 G Yes
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 15 G Yes
mallow T F Yes
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 3 F Yes
Solidago sp. goldenrod 1 F Yes
Stachys chamissonis
var. cooleyae hedgenettle T F Yes
Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 F No
Tellima grandiflora fringecup T F Yes
Trifolium pratense red clover 2 F No
Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 F No
Typha latifolia cattail T G Yes
unknown forb species T F X

unknown grass
species T G X
38
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Veronica americana American speedwell 1 F Yes
Veronica serpyllifolia
thyme-leaved
speedwell 1 F Yes
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch T F No
Viola sp. violet T F Yes
1
Species in bold are non-native species. Species denoted by * are non-native invasive species
which have been given a legal designation by the King County Noxious Weed Program (King
County 2007). Species denoted by ** are non-native invasive species which have not been given
a legal designation at this time.
2
3
F=Forb, G=Graminoid, O=Other

Zone 2 Peat Cell 2


A total of 15 shrub, 41 forb and 39 graminoid species of were planted in Zone 2 during
the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 9). Also, this
zone was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B).

Additionally, 56 forb species and 31 graminoid species were seeded in this zone during
the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 10).

Table 9. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 2 Peat Cell 2 (In the years
for which zone-specific records were kept)
Shrubs
4" pot 82 48
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 28 8 30 15
2 gallon 5
4" pot 22 50
bare-root 10
bare-root 40
bare-root 5
39
Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 100 16 100
4" pot 40
Forbs
Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 32
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 25 100
Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush 7" plug 100
star 10" plug 60
Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew 2" pot 48
4" pot 10
7" plug 29 20
7" plug 116 24
7" plug 201 150
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris bare-root 340
Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed 4" pot 18 43 2
Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean 4" pot 12
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 75 70
bare-root 150
bare-root 50
Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon 7" plug 75
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 75
Rubus pedatus
strawberry-leaf
raspberry 4" pot 16
Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 40
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 100 104
mallow 10" plug 26 70 88
40
Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 10" plug 100
bare-root 25
Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 50
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 4" pot 16
Symphyotrichum subspicatum
var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 16
brevistyla sticky false asphodel 7" plug 25 100
Veronica americana American Speedwell bare-root 75 80 200
Viola palustris marsh violet 1 gallon 32
10" plug 50 100
4" pot 75 90 100
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 48 50 52
bare-root 50 100
Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 50
Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 24
Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 50
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge bare-root 100
bare-root 150
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 56 100
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 16 100
bare-root 100
Carex utriculata
Northwest Territory
sedge 3" plug 22
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 64 100
bare-root 150
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 7" plug 78 50
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 80 100
41
bare-root 52
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 16 100 100
Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 3" plug 160
4" plug 400
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 24 50
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 24 50
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 50 20
Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 50
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 50
Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 32
bare-root 100
Schoenoplectus acutus var.
acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 16
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 48 20
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed bare-root 50

Table 10. Species seeded in Zone 2 Peat Cell 2 (In the
years for which zone-specific records were kept)
Forbs
Chamerion angustifolium ssp.
angustifolium fireweed X
Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X
42
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X
seal X
Mentha arvensis wild mint X
var. subspicatum Douglas aster X
brevistyla sticky false asphodel X
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X
43
Carex aurea golden sedge X
Carex comosa longhaired sedge X
Carex echinata star sedge X
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush X
Juncus tenuis slender rush X


No overstory trees were found in Zone 2 during the 2007 survey (Table 11). Three
species of regenerating trees were recorded, all in very small quantities. These trees are
composed of paperbark birch (1% cover), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) (1% cover) and
red alder (trace).

Table 11. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park during the
Average Percent
Cover
1

Native
Alnus rubra red alder T
Yes
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 1
Yes
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1
Yes
44
1

Zone 2 Shrubs

Fifteen species of native shrubs were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey (Table
12). The most dominant species are sweet gale (25% cover) and willow species (25%
combined cover), which are composed of Hookers willow (14% cover) and Scoulers
willow (11% cover). Other common species include twinberry (Lonicera involucrata)
(12% cover) and American cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus var. americanum) (8%
cover).

Washington. These species include sweet gale (25% cover), scrub birch (7% cover),
Labrador tea (5% cover), bog-rosemary (3% cover), crowberry (3% cover), dwarf
blueberry (2% cover) and bog laurel (1% cover).

Table 12. Shrub species found in Zone 2 in Roxhill Park
Scientific Name
Common
Name
Average
Percent Cover
1
Native
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 Yes
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 5 Yes
Malus fusca western crabapple 6 Yes
Ribes lacustre
swamp
gooseberry 1 Yes
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 2 Yes
Vaccinium ovatum
evergreen
huckleberry 1 Yes
Viburnum opulus var.
americanum
American
cranberrybush 8 Yes
1


A total of 45 species were found during the 2007 survey, of which 29 are native, 12 are
non-native and four are not determined (Table 13). The most dominant species in this
zone are woolgrass and Pacific silverweed, which are present at an average percent cover
of 32% and 29% respectively. Aster and sedge species are also an important component
in this zone, and compose 18% and 16% total cover on average throughout the zone. Due
45
to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species
were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster
species present in the park that were identified later in the year.

As this is a peat cell, many wetland and bog species are present in this zone and include:
daggerleaf rush (Juncus ensifolius) (9% cover), mannagrass (8% cover), northern water
plantain (Alisma triviale) (1% cover), Chamisso's cotton-grass (1% cover), water parsley
(1% cover), hard-stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus var. acutus) (1% cover),
marsh violet (Viola palustris) (1% cover), white marsh marigold (trace) and few-flowered
shooting star (Dodecatheon pulchellum) (trace).

Twelve non-native species were recorded in this peat cell, with creeping bentgrass
(Agrostis stolonifera) as the most common with an average percent cover of 10%. Three
of these species are considered to be invasive. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)
is listed as a Non-designated Noxious Weed by the King County Noxious Weed Control
Program. These are widespread invasive species for which control is recommended but
not required in King County (King County 2007). Nipplewort (Lapsana communis) and
creeping buttercup are also present and considered to be invasive species, but do not
currently have a legal designation in King County. All three species are present at an
average percent cover of 1% (Table 13).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Achillea millefolium yarrow T F Yes
Agrostis sp. bentgrass 1 G X
Alisma triviale northern water plantain 1 F Yes
Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T F No
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 G Yes
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce T F Yes
Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass 1 G No
Dodecatheon
pulchellum
star T F Yes
Eriophorum
chamissonis
Chamisso's cotton-
grass 1 G Yes
46
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 F Yes
Impatiens capensis jewelweed 1 F No
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 10 F No
Lapsana communis** nipplewort 1 F No
Lotus unifoliolatus
American bird's-foot
trefoil T F Yes
Luzula multiflora common woodrush 3 G Yes
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 1 F Yes
Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass 1 G No
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 1 F No
Poa sp. bluegrass 5 G X
Ranunculus
occidentalis western buttercup 1 F Yes
Ranunculus repens* creeping buttercup 1 F No
var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 1 G Yes
mallow 4 F Yes
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 F Yes

unknown graminoid
species 1 G X
Viola palustris marsh violet 1 F Yes
1
2
3

Zone 3 Peat Cell 3


A total of 144 species were planted in Zone 3 during the years for which management
zone-specific records were kept (Table 14). These species include 24 species of shrubs,
47
78 species of forbs and 42 graminoid species. Also, this zone was included in the initial
Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B).

Additionally, 56 forb species and 31 graminoid species were seeded in Zone 3 during the
years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 15).

Shrubs
4" pot 41 117 100 100
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 10" plug 6
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 8 5
2 gallon 10
4" pot 12 75
Lonicera involucrata twinberry 1 gallon 12 10
bare-root 20
bare-root 80
bare-root 10
Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry 4" pot 39
4" pot 80
Forbs
Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris 4" pot 18
7" plug 2
Alisma triviale northern water plantain 10" plug 19 78
bare-root 58
48
7" plug 159
Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 10" plug 76
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 174
7" plug 89
bare-root 116
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard bare-root 25
Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot bare-root 50
7" plug 114
Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea bulb 25
Camassia quamash small camas bulb 580 90
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 7" plug 114 100
7" plug 57 100
7" plug 174
angustifolium fireweed bare-root 232
Dodecatheon hendersonii
star rhizome 15
Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting
star
10" plug 70

2" pot 29
4" pot 18
bare-root 75
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 4" pot 116
7" plug 40
7" plug 80 25
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 10" plug 348
49
bare-root 116
7" plug 102 100
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 7" plug 126
Linnaea borealis twinflower 4" pot 70
Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot bare-root 57
Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley bare-root 174
Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle 10" plug 20
Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed 4" pot 8
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 gallon 5
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 25
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 215 180 49
bare-root 430
bare-root 50
douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 17 50
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 120 50
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 7" plug 291 100
Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 4" pot 39
Sagittaria latifolia wapato tuber 100 98 100
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 208
mallow 10" plug 26 75
bare-root 12 50
Sium suave hemlock water parsnip bare-root 51 75
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod bare-root 116
cooleyae hedgenettle bare-root 15
Symphyotrichum chilense California aster 10" plug 100
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster 10" plug 263
4" pot 39
var. subspicatum
Douglas aster 10" plug 39
50

7" plug 72

bare-root 173
Veronica americana American Speedwell 7" plug 100
bare-root 215 100 400 110
Viola palustris marsh violet 10" plug 110 250
4" pot 216 205 100 200
7" plug 50
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 153 117 50 50
bare-root 100 200
Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge bare-root 150 50
Carex canescens silvery sedge 4" plug 102
Carex comosa longhaired sedge bare-root 200 59 125 104
4" plug 150
bare-root 70
Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100 52
bare-root 250
Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 20
bare-root 200
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 153 100 104
bare-root 430
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 136 150 50
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 10" plug 115 70
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 152 39 100 100
4" plug 102
bare-root 115
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 3" plug 48
4" plug 255
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 119 156 200 200
bare-root 265
51
7" plug 100 100

bare-root 100
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 180 195 200
4" plug 304
bare-root 104
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 166 39 100 200
Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass 3" plug 282
4" plug 216
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 50 59 150 75
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 10" plug 153 59
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 200 70 40
Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush bare-root 225 156
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush bare-root 150
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 100 50
Juncus tenuis slender rush 10" plug 230 78
bare-root 156
acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 10" plug 41 39
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 196 117 100 40
bare-root 100

Forbs
Chamerion angustifolium ssp. fireweed X
52
angustifolium
Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X
seal X
Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel X
53
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge X
Carex aurea golden sedge X
Carex comosa longhaired sedge X
Carex echinata star sedge X


No overstory was present in this open peat area during the 2007 survey (Table 16). Five
species of native conifer and deciduous trees were recorded in the midstory and
regenerating layer in small amounts. Sitka spruce (2% cover), shore pine (1% cover) and
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (trace) compose the conifer component. Black
54
cottonwood (1% cover) and paperbark birch (trace) compose the deciduous component in
this zone. (Table 16).

Table 16. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 3 in
Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 2 Yes
Populus balsamifera ssp.
trichocarpa black cottonwood 1 Yes
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T Yes
1

Zone 3 Shrubs

Twenty three native shrub species were recorded in Zone 3 during the 2007 survey (Table
17). The shrub layer is quite open with a total cover of 40%. Sweet gale is the most
dominant species in this zone, with an average percent cover of 9%. Other less common
species include red-osier dogwood (4% cover), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) (4%
cover), Hookers willow (3% cover), Pacific willow (3% cover) and twinberry (3%
cover).

Washington. These species include bog-rosemary (2% cover), scrub birch (1% cover),
Labrador tea (1% cover), crowberry (1% cover), dwarf blueberry (trace) and bog laurel
(trace).

Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry T Yes
Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 2 Yes
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 1 Yes
Gaultheria shallon salal 1 Yes
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel T Yes
Ledum
groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 Yes
55
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Physocarpus
capitatus Pacific ninebark 2 Yes
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T Yes
Salix lucida ssp.
lasiandra Pacific willow 3 Yes
Sambucus
racemosa red elderberry 2 Yes
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow T Yes
Vaccinium
caespitosum dwarf blueberry T Yes
Vaccinium ovatum
evergreen
huckleberry T Yes
Vaccinium
ovalifolium
oval-leaved
blueberry T Yes
1

Zone 3 herbaceous species

A total of 77 species were recorded in Zone 3, of which 54 are native, 19 are non-native
and four are undetermined (Table 18). The most dominant species in this zone are
composed of various sedges (23% combined cover, of which slough sedge is the most
dominant with 15% cover), woolgrass (19% cover), Pacific silverweed (18% cover),
various asters (18% cover), fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium) (14%
cover) and small bedstraw (Galium trifidum) (14% cover). Due to the fact that the survey
was completed in early spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to
species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park
that were identified later in the year.

As this is a peat cell, many bog and wetland species are present in this zone, such as:
various rush species (11% combined cover), marsh cinquefoil (3% cover), common spike
rush (Eleocharis palustris) (2% cover), mannagrass (2% cover), American speedwell (2%
cover), northern water plantain (trace), American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne)
(trace), white marsh marigold (trace), wapato (trace), hard-stemmed bulrush (trace),
small-seeded bulrush (trace) and Idaho blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium idahoense) (trace)
(Table 18).

Of the 19 non-native species which were recorded in this zone, six are considered to be
invasive. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) and
English ivy (Hedera helix) are all listed as Non-designated Noxious Weeds in King
County by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program (2007). These species were
56
present in very small quantities of trace, 1% cover and trace respectively. Additionally,
creeping buttercup (1% cover), nipplewort (trace) and meadow buttercup (Ranunculus
acris) (trace) are also considered to be invasive species but do not have a legal
designation at this time.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Achillea millefolium yarrow 3 F Yes
Alisma triviale
northern water
plantain T F Yes
Allium sp. onion T F X
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 2 G Yes
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T F Yes
Aquilegia formosa western columbine T F Yes
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 F Yes
Beckmannia syzigachne
American
sloughgrass T G Yes
Caltha leptosepala
white marsh
marigold T F Yes
Camassia quamash small camas T F Yes
Camassia sp. camas T F Yes
Carex viridula green sedge 2 G Yes
Castilleja miniata
common red
paintbrush 3 F Yes
ssp. angustifolium fireweed 14 F Yes
Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T F No
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 2 G Yes
watsonii
Watson's
willowherb 2 F Yes
Festuca rubra red fescue 1 G Yes
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry T F Yes
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 9 F Yes
57
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Geranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 F No
Hedera helix* English ivy T F No
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 10 G Yes
Iris tenax Oregon iris T F Yes
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 1 G Yes
Juncus effusus soft rush T G X
Lapsana communis** nipplewort T F No
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 1 F Yes
Luzula multiflora common woodrush 2 G Yes
Mimulus guttatus
yellow monkey-
flower 4 F Yes
Myosotis laxa
small-flowered
forget-me-not T F Yes
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon T F Yes
Plantago major
broad-leaved
plantain 1 F No
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T F Yes
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 1 F Yes
Sagittaria latifolia wapato T F Yes
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue T G No
var. acutus
hard-stemmed
bulrush T G Yes
Scirpus microcarpus
small-seeded
bulrush T G Yes
Henderson's
checker-mallow T F Yes
Sisyrinchium idahoense
Idaho blue-eyed
grass T F Yes
Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle T F No
cooleyae hedgenettle 1 F Yes
58
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Taraxacum officinale dandelion T F No
Thalictrum occidentale
western
meadowrue 1 F Yes
Trientalis borealis ssp.
latifolia starflower 1 F Yes
Trifolium pratense red clover T F No
Trifolium repens white Dutch clover T F No
Veronica americana
American
Speedwell 2 F Yes
Vicia sativa garden vetch 1 F No
Viola adunca early blue violet T F Yes
1
2
3

Zone 4 Peat Cell 4


Fourteen species of shrubs, 19 species of forbs and 29 graminoid species were planted in
Zone 4 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table
19). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A).

Additionally, 14 species were seeded in Zone 4 during the years for which management
zone-specific records were kept (Table 20). These species consist of two shrub species,
three forb species and nine graminoid species.

Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2005 2006
Shrubs
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 40
Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 10 30
Gaultheria shallon salal 4" pot 200
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 gallon 300
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 4" pot 250
Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 70 15
bare-root 10
59
Spiraea douglasii hardhack 1 gallon 75
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 gallon 50
Forbs
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 7" plug 10
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 4" pot 25
Caltha palustris
yellow marsh
marigold 4" pot 25
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 200 100
Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny 7" plug 50
Mentha arvensis wild mint 10" plug 1300 1300
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet 4" pot 30
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap bare-root 75
4" pot 50
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 4" pot 25
var. subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 200
4" pot 100
Viola palustris marsh violet 4" pot 75
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 100
Carex aquatilis water sedge bare-root 150
Carex arcta
northern cluster
sedge bare-root 75
Carex canescens silvery sedge 1 gallon 5
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 1 gallon 50
4" pot 100
bare-root 50
Carex densa dense sedge bare-root 100
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" pot 64
Carex echinata star sedge bare-root 100
Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge bare-root 350
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 10" plug 170
Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 400 3000 1000
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 200
60
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 10" plug 200
4" pot 50
Carex utriculata
Northwest Territory
sedge 7" plug 350
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 10" plug 300
3" plug 90
7" plug 70
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass bare-root 300
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush bare-root 200
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 10" plug 200
7" plug 200
Glyceria grandis
American
mannagrass 10" plug 400 100
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 1 gallon 50
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100 80
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 580
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush bare-root 150
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" pot 250
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 372 650

Table 20. Species and plant quantities seeded in Zone 4 Peat Cell 4
Scientific Name Common Name 2000 2001 2006
Shrubs
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel X
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea X
Forbs
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet X
Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X
Graminoid Species
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X X
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X

61


No overstory trees were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey. One native and
one non-native species were present in the midstory and regenerating layer in trace
amounts. These species were European white birch (Betula pendula) and black
cottonwood (Table 21).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Betula pendula European white birch T No
trichocarpa black cottonwood T Yes
1
2

Zone 4 Shrubs

Fifteen species were recorded in Zone 4 during the 2007 survey, of which 14 are native
and one is non-native (Table 22). The shrub layer is very open with a total percent cover
of 32%. Sitka willow is the most dominant species in the zone (8%, cover), followed by
cascara (Frangula purshiana) (7% cover), western crabapple (Malus fusca) (6% cover)
and clustered wildrose (Rosa pisocarpa) (5% cover) (Table 22).

One non-native species, scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) is classified as a Non-
designated Noxious Weed by the King County Noxious Weed Control Program
(2007). It was found in this zone at an average percent cover of 1% (Table 22).

Table 22. Shrub species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Betula glandulosa scrub birch T Yes
Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom 1 No
Gaultheria shallon salal T Yes
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea T Yes
62
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Frangula purshiana cascara 7 Yes
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 1 Yes
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 5 Yes
Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry T Yes
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow T Yes

Zone 4 Herbaceous Species

A total of 39 species were recorded in Zone 4 during the 2007 survey, of which 31 are
native, four are non-native and four are non-determined (Table 23). Woolgrass, various
sedge species and small-seeded bulrush are the most dominant species in the zone with
average percent covers of 30%, 25% and 24% respectively. Other common species in
this zone include broadfruit bur-reed (Sparganium eurycarpum) (19% cover), mannagrass
(11% cover), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) (8% cover) and blue wildrye
(Elymus glaucus) (8% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early
spring, many sedge and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains
a list of various sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the
year.

Wetland and bog species found in this zone include: various rush species (5% combined
cover), Pacific silverweed (4% cover), marsh cinquefoil (1% cover), common spike rush
(1% cover), wapato (1% cover), soft-stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)
(1% cover), American speedwell (1% cover), northern water plantain (trace), skunk
cabbage (Lysichiton americanus) (trace), water parsley (trace), hard-stemmed bulrush
(trace) (Table 23).

Of the four non-native species present in this zone, three are considered to be
invasive. Creeping buttercup, herb Robert and reed canarygrass are present at average
percent covers of 2%, 1% and trace respectively.

Table 23. Herbaceous species found in Zone 4 in Roxhill Park during the 2007
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Alisma triviale northern water plantain T F Yes
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 4 F Yes
63
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
coarse woody debris T O X
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 8 G Yes
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage T F Yes
Mentha arvensis wild mint T F Yes
Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass T G No
Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1 F Yes
acutus hard-stemmed bulrush T G Yes
Scirpus aff. atrocinctus 3 G Yes
Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 G Yes
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 19 G Yes
unknown grass species T G X
Veronica americana American speedwell 1 F Yes
Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell T F Yes
1
2
3

64

Zone 5 - Peat Edge Phase II


Twenty five species were planted in Zone 5 during the years for which management
zone-specific records were kept (Table 24). These species consist of one tree species,
seven shrub species, 15 forb species and two graminoid species. In addition, this zone
was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). No species were
seeded in this zone.

Table 24. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 5 Peat Edge Phase II
Trees
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 gallon 15
Shrubs
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 4" pot 800
bare-root 150
Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 100 1000 328
10" plug 300
4" pot 487

styroblock
plug 1000
4" pot 185
Mahonia repens creeping barberry 1 gallon 329
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 90 600 66
2" pot 2193
Forbs
Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone 4" pot 50
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 400
7" plug 302
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 10" plug 1686 84
4" pot 300 1128 1000
Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 100
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 10" plug 100
Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 180 196
bare-root 300
Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass bare-root 100
65
Table 24. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 5 Peat Edge Phase II
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass 7" plug 83
bare-root 17
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 50
brevistyla sticky false asphodel 7" plug 96
Graminoid Species
Carex obnupta slough sedge 10" plug 500 1200
bare-root 2500 850


This very open area encompasses the upland edges of Peat Cells 1-3 (Zones 1, 2, 3). The
only overstory present in this zone consists of several branches of a London planetree
(Platanus x acerfolia) which is extending from the adjacent Street Green (Zone 6) (Table
25). Five species are found in the midstory and regenerating layer, of which four are
native and one is non-native. All species were found in very small
quantities. Regenerating conifer species consisted of Sitka spruce (1% cover), shore pine
(trace) and western hemlock (trace). Deciduous species included red alder (trace) and a
non-native species, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) (trace).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T No
Pinus contorta shore pine T Yes
1
2

Zone 5 Shrubs

A total of 21 shrub species were recorded in Zone 5, of which 20 are native and one is
non-native (Table 26). The shrub layer in this zone is sparse, with a total shrub cover of
34%. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) (8% cover), is the most common species found,
followed by Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana) (5% cover), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium
ovatum) (4% cover), red-osier dogwood (3% cover) and Hookers willow (3% cover).
66

One non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), is present in
trace amounts. This species is classified as a Noxious Weed of Concern by the King
County Noxious Weed Control Program. These are widespread invasive species which
threaten native ecosystems by displacing native vegetation and degrading wildlife and
plant habitats. Control and containment of existing populations of these species is
recommended (King County 2007).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2
Native
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 Yes
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray T Yes
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 Yes
Mahonia repens creeping barberry 2 Yes
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 1 Yes
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant T Yes
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 5 Yes
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose T Yes
Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry T No
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry T Yes
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 4 Yes
1
2


A total of 44 species were recorded in Zone 5 during the 2007 survey, of which 34 are
native, eight are non-native and two are undertermined (Table 27). This zone serves as a
buffer to the peat cells and abuts numerous paths. As a result, this area has a more
landscaped look with vegetation that will not obstruct pedestrian access. Beach
strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is the dominant species in this zone, with an average
percent cover of 52%. Sedge (24% cover) and aster species (23% cover) make up an
important component of the herbaceous vegetation in this zone, along with meadow
67
barley (Hordeum brachyantherum) (14% cover) and arctic lupine (Lupinus arcticus) (9%
cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge and
aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various sedge
and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year.

Of the eight non-native species recorded in the zone, Douglas's iris (Iris douglasiana) is
the most common, with a 4% average percent cover. This species was extensively
planted by Starflower Foundation, however its native range is south of Washington
state. None of the non-native species are considered to be invasive.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone T F Yes
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 1 F Yes
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 1 F Yes
Camassia leichtlinii large camas T F Yes
Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb 1 F Yes
Festuca rubra red fescue T G Yes
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 52 F Yes
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 6 F Yes
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 4 F No
Lotus unifoliolatus
trefoil 1 F Yes
68
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 1 F Yes
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T F Yes
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon T F Yes
Poa annua annual bluegrass T G No
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup T F Yes
mallow 1 F Yes
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod T F Yes
Vicia sativa garden vetch T F No
1
2
3

Zone 6 - Street Green


Five species of shrubs and one species of forb were planted in Zone 6 during the years for
which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 28). In addition, this zone
was included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). No species were
seeded in this zone.

Table 28. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 6 Street Green
Shrubs
2 gallon 15
Mahonia repens creeping barberry 1 gallon 15
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 120
Forbs


69
Two species of non-native trees were recorded in the overstory in Zone 6 (Table
29). The canopy in this landscaped zone is quite open, with a total percent cover of 43%
and consisting mostly of horticultural species that existed on the site prior to restoration
work. These species include London planetree (25% cover) and green ash (18% cover).

In the midstory and regenerating layer five species were recorded, of which four are
native and one is non-native (Table 29). The regenerating layer is composed of
deciduous trees, consisting of Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) (6% cover), bitter
cherry (Prunus emarginata) (5% cover), red alder (3% cover) and paperbark birch (1%
cover). One non-native species, green ash was found at an average percent cover of 1%.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover Native
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 18 No
Alnus rubra red alder 3 Yes
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 2 Yes
Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood 6 Yes
Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 5 Yes
1

Zone 6 shrubs

Eighteen species of native shrubs were recorded in Zone 6 during the 2007 survey (Table
30). The shrub layer in this zone has a combined percent cover of 60%. Red-osier
dogwood (9% cover), salal (9% cover), tall Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) (8%
cover), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor) (7% cover) and snowberry (Symphoricarpos
albus) (6% cover) are the most dominant species in this zone.

Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Acer circinatum vine maple 2 Yes
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 7 Yes
70
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Philadelphus lewisii
Lewis' mock-
orange 2 Yes
Ribes sanguineum
red-flowering
currant 1 Yes
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry T Yes
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry T Yes
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 6 Yes
Vaccinium ovatum
evergreen
huckleberry 4 Yes
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 Yes
1


A total of 19 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 16 are
native, two are non native and one is undetermined (Table 31). The dominant herbaceous
species in this landscaped zone is beach strawberry, which has an average percent cover
of 66%. Sword fern (Polystichum munitum) is the second most dominant species with a
percent cover of 24%. Due to the landscaped nature of this area, mulch makes up a
considerable component of the understory (7% cover). The northern section of the zone,
closer to the street is planted with upland species, whereas the southern section as it nears
Peat Cell 1 (Zone 1) has a greater component of wetland species.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Camassia quamash small camas 3 F Yes
watsonii Watson's willowherb T F Yes
Festuca rubra red fescue T G Yes
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens T F Yes
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 1 F Yes
71
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
mulch 7 O X
Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 F No
1
2
3

Zone 7 - Maple Woods Phase II


Three species of shrubs and one species of forbs were planted in Zone 7 during the years
for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 32). Also, this zone was
included in the initial Phase II planting in 2002 (Appendix B). An additional 33 forb
species and seven graminoid species were seeded in this zone (Table 33).

Table 32. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 7 Maple Woods Phase II
Shrubs
Forbs

Table 33. Species seeded in Zone 7 Maple Woods Phase II
Forbs
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf X
Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder X
Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster X
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce X
72
Table 33. Species seeded in Zone 7 Maple Woods Phase II
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry X
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart X
Heracleum maximum cow parsley X
Maianthemum stellatum star-flowered false solomon's seal X
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon X
Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon X
Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk X
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue X
Graminoid Species


Four species of non-native trees were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey (Table
34). These trees are horticultural species that existed on the site prior to restoration
work. The canopy in this zone is quite open with a total cover of 43%. London planetree
is the most dominant species, with an average of 37% cover in the zone. Small amounts
of American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) (4% cover), green ash (1% cover) and
European white birch (1% cover) are also present.

Five species of native trees have been underplanted in this zone, consisting of mostly
deciduous species (Table 34). Paperbark birch is the most common species (7% cover),
73
followed by big-leaf maple (3% cover), red alder (2% cover), grand fir (Abies grandis)
(trace) and bitter cherry (trace).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Betula pendula European white birch 1 No
Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum 4 No
Abies grandis grand fir T Yes
Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 3 Yes
Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T Yes
1
2

Zone 7 Shrubs

A total of 30 species were found in Zone 7 during the 2007 survey, of which 29 are
native and one is non-native (Table 35). The shrub layer in this zone is very well
developed, with a cover of 110%, indicating the presence of multiple strata. The most
common species in this upland forested zone are: Nootka rose (14% cover), Pacific
ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus) (11% cover), snowberry (11% cover), salal (10%
cover) and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) (10% cover). Less common species include
willows (combined cover of 8%), beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) (7% cover), Indian
plum (Oemleria cerasiformis) (7% cover), red-osier dogwood (6% cover) and red
elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) (5% cover).

One non-native species, Himalayan blackberry was found in trace amounts in this zone
(Table 35).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry T Yes
Frangula purshiana cascara T Yes
74
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 Yes
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 7 Yes
Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 Yes
Rhododendron
macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 Yes
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry T Yes
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow T Yes
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 5 Yes
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry T Yes
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry T Yes
1
2


native, three are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 36). The herbaceous
component in this area is dominated by giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) with an
average percent cover of 22%. Other common species in this zone include Watson's
willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii) (10% cover) and coltsfoot (Petasites
frigidus var. palmatus) (10% cover).

Several species not commonly seen in urban parks in Seattle are present in this zone such
as: wild ginger (Asarum caudatum) (trace), Scoulers fumewort (Corydalis scouleri)
(trace), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana) (trace) and trillium (Trillium ovatum) (trace).

75
Three non-native species are found in this zone in trace amounts, of which two are
considered to be invasive. Deadly nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) is classified as a
Noxious Weed of Concern in King County (King County 2007). Creeping buttercup is
also present in this zone, but does not have a legal designation at this time.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2
Life
Form
3
Native
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard T F Yes
Asarum caudatum wild ginger T F Yes
Blechnum spicant deerfern 1 F Yes
coarse woody debris 4 O X
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort T F Yes
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass T G Yes
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 F Yes
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 1 F Yes
Dryopteris expansa wood fern 1 F Yes
Elymus repens quackgrass T G No
Equisetum arvense common horsetail T F Yes
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail 22 F Yes
mulch 2 O X
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T F Yes
Petasites frigidus var.
palmatus coltsfoot 10 F Yes
Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup T F No
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass T G Yes
Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T F No
Stachys chamissonis
var. cooleyae hedgenettle 2 F Yes
Tellima grandiflora fringecup 1 F Yes
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 1 F Yes
Trillium ovatum trillium T F Yes
1
2
3
76

Zone 8 - Maple Woods Phase I


A total of 49 species including six shrub species, 40 forb species and three graminoid
species were planted in Zone 8 during the years for which management zone-specific
records were kept (Table 37). In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase I
planting in 2000 (Appendix A). No species were seeded in this zone.

Table 37. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 8 Maple Woods Phase I
Shrubs
Gaultheria shallon salal 1 gallon 60 30
styroblock plug 435
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 60 30
10" plug 310
Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10
2" pot 60
Forbs
Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder 4" pot 30
Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern 4" pot 15
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 4" pot 80
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 gallon 10
10" plug 90
Asarum caudatum wild ginger 4" pot 60
Blechnum spicant deerfern 4" pot 20
Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine 4" pot 20
Circaea alpina
small enchanter's
nightshade rhizome 1
Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce 10" plug 100
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce 7" plug 30
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 4" pot 70
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort 1 gallon 5
7" plug 25
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 4" pot 80
Dryopteris expansa wood fern bare-root 50
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily 4" pot 60
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 4" pot 80
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 1 gallon 5
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 4" pot 65
77
Table 37. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 8 Maple Woods Phase I
Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 100
Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle 10" plug 70
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley 4" pot 125
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 10" plug 80
star-flowered false
solomon's seal 4" pot 70
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 4" pot 110
palmatus coltsfoot 1 gallon 15
bare-root 120
cooleyae hedgenettle 10" plug 60

rhizome bag
(salvage) 1
Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk 4" pot 20
Streptopus lanceolatus var.
roseus rosy twistedstalk 4" pot 40
Tiarella trifoliata foamflower 4" pot 125
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 4" pot 133
Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 4" pot 40
Trillium ovatum trillium 1 gallon 25
Graminoid Species
bare-root 100
Luzula parviflora
small-flowered
woodrush 7" plug 40


Four species of overstory trees were recorded during the 2007 survey, of which two are
native and two are non-native horticultural species (Table 38). The horticultural species
existed on the site prior to restoration work. London planetree is the most dominant
species with an average percent cover of 62%, while the other horticultural species, tulip
tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is present in small quantities (6% cover). The two native
overstory species are composed of red alder (16% cover) and paperbark birch (5%
cover).

A total of nine midstory and regenerating tree species were recorded in this zone. Six of
these species are native and three are non-native (Table 38). Red alder is the most
78
dominant species (13% cover), followed by bitter cherry (9% cover) and big-leaf maple
(7% cover). Conifers were also underplanted in this zone and include Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) (5% cover), shore pine (1% cover) and western hemlock (1%
cover).

Three non-native species were recorded in the midstory and regenerating layer in Zone 8
(Table 38). Two of these species are horticultural and one is considered to be
invasive. English holly (Ilex aquifolium) is classified as a Noxious Weed of Concern in
King County (King County 2007). This species was present in trace quantities in the
zone.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Native
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree 6 No
Ilex aquifolium* English holly T No
Prunus sp. horticultural cherry species T No
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 5 Yes
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 Yes
1
2

Zone 8 Shrubs

Twenty-four native shrub species were recorded in Zone 8 during the 2007 survey (Table
39). The shrub layer in this zone is very well developed with a total percent cover of well
over 100%, indicating the presence of multiple shrub strata. Vine maple (Acer
circinatum) (22% cover), red elderberry (21% cover), Indian plum (19% cover),
salmonberry (18% cover), Pacific ninebark (17% cover), red-osier dogwood (17% cover),
beaked hazelnut (15% cover) and cascara (14% cover) are the most dominant species in
this zone.

79

Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn T Yes
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape T Yes
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 Yes
Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry 1 Yes
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 21 Yes
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 Yes
1


Seventeen herbaceous species were recorded in Zone 8 during the 2007 survey, of which
15 are native and two are non-native (Table 40). The herbaceous layer in this zone is
sparse, with a total percent cover of 38%. Sword fern is the most dominant species,
providing 23% out of the 38% total cover. Other less common species in this zone
include hedgenettle (Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae) (5% cover), goatsbeard
(Aruncus dioicus) (4% cover), fireweed (1% cover), Scoulers fumewort (1% cover),
redwood sorrel (1% cover) and coltsfoot (1% cover).

Two non-native invasive species were recorded in this zone in small quantities. Hedge
false bindweed (Calystegia sepium) and deadly nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) are both
classified as Noxious Weeds of Concern (King County 2007) and are present in trace
quantities and 1% average cover respectively.

80

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Achillea millefolium yarrow T F Yes
Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T F No
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T G Yes
angustifolium fireweed 1 F Yes
Corydalis scouleri Scoulers fumewort 1 F Yes
Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watsons willowherb T F Yes
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail T F Yes
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf T F Yes
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T F Yes
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 1 F Yes
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 1 F Yes
Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade 1 F No
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 5 F Yes
1
2
3

Zone 9 - Peat Edge Phase I


A total of one tree species, six shrub species and three forb species were planted in Zone
9 during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table
41). Also, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A).
In addition, 24 species of forbs and 23 graminoid species were seeded in the zone during
the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 42).
81

Table 41. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 9 Peat Edge Phase I
Scientific Name Common Name Size 2005 2006
Trees
Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 gallon 15
Shrubs
Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita 1 gallon 20
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 75 20
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 1 gallon 75 20
Forbs
Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star bare-root 50
Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow bare-root 150

Table 42. Species seeded in Zone 9 Peat Edge Phase I
Forbs
Achillea millefolium yarrow X X
Allium cernuum nodding onion X
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X X
Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X X
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X X
Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur X
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine X X
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X X
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed X X
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X X
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine X X
Myosotis laxa
small-flowered forget-me-
not X
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X X
82
Table 42. Species seeded in Zone 9 Peat Edge Phase I
Veronica americana American Speedwell X
Graminoid Species
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail X X
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X X
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge X X
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge X
Danthonia californica California oatgrass X
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X X
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye X X
Festuca rubra red fescue X X
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass X X
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X X
Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X


This very open area encompasses the upland edges of Peat Cell 4 (Table 43). No
overstory trees were recorded in this zone. Three species of native trees were recorded in
this zone in small quantities. These species include red alder (3% cover), Oregon ash
(Fraxinus latifolia) (1% cover) and Sitka spruce (1% cover).

Table 43. Regenerating tree species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill
Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Average Percent
Cover Native
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 Yes

83
Zone 9 Shrubs

A total of 17 native shrub species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey
(Table 44). The shrub layer in this zone is sparse, with a total cover of 36%. Clustered
wildrose is the most common species, with an average percent cover of 9%. Other
species present in smaller amounts include sweet gale (5% cover), tall Oregon grape (4%
cover), western crabapple (4% cover), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) (2% cover),
cascara (2% cover), salal (2% cover), salmonberry (2% cover) and Sitka willow (2%
cover).

Table 44. Shrub species found in Zone 9 in Roxhill Park during
the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Average Percent
Cover
1
Native
Betula glandulosa scrub birch T Yes
Lonicera involucrata twinberry T Yes
Rosa sp. rose 1 Yes
Rubus leucodermis blackcap T Yes
Vaccinium ovatum
evergreen
huckleberry 1 Yes
1


A total of 45 species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which 30
species are native, 11 are non-native and four are undetermined (Table 45). The
herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoid species, blue wildrye (29% cover) and
meadow barley (27% cover) in particular. Other common graminoid species are
composed of tufted hairgrass (16% cover), red fescue (Festuca rubra) (16% cover),
various sedge species (14% cover), small-seeded bulrush (11% cover) and slough sedge
(10% cover). Due to the fact that the survey was completed in early spring, many sedge
and aster species were not identified to species. Appendix D contains a list of various
sedge and aster species present in the park that were identified later in the year.

84
Of the 11 non-native species recorded in this zone, only one is considered to be
invasive. Creeping buttercup was recorded in the zone at an average percent cover of 1%
(Table 45).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail T G Yes
Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail T G No
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting 1 F Yes
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern T F Yes
Bromus sp. brome T G X
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush T F Yes
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 3 F Yes
Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium T F No
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 2 F Yes
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 2 F Yes
Mentha arvensis wild mint 1 F Yes
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 G No
85
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass T F Yes
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch T F No
Vicia sativa garden vetch T F No
Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue 1 G No
1
2
3

Zone 10 - Upper Basin


Thirteen forb and 11 graminoid species were planted in Zone 10 during the years for
which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 46). Also, this zone was
included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A). In addition, 18 species of
forbs and 18 graminoid species were seeded in this zone (Table 47).

Table 46. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 10 Upper Basin
Forbs
Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold 4" pot 38
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 10" plug 25 100
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4" pot 100
bare-root 50
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 4" pot 50
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 1 gallon 10
4" pot 25
Sagittaria latifolia wapato 4" plug 20
subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 25
4" pot 100
Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 4" pot 40
86
Table 46. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 10 Upper Basin
Graminoid Species
Carex comosa longhaired sedge 10" plug 200
bare-root 50
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 4" pot 25
4" pot 50
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 4" pot 175
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass 10" plug 450
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 4" pot 200
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 300

Table 47. Species seeded in Zone 10 Upper Basin
Forbs
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed X
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley X X X
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X
Graminoid Species
87
Table 47. Species seeded in Zone 10 Upper Basin
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge X X
Carex vesicaria blister sedge X X
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass X X
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush X X
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X


This zone consists of an open water channel surrounded by a meadow on the west side
(Zone 11) and a forested area on the east side (Zone 12). Although no overstory is
present in this zone, a substantial amount of red alder is regenerating on the banks of the
channel, and provides 26% cover in the zone. A small amount of aspen (Populus
tremuloides) is also present (1% cover) (Table 48).

Average Percent
Cover Native
Populus tremuloides aspen 1 Yes

Zone 10 Shrubs

A total of seven native shrub species were recorded in Zone 10 during the 2007 survey
(Table 49). Willows are the most dominant species in this zone, with a combined percent
cover of 47% and are composed of three species: Scoulers willow (33% cover), Sitka
willow (11% cover) and Pacific willow (3% cover). Red-osier dogwood is also a
dominant species in this zone, with an average percent cover of 38%. Some less common
species include clustered wildrose (14% cover), Pacific nincebark (7% cover) and
western crabapple (6% cover).

88
Table 49. Shrub species found in Zone 10 in Roxhill Park during
the 2007 survey. Values represent percent cover.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover Native
Salix lucida ssp.
lasiandra Pacific willow 3 Yes


A total of 27 herbaceous species were found in Zone 10 during the 2007 survey, of which
22 species are native, three species are non-native and two species are undetermined
(Table 50). The majority of species in this zone are aquatic and wetland species. The
most dominant species include various sedges (24% total cover), broadfruit bur-reed
(19% cover), water foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus) (18% cover), (tufted hairgrass (17%
cover) and small-seeded bulrush (15% cover). Less common species include common
spike rush (9% cover), woolgrass (9% cover), mannagrass (7% cover), American
speedwell (7% cover) and inside-out flower (Vancouveria hexandra) (6% cover).

One non-native invasive species, creeping buttercup was recorded in this zone with a
cover of 2%.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Agrostis sp. bentgrass 3 G X
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass T G No
Eleocharis sp. spike rush 1 G Yes
Galium trifidum small bedstraw T F Yes
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass 1 G No
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T G Yes
89
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Juncus tenuis slender rush 2 G Yes
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 F Yes
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 3 F Yes
open water 4 O X
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet T F Yes
var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 4 G Yes
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 19 G Yes
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 6 F Yes
Veronica americana American Speedwell 7 F Yes
1
2
3

Zone 11 Meadow

A total of 98 species were planted in this zone during the years for which management
zone-specific records were kept (Table 51). These plantings are composed of seven tree
species, 12 shrub species, 64 forb species and 15 graminoid species. Also, this zone was
included in the initial Phase I planting in 2000 (Appendix A).

In addition, 43 species of forbs and 23 species of graminoids were seeded in this zone
(Table 52).

Table 51. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 11 Meadow
Scientific Name Common Name Size 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006
Trees
bare-root 4
Pinus contorta shore pine 1 gallon 20
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 gallon 23 7
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 gallon 10 5

90
Shrubs
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 4" pot 28
Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush bare-root 100
10" plug 250
4" pot 100
4" pot 42
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 30
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry 10" plug 10
Vaccinium ovatum
evergreen
huckleberry 1 gallon 70 42
Forbs
Achillea millefolium yarrow 10" plug 400
4" pot 500
Allium cernuum nodding onion 4" pot 200
bare-root 50
4" pot 50
bare-root 250
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica 7" plug 22
Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes 10" plug 15
bare-root 250 600
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 10" plug 356 151
4" pot 200
7" plug 43
bare-root 150
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 10" plug 100
bare-root 60
Camassia quamash small camas 4" pot 200 216
bulb 200
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower 4" pot 10
7" plug 97
7" plug 150
Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush 4" pot 100
Castilleja miniata
common red
paintbrush 10" plug 300
4" pot 100
91
angustifolium fireweed bare-root 318
Claytonia sibirica
Siberian miner's
lettuce 7" plug 146
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 1 gallon 18
star 4" pot 50
rhizome 10
Dryopteris expansa wood fern 4" pot 50
Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 7" plug 199
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane 4" pot 150
7" plug 54
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine 1 gallon 150
10" plug 74
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily bulb 50
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily bulb 100
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 4" pot 800
7" plug 458
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily 10" plug 150
4" pot 80
Gilia capitata blue-head gilia 7" plug 72
Goodyera oblongifolia
western rattlesnake
plantain 4" pot 10
Heuchera micrantha
small-flowered
alumroot 10" plug 400
Iris tenax Oregon iris 10" plug 209
Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 320 500
Lithophragma parviflorum
small-flowered
woodland star 4" plug 400
7" plug 400
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 10" plug 122
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 4" pot 100
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 4" pot 100
douglasii Douglas' grasswidow 4" pot 100
Penstemon procerus
litte-flower
penstemon 10" plug 16
Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder 7" plug 8
92
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 2" pot 300
mallow bare-root 108
Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass 4" pot 150
Idaho blue-eyed
grass bare-root 75
Sisyrinchium idahoense var.
macounii
Macoun's blue-eyed
grass 10" plug 25
bare-root 375
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 675 100
4" pot 200
bare-root 400
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod 10" plug 400 220
bare-root 100
var. subspicatum Douglas aster 1 gallon 153
10" plug 227 20
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 gallon 20
Trillium ovatum trillium 4" pot 10
Viola adunca early blue violet 10" plug 210
4" pot 20
Viola praemorsa canary violet 4" pot 75
Graminoid Species
4" pot 405
bare-root 150
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 gallon 75
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 4" pot 54
Cinna latifolia drooping woodreed 10" plug 200
Danthonia californica California oatgrass 4" pot 25
4" pot 400
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 10" plug 240
Chamisso's cotton-
grass 4" plug 200

93
4" pot 400
Festuca rubra red fescue 4" plug 600
4" pot 50
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 10" plug 100 235
4" plug 265
Luzula parviflora
small-flowered
woodrush 4" plug 200

Table 52. Species seeded in Zone 11 Meadow
Forbs
Achillea millefolium yarrow X X
Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion X
Allium cernuum nodding onion X
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting X X X
Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush X
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush X
Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed X X X
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X X
Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur X
Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star X
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X X
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine X X X
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily X
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens X X
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed X X
Lathyrus japonicus beach pea X
Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley X
Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold X
Lotus crassifolius big deer-vetch X
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil X X X
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine X
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine X X
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine X X
94
Table 52. Species seeded in Zone 11 Meadow
Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X X
Olsynium douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' grasswidow X
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod X X X
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod X
subspicatum Douglas aster X X
Veronica americana American Speedwell X
Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea giant vetch X
Graminoid Species
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail X X
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass X X
Carex obnupta slough sedge X X X
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge X X
Danthonia californica California oatgrass X
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass X X
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye X X
Festuca rubra red fescue X X
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley X X
Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X

95


No overstory trees were present in this open meadow area during the 2007 survey. Four
native species of regenerating trees were recorded, of which red alder is the most
common with an average percent cover of 10%. The remaining three species were
present at 1% cover and include: big-leaf maple, Douglas fir and western red cedar
(Table 53).

Average Percent
Cover Native
Thuja plicata western red cedar 1 Yes

Zone 11 Shrubs

A total of 19 species of shrubs were recorded in Zone 11 during the 2007 survey, of
which 18 are native and one is non-native (Table 54). The shrub layer is very sparse in
this open zone, with a total cover of 33%. The most common species are clustered
wildrose (8% cover) and Scoulers willow (6% cover). Several other species present in
smaller amounts include salmonberry (3% cover), serviceberry (2% cover), red-osier
dogwood (2% cover), salal (2% cover) and tall Oregon grape (2% cover).

One non-native invasive species, scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) was recorded in this
zone in trace amounts. Scotch broom is considered to be a Non-designated Noxious
Weed in King County (King County 2007).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Acer circinatum vine maple
T Yes
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry
2 Yes
Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut
1 Yes
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood
2 Yes
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn
1 Yes
Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom
T No
Gaultheria shallon salal
2 Yes
Lonicera involucrata twinberry
1 Yes
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape
2 Yes
Myrica gale sweet gale
1 Yes
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark
1 Yes
96
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant
T Yes
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose
8 Yes
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry
1 Yes
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry
3 Yes
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow
6 Yes
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow
T Yes
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry
1 Yes
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry
1 Yes
1
2


A total of 53 herbaceous species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of
which 29 are native, 19 are non-native and five are undetermined (Table 55). Blue
wildrye is the most dominant species and composes 51% cover in this zone. Other
important species include meadow barley (29% cover), American bird's-foot trefoil
(Lotus unifoliolatus) (22% cover) and red fescue (21% cover).

This zone is dominated by meadow species, some of which include: Canada goldenrod
(Solidago Canadensis) (6% cover), common red paintbrush (Castilleja miniata) (1%
cover), large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) (1% cover), graceful cinquefoil
(Potentilla gracilis) (1% cover), Henderson's checker-mallow (Sidalcea hendersonii)
(1% cover), small camas (Camassia quamash) (trace), Henderson's shooting star
(Dodecatheon hendersonii) (trace), Oregon sunshine (Eriophyllum lanatum) (trace),
Oregon iris (Iris tenax) (trace) and arctic lupine (trace) (Table 55).

Of the 19 non-native species recorded in this zone, three are considered to be invasive
and were all found in trace quantities. Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is classified
as a Non-designated Noxious Weed in King County (King County 2007), whereas
meadow buttercup and creeping buttercup do not have a legal designation at this time.
97

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Bellis perennis English daisy T F No
Bromus sp. brome T G X
Carex sp. sedge T G Yes
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush 1 F Yes
Dodecatheon
hendersonii Henderson's shooting star T F Yes
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine T F Yes
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily T F Yes
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily T F Yes
Galium aparine cleavers T F Yes
Glyceria sp. mannagrass T G Yes
gravel 2 O X
Hordeum
brachyantherum meadow barley 29 G Yes
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass T G No
Iris tenax Oregon iris T F Yes
Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil T F No
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil 22 F Yes
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine T F Yes
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 F Yes
Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T F No
98
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet T F Yes
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 G No
Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue 1 G No
Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T F No
mallow 1 F Yes
Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover T F No
unknown grass species T G X
Vicia sp. vetch 1 F X
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch 2 F No
Vicia sativa garden vetch 5 F No
Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue T G No
1
2
3

Zone 12 - Aspen Sweep

Forty-nine species consisting of one tree, four shrub, 36 forb and eight graminoid species
were planted in this zone during the years for which management zone-specific records
were kept (Table 56). In addition, this zone was included in the initial Phase I planting in
2000 (Appendix A). In particular, that is when the aspen were planted there. No species
were seeded in this zone.

Table 56. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 12 Aspen Sweep
Trees
Shrubs
styroblock plug 450
10" plug 200
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape 1 gallon 50

99
Forbs
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf 4" pot 50
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting bare-root 100
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica 10" plug 50
Blechnum spicant deerfern 2" pot 50
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam 7" plug 100
Cerastium arvense field chickweed 10" plug 20
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 7" plug 92
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 10" plug 171
western rattlesnake
plantain 4" pot 100
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 4" pot 104
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot 4" pot 25
7" plug 39
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 10" plug 100
bare-root 100
Lomatium nudicaule bare-stem desert-parsley 7" plug 200
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 4" pot 37
Mitella petandra five-stamened miterwort 7" plug 50
Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon 7" plug 196
bare-root 350
Prunella vulgaris common self heal bare-root 100
Symphyotrichum chilense California aster bare-root 100
var. subspicatum Douglas aster bare-root 100
Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin bulb 50
Trillium ovatum trillium 4" pot 50
Viola adunca early blue violet 10" plug 240
Graminoid Species
Carex inops long-stoloned sedge bare-root 100
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge bare-root 200
100
Luzula parviflora small-flowered woodrush 10" plug 72


This young forested zone is composed of a thick layer of regenerating trees, and a small
amount of mature overstory that was present prior to the restoration project. One
horticultural pine species (Pinus sp.) was recorded in the overstory at an average percent
cover of 8% (Table 57). Thirteen tree species were recorded in the midstory and
regenerating layer, of which nine are native and four are non-native. Aspen is the most
dominant species with an average percent cover of 61%. This zone contains both a
deciduous and a conifer regenerating component. The deciduous component consists of
red alder (10% cover), Oregon ash (2% cover), big-leaf maple (1% cover) and bitter
cherry (trace). Conifer species include shore pine (2% cover), grand fir (1% cover) and
Douglas fir (1% cover) (Table 57).

Of the four non-native species recorded in this zone, two are considered to be
invasive. Both one-seed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and English holly were found
in very small quantities (1% cover and trace respectively) and are spread by birds that
often drop seeds into natural areas.
101

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Pinus sp. pine 8 No
Abies grandis grand fir 1 Yes
Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn 1 No
Pinus sp. pine 3 No
Prunus sp.
horticultural cherry
species T No
1
2

Zone 12 shrubs

A total of 30 shrub species were recorded during the 2007 survey in this zone, of which
27 are native, two are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 58). The shrub layer in
this zone is very well developed, with a total cover of 128% indicating the presence of
multiple strata. The most dominant species are composed of clustered wildrose (19%
cover), snowberry (15% cover), Nootka rose (14% cover), thimbleberry (13% cover) and
Sitka willow (11% cover). Other common species include tall Oregon grape (8% cover),
oceanspray (7% cover), Pacific ninebark (6% cover), Pacific hawthorn (Crataegus
douglasii) (5% cover), salal (5% cover), Lewis mock-orange (Philadelphus lewisii) (4%
cover), salmonberry (4% cover) and creeping blackberry (Rubus ursinus) (3% cover)
(Table 58).
102

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Acer circinatum vine maple T Yes
Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster T No
Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom T No
Malus fusca western crabapple T Yes
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T Yes
Myrica gale sweet gale T Yes
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum T Yes
Oplopanax horridus devil's club T Yes
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant T Yes
unknown shrub species 1 X
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry T Yes
americanum American cranberrybush 2 Yes
1
2


native, 11 are non-native and two are undetermined (Table 59). Although a substantial
amount of diversity is present in this zone, most species are found in trace amounts, with
the total herbaceous cover in this zone equaling 49%. Bigleaf avens (Geum
103
macrophyllum) (9% cover), sword fern (8% cover) and beach strawberry (7% cover) are
the most common species present.

Woodland and wetland species present in small amounts in this zone include: white
marsh marigold (1% cover), coast penstemon (Penstemon serrulatus) (1% cover), vanilla
leaf (Achlys triphylla) (trace), kneeling angelica (Angelica genuflexa) (trace), western
columbine (Aquilegia Formosa) (trace), coastal brookfoam (Boykinia occidentalis)
(trace), small enchanter's nightshade (Circaea alpine) (trace), marsh cinquefoil (trace),
Hookers fairybells (Disporum hookeri) (trace), western rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera
oblongifolia) (trace), western oakfern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) (trace), small-flowered
alumroot (Heuchera micrantha) (trace), common woodrush (Luzula multiflora) (trace),
Brewer's miterwort (Mitella breweri) (trace), woodland penstemon (Nothochelone
nemorosa) (trace), Davidson's penstemon (Penstemon davidsonii) (trace) and showy
Jacob's ladder (Polemonium pulcherrimum) (trace).

Of the 11 non-native species found in this zone, five are considered to be invasive and
were all present in trace amounts. These species include hedge false bindweed, Canada
thistle, herb Robert, English ivy and creeping buttercup (Table 59).

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf T F Yes
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass T G No
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail T G Yes
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica T F Yes
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard T F Yes
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam T F Yes
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold 1 F Yes
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 2 G Yes
Circaea alpina
small enchanter's
nightshade T F Yes
Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T F No
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil T F Yes
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells T F Yes
104
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Elymus repens quackgrass T G No
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail T F Yes
Galium aparine cleavers T F Yes
Geranium robertianum* herb Robert T F No
western rattlesnake
plantain T F Yes
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern T F Yes
Hesperis matronalis dames rocket T F No
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot T F Yes
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 F Yes
Iris tenax Oregon iris 1 F Yes
Lapsana communis nipplewort 3 F No
Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass T G No
Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle T F Yes
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 1 F Yes
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine T F Yes
Luzula multiflora common woodrush T G Yes
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T F Yes
Mentha sp. mint 2 F X
Mitella breweri Brewer's mitrewort T F Yes
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T F Yes
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely T F Yes
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T F Yes
Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T F Yes
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 1 F Yes
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain T F No
Polemonium
pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder T F Yes
mallow 1 F Yes
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster 2 F Yes
Tellima grandiflora fringecup T F Yes
Viola adunca early blue violet 1 F Yes
105
1
2
3

Zone 13 - Upper Woodland

A total of 81 species consisting of four trees, 19 shrubs, 52 forb species and six
graminoid species were planted in this zone during the years for which management
zone-specific records were kept (Table 60). No species were seeded in this zone.

Table 60. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 13 Upper Woodland
Trees
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 gallon 20
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 1 gallon 24
Shrubs
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 gallon 20 20
4" pot 36
4" pot 370

styroblock
plug 720
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 66 10
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 1 gallon 20 270 30
10" plug 130 630
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 1 gallon 70 10
10" plug 30
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 1 gallon 15 10
4" pot 4
Rhododendron
macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 1 gallon 90 15
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 gallon 10
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 1 gallon 50 10
10" plug 50
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 1 gallon 40 4
106
10" plug 30
2" pot 820
americanum American cranberrybush 1 gallon 26
4" pot 24
Forbs
Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica bare-root 100
Camassia quamash small camas 4" pot 50
bulb 550
Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur 7" plug 20
Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur bulb 110
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 10" plug 50
Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star rhizome 70
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily bulb 100
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 10" plug 75
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 10" plug 75
small-flowered woodland
star 7" plug 200
Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine 10" plug 25
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 10" plug 75
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 4" pot 50
Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine bare-root 75
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 4" pot 75
Oplopanax horridus devil's club 1 gallon 10
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely 7" plug 27
4" pot 50
107
Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon 7" plug 100
Polystichum munitum sword fern 1 gallon 40 450 30
4" pot 120
bare-root 100
Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen 1 gallon 4
4" pot 5
Pyrola picta white-veined wintergreen 1 gallon 10
Rubus pedatus strawberry-leaf raspberry 10" plug 100
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 10" plug 50
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster 10" plug 100
latifolia starflower 1 gallon 4
4" pot 36
Viola sempervirens evergreen violet 4" pot 157 275
Graminoid Species
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge bare-root 100


This young forested zone contains a thick layer of regenerating trees, and a small amount
of mature horticultural overstory trees that were present prior to the restoration
project. Two species, American sweetgum and London planetree compose the overstory
layer with average percent cover of 5% and 3% respectively (Table 61). Fourteen species
were recorded in the midstory and regenerating tree layer, of which 11 are native and
three are non-native (Table 61). Decidous species are most dominant in this zone and
include red alder (18% cover), bitter cherry (14% cover), black cottonwood (6% cover),
aspen (2% cover), Oregon ash (1% cover) and big-leaf maple (trace). A conifer
component is also present in this zone and is composed of Douglas fir (7% cover),
western red cedar (5% cover), grand fir (1% cover) and Sitka spruce (trace). In addition,
108
a small amount of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), an evergreen broadleaf species, is
present in the zone (1% cover).

Of the three non-native species recorded in the zone, one is considered to be
invasive. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a common invasive species in the urban
setting, which is spread by birds from horticultural trees. This species was present in
trace quantities (Table 61).

Table 61. Overstory and regenerating tree species found in Zone 13
in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey. Values represent percent
cover.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Abies grandis grand fir 1 Yes
Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone 1 Yes
Pinus sp. pine 2 No
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T Yes
Populus nigra black poplar T No
Prunus avium** sweet cherry T No
Thuja plicata western red cedar 5 Yes
1
2

Zone 13 Shrubs

A total of 24 shrub species were recorded in this zone, of which 22 are native and two are
non-native (Table 62). Roses, consisting of Nootka rose (22% cover) and clustered
wildrose (3% cover) are the most dominant species in this zone, followed by
thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) (16% cover), Pacific ninebark (14% cover), Lewis
mock-orange (13% cover) and willow species (13% combined cover). Some less
common species include tall Oregon grape (7% cover), snowberry (7% cover), Pacific
hawthorn (5% cover) and salal (5% cover).
109

Two non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry and Simons cotoneaster
(Cotoneaster simonsii) were recorded in this zone, both in trace amounts (Table
62). Simons cotoneaster, along with other common horticultural cotoneaster species, is
often spread in natural areas by birds.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood T Yes
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T Yes
Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry T Yes
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow T Yes
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry T Yes
Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 2 Yes
1
2


A total of 45 herbaceous species were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, and
include 33 native species, 11 non-native species and one undetermined species (Table
63). The herbaceous layer is fairly dense in this zone (total percent cover of
64%). However, most species are present in trace quantities, with only a few prominent
110
species such as fireweed (20% cover), common horsetail (Equisetum arvense) (11%
cover) and sword fern (7% cover) making up over half the cover in this zone (Table
63). The majority of the remaining species in this zone are a combination of meadow and
wetland species similar to those found in Zones 11 and 12 which are adjacent to this
area.

Of the 11 non-native species recorded in this zone, three are considered to be
invasive. The majority of non-native species in this zone are present in trace
amounts. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) has the highest cover, 3%. Invasive
species found include hedge false bindweed, English ivy and deadly nightshade which all
have a legal designation in King County (King County 2007) and were all recorded in
trace amounts.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Agrostis gigantea redtop T G No
Blechnum spicant deerfern T F Yes
Carex sp. sedge T G Yes
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush T F Yes
angustifolium fireweed 20 F Yes
coarse woody debris T O X
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass T G Yes
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart T F Yes
Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watsons willowherb T F Yes
Equisetum arvense common horsetail 11 F Yes
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry T F Yes
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry T F Yes
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed T F Yes
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf T F Yes
Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T F No
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris T F No
111
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 F Yes
Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce T F No
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel 1 F Yes
Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T F Yes
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain T F No
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil T F Yes
mallow 1 F Yes
Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T F No
var. subspicatum Douglas aster 2 F Yes
Viola adunca early blue violet T F Yes
1
2
3

Zone 14 - LATCH Strip

Two shrub species, one forb species and one graminoid species were planted in this zone
during the years for which management zone-specific records were kept (Table 64). No
species were seeded in this zone.

Table 64. Species and plant quantities planted in Zone 14 LATCH Strip
Shrubs
Forbs
Graminoid Species

112

This zone was designed to provide a landscaped buffer between the park boundary and an
adjacent housing complex, while providing residents in the complex with a view of the
park. It overlies utility pipes which were excavated and serviced in 2002. Seattle Public
Utitlities re-planted the area in 2003. No trees were planted in this zone and the majority
of vegetation in this zone consists of shrubs and groundcovers. No overstory trees were
present in the zone during the 2007 survey. Three species of trees were recorded in the
midstory and regenerating layer; two native and one non-native (Table 65). The
regenerating layer is sparse, with a total cover of 6% due to the reasons stated
above. Red alder is the most common species with a 6% cover. Black cottonwood was
recorded in trace amounts. One horticultural pine species was also present at 1% cover.

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2
Native
Pinus sp. pine 1 No
1
2

Zone 14 Shrubs

Eighteen species of shrubs were recorded in this zone during the 2007 survey, of which
17 are native and one is non-native (Table 66). Roses and willows are the most dominant
species in this zone. The rose species consist of clustered wildrose (22% cover) and
Nootka rose (18% cover), while the willow species are composed of Pacific willow (10%
cover), Scoulers willow (8% cover) and Sitka willow (6% cover). Other common
species include Pacific ninebark (12% cover), snowberry (11% cover), salal (9% cover),
evergreen huckleberry (8% cover), tall Oregon grape (7% cover), thimbleberry (7%
cover) and hardhack (6% cover) (Table 66).

One non-native invasive species, Himalayan blackberry, was present in small quantities
in this zone (1% cover) (Table 66).
113

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover Native
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange T Yes
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 10 Yes
Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry 1 No
1


native, three are non-native and one is undetermined (Table 67). Slough sedge is the
most dominant plant in the zone, with an average percent cover of 26%. Species present
in smaller quantities include: sword fern (9% cover), Canada goldenrod (5% cover),
woolgrass (4% cover) and bigleaved avens (Geum macrophyllum) (4% cover).

Of the three non-native species found in this zone, two are considered to be
invasive. Herb Robert was recorded at 1% average cover and common groundsel was
found in trace amounts (Table 67).

114

Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average Percent
Cover
2

Life
Form
3
Native
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 1 F Yes
Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb T F Yes
Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T F No
1
2
3

Park-wide Vegetation Trends

A total of 300 species were seeded and/or planted in Roxhill Park by the Starflower
foundation from 2000-2006. Appendix E lists all the species that were planted, seeded or
recorded during the 2007 vegetation survey in the park.

Of the 300 species that were seeded and/or planted, 165 were found in the park during the
2007 survey. Table 68 lists the species, their average percent cover in transects where
they were present, and zones in which they were planted and/or seeded. These 165
species are composed of 12 tree species, 44 shrub species, 84 forb species and 25
graminoid species.

Of the tree species that were planted, aspen is the most dominant, with an average percent
cover of 16% where present. Other common tree species include red alder (7% cover),
bitter cherry (5% cover) and paperbark birch (3% cover) (Table 68).

Of the shrub species that were planted, Nootka rose (10% cover), clustered wildrose (9%
cover), Scoulers willow (9% cover) and snowberry (9% cover) are the most
115
dominant. Other prevalent species include red-osier dogwood (8% cover), sweet gale
(7% cover), Indian plum (7% cover), Pacific ninebark (7% cover), red elderberry (7%
cover), vine maple (5% cover), beaked hazelnut (5% cover), cascara (5% cover),
thimbleberry (5% cover), salmonberry (5% cover) and Hookers willow (5% cover).

Of the planted and/or seeded forb species, beach strawberry is the most dominant with an
average percent cover of 21%. Pacific silverweed (10% cover), sword fern (9% cover),
small bedstraw (7% cover), fireweed (6% cover), American bird's-foot trefoil (6% cover),
inside-out flower (6% cover), coltsfoot (5% cover) and wild strawberry (5% cover)
compose a smaller component of the understory. Aster species were not included in this
analysis, as they were not identified to species at the time of the survey. Please refer to
Appendix D for a list of all aster species found in the park during the growing season.

Blue wildrye (22% cover) and meadow barley (17% cover) are the most dominant
planted and/or seeded graminoid species, followed by woolgrass (14% cover) and
broadfruit bur-reed (13% cover). Other common graminoid species include slough sedge
(11% cover), small-seeded bulrush (10% cover), red fescue (7% cover) and tufted
hairgrass (6% cover). Many sedge species were not included in this analysis, as they
were not identified to species at the time of the survey. Please refer to Appendix D for a
list of all sedge species found in the park during the growing season.

Table 68. Planted and seeded species that were found in Roxhill Park during the
2007 surveys. Values represent average percent cover where present.
Scientific Common Name
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

Trees
Abies grandis grand fir 1 Phase II,PW
Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple 2 11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Alnus rubra red alder 7 Phase I
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 3 Phase II
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash 1 13
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 1 5,11,Phase I,Phase II
Pinus contorta shore pine 1 11,Phase I,Phase II
Populus tremuloides aspen 16 Phase I,PW
Prunus emarginata bitter cherry 5 1,11,12,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 2 11,13,Phase I,PW
Thuja plicata western red cedar 2 9,11,13,Phase I,PW
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 11,Phase I,Phase II
Shrubs
Acer circinatum vine maple 5 11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry 1 6,9,11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 2 1,2,3,4,11,Phase II
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 1 5,Phase II,PW
Betula glandulosa scrub birch 2 1,2,3,4,Phase II
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood 8 1,3,Phase I,Phase II,PW
116
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut 5 1,3,11,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn 2 Phase I,Phase II,PW
Empetrum nigrum crowberry 2 1,2,3
Frangula purshiana cascara 5 Phase I,Phase II,PW
Gaultheria shallon salal 4
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase
I,Phase II
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 4 1,3,13,Phase II,PW
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel 1 1,2,3,4,Phase I,Phase II
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 2 1,2,3,4,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Lonicera involucrata twinberry 3 1,3,4,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape 4
5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,Phase I,Phase
II,PW
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape T 5,8,12,13,Phase II,PW
Mahonia repens creeping barberry 2 5,6
Malus fusca western crabapple 3 1,2,3,4,9,Phase I,Phase II
Myrica gale sweet gale 7 1,2,3,4,Phase II
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum 7 11,13,Phase I,Phase II
Oplopanax horridus devil's club T 13,Phase I,Phase II
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange 4 1,2,3,8,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark 7 1,3,11,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Rhododendron
macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 8,13,Phase II
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry T 1,2,3,4,5,11,Phase II
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant 2 1,3,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 13,Phase I
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose 10 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose 9 1,3,4,13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry 5 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry 5 Phase I,Phase II,PW
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 5 Phase I,Phase II
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 9 Phase I
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 4 Phase I,Phase II
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry 7 13,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Spiraea douglasii hardhack 3 4
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry 9 6,11,13,Phase I,Phase II
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry 1 1,2,3,4
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry T 1,2,3,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry 2
1,2,3,5,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase
I,Phase II
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry 1 1,3,4,Phase I,Phase II
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry T 1,2,3,Phase I,Phase II
americanum
American
cranberrybush 4 13,Phase II

117
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

Forbs
Achillea millefolium yarrow 4 1,2,3,9,11
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf T 7,12,Phase II
Alisma triviale
northern water
plantain 1 1,2,3,10,PW
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting T 1,3,9,10,11,12,13
Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone T 5
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica T 1,7,10,11,12
Aquilegia formosa western columbine T 1,2,3,7,8,9,11,Phase II
egedii Pacific silverweed 10 1,2,3,4,5,Phase II
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 1 1,2,3,7,8,11,12,Phase I,Phase II
Asarum caudatum wild ginger T 8,12,Phase II
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern 1 1,4
Blechnum spicant deerfern T 1,3,8,11,12,Phase II
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam T 1,2,3,12
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold T 1,2,3,4,10,12,13
Camassia leichtlinii large camas T 1,2,3,4,10,13,Phase II
Camassia quamash small camas 1 1,2,3,11,13,Phase II
Castilleja miniata
common red
paintbrush 1 1,3,11,12,13
ssp. angustifolium fireweed 6 1,2,3,9,11
Circaea alpina
small enchanter's
nightshade T 8,Phase II
Claytonia sibirica
Siberian miner's
lettuce T 1,7,8,11,Phase II
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 4 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort T 8,PW
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart 1 7,8,12,13,Phase II,PW
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells T 8,11,Phase II
star T 1,3,11,13
star T 1,2,3,9
Dryopteris expansa wood fern 1 8,11,Phase II
watsonii Watson's willowherb 3 1,2,3
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine T 1,3,9,11,13
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily T 11,13
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily T 8,11,Phase II
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry 21 1,3,5,Phase II,PW
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 2 1,2,3,7,11,13,Phase II
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 5 1,3,13
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily T 1,2,3,11,13
118
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

Galium trifidum small bedstraw 7 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens 3 1,2,3,8,9,10,11,Phase II,PW
western rattlesnake
plantain T 11,12
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed 2 1,3,PW
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern T 8,12,Phase II
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed T 9,10,11
Heuchera micrantha
small-flowered
alumroot T 1,3,8,11,12,13,Phase II
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 1,2,3,7,8,12,Phase II
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris 4 1,2,3,11,13
Iris tenax Oregon iris 1 1,2,3,11,12,13
Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle T 3,11,12,13
Lotus unifoliolatus
trefoil 6 1,2,3,9,11
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine 3 11,13
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine 1 1,2,3,9,10,11,13,PW
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine 1 9,11,13
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage 1 3,4,8,10,Phase I,Phase II
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley T 8,12,Phase II
Mentha arvensis wild mint T 1,2,3,4,5,7,13
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 3 1,2,3,7,9,10,11,Phase II,PW
Mitella pentandra
five-stamened
miterwort T 12
Myosotis laxa
me-not 1 1,2,3,7,9,10,11
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon T 7
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley 1
1,2,3,7,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase
II,PW
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely T 1,2,3,7,13
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel T 8,12,13,Phase II
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon 1 1,2,3,5,7,10
palmatus coltsfoot 5 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush T 1,2,3,5,11,PW
Polemonium
pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder T 11,12,13
Polystichum munitum sword fern 9
1,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil 2 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,13,PW
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup 1 1,2,3,5,11
Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress T 1,10,PW
Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1 1,2,3,10,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet T 4,11,Phase I

119
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

mallow 1 1,2,3,11
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass T 1,5,11
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 3 1,3,5,9,10,11,13,PW
cooleyae hedgenettle 2 1,3,8,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster 2 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,Phase I,PW
Tellima grandiflora fringecup T 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue 1 1,2,3,7,11,12
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant 1 1,2,3,7,8,10,Phase I,Phase II
latifolia starflower 1 8,13,Phase II
Trillium ovatum trillium T 8,11,12,Phase II
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower 6 1,2,3,7,8,11,Phase II,PW
Veronica americana American Speedwell 3 1,2,3,9,11,Phase II
Viola adunca early blue violet T 1,2,3,11,12,13
Viola palustris marsh violet 1 1,2,3,4,Phase II
Graminoid Species
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail 4 9,11
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass T 4,9,10,11,PW
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 3 1,2,3,4,Phase I
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge T
1,2,3,4,7,8,10,11,12,13,Phase
I,Phase II
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge T 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,PW
Carex obnupta slough sedge 11
1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,14,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 1 1,2,3,9,11,12,13,Phase II,PW
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1 1,2,3,4,10,11,Phase I,PW
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass 6 1,2,3,4,5,9,11,Phase II
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush T 1,2,3,9,11
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush 4
1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase
II,PW
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 22 9,11
Chamisso's cotton-
grass 1 1,2,3,11
Festuca rubra red fescue 7 9,11
Hordeum
brachyantherum meadow barley 17 9,11,Phase II,PW
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush T 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush 4
1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I,Phase
II,PW
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush 1 1,2,3
Juncus tenuis slender rush 2 1,2,3,9,10,11
120
Average
Percent
Cover
1
Zones
2

Luzula multiflora common woodrush 1 1,2,3,4,12
var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush 2 1,2,3
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass 14 1,2,4,10,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase I
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed 13 4,10,PW
1
2
Phase I = PW=Park Wide (no specific management zone was assigned to this species). Phase
I spans management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Phase II spans management zones 1, 2,
3, 5, 6 and 7.

A total of 135 species that were planted and/or seeded in the park were not found during
the 2007 survey. Table 69 lists these species, whether they were planted or seeded, and
the management zones in which they were planted and/or seeded. Many plants of the
genuses Carex, Aster and Erigeron were present but not identified to species during the
survey due to lack of flowers and/or seeds in early spring. Please consult Appendix D for
a full list of plants of those genuses found later in the growing season.

Table 69. Planted and seeded species that were not found in Roxhill Park during
the 2007 surveys.
Scientific Name Common Name Planted Seeded Zones
1

Shrubs
Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita X 9
Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush X 11,Phase II
Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea X Phase I
Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia X 1,3,Phase II
Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry X 1,2,3,4,Phase I
Forbs
Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder X X 7,8,Phase II
Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern X 8,Phase II
Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris X 3
Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion X X 1,2,3,11
Allium cernuum nodding onion X X 1,2,3,9,11,13
Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes X 1,2,3,11,13
Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink X X 1,2,3,11,13,PW
Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica X 13
Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood X 1,2,3,11
Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot X 1,3
Bidens cernua nodding beggartick X PW
Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea X 3
Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold X 1,2,3,4,10
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower X X 1,2,3,4,5,7,11
121
the 2007 surveys.
1

Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster X X 1,2,3,7,10,11,Phase II
Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush X X 2,11
Cerastium arvense field chickweed X 12
Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine X 8
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring X 1,9,11,PW
Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce X X 1,2,3,7,8,10,Phase II
Collinsia parviflora maiden blue-eyed Mary X 1,2,3
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry X X 7,8,12,Phase II
Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur X X 1,11,13,PW
Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur X X 9,11,13
Dichelostemma congestum ookow X 1
Downingia elegans elegant calico flower X 1,2,3
Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew X
1,2,3,4,11,Phase
I,Phase II
Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane X 1,2,3,4,11
Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane X 1,11
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane X X 1,2,3,7,9,11,13,PW
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian X X 1,2,3
Gilia capitata blue-head gilia X X 1,2,3,11,PW
Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed X PW
Heracleum maximum cow parsley X 1,7
Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny X 1,2,3,4
Lathyrus japonicus beach pea X 11
Lilium columbianum tiger lily X X 1,2,3,8,11,13,Phase II
Linnaea borealis twinflower X 1,3
small-flowered
woodland star X 11,13
Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot X 1,3
Lomatium nudicaule
bare-stem desert-
parsley X X 1,3,11,12,PW
Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold X X 1,3,11,13,PW
Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle X 8,12,Phase II
Lotus crassifolius big deer-vetch X 11
Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine X 13
Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine X X 1,2,3,13
Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine X X
1,3,9,11,12,13,Phase
II,PW
Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed X 1,2,3
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal X X 1,2,3,7,8,12,Phase II
star-flowered false
solomon's seal X X 1,2,3,7,8,Phase II
Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean X 2
Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris X 1,2,3,9,11,PW
Nephrophyllidium crista-galli deercabbage X Phase II
Nuphar lutea ssp.
polysepala yellow pond-lily X PW
122
the 2007 surveys.
1

douglasii Douglas' grasswidow X X 1,3,5,9,11
Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon X 1,3,12,13
Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon X X 2,7,12
Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon X X 1,2,3,11,13
Plagiobothrys figuratus fragrant popcorn flower X 1,2,3,9,10,11,PW
Plagiobothrys scouleri
Scouler's popcorn
flower X 1
Prunella vulgaris common self heal X 12
Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen X 13
Pyrola picta
white-veined
wintergreen X 13
Ranunculus orthorhynchus
straight-beaked
buttercup X 1,2,3
Rorippa islandica
northern marsh
yellowcress X 1,2,3,PW
Rubus pedatus
strawberry-leaf
raspberry X 1,2,3,13
Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage X 1,4
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap X 1,2,3,4
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
narrow-leafed blue-
eyed grass X 1,2,3
Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass X 1,2,3,4,5,11,Phase II,
Sisyrinchium idahoense var.
macounii
Macoun's blue-eyed
grass X 11
Sium suave hemlock water parsnip X 1,2,3
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod X X 1,3,4,5,11,13,PW
Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle X 1,2,3
Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle X 1,2,3
Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk X X 7,8,Phase II
Streptopus lanceolatus var.
roseus rosy twistedstalk X 8,Phase II
Symphyotrichum chilense California aster X X 1,2,3,7,11,12,13
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster X X 1,2,3,10,11,13
Tiarella trifoliata foamflower X 8,Phase II
brevistyla sticky false asphodel X X 1,2,3,5,10,Phase II,PW
arctica arctic starflower X 1
Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover X 1,2,3,11
Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover X 1,2,3
Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin X 12
Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X 1,2,3,7
Vicia nigricans ssp. gigantea giant vetch X 11
Viola glabella stream violet X 3,8,Phase I,Phase II,PW
Viola praemorsa canary violet X 11
Viola sempervirens evergreen violet X 1,2,3,8,11,13,Phase II
123
the 2007 surveys.
1

Graminoid Species
Carex aperta Columbian sedge X 1,2,3
Carex aquatilis water sedge X X 1,2,3,4,Phase II,PW
Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge X 1,2,3
Carex arcta northern cluster sedge X X 1,2,3,4,PW
Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge X 1,2,3,7
Carex aurea golden sedge X 1,2,3
Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge X 1,2,3,4,12
Carex canescens silvery sedge X 1,3,4
Carex comosa longhaired sedge X X 1,2,3,10,Phase I
1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Carex densa dense sedge X X 1,2,3,4
Carex echinata star sedge X X 1,2,3,4
Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge X 4
Carex inops long-stoloned sedge X 12
lipocarpa Kellog's sedge X 1,2,3,13,Phase II
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge X X 1,2,3,7,12
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge X X 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,13
Carex spectabilis showy sedge X 1,2,4
1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge X X 1,2,3,7,12,13
1,2,3,9,10,11,Phase
I,PW
Carex utriculata
Northwest Territory
sedge X X
1,2,3,4,10,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge X X 1,2,3,4,7,9,10,11,Phase I
Cinna latifolia drooping woodreed X 11
Danthonia californica California oatgrass X X 9,11
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush X 1,2,3,4
Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush X 1,2,3
roemeri Idaho fescue X 1,3,11
1,2,3,4,9,10,11,Phase
I,Phase II,PW
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass X X 1,2,3,4,10,Phase II,PW
Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis Baltic rush X 1,2,3
Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush X 1,2,3,
Juncus bufonius toad rush X 1,2,3,9,11,PW
Juncus falcatus falcate rush X 1,2,3
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush X X 1,2,3,4
Luzula parviflora
small-flowered
woodrush X X
1,2,3,7,8,11,12,13,Phase
II
Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat X 9,11
124
the 2007 surveys.
1

Schoenoplectus americanus American bulrush X PW
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed X X 1,2,3,10,Phase II,PW
Non-vascular species
Polytrichum juniperinum
juniper polytrichum
moss X Phase I
1
Phase I = PW=Park Wide (no specific management zone was assigned to this species). Phase
I spans management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and13. Phase II spans management zones 1, 2,
3, 5, 6 and 7.

A total of 91 species were found in the park during the 2007 survey which were not
planted or seeded in the park. These species are composed of 14 tree species, 9 shrub
species, 43 forb species and 25 graminoid species (Table 70). The majority of these
species are either non-native, horticultural or those which were not identified to
species. Many of those not identified to species are natives which likely were planted or
seeded.

Of the 14 recorded tree species that were not seeded or planted in the park, only two,
Pacific dogwood and black cottonwood are native, while 12 are non-native. Three of the
non-native species are considered to be invasive and include one-seed hawthorn (1%
cover), English holly (trace) and sweet cherry (trace).

Of the 9 shrub species that were not seeded or planted, five are native, three are non-
native and one is undetermined (Table 70). All three of the non-native species are
considered to be invasive and consist of Simons cotoneaster (trace), scotch broom (trace)
and Himalayan blackberry (trace).

The 43 forb species consist of 10 native, 28 non-native and five undetermined species
(Table 70). The most dominant of these species are various aster species, giant horsetail
and common horsetail, which were recorded at an average percent cover of 9%, 7% and
6% respectively in zones where they were measured. Please refer to Appendix D for a
list of all aster species found in the park during the growing season. Nine of the recorded
non-native species are considered to be invasive, and include herb Robert (1% cover),
nipplewort (1% cover), creeping buttercup (1% cover), hedge false bindweed (trace),
Canada thistle (trace), English ivy (trace), meadow buttercup (trace), common groundsel
(trace) and deadly nightshade (trace).

Twenty-five graminoid species that were not planted or seeded were recorded in the park
during the 2007 survey. Of these species, seven are native, 12 are non-native and six are
undetermined (Table 70). Various sedge and rush species are the most dominant in this
zone, with average percent covers of 5% in the zones where they were measured. Please
refer to Appendix D for a list of all sedge species found in the park during the growing
season. One grass species, reed canarygrass is considered to be invasive and was present
in trace amounts in the zones where it was found (Zone 2 & Zone 4).

125
Table 70. Species recorded in Roxhill Park during the 2007 surveys,
which were not planted or seeded. Values represent average percent
cover where present.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2
Native
Trees
Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone 1 Yes
Betula pendula European white birch 1 No
Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood 6 Yes
Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn 1 No
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree 6 No
Pinus sp. pine 2 No
Shrubs
Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom T No
Rosa sp. rose 1 Yes
Rubus leucodermis blackcap T Yes
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow T Yes
Salix sp. willow T Yes
unknown shrub species 1 X
Forbs
Allium sp. onion T X
Aster sp. aster 9 Yes
Bellis perennis English daisy T No
Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed T No
Camassia sp. camas T Yes
Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress T No
Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle T No
Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb T Yes
Equisetum arvense common horsetail 6 Yes
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail 7 Yes
Galium aparine cleavers T Yes
Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium T No
Geranium robertianum* herb Robert 1 No
Hedera helix* English ivy T No
Hesperis matronalis dames rocket T No
Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear T No
126
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2
Native
Impatiens capensis jewelweed 1 No
Lapsana communis** nipplewort 1 No
Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil T No
Medicago lupulina black medick T No
Mentha sp. mint 2 X
Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce T No
Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon T Yes
Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain T No
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain 1 No
Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup T No
Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup 1 No
Rumex acetosella sheep sorel T No
Satureja douglasii yerba buena T Yes
Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel T No
Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade T No
Solidago sp. goldenrod 1 X
Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle T No
Taraxacum officinale dandelion T No
Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover T No
Trifolium pratense red clover 1 No
Trifolium repens white Dutch clover 1 No
unknown forb species T X
Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell T Yes
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch 1 No
Vicia sativa garden vetch 2 No
Vicia sp. vetch 1 X
Viola sp. violet T Yes
Graminoid Species
Agrostis gigantea redtop 2 No
Agrostis sp. bentgrass 2 X
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass 3 No
Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail T No
Bromus sp. brome T X
Carex sp. sedge 5 Yes
Carex viridula green sedge 3 Yes
Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass 1 No
Eleocharis sp. spike rush 1 Yes
Elymus repens quackgrass 1 No
Glyceria sp. mannagrass 4 Yes
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass 1 No
Juncus effusus soft rush 1 X
Juncus sp. rush 5 X
127
Scientific Name
1
Common Name
Average
Percent Cover
2
Native
Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 3 No
Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass T No
Poa annua annual bluegrass T No
Poa sp. bluegrass 1 X
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue 1 No
Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue 1 No
Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush 1 Yes
Scirpus aff. atrocinctus 3 Yes
Typha latifolia cattail T Yes
unknown grass species T X
Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue T No
1
2
128

VI. Stewardship Recommendations

Over the years, the natural areas at Roxhill Park will require some stewardship. We have
summarized the needs we foresee into the following general categories:

Trails
Regenerating Conifers
Tree/Shrub Islands
Trees Colonizing the Peat Cells
Invasive Plants

Trails and Service Roads
As much as possible, plantings along trails and service roads do not include trees, shrubs
and larger perennials that tend to grow out and impede passage and views. In some cases
trees are developing near these passageways, and will need to be periodically pruned up
until their limbs are high enough to be out of the way. Bushy shrubs and perennials may
move into these zones; removal of these plants is recommended to keep access along the
paths and site lines from the paths clear. Lower growing evergreen plants such as slough
sedge, salal and sword fern have been planted in these zones, and it is intended that
eventually these species will prevent trees and bushier shrubs and perennials from
colonizing them.

Regenerating Conifers
It is a widely held restoration goal in Seattle to reestablish a native forest overstory where
possible. While mature forests in our region have historically been dominated by
conifers, the regenerating forests of Seattle tend to be overwhelming dominated by
broadleaf deciduous trees. Native conifers have been planted throughout the park. It
would be worthwhile to periodically encourage the regenerating conifers by cutting back
vegetation that is crowding them out, and mulching small trees. Some native conifers are
growing on the edges of the peat cells (Zones 5 & 9), but it was not planned for these
narrow zones to become densely forested. In the Street Green (Zone 6) conifers are
intentionally low to maintain the view from Barton Street, and no conifers were planted
in the LATCH Strip (Zone 14) because of the utility pipes that underlie the zone.
Management zones where the percent cover of regenerating conifers was found to be low
during the 2007 survey and where additional conifer planting is encouraged include
Zones 7 (Phase II Maple Woods) and 11 (Meadow).

Tree/Shrub Islands
Clusters of native trees and shrubs (tree/shrub islands) have been planted throughout the
Meadows (Zone 11). Weeding and mulching these islands annually would help the
islands create a foothold, speeding the succession of these meadow areas into forested
areas.

129
Trees Colonizing the Peat Cells
Pacific willow and black cottonwood are two native tree species that regularly self-seed
into the Peat Cells. In order to prevent these open areas from becoming dominated by
trees, annual sweeps should be made to remove pacific willow and black cottonwood
seedlings from the Peat Cells. Note: In 2007, all the Pacific willows growing in Zones 1,
2 and 3 (Peat Cells 1, 2 and 3) were removed, as well as a large amount of Pacific willow
that was beginning to colonize the southern portion of Zone 4 (Phase I Peat Cell 4). A
mixture of native wetland shrubs and herbaceous species was planted in the spaces
created by removing the willows. A dense stand of Pacific willow in the north central
portion of the Phase I Peat Cell 4 was left.

Invasive Plants
There are currently no well-established concentrations of invasive plants in any of the
management zones. However, various invasive species seed themselves in regularly, and
many were recorded during the 2007 survey (see Results and Findings). While the site
continues to mature and become established at the understory, midstory and overstory
levels, it would be beneficial to sweep for invasive plants annually.

Invasive plants of concern are listed below. For all non-native and invasive plants
observed during the 2007 survey, see Appendix C. See the results section for more
information on invasive plants by management zone.

English ivy
English holly
Herb Robert
Nipplewort
One-seed hawthorn
Reed canarygrass
Scotch Broom

VII. Monitoring

Photo-monitoring
Starflower began a photo-monitoring program in fall of 2003. Thirteen photopoint
locations were established and digital photos were taken quarterly. The resulting pictures
have been archived and are accessible through the Washington Native Plant Societys
website at wnps.org/restoration/index.html. The photo-monitoring protocols, including
photopoint locations, are also available at http://wnps.org/restoration/index.html.

Plant Community Composition Monitoring
This report provides plant community composition data for each management zone as of
2007. Future surveys following the methodology outlined in Section IV could provide
useful data regarding shorter and longer term changes to the native plant communities
present at Roxhill Park today.
130
References

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Recommendations; King County Wastewater
Treatment Division Department of Natural Resources; March 2000

Westwood Neighborhood Council website: www.scn.org/westwood/roxhill

King County Noxious Weed Control Program. 2007. King County Noxious Weed List.
Seattle, WA.
131

Appendix A. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase I
of the project which spanned management zones 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
Trees
5 gallon 6
Alnus rubra red alder 2 gallon 25
Populus tremuloides aspen 5 gallon 90
2 gallon 21
5 gallon 3
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir 2 gallon 15
5 gallon 15
5 gallon 12
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 2 gallon 12
Shrubs
2 gallon 15
5 gallon 15
2 gallon 120
ball and burlap 18
2 gallon 20
Gaultheria shallon salal 4" pot 150
4" pot 14
Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea 1 gallon 80
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 14
2 gallon 70
2 gallon 6
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose 1 gallon 40
132
2 gallon 60
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 1 gallon 12
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow 1 gallon 12
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 1 gallon 12
2 gallon 45
Forbs
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard 4" pot 30
4" pot 20
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley bare-root 150
2 gallon 110
Sagittaria latifolia wapato bare-root 60
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle
rhizome bag
(salvage) 3
subspicatum Douglas aster bare-root 300
Graminoid Species
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge bare-root 500
Carex comosa longhaired sedge 10" plug 100
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge 4" pot 400
bare-root 2000
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 2" pot 86
4" pot 208
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 4" pot 200
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 1 gallon 50
5 gallon swatch 4
bare-root 1500
133
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 1 gallon 250
4" pot 330
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush 10" plug 700
Nonvascular Species
Polytrichum juniperinum juniper polytrichum moss flat 11

134

Appendix B. Species and plant quantities planted in Roxhill Park during Phase II
of the project which spanned management zones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7.
Trees
Abies grandis grand fir 2 gallon 14
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch 5 gallon 9
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock 1 gallon 12
Shrubs
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary 1 gallon 100
4" pot 270
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick 10" plug 300
4" pot 70
Betula glandulosa scrub birch 1 gallon 60
Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush 4" pot 10
10" plug 56
4" pot 915
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray 1 gallon 37
4" pot 25
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea 1 gallon 200
4" pot 36
10" plug 311
10" plug 25
4" pot 25
7" plug 10
2 gallon 6
Myrica gale sweet gale 1 gallon 71
10" plug 40

135
4" pot 38
Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron 1 gallon 10
10" plug 32
10" plug 10
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow 1 gallon 68
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow 1 gallon 8
10" plug 9
10" plug 40
2 gallon 4
5 gallon 5
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry 4" pot 40
Viburnum opulus var. americanum American cranberrybush 1 gallon 6
4" pot 4
Forbs
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf 4" pot 75
Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder 4" pot 98
Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern 4" pot 100
Aquilegia formosa western columbine 4" pot 100
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed 10" plug 100
4" pot 50
Blechnum spicant deerfern 1 gallon 120
bare-root 180
Camassia quamash small camas bulb 300
Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade 4" pot 200

rhizome bag
(salvage) 3
Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce 10" plug 400
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce 7" plug 400

136
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil 1 gallon 25
4" pot 22
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry 4" pot 500
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells 4" pot 160
Dryopteris expansa wood fern bare-root 450
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily 4" pot 140
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry 4" pot 200
Galium trifidum small bedstraw 7" plug 22
4" pot 180
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern 1 gallon 20
4" pot 35
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf 1 gallon 50
4" pot 250
Lilium columbianum tiger lily 4" pot 380
Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon's seal 10" plug 200
seal 4" pot 180
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower 10" plug 50
2" pot 300
4" pot 300
7" plug 50
Nephrophyllidium crista-galli deercabbage 4" pot 400
4" pot 179
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot 1 gallon 42
4" pot 220
Sagittaria latifolia wapato 4" plug 350
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae hedgenettle 10" plug 40

rhizome bag
(salvage) 4
Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk 4" pot 96
Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus rosy twistedstalk 4" pot 100
4" pot 305
137
Tiarella trifoliata foamflower 4" pot 543
Triantha occidentalis ssp. brevistyla sticky false asphodel 4" pot 192
bulb 25
Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower 4" pot 610
Trillium ovatum trillium 1 gallon 40
4" pot 50
Veronica americana American Speedwell 10" plug 50
Viola palustris marsh violet 4" pot 1525
7" plug 75
7" plug 100
Graminoid Species
4" pot 282
Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Kellog's sedge 10" plug 780
4" plug 660
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 4" pot 70
4" plug 95
4" pot 210
Carex utriculata Northwest Territory sedge 10" plug 225
4" plug 800
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass 4" plug 200
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 3" plug 600
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush 10" plug 100
4" plug 200

138

Appendix C. All species found in Roxhill Park during the 2007 survey.
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
Abies grandis grand fir T Yes
Acer circinatum vine maple S Yes
Achillea millefolium yarrow F Yes
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf F Yes
Agrostis gigantea redtop G No
Agrostis sp. bentgrass G X
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass G No
Alisma triviale northern water plantain F Yes
Allium sp. onion F X
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail G Yes
Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail G No
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry S Yes
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting F Yes
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary S Yes
Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone F Yes
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica F Yes
Aquilegia formosa western columbine F Yes
Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone T Yes
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick S Yes
Argentina egedii ssp. egedii Pacific silverweed F Yes
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard F Yes
Asarum caudatum wild ginger F Yes
Aster sp. aster F Yes
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern F Yes
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass G Yes
Bellis perennis English daisy F No
Betula glandulosa scrub birch S Yes
Betula pendula European white birch T No
Blechnum spicant deerfern F Yes
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam F Yes
Bromus sp. brome G X
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold F Yes
Calystegia sepium* hedge false bindweed F No
Camassia leichtlinii large camas F Yes
Camassia quamash small camas F Yes
Camassia sp. camas F Yes
Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress F No
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge G Yes
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge G Yes
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge G Yes
Carex obnupta slough sedge G Yes
139
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge G Yes
Carex sp. sedge G Yes
Carex vesicaria inflated sedge G Yes
Carex viridula green sedge G Yes
Castilleja miniata common red paintbrush F Yes
angustifolium fireweed F Yes
Circaea alpina small enchanter's nightshade F Yes
Cirsium arvense* Canada thistle F No
Claytonia sibirica Siberian miner's lettuce F Yes
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil F Yes
Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood T Yes
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood S Yes
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort F Yes
Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut S Yes
Cotoneaster simonsii** Simons cotoneaster S No
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn S Yes
Crataegus monogyna** one-seed hawthorn T No
Cytisus scoparius* scotch broom S No
Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass G No
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass G Yes
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart F Yes
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells F Yes
Dodecatheon hendersonii Henderson's shooting star F Yes
Dodecatheon pulchellum few-flowered shooting star F Yes
Dryopteris expansa wood fern F Yes
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush G Yes
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush G Yes
Eleocharis sp. spike rush G Yes
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye G Yes
Elymus repens quackgrass G No
Empetrum nigrum crowberry S Yes
Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb F Yes
Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson's willowherb F Yes
Equisetum arvense common horsetail F Yes
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail F Yes
Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's cotton-grass G Yes
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine F Yes
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily F Yes
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily F Yes
Festuca rubra red fescue G Yes
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry F Yes
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry F Yes
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry F Yes
Frangula purshiana cascara S Yes
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash T Yes
140
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T No
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily F Yes
Galium aparine cleavers F Yes
Galium trifidum small bedstraw F Yes
Gaultheria shallon salal S Yes
Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium F No
Geranium robertianum* herb Robert F No
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens F Yes
Glyceria sp. mannagrass G Yes
Goodyera oblongifolia western rattlesnake plantain F Yes
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed F Yes
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern F Yes
Hedera helix* English ivy F No
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed F Yes
Hesperis matronalis dames rocket F No
Heuchera micrantha small-flowered alumroot F Yes
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass G No
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray S Yes
Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley G Yes
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf F Yes
Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear F No
Impatiens capensis jewelweed F No
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris F No
Iris tenax Oregon iris F Yes
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush G Yes
Juncus effusus soft rush G X
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush G Yes
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush G Yes
Juncus sp. rush G X
Juncus tenuis slender rush G Yes
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel S Yes
Lapsana communis** nipplewort F No
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea S Yes
Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum T No
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree T No
Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass G No
Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle F Yes
Lonicera involucrata twinberry S Yes
Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil F No
Lotus unifoliolatus American bird's-foot trefoil F Yes
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine F Yes
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F Yes
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine F Yes
Luzula multiflora common woodrush G Yes
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage F Yes
141
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape S Yes
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape S Yes
Mahonia repens creeping barberry S Yes
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley F Yes
Malus fusca western crabapple S Yes
Medicago lupulina black medick F No
Mentha arvensis wild mint F Yes
Mentha sp. mint F X
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower F Yes
Mitella pentandra five-stamened miterwort F Yes
Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce F No
Myosotis laxa small-flowered forget-me-not F Yes
Myrica gale sweet gale S Yes
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon F Yes
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum S Yes
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley F Yes
Oplopanax horridus devil's club S Yes
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely F Yes
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel F Yes
Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon F Yes
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon F Yes
Petasites frigidus var. palmatus coltsfoot F Yes
Phalaris arundinacea* reed canarygrass G No
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange S Yes
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark S Yes
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T Yes
Pinus contorta shore pine T Yes
Pinus sp. pine T No
Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain F No
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain F No
Platanus x acerfolia London planetree T No
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush F Yes
Poa annua annual bluegrass G No
Poa sp. bluegrass G X
Polemonium pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder F Yes
Polystichum munitum sword fern F Yes
Populus tremuloides aspen T Yes
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil F Yes
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir T Yes
Ranunculus acris** meadow buttercup F No
142
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup F Yes
Ranunculus repens** creeping buttercup F No
Rhododendron macrophyllum western rhododendron S Yes
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry S Yes
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant S Yes
Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress F Yes
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose S Yes
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose S Yes
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose S Yes
Rosa sp. rose S Yes
Rubus discolor* Himalayan blackberry S No
Rubus leucodermis blackcap S Yes
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry S Yes
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry S Yes
Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry S Yes
Rumex acetosella sheep sorel F No
Sagittaria latifolia wapato F Yes
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow S Yes
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow S Yes
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow S Yes
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow S Yes
Salix sp. willow S Yes
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry S Yes
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet F Yes
Satureja douglasii yerba buena F Yes
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue G No
Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue G No
acutus hard-stemmed bulrush G Yes
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush G Yes
Scirpus aff. atrocinctus G Yes
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass G Yes
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush G Yes
Senecio vulgaris* common groundsel F No
Sidalcea hendersonii Henderson's checker-mallow F Yes
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass F Yes
Solanum dulcamara* deadly nightshade F No
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod F Yes
Solidago sp. goldenrod F Yes
Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle F No
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed G Yes
Spiraea douglasii hardhack S Yes
cooleyae hedgenettle F Yes
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry S Yes
Symphyotrichum subspicatum Douglas aster F Yes
143
Scientific Name
1
Common Name Strata
2
Native
var. subspicatum
Taraxacum officinale dandelion F No
Tellima grandiflora fringecup F Yes
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue F Yes
Thuja plicata western red cedar T Yes
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant F Yes
Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia starflower F Yes
Trifolium angustifolium narrowleaf crimson clover F No
Trifolium pratense red clover F No
Trifolium repens white Dutch clover F No
Trillium ovatum trillium F Yes
Typha latifolia cattail G Yes
unknown forb species F X
unknown grass species G X
unknown shrub species S X
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry S Yes
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry S Yes
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry S Yes
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry S Yes
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry S Yes
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower F Yes
Veronica americana American Speedwell F Yes
Veronica serpyllifolia thyme-leaved speedwell F Yes
americanum American cranberrybush S Yes
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch F No
Vicia sativa garden vetch F No
Vicia sp. vetch F X
Viola adunca early blue violet F Yes
Viola palustris marsh violet F Yes
Viola sp. violet F Yes
Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue G No
1
2
T=Tree, S=Shrub, F=Forb, G=Graminoid

144

Appendix D. Species observed in Roxhill Park during
spring/summer 2007 not found on survey transects or not
identified to species when transect data was collected.
Scientific Name Common Name Zones Observed
Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster 11
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge 1,3,4
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge 12
Carex echinata star sedge 9,10,12
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge 1,3,4
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge 12
Carex obnupta slough sedge 1,2,3,4,5,10
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge 1,12
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge 3, 5
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge 1,2,3,4,10,12
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge 1,2,3,4,9,10
Carex vesicaria blister sedge 1,2,3
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge 1,2,3,4,9,10,12
Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane 9
Juncus bufonius toad rush 4
Juncus falcatus falcate rush 4,10
Ranunculus sceleratus celery-leaved buttercup 4
Sagittaria latifolia wapato 1,2,3,4,10
Sisyrinchium
californicum golden-eyed grass 1
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster various

145

Appendix E. All species planted, seeded or recorded during the 2007 survey
in Roxhill Park.
Scientific Name Common Name Strata
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Abies grandis grand fir T X X
Acer circinatum vine maple S X X
Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple T X X
Achillea millefolium yarrow F X X X
Achlys triphylla vanilla leaf F X X X
Adenocaulon bicolor pathfinder F X X
Adiantum aleuticum maidenhair fern F X
Agoseris aurantiaca orange agoseris F X
Agrostis gigantea redtop G X
Agrostis sp. bentgrass G X
Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass G X
Alisma triviale
northern water
plantain F X X X
Allium acuminatum Hooker's onion F X X
Allium cernuum nodding onion F X X
Allium sp. onion F X
Alnus rubra red alder T X X
Alopecurus geniculatus water foxtail G X X
Alopecurus pratensis meadow-foxtail G X
Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry S X X
Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting F X X X
Andromeda polifolia bog-rosemary S X X
Anemone multifida cut-leaf anemone F X X
Angelica genuflexa kneeling angelica F X X X
Antennaria microphylla rosy pussytoes F X
Aquilegia formosa western columbine F X X X
Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone T X
Arctostaphylos
columbiana hairy manzanita S X
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi kinnickinnick S X X
egedii Pacific silverweed F X X X
Armeria maritima thrift sea-pink F X X
Arnica amplexicaulis streambank arnica F X
Artemisia suksdorfii coastal wormwood F X
Aruncus dioicus goatsbeard F X X X
Asarum caudatum wild ginger F X X
Aster sp. aster F X
Athyrium filix-femina ladyfern F X X
Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot F X
Beckmannia syzigachne American sloughgrass G X X
Bellis perennis English daisy F X
Betula glandulosa scrub birch S X X
146
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Betula papyrifera paperbark birch T X X
Betula pendula European white birch T X
Bidens cernua nodding beggartick F X
Blechnum spicant deerfern F X X
Boykinia occidentalis coastal brookfoam F X X
Brodiaea coronaria crown brodiaea F X
Bromus sp. brome G X
Caltha leptosepala white marsh marigold F X X
Caltha palustris yellow marsh marigold F X
Calystegia sepium hedge false bindweed F X
Camassia leichtlinii large camas F X X X
Camassia quamash small camas F X X X
Camassia sp. camas F X
Campanula rotundifolia bluebell bellflower F X X
Canadanthus modestus giant mountain aster F X X
Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress F X
Carex amplifolia big-leaf sedge G X X X
Carex aperta Columbian sedge G X
Carex aquatilis water sedge G X X
Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka sedge G X
Carex arcta northern cluster sedge G X X
Carex athrostachya slender-beaked sedge G X
Carex aurea golden sedge G X
Carex bebbii Bebb's sedge G X
Carex canescens silvery sedge G X
Carex comosa longhaired sedge G X X
Carex cusickii Cusick's sedge G X X
Carex densa dense sedge G X X
Carex deweyana Dewey sedge G X X X
Carex echinata star sedge G X X
Carex hendersonii Henderson's sedge G X
Carex inops long-stoloned sedge G X
Carex lenticularis lakeshore sedge G X X X
lipocarpa Kellog's sedge G X
Carex mertensii Merten's sedge G X X
Carex obnupta slough sedge G X X X
Carex ovalis eggbract sedge G X X
Carex pachystachya chamisso sedge G X X X
Carex sp. sedge G X
Carex spectabilis showy sedge G X
Carex stipata sawbeak sedge G X X
Carex tumulicola split-awn sedge G X X
Carex unilateralis lateral sedge G X X
147
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Carex utriculata
Northwest Territory
sedge G X X
Carex vesicaria blister sedge G X X X
Carex viridula green sedge G X
Carex vulpinoidea American fox-sedge G X X
Castilleja hispida harsh paintbrush F X X
Castilleja miniata
common red
paintbrush F X X X
Ceanothus velutinus snowbrush S X
Cerastium arvense field chickweed F X
ssp. angustifolium fireweed F X X X
Chimaphila menziesii little prince's pine F X
Cinna latifolia drooping woodreed G X
Circaea alpina
small enchanter's
nightshade F X X
Cirsium arvense Canada thistle F X
Clarkia amoena farewell to spring F X
Claytonia perfoliata miner's lettuce F X X
Claytonia sibirica
Siberian miner's
lettuce F X X X
Collinsia parviflora
maiden blue-eyed
Mary F X
Comarum palustre marsh cinquefoil F X X X
Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood T X
Cornus sericea red-osier dogwood S X X
Cornus unalaschkensis bunchberry F X X
Corydalis scouleri Scouler's fumewort F X X
Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut S X X
Cotoneaster simonsii Simons cotoneaster S X
Crataegus douglasii Pacific hawthorn S X X
Crataegus monogyna one-seed hawthorn T X
Cytisus scoparius scotch broom S X
Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass G X
Danthonia californica California oatgrass G X X
Delphinium menziesii Menzies' larkspur F X X
Delphinium nuttallii upland larkspur F X X
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass G X X X
Dicentra formosa western bleedingheart F X X X
Dichelostemma
congestum ookow F X
Disporum hookeri Hooker's fairybells F X X
star F X X X
star F X X
148
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Downingia elegans elegant calico flower F X
Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew F X
Dryopteris expansa wood fern F X X
Eleocharis acicularis needle spikerush G X
Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush G X
Eleocharis ovata ovate spikerush G X X X
Eleocharis palustris common spike rush G X X X
Eleocharis sp. spike rush G X
Elymus glaucus blue wildrye G X X X
Elymus repens quackgrass G X
Empetrum nigrum crowberry S X X
Epilobium ciliatum fringed willowherb F X
watsonii Watson's willowherb F X X
Equisetum arvense common horsetail F X
Equisetum telmateia giant horsetail F X
Erigeron perigrinus subalpine fleabane F X
Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane F X
Erigeron speciosus Aspen fleabane F X X
Chamisso's cotton-
grass G X X
Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon sunshine F X X X
Erythronium oregonum white fawn lily F X X
Erythronium revolutum Pink fawn lily F X X X
roemeri Idaho fescue G X
Festuca rubra red fescue G X X X
Fragaria chiloensis beach strawberry F X X
Fragaria vesca woodland strawberry F X X X
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry F X X
Frangula purshiana cascara S X X
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash T X X
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash T X
Fritillaria affinis chocolate lily F X X X
Galium aparine cleavers F X
Galium trifidum small bedstraw F X X X
Gaultheria shallon salal S X X
Gentiana sceptrum king's scepter gentian F X X
Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium F X
Geranium robertianum herb Robert F X
Geum macrophyllum bigleaved avens F X X X
Gilia capitata blue-head gilia F X X
Glyceria grandis American mannagrass G X X
Glyceria sp. mannagrass G X
149
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Glyceria striata tall mannagrass G X X
Gnaphalium uliginosum marsh cudweed F X
western rattlesnake
plantain F X X
Grindelia integrifolia Pacific gumweed F X X X
Gymnocarpium dryopteris western oakfern F X X
Hedera helix English ivy F X
Helenium autumnale common sneezeweed F X X
Heracleum maximum cow parsley F X
Hesperis matronalis dames rocket F X
Heuchera micrantha
small-flowered
alumroot F X X
Holcus lanatus velvetgrass G X
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray S X X
Hordeum
brachyantherum meadow barley G X X X
Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf F X X X
Hypericum anagalloides tinker's penny F X
Hypochaeris radicata hairy cat's-ear F X
Ilex aquifolium English holly T X
Impatiens capensis jewelweed F X
Iris douglasiana Douglas's iris F X X
Iris tenax Oregon iris F X X X
Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush G X X X
Juncus arcticus ssp.
littoralis Baltic rush G X
Juncus bolanderi Bolander's rush G X
Juncus bufonius toad rush G X
Juncus effusus soft rush G X
Juncus ensifolius daggerleaf rush G X X X
Juncus falcatus falcate rush G X
Juncus oxymeris pointed rush G X X X
Juncus sp. rush G X
Juncus supiniformis hairy-leaf rush G X X
Juncus tenuis slender rush G X X X
Kalmia microphylla bog laurel S X X X
Lapsana communis nipplewort F X
Lathyrus japonicus beach pea F X
Ledum glandulosum smooth Labrador tea S X
Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea S X X X
Lilium columbianum tiger lily F X X
Linnaea borealis twinflower F X
Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum T X
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree T X
150
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
small-flowered
woodland star F X
Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass G X
Lomatium dissectum fern-leaf biscuitroot F X
Lomatium nudicaule
bare-stem desert-
parsley F X X
Lomatium utriculatum spring-gold F X X
Lonicera ciliosa orange honeysuckle F X
Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle F X X
Lonicera involucrata twinberry S X X
Lotus corniculatus bird's-foot trefoil F X
Lotus crassifolius big deer-vetch F X
Lotus unifoliolatus
trefoil F X X
Lupinus albicaulis sickle-keeled lupine F X
Lupinus arcticus arctic lupine F X X X
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F X X X
Lupinus lepidus Pacific lupine F X X
Lupinus polycarpus small-flowered lupine F X
Lupinus polyphyllus large-leaved lupine F X X X
Lupinus rivularis riverbank lupine F X X
Luzula multiflora common woodrush G X X X
Luzula parviflora
small-flowered
woodrush G X X
Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed F X
Lysichiton americanus skunk cabbage F X X
Mahonia aquifolium tall Oregon grape S X X
Mahonia nervosa low Oregon grape S X X
Mahonia repens creeping barberry S X X
Maianthemum dilatatum false lily-of-the-valley F X X
Maianthemum
racemosum false Solomon's seal F X X
star-flowered false
solomon's seal F X X
Malus fusca western crabapple S X X
Medicago lupulina black medick F X
Mentha arvensis wild mint F X X X
Mentha sp. mint F X
Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean F X
Menziesia ferruginea rusty Menziesia S X
Microseris laciniata cut-leaf microseris F X
Mimulus guttatus yellow monkey-flower F X X X
Mitella pentandra
five-stamened
miterwort F X X
Mycelis muralis wall-lettuce F X
151
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Myosotis laxa
me-not F X X
Myrica gale sweet gale S X X
Nephrophyllidium crista-
galli deercabbage F X
Nothochelone nemorosa woodland penstemon F X X
Nuphar lutea ssp.
polysepala yellow pond-lily F X
Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum S X X
Oenanthe sarmentosa water parsley F X X X
douglasii Douglas' grasswidow F X X
Oplopanax horridus devil's club S X X
Osmorhiza berteroi sweet cicely F X X X
Oxalis oregana redwood sorrel F X X
Penstemon cardwellii Cardwell's penstemon F X
Penstemon davidsonii Davidson's penstemon F X
Penstemon ovatus egg-leaf penstemon F X X
Penstemon procerus litte-flower penstemon F X X
Penstemon serrulatus coast penstemon F X X X
palmatus coltsfoot F X X X
Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass G X
Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' mock-orange S X X
Physocarpus capitatus Pacific ninebark S X X
Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce T X X
Pinus contorta shore pine T X X
Pinus sp. pine T X
Plagiobothrys figuratus
fragrant popcorn
flower F X
Plagiobothrys scouleri
Scouler's popcorn
flower F X
Plantago lanceolata lance-leaved plantain F X
Plantago major broad-leaved plantain F X
Platanus x acerfolia London planetree T X
Plectritis congesta short-spur seablush F X X X
Poa annua annual bluegrass G X
Poa sp. bluegrass G X
Polemonium
pulcherrimum showy Jacob's ladder F X X
Polystichum munitum sword fern F X X
Polytrichum juniperinum
juniper polytrichum
moss N X
trichocarpa black cottonwood T X
Populus nigra black poplar T X
152
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Populus tremuloides aspen T X X
Potentilla gracilis graceful cinquefoil F X X X
Prunella vulgaris common self heal F X
Prunus avium sweet cherry T X
Prunus emarginata bitter cherry T X X
Prunus sp.
horticultural cherry
species T X
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir T X X
Pyrola asarifolia liver-leaf wintergreen F X
Pyrola picta
white-veined
wintergreen F X
Ranunculus acris meadow buttercup F X
Ranunculus occidentalis western buttercup F X X
Ranunculus
orthorhynchus
straight-beaked
buttercup F X
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup F X
Regreen sterile wheat wheatgrass x wheat G X
Rhododendron
macrophyllum western rhododendron S X X
Ribes lacustre swamp gooseberry S X X
Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant S X X
Rorippa curvisiliqua curved yellowcress F X X
Rorippa islandica
northern marsh
yellowcress F X
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose S X X
Rosa nutkana Nootka rose S X X
Rosa pisocarpa clustered wildrose S X X
Rosa sp. rose S X
Rubus discolor Himalayan blackberry S X
Rubus leucodermis blackcap S X
Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry S X X
Rubus pedatus
strawberry-leaf
raspberry F X
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry S X X
Rubus ursinus creeping blackberry S X
Rumex acetosella sheep sorel F X
Sagittaria latifolia wapato F X X X
Salix hookeriana Hooker's willow S X X
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra Pacific willow S X
Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow S X X
Salix sitchensis Sitka willow S X X
Salix sp. willow S X
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry S X X
Sanguisorba officinalis official burnet F X X X
Satureja douglasii yerba buena F X
153
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Saxifraga oregana Oregon saxifrage F X
Schedonorus phoenix tall fescue G X
Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue G X
var. acutus hard-stemmed bulrush G X X
Schoenoplectus
americanus American bulrush G X
Schoenoplectus
tabernaemontani soft-stemmed bulrush G X
Scirpus aff. atrocinctus G X
Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass G X X X
Scirpus microcarpus small-seeded bulrush G X X X
Scutellaria lateriflora blue skullcap F X
Senecio vulgaris common groundsel F X
mallow F X X
Sisyrinchium
angustifolium
narrow-leafed blue-
eyed grass F X
Sisyrinchium californicum golden-eyed grass F X
Sisyrinchium idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass F X X
var. macounii
Macoun's blue-eyed
grass F X
Sium suave hemlock water parsnip F X
Solanum dulcamara deadly nightshade F X
Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod F X X X
Solidago simplex Mt. Albert goldenrod F X X
Solidago sp. goldenrod F X
Sonchus oleraceus common sowthistle F X
Sparganium emersum European bur-reed G X X
Sparganium eurycarpum broadfruit bur-reed G X X
Spiraea douglasii hardhack S X X
cooleyae hedgenettle F X X
Stachys palustris marsh hedge-nettle F X
Stachys pilosa hairy hedge-nettle F X
Streptopus amplexifolius clasping twistedstalk F X X
Streptopus lanceolatus
var. roseus rosy twistedstalk F X
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry S X X
Symphyotrichum chilense California aster F X X
Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's aster F X X
Symphyotrichum
subspicatum var.
subspicatum Douglas aster F X X X
Taraxacum officinale dandelion F X
Tellima grandiflora fringecup F X X X
154
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Thalictrum occidentale western meadowrue F X X X
Thuja plicata western red cedar T X X
Tiarella trifoliata foamflower F X
Tolmiea menziesii piggy-back plant F X X X
brevistyla sticky false asphodel F X X
latifolia starflower F X X
arctica arctic starflower F X
Trifolium angustifolium
narrowleaf crimson
clover F X
Trifolium eriocephalum wooly-headed clover F X
Trifolium pratense red clover F X
Trifolium repens white Dutch clover F X
Trifolium wormskjoldii Wormskjold's clover F X
Trillium chloropetalum giant wake-robin F X
Trillium ovatum trillium F X X
Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock T X X
Typha latifolia cattail G X
unknown forb species F X

unknown grass
species G X

unknown shrub
species S X
Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf blueberry S X X
Vaccinium ovalifolium oval-leaved blueberry S X X
Vaccinium ovatum evergreen huckleberry S X X
Vaccinium oxycoccos small cranberry S X
Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry S X X
Vaccinium uliginosum bog blueberry S X X
Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian F X
Vancouveria hexandra inside-out flower F X X X
Veronica americana American Speedwell F X X X
Veronica serpyllifolia
thyme-leaved
speedwell F X
americanum
American
cranberrybush S X X
Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch F X
Vicia nigricans ssp.
gigantea giant vetch F X
Vicia sativa garden vetch F X
Vicia sp. vetch F X
Viola adunca early blue violet F X X
Viola glabella stream violet F X
Viola palustris marsh violet F X X
155
in Roxhill Park.
1
Planted Seeded
Survey
2007
Viola praemorsa canary violet F X
Viola sempervirens evergreen violet F X
Viola sp. violet F X
Vulpia myuros rat-tail fescue G X
1
T=Tree, S=Shrub, F=Forb, G=Graminoid

Roxhill Stewardship Report 2007

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ROXHILL IARK NA1URAL AREA

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