Graduate School of Development Studies

1outh unemployment and social policies 2Resolvin! social conflict3 : The case of social policies for youth in Dar es Salaam2Tanzania

A Research Paper presented by:

Lisungu Magnus Mapunda

(Tanzania)
in partial fulfilment of the re uirements for obtainin! the de!ree of "AST#RS $% ARTS &' D#(#)$P"#'T ST*D&#S Specialization:
+or,- #mployment and Globalization (+#G)

"embers of the e.aminin! committee: Dr )ee Pe!ler Dr /eff 0andma,er

The Hague, The Netherlands December: 2010 Disclaimer:

This document represents part of the author4s study pro!ramme 5hile at the &nstitute of Social Studies6 The vie5s stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the &nstitute6

Inquiries:
Postal address: &nstitute of Social Studies P6$6 7o. 89::; 8<=8 )T The 0a!ue The 'etherlands >ortenaer,ade ?8 8<?@ AA the 0a!ue The 'etherlands BC? := D8; =D;= BC? := D8; =:99

)ocation: Telephone: %a.:

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Acknowledgements
%irst of all & 5ould li,e to than, the almi!hty God for !ivin! me his stren!th to finish my study6 & 5ould li,e to e.tend my !ratitude to my supervisor Dr6 )ee Pe!ler for his viable advice and !uidance in 5hich this research 5ould have not been accomplished6 Special than,s are e.tended to my second reader Dr6 /eff 0andma,er for his viable comments and criticisms 5hich have helped to shape this paper6 & also 5ant to e.tend my !ratitude to &n!e (an DuiEn from %'( 7ond!enoten4s Southeast Africa +or,in! !roup 5ho secured my scholarship from %0>'6 & also 5ant to e.tend my !ratitude to Forry >oole from %0>' for her financial support6 Special than,s !o to all %'( 7ond!enoten staffs for the !ood cooperation and carin! me durin! the period of my study in The 'etherlands6 Special than,s !o to my 5ife Fonsolata "apunda and my children Petro- Donald and David for their tolerance durin! the period & have been a5ay from them6 Some than,s !o to "r6 7oniface 1ohana ',a,atisi a General Secretary of Tanzania *nion of &ndustrial and Fommercial +or,ers (T*&F$) for !rantin! me 5ith a study leave6 %inally- & 5ould li,e also to !ive my than,s to my respondents- +#G staffs and my collea!ue students of the specialisation for the !ood cooperation durin! my studies6 Than,s to the &SS community for sharin! ,no5led!e and e.periences6

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Contents
List of Tables.................................................................................................vi List of Figures................................................................................................vi ......................................................................................................................vi List of Acronyms...........................................................................................vii Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................1 1.1 Background........................................................................................1 1.2 Indication of roblem.........................................................................2 1.! "ele#ance and $ustification for the stud%...........................................! 1.& 'b(ecti#es and research )uestions.....................................................& 1.* +ource of data and methods............................................................* 1.*.1 Data sources:,........................................................................* 1.*.2 -ethods of Data gathering..................................................* 1.*.! +emi,structured Inter#ie.s .................................................* 1.*.& /ocus grou discussions......................................................0 1.*.* Direct obser#ation ...............................................................0 1.*.0 +econdar% data.....................................................................1

1.0 +co e and limitations.......................................................................1 1.1 +tructure of the a er.........................................................................1 Chapter 2: Analytical framework and literature review....................8 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................2 2.2 3outh unem lo%ment and the erformance of the social olicies.....2 2.! 3outh unem lo%ed and the ancillar% roblem of ro ert% crimes in the urban areas..............................................................................12 2.!.1 The first school of thought...................................................12 2.!.2 The second school of thought..............................................1! 2.!.! 4nal%tical frame.ork ...................................................................1* 2.& 5onclusion........................................................................................11 Chapter 3: The context of unemployment in the ur an centre! of Tan"ania. 1# !.1 Historical background of unem lo%ment in Tan6ania.....................17 !.2 Historical conte8t of crimes situations in Tan6ania9s urban centres. ......................................................................................................20 !.! 5onclusion........................................................................................21 i#

Chapter $: %indin&! and Analy!i!......................................................23 &.1 Introduction......................................................................................2! &.2 4nal%sis and discussion of ma(or findings.......................................2! &.2.1 :nem lo%ment situation in Tan6ania..................................2! &.2.2 /actors attributed to unem lo%ment in Tan6ania................2& &.2.! ;olic% or rograms inter#ention in go#ernment effort to combat the roblem of unem lo%ment amongst %outh in Dar es +alaam...................................................................20 &.2.& The ;olic% 5om onent........................................................27 &.2.* The /inancial +u ort 5om onent......................................!0 &.2.0 The Technical +kills 5om onent.........................................!2 &.! 5onclusion........................................................................................!& Chapter ': The compari!on of the view! of unemployed youth and youth offender!.....................................................................................3' *.1 <ffecti#eness of social olicies related to unem lo%ment amongst %outh in Dar es +alaam.................................................................!* *.1.1 =ie.s from the %outh offenders..........................................!1 *.1.! 5om arison bet.een the #ie.s of t.o grou s of %oung eo le and e#aluation of the social olicies.....................&0 *.! 5onclusion .......................................................................................&1 Chapter ( Conclu!ion..........................................................................$2 0.1 +ummaries of the findings...............................................................&2 0.2 /inal conclusion...............................................................................&! )eference! $( Appendice!$#

List of Tables
Table 1: :nem lo%ment rate of o ulation 1*> %ears b% se8 and area, 2000..............................................................................................2& Table 2: :nem lo%ment rate of o ulation 1*> %ears b% se8 and age grou , 2000...................................................................................2& Table !: :nem lo%ment rate of o ulation 1*> %ears b% educational attainment, se8 and area in 2000 ......................................................................................................2* Table &: <ffecti#eness of social olicies related to unem lo%ment and ancillar% roblem of crime amongst %outh...................................!* Table *: +ource of income amongst %outh offenders in Dar es +alaam ......................................................................................................!2 Table 0: ;ro ert% crimes re orted to olice since 200!. .......................&0

List of Figures
/igure 1: 5auses in .hich .ill determine the le#els of em lo%ment and unem lo%ment..............................................................................11 /igure 2: Design of anal%tical frame.ork...........................................10 /igure !: +ome causes of unem lo%ment amongst %outh in Dar es +alaam...........................................................................................20

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List of Acronyms
F&D DAR %GDs GoT &)%S SAPs S&D$ *RT Friminal &nvesti!ation Department Dar es salaam %ocus Group Discussions Government of Tanzania &nte!rated )abour %orce Survey Structural AdEustments Pro!rams Small &ndustries Development $r!anisation *nited Republic of Tanzania

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Abstract This research paper evaluated the social policies of Tanzanian !overnment if are able to miti!ate the problem of youth unemployment in Dar es Salaam and also if the same policies are applicable to youth offenders of the property crimes6 This study 5as done in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania6 The study results sho5ed thatthe unemployment amon!st youth are si!nificantly increasin! despite of the policies and pro!rams put in place 5hich appears to be sound in combatin! the youth unemployment6 %actors leadin! to such unemployment 5ere slo5 economic !ro5th- retrenchments of 5or,ers 5hich carried out as an advent of implementation of SAPs- ruralGurban mi!ration- and population !ro5th rate amon!st youth- lac, of education and s,ills and individual problems6 Due to this situation the study also revealed that- there is ancillary problem of si!nificant increase of property crimes amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6

Relevance to Development Studies

Tanzania bein! one of the developin! countries is faced 5ith the problem of youth unemployment6 This problem predominantly e.ists in the lar!est urban centre of Dar es Salaam6 This paper aimed at analysin! the !overnment4s social policies if there are able to address the challen!es that the !overnment is facin!6 7esides this problem of youth unemployment the !overnment also fi!hts a!ainst increasin! of the ancillary problem of property crimes- 5hich is threatenin! the inhabitants of Dar es Salaam6

Keywords
Social policies- employment- unemployment- property crimes- Dar es Salaam and youth

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C apter !" #ntroduction !$! %ackground

Tanzania has tried to pursue various policies favourable to human resource development since her independence in ?9;?6 These policies 5ere aimed at eliminatin! illiteracy- diseases and poverty amon! the citizens6 &n order to achieve this !oal various policy measures 5ere ta,en on board includin! universal primary education- introduction of education for self reliance- popularization of functional literacy- and interface 5or, 5ith education (*RTFomposite Development Goal 8===:<=)6 Alon!side that- the e.pansion in the numbers of primary and secondary schools to!ether 5ith tertiary and hi!her education institutions 5ere tar!eted6 Althou!h the initiatives 5ere ta,en- the !overnment 5as unable to combat this situationH in this case very fe5 achievements have been ta,in! place especially 5ith re!ard to employment levels6 After independence the !overnment 5as unable to allocate all the labour force in employment- in the mid ?9;? Tanzania had the total population estimated at 9-D=D-=== comprisin! D-<89-=== males and D@:<-=== females6 The number of paid employment in /une ?9;? 5as D<9-<C9 5hich are D69I of the total population6 The overall ratio of employed adult males to the number of adult males in the population is appro.imately ?:69I 5hich is a lo5 fi!ure6 The economy of the country is predominantly depended on a!riculture based mainly on production of primary products and !ro5in! of food stuffs for local consumption6 )ar!e maEority of the population 5ere self employed as peasant farmers in subsistence economy6 *nemployment and redeployment are confined in urban areasH this is due to mi!ration of youn! people from rural to urban areas 5hich resulted in the escalation of population in urban centres6 This problem of hi!h population 5as fuelled by the number of youn! people that remained in urban areas and 5ere unemployed since most of them 5ere uns,illed and illiterate and also coupled 5ith the fact that there 5ere not ready to underta,e manual EobsJ5or,s 5hich they 5ere suited6 Apart from that- the !ro5th of services in to5ns 5ere more attractive than in rural areas as 5ell as diversity and e.citement of urban life and these factors continued to dra5 many people particularly the youth to mi!rate from rural to urban (FFTAJFSA ?9;8)6 &n this case many youn! people remained in e.treme poverty 5hich reinforces many parameters: 5hich include malnutritionH i!noranceH prevalence of diseaseH hi!h infant and maternal mortalityH lo5 life e.pectancyH lo5 per capital incomeH poor uality housin!H poor technolo!yH environmental de!radationH unemployment and poor communication (*RT-?99@)6 1

&n?99; the !overnment realized that there is a need to deal 5ith the problem of unemployment throu!h specific policy interventions6 The 1outh Development Policy 5as published for that reason as 5ell as the 'ational #mployment Policy 5hich also 5as issued a year later6 7oth policies aimed at fi!htin! the problem of youth unemployment throu!h increasin! employment opportunities6 Durin! the previous period issues related to youth development as 5ell as employment 5ere implemented throu!h other policies such as campai!ns- deliberation and various !uidelines that 5ere pioneered by the rulin! party and the !overnment as 5ell (>omba-8==8:D<2<=)6 Such campai!ns prompted the spirit of 5or, as a basis for development of income per capita throu!h enhancin! the employment opportunities amon! the youth6 &n this re!ard the !overnment of Tanzania promoted a!riculture as a maEor employin! industry in the re!ion (*RT ?99@6?=2??)6 Since it too, lon! time after independence for a youth development policy to be in place- the !overnment did not pay special attention to youth development in particular on employment promotion6 Thus- there are indications that- many of these social problems are still prevailin! such as persistence of poverty- increasin! illiteracyunderemployment and si!nificant increase of unemployment especially amon! the youth6 &n this case- the unemployed youn! people find themselves unable to maintain their desire of !ood standard of livin! in urban areas6 That promoted the ancillary problem of increasin! rate of the incidences of property crimes in the urban areas6

!$& #ndication of problem

%or over t5o decades no5- Tanzania is faced 5ith the problem of unemployment- 5hich has paralleled rise 5ith the ancillary problem of property crimes6 These are more prevalent in the urban centre of Dar es Salaam6 The apparent relationship bet5een unemployment and property crimes- especially amon! the youth in Dar es Salaam the lar!est urban centre in Tanzania mi!ht indicate that- committin! crimes is one of the strate!ies used by the youth in order to survive in the city6 The prevalence of unemployment in Tanzania is re!arded as a maEor national developmental challen!e- both economically and socially6 *nemployment rate in the country started to increase in ?9:=s 5hen the country e.perienced economic crisis reflected by the fall in annual GDP !ro5th rate from <I to an avera!e of 86;I in early ?9@=s- and about ?I in the be!innin! of ?99=s (*RT: #conomic survey 8===)6The economic crisis 5as also reflected in the decline of industrial capacity utilization and a decline in a!riculture output- 5hich had an adverse effect on the balance of payment6 The 2

ability of the economy to create employment opportunities 5as severely undermined6 #ven thou!h the recovery measures 5hich started since the mid of ?9@=s throu!h implementin! the structural adEustment policies- the annual GDP !ro5th rate could not be effected by these policies6 The policies put in place aimed at increasin! effective economic !ro5th and employment creation but this did not have a bi! impact on the levels of employment6 This resulted in an increase in private enterprises and by implication the role of the public sector as a maEor employer be!an to decline6 Thus 5ith that fact the rate of unemployment remained hi!h 5hich 5as estimated at ??6:I in 8==; for persons a!ed from ?< years and above ('ational #mployment policy- 8==@:82;)6 The !overnment ar!ues that unemployment in Tanzania is due to lac, of human capital- s,ills and access to resources li,e land and capital 5hich could foster self employment ('ational #mployment creation pro!ramme- 8==::C2D)6 7ut it seems unemployment increased in the country especially in urban areas due to lac, of !overnment universal social policy6 Tanzania had three social economic re!imes6 The first re!ime started from ?9;? to ?9;:5hich focused in urbanization and influence of economic !ro5th6 The second re!ime 5as from ?9;: to ?9@; this re!ime focused on the broader population6 %inal re!ime started from ?9@; to date in 5hich is characterized 5ith &"% and +orld 7an,6 %rom this point of vie5 each re!ime had different social policy vision6

!$' Relevance and (ustification for t e study

Althou!h Tanzania started implementin! economic reforms since ?9@=s in order to foster the economic !ro5th- unemployment remains a challen!e6 Accordin! to &)%S (8==;:<@) the rate of unemployment for youth a!ed ?<2 8D years of a!e increases for about ?D69I as compared to ?=6?DI of adults and has the hi!hest rate as compared to all cate!ory !roups in Dar es Salaam6 This can be due to a lac, of re uired ,no5led!e and s,ills to match 5ith the labour mar,ets- also the increase of population for youth in urban centres of Dar es Salaam The unemployment rate has been increasin! since the?9@=s as has the rate of property crimes6 %or this reason there mi!ht be thatunemployment has been fostered by the intense poverty amon! the youn! peopleH the effects of !lobal recession and implementation of structural adEustment policies as 5ell as trade liberalization policies that has had an adverse effect on the unemployment levelsH this bein! an outcome of conditions imposed in order to remove subsidies on the !overnment social services such as education especially for youn! !eneration6 !

+orld youth report (8==:::92@;) ar!ued that privatization of public enterprises resulted in the retrenchments of many 5or,ers includin! youn! people6 %or the developin! countries this e.ercise came 5hen they 5ere not ready to under!o the e.erciseH this fostered the unemployment !ro5th rate in the re!ion as the private investors 5ere unable to immediately !enerate sufficient employment6 The adverse effect 5as not only Eoblessness- but also e.treme poverty amon! the retrenched 5or,ers that may have attracted the victims to deviate to the delin uencies in order to sustain their lives6 Accordin! to the victimization survey (8===)- it points out the factors of the circle bet5een unemployment and property crimes: these are lac, of policeJpopulationJarea ratio 5hich is not proportional 5ith the size re uired ?:8==2D==::2?D (s 6,m)- slo5 economic !ro5th of about C6@I in ?99<29@- lo5 per capital income of about 8?=*SD<=I of the population leave under poverty line 5hile 98I in rural area are absolute poor 5ith lac, of safe 5ater- illiteracy- uns,illedpoorly nourished- poorly heath and hi!h mortality6 These factors facilitates many youth to mi!rate from rural to urban centres to see, for a better life and e.citements but end up Eoblessness due to lac, of Eobs in the urban areas especially in Dar es Salaam6 Accordin! to this situation +ills (?9@8) su!!ests that- the broader societal impacts of poverty- unemployment and the crimes 5hatever the relation is or not is the indicator of the problems 5ith the KanomieL Thus- the study is relevant in the sense that- it 5ill e.plore the !overnment social policies if there are able to combat the unemployment !ro5th rate amon! the youth as 5ell as the ancillary problem of property crimes in Dar es Salaam6

!$) *b+ectives and researc ,uestions

Objective The main obEective of this research paper is to investi!ate the effectiveness of social policies relatin! to youth unemployment in Tanzania6 Due to the increasin! rate of unemployment amon! the youth in Dar es Salaam the lar!est centre of Tanzania this study 5ill also e.plores ho5 and 5hether these same policies for disadvanta!ed youth also applies to offenders6 Given those e.planation the main uestion drivin! this paper is: Research question To 5hat e.tent is the !overnment of Tanzania4s social policies are able to address the problem of unemployment amon! the youth and the ancillary problem of property crime3 Sub questions

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 To 5hat e.tent does !overnment ma,e a conscious effort to lin, supply of- and the demand for labour3 To 5hat e.tent does the unemployed youth perceive that the !overnment4s social policies and pro!rams put in place 5ill alleviate the causes of unemployment3

!$-

Source of data and met ods

1.5.1 Data sources:Primary data 5as collected throu!h: (?) Actin! Director of #mployment Department from "inistry of +or,- #mployment and 1outh Development- (8) &ntervie5s 5hich 5as conducted 5ith the Director of Friminal and &nvesti!ation Department (F&D)- (C) The Director of 0uman Resource "ana!ement in the President4s $ffice of *nited Republic of Tanzania- Plannin! Fommission6 T5o focus !roup discussions 5ere conducted throu!h random samplin! of t5enty respondents6 A first !roup 5as conducted 5ith ten unemployed youn! people and a second !roup 5as conducted 5ith ten offenders of property crimes from *,on!a Prison in Dar es Salaam6 Secondary data 5as obtained from: (?) Reports from Dar es Salaam (ictimization Survey- *RT #conomic Survey- &nte!rated )abour %orce Survey- (8) 'ational 7ureau of Statistics- (C) )ibrary of *niversity of Dar es salaam (D) &SS )ibrary 7oo,s (;) online sources 5hich includes 5eb sites

1.5.2 Methods of Data gathering

This study used both ualitative and uantitative approach in order to ans5er the research uestion6 &n this case the primary and secondary data 5as used in my study6 Since the study 5as aimed at investi!atin! on the !overnment social policies if are able to combat the problem of youth unemployment in Dar es Salaam : three semi2structured intervie5s 5as administered 5ith the officials of the !overnment &nstitutions and t5o focus !roup discussions 5ere conducted 5ith youn! people as 5ell as the observation techni ues 5as also applied6

1.5.3 Semi-structured Interviews

A first intervie5 5as conducted 5ith the Actin! Director of #mployment Department of the "inistry of +or,- #mployment and 1outh Development6 & e.plored the information concernin! the unemployment !ro5th rate amon! the youth and its impact in the *

society6 & 5as also able to investi!ate on the information about the policies and pro!rams aimin! at combatin! the problem of youth unemployment in Dar se Salaam6 This information 5as important because & aimed at loo,in! on the causes of the unemployment amon!st youth6 A second intervie5 5as administered 5ith the Director of Friminal &nvesti!ation Department from "inistry of 0ome Affairs6 & 5as able to !et the information re!ardin! the factors causin! ancillary problem of property crimes6 Additionally the statistics related to the trend of property crime for si. years since 8==C 5ere made available6 Apart from that the responded e.plained about the strate!ies of miti!atin! the problem of crimes in the re!ion6 Additionally- the third intervie5 5as conducted 5ith the Director of Administration and 0uman Resources in the President4s $fficePlannin! Fommission6 This intervie5 focused on the pro!rams or policies tar!eted to empo5er the youth in order to combat the problem of unemployment parallel 5ith the ancillary problem of property crimes6 These findin!s 5ere analysed to!ether 5ith those from F&D and "inistry of )abour in order to ascertain if the !overnment social policies are effective to miti!ate the problem of unemployment and ancillary problem of property crimes amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6

1.5.4

ocus grou! discussions

& conducted t5o focus !roup discussions6 A first focus !roup comprised ten unemployed youth randomly selected6 The aim 5as to !et into interactive discussions 5ith them concernin! social policies if there are able to address the problem of youth unemployment in the urban centre of Dar es Salaam6 A second focus !roup discussion 5as conducted 5ith ten youth offenders of property crimes6 +ith this !roup & 5as able to e.plore on ho5 and 5hether they perceive that!overnment policies see,s to brin! them bac, into labour mar,et6

1.5.5 Direct o"servation

Durin! data collection & used the direct observation methods6 This method helped me to record the natural behaviours of the youn! people6 Also & 5as able to !ather the information 5hich 5as not easily accessible 5hen researchin! by usin! semi2structured intervie5s and %GDs6 +ith the direct observation & observed the activities and actions done by the sample studied and the information 5as recorded in the noteboo,6 &n this case & toured different 7us stations and mar,et places in Dar es Salaam 5here people mostly 0

claim that the youth are involvin! in criminal offences tar!etin! the travellers and customers6

1.5.# Secondar$ data

Secondary data 5as !athered from- &nte!rated )abour %orce Survey- Dar es Salaam (ictimization Survey- 'ational 7ureau of Statistics- Government Surveys- Dar es salaam *niversity )ibrary&SS )ibrary boo,s and online sources such as 5ebsites6

!$. Scope and limitations

The focus of sample studied 5as narro5ed do5n to three !overnment ministries6 Also t5o focussed !roup discussions 5ere carried out 5ith the youth6 Due to the bureaucratic procedures several appointments 5ere made6 This made me to be disappointed althou!h & mana!ed to !et the information 5ithin si. 5ee,s6 +hen & or!anized the focus !roup discussions 5ith the youth- & 5as re!arded as a police or Eournalist6 7ecause unemployed youn! people are mostly loiterin! in concentrated areas- sometimes there are cau!ht up by the police or reported by Eournalist6 That made it very hard for me to !et in touch 5ith them6 & decided to use the informant 5ho introduced me to them6 At the be!innin! of our discussion they 5ere not free to !ive out the detailed information6 That 5as due to fear of bein! arrested as they did not believe that & 5as a student6 7ut on the course of our discussions & reassured them that the information !athered 5ill be used for academic purposes and 5ill be ,ept confidentially6 Also the study 5as limited due to the unavailability of data for unemployment statistics6 The last &nte!rated )abour %orce Survey 5as conducted in 8==; and the previous one 5as conducted in 8==?6 Another Survey 5ill be conducted in 8=??6This 5ill comprise information from 8==: to 8=??6 Thus- this research paper 5ill use only employment statistics available up to 8==;6

!$/ Structure of t e paper

This paper is divided into si. chapters6 The ne.t chapter covers analytical frame5or, and literature revie56 Fhapter three provides the historical bac,!round of the unemployment and ancillary problem of property crimes amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6 Fhapter four presents the analysis of the social policies6 Fhapter five compares the vie5s of unemployed youth and youth offenders6 The final chapter presents the conclusion and summaries of the main findin!s6

C apter &" Analytical framework and literature review

&$! #ntroduction
This chapter discusses the literatures concernin! the youth unemployment and performance of the social policies related to unemployment6 The second part debates on the factors leadin! to the ancillary problem of the property crimes6 Therefore- t5o schools of thou!ht 5ill be used durin! the analysis of the findin!s of this study6 At the end of the chapter it 5ill summarise the discussion of the literatures throu!h brin!in! in t5o fi!ures6 The first fi!ure 5ill indicate the causes of the unemployment amon!st youth and the second fi!ure indicates the desi!n of analytical frame5or,6 %inally the conclusion 5ill be dra5n6

&$& 0out unemployment and t e performance of t e social policies$

Some of the authors have addressed the problem of unemployment in relation to the performance of the social policies6 The focus bein! placed on the 5ay these policies are able to create the employment opportunities6 &n some countries the social policies have been chan!in! overtime reflectin! the mode and ideolo!y of the political system6 Accordin! to SemboEa (8==::9M?:2?9) ta,es the e.ample from Tanzania throu!h vie5in! the implementation of SAPs in the country by see,in! to address the problem of unemployment amon!st youth in the re!ion6 These policies 5ere put in place 5hile aimin! at creatin! the enablin! environment 5hich could create ne5 employment opportunities for youn! people6 7ut this obEective had adverse outcome6 The policies could not translate into meanin!ful obEectivessuch as creation of employment specifically for ne5 entrants6 Additionally SemboEa (8==:) ar!ues that- employability does not only re uire s,ills and trainin!s but also public policies 5hich are favourable to create conducive environments- 5hich 5ill be able to match demand and supply in the labour mar,et6 "chovu et al6 (?99@:D@) assert that- the policies are formulated but the e.ecutors do not pay attention to implement and measure the outcomes of the policies6 Apparently most of the social policies are va!ue and do not indicate the strate!ies 5hich are to be employed in the course of implementation6 &n this vie5- there is a challen!e 5hen it comes to the sta!e of implementin! these policies6 %or e.ample all social policies re uires to be enforced throu!h havin! actors 5ho are accountable and feel that they are conscious 5ith a particular situation and they are ready to influence chan!es6 2

"chovu et al6 (?99@) further points out that there are some problems in e.ecutin! social policies6 This can be ar!ued that- due to different roles from various actors thus- there are some conflictin! interests because 5hat is needed by the community is different from 5hat is prioritized in the policies6 This can be vie5ed as very cumbersome to implement a policy bearin! in mind that- the beneficiaries are not motivated 5ith the policy in place6 7ut it mi!ht be that- 5hen formulatin! the policies there is a need to involve all the sta,eholders6 7ecause they 5ill reflect on 5hat they thin, are their concerns6 &n Tanzania the practice mi!ht indicates that only a team of the e.pert or tas, force seats and formulates the policy aimin! that- it 5ill reflect the 5ill and needs of the community6 This type of policy cannot meet the aims of the community tar!eted6 Since most of these policies seems to be ineffective in addressin! the problem of unemployment especially for vulnerable !roups such as youth6 Sandrine et al6 (8==9:?<2?;) su!!ests that- the !overnment should come up 5ith the strate!ies 5hich 5ill lift up youn! people from lon! term unemployment or mass unemployment6 These strate!ies are li,e Eob search assistance- 5or, e.periences and apprenticeship- s,ills trainin!- and entrepreneurships financial supports6 +ith the Eob search strate!ies is aimed at increasin! the unemployed person 5ith the chance of bein! employable6 This is done throu!h s,ill assessment- counsellin! and !ivin! information on the availability of Eobs6 &n case of s,ill trainin! these pro!rams aims at enhancin! the capacity of unemployed to be employable6 At the same time unemployed youn! people need to be empo5ered 5ith entrepreneurship in 5hich it can be both trainin! 5hich aims to e.pand their ,no5led!e in business plannin! and provision of micro2 credits 5hich aims to lend them 5ith loans 5ithout collateral6 The ar!ument here can be that- micro2credits do only benefits small proportional of unemployed youthH in that sense it cannot brin! the meanin!ful obEectives6 7ut 5ith s,ill trainin! on other hand can be much beneficial as it can cut across a 5ide ran!e of vulnerable !roup of unemployed youth (&bid)6 (enatus and A!nes (8=?=) presents that- the !overnment of 'i!eria for e.ample- reco!nize the unemployment amon! youth as an increasin! social problem in the re!ion6 &n order to curb the problem a number of pro!rams and schemes have been desi!ned6 All youth completin! under!raduate de!ree must underta,e one year national services before they enter into labour mar,et6 This scheme assists youth to enhance the chances of securin! employment or !et an e.perience of self employment after the end of the scheme6 The (ocational and technical education scheme also has been introduced into *niversities- polytechnics- and colle!es of education6 #ntrepreneurship trainin!s have been included in the curricula of the 7

hi!her education6 All these schemes assist to build the empo5erment of youn! people to enter into formal or informal employments6 Althou!h the !overnment attempts to miti!ate the problem of unemployment amon!st youth it is still lac,in! a comprehensive policy- 5hich could address the concerns and needs of the youth (enatus and A!nes (8=?=)6 This situation also prevails in Tanzania6 All social policies put in place are fra!mented and are coordinated throu!h different ministries6 Althou!h the !overnment has a "inistry of )abour- #mployment and 1outh Development- it is not concerned 5ith the administration of all social policies6 This ministry has been vested 5ith the issues of employments6 7ut the empo5erin! of youth throu!h human development such as health- education and trainin!s are dealt 5ith different ministries6 This situation ma,es the miti!ation of unemployment amon!st youth throu!h policy interventions in the country especially in urban areas to become more cumbersome6 +orld youth report (8==::8C) compares bet5een unemployed youth 5ho have hi!h levels of education and those 5ith primary education6 &n some countries the results indicated that youth 5ith hi!h levels of education durin! the crisis lost their Eobs and those 5ith primary level !ot some ne5 Eobs or maintained their Eob6 The reason is due to that youth 5ho have hi!h level of education tend to find a Eob 5hich matches 5ith their ualification- but the available Eobs at the labour mar,et is unproportional 5ith their s,ills hence there is a mismatch bet5een the ac uired s,ills and the re uirement of the employers 5hen considerin! ta,in! them into labour mar,et6 As a result youn! people are demoralised and decide to fore!o employment and remain unemployed6 &n this vie5- it can be ar!ued that- due to poor social policies put in place- there is a failure to prepare youn! people 5ith s,ills and ualifications re uired to match 5ith the labour mar,et6 "ost of these policies are poorly coordinated6 Some countries studies done indicates that- they do not have universal social policies in 5hich it could be more easier to inte!rate the needs of youn! people earlier 5hen pursuin! their studies6 7ut in other 5ay round the youth unemployment is impacted by the demand for labour 5hich depends on the condition of the economy of the country if is able to create the employment opportunities6 Stanford (8==@:?<?28) ar!ue that- the increasin! employment opportunities depends on the decision of employers and investors6 These employers and investors can influence the hi!h employment levels by increasin! the supply of business investments in the economy6 Thus- this situation 5ill determine the e.tent to 5hich the size of labour force is needed in the labour mar,et6 Given 5hat has been stated above- the employers and investors 5ill only increase the amount of employment dependin! on the condition of the employment of a particular country6 %or the state 5ith stron! economy obviously the employment conditions 5ill attract 10

many 5or,ers o search for Eobs6 Also the environment 5ill attract employers or investors to increase investments in the economy because 5or,ers 5ill immediately spend their income for consumer !oods their employers produce6 7ut for the employment condition 5hich is 5ea, that 5ill obviously discoura!e the 5or,ers and therefore the demand for labour 5ill be very minimal6 +ith this respect- it can be ar!ued thatthere are t5o modes of employersH private employers and the !overnment6 Accordin! to the discussion above- the levels of employment or unemployment amon! youth can be summarised in fi!ure ? belo56

Figure !" Causes in w ic will determine t e levels of employment and unemployment

3outh em lo%ment or unem lo%ment Demand for labour +u l% of labour

?o. demand for labour

?ack of (ob search 4ssistance ?ack of <ntre reneurshi +kills and Training

In#estments ?ack of 5a ital for self em lo%ment ;ri#ate In#estors@ <m lo%ers Ao#ernment In#estors@em lo% er 11 -ismatch of skills and )ualification .ith re)uirement of the labour

7ased on the above fi!ure- it indicates that the level of employment 5ill depend on the demand side and supply of labour6 Supply side for labour fails to address the problem of unemployment in the labour mar,et also the fi!ure indicates that- the demand side 5ill depend if employment condition 5ill favourable for 5or,ers to demand employment6 The outcome of it is that- the unemployment especially for youn! people can be due to 5or,er condition for employment6 &n the li!ht of the above situation- the results can be reflected on the societies6 Thus the follo5in! section 5ill discuss in detail on the problem of youth unemployment and its ancillary problem in the society6

&$' 0out unemployed and t e ancillary problem of property crimes in t e urban areas$
T5o schools of thou!ht have emer!ed due to the debate on literatures concernin! youth unemployment in 5hich it has been related to the ancillary problem of the property crimes6 Some authors have positive idea that- youth unemployment leads to direct lin, to the incidences of ancillary problem of property crimes6 $thers ar!ue that- there are indirect lin,a!es bet5een youth unemployment and the ancillary problem of incidences of property crimes 6That results the emer!ence of t5o schools of thou!ht6

2.3.1 %he first schoo& of thought

The first school of thou!ht ar!ues that there is a direct lin,a!e bet5een unemployment and property crimes6 &n this sense 7ritt (?99D:?==) asserts that- crimes can be the result of frustration that arises from the poor economic conditions- that the unemployed people finds themselves impairin! their ability to maintain their desired standard of livin!6 7ased on his assertion it can be ar!ued that the creation of environment 5hich is conducive for employment opportunities can lead to favour some !roup of people especially the youn! into employment6 That can be achieved throu!h puttin! in place S"#s or #PNs in particular for developin! countries in 5hich they promote a!riculture as a maEor employin! sector6 0a!an (?99C:D;;) asserts that- unemployment mi!ht cause property crimes on the !round that- concentration of poverty and Eoblessness- 5hich fuels crimes but put emphasis that- yet micro2 12

level studies are unclear about the comple. relationship bet5een unemployment and crimes6 %rom his point of vie5 is that- Eobless people have hi!h chance to deviate from moral norms to delin uency because for the time they are idle their mind set is upon ho5 to earn a daily bread6 This can attempt someone to thin, that committin! property crimes is the solution of the problem of income earnin! especially in urban areas 5here the life is al5ays hard6 *nemployment and property crimes have been interpreted as the issue of youth concerns because in many cases- youth are re!arded to be amon! the disadvanta!ed !roup 5hen it comes to the issues of employment6 Accordin! to the #conomic Report on Africa (8==<: ?@8) relates the acts of crimes and youth emphasizin! on property crimes of bur!lary- theft- fraud and for!ery and %al, et al6- (8==9%ou!ere et al6 8==;) relates unemployment and loss of status that influence feelin!s of deprivation due to lac, of opportunity for le!itimate activities as a result loo,in! for the alternatives to compensate for such loss of economic !ain6 Rural2 urban youth mi!ration also accounts for Eoblessness and in turn youth find the only alternative for them to remain in the cities is by practicin! criminal activities6 This means that once youn! people are in to5ns they do not li,e to return bac, to the rural areas despite of any difficulties they 5ill face6 As a result due to lac, of a place to be at a !iven time and en!a!in! into le!itimate activities- the youn! people decide to form some street !an!s 5hich are assumed to be as the substitutes of their residences6 %rom this point of vie5 youth find themselves committin! the street crimes includes robberytheft and frauds http:JJ5556uneca6or!Jera8==<Jchapter<6pdf as accessed on ?=th /une 8=?=6 As in many aspects Tanzania is amon! the Sub2Saharan African countries- the +orld youth report (8==::9;29@) ar!ue thatunemployed youth are mainly in the cities because youth flo5 from rural to urban areas searchin! for Eob but due to lo5 ualifications and lac, of e.perience remain unemployed and as a conse uence many youth as 5ell as adult unemployed do not receive any form of social security or insurance6 %or this case youn! people remain in absolute poverty6 This vicious cycle lead to poor education attainment as 5ell as to unemployment a!ain6 &n this sense- some youn! people become desperate 5ith this situation and finally find themselves committin! crimes6

2.3.2 %he second schoo& of thought

Some studies conducted su!!est that- there is a positive relationship bet5een unemployment and property crimes6 >lec, (8==8:;<8) relates crimes and 5or, as an alternative to income !eneratin! activities available to rational- ma.imization utility for individuals6 Additionally- Fhamlin and Fochran (8===:DD<2DD;) assert 1!

that- unemployment affects the level of crimes by chan!in! the individual behaviour of relative costs and benefits throu!h 5ei!hin! the alternatives 5ealth of livin!6 &n addition- he ar!ues in t5o fold6 %irst- unemployed people do not fear about sacrificin! le!itimacy of their career paths6 Secondly- unemployment decreases the public revenue that could be used to combat crimes6 Thus- 5ith these factsthey su!!est that- unemployment increases the rates of property crimes on the !round that- crimes becomes more attractive than any other means of !ainin! income6 Some authors su!!est that- there is indirect lin,a!e bet5een unemployment and property for crimes6 )ee et al6- (8==;:@=D2@=;) ar!ues that- individual have rational choice to opt doin! crimes based on benefits and costs of their options6 The youn! people opt to ta,e occupations in 5hich they can derive benefits immediately and this includes financial and monetary !ains as 5ell as some psycholo!ical advanta!es but on the other hand- there are disadvanta!es in 5hich they !et loss of income- or bein! imprisonment6 &n this li!ht )ee et al6 (8==;) !ives the assertion that- 5hen the personal consumption decline the possibility of committin! crimes rises6 The incidences of property crimes 5ill shoot up in the sense that it correlates 5ith the purchasin! po5er and the adverse of it 5ill li,ely happen that if the purchasin! po5er !oes up the result 5ill be that the crimes rate 5ill !o do5n6 7ra,e and 0ale (?998- Tan!- 8==9) ar!ues that- the debate of 5hether unemployment - poverty and deprivation are causes related to crimes is less convincin!- and instead much emphasis 5ould be that- crimes and in particular street crimes- is more related 5ith the economic crisis in 5hich most people lose purchasin! po5er6 &n vie5 of their ar!ument is that unemployment especially amon!st youn! people alone cannot be the cause of crimes6 7ut the economic do5n turn resulted by the economic crisis can be convincin!6 Then ar!ue that the only remedy for this situation is to pursue the economic and social policies 5hich 5ill unrest the situation6 Also- Gius (?999:9<?29<D) ascertain that- individuals have rational decision respondin! to opportunities available both le!itimate and ille!itimate thus- on that bases the individual behaviour especially for youth are most dynamic reflectin! to their life style6 +hen the unemployment is hi!h the possibility to deviate to criminolo!ical behaviour is hi!her and the possibility of returnin! to le!itimate activities is less6 +ith this ar!ument means that- the !overnment should ta,e into consideration the behaviour of youn! people and that can be achieved throu!h creation of the employment opportunities 5hich absorb a sizeable number of the youn! people in order to prevent deviance amon! the youth6 The +orld 7an,- (8==@:C@) relates the crimes and youth 5ho are mar!inalized from economic opportunities and ar!ue that- a lar!e indirect socio2economic costs fuels the crimes6 %ou!ere et al6 (8==;1&

+orld youth report- 8==:) adds that- if unemployment foster crimethen- solution 5ould be throu!h sound labour mar,et policies that aims matchin! the demand and supply of the labour force- and policies that can improve the po5er of enterprises to do business and be able to hire people6 &n this re!ard crimes are a result of poverty 5hich attracts youn! people to admire life style as if they have le!itimate activities6 )i,e5ise Farmichael et al6 (8==?:???28) disa!ree 5ith the facts that unemployment is the cause of property crimes and in that case ar!ues that- if unemployment is the cause of property crime then most 5omen could be en!a!ed in criminal activities than men because 5omen constitute the maEority of those that are disadvanta!ed 5hen it comes to unemployment6 Therefore- this could lead to a situation 5here there are more 5omen into criminal activities6 &n vie5 of the debates above- there are t5o different schools of thou!hts- one that a!ree 5ith the fact that- unemployment causes crimes especially property crimes and another school disa!rees 5ith that fact- and believes that- crimes are fuelled by poverty due to loss of economic !ain and also due to personal behaviour on individual people 5hich accounts for the si!nificant influence of crimes on the !round that- they 5ant to 5ei!h out the probability of life6 Accordin! to the schools of thou!ht analyzed above- & thin, thatthere is a lin, bet5een the unemployment and ancillary problem of property crimes- for the reason that- those affected by unemployment opportunities 5ould find the alternatives in order to maintain their livin! and survive in the urban centre6 7ut even thou!h such lin,a!e is or not this research paper intends to e.plores on the !overnment social policies if are effective to unrest the problem of unemployment amon!st the youth and the ancillary problem of property crimes6

&$'$' Analytical framework

%i!ure 8 presents the analytical frame5or, in 5hich t5o schools of thou!ht have been analysed6 The first school claim that youth unemployment is directly lin,ed 5ith ancillary problem of the property crimes amon!st youth in urban areas6 +hile the second school claim that- due to indirect costs in 5hich unemployed youn! people face can foster to the ancillary problem of property crimes6 This analytical frame5or, 5ill be used to analyse the findin!s obtained from the field6 Since this paper intends to analyze the effectiveness of the !overnment social policies to combat the problems of youth unemployment and the ancillary problem of property crimes in Dar es Salaam6 Thus this analytical frame5or, 5ill be useful in the sense that it !ives the indication of the 5ay these t5o problems are reflected in the literatures6 1*

7ased on the analytical frame5or, belo5 there are some ,ey indicators emer!ed from both schools6 These indicators are often mentioned by many authors and probably mi!ht be reflected durin! the analysis of this research paper: povertyH rural2urban mi!ration amon! the youthH hi!h population !ro5th rateH lac, of social securityH &ndividual behaviourH lo5 education and lac, of 5or, e.periences fuels the problem of youth unemployment and the ancillary problem of property crimes6

Figure &" Design of analytical framework

/actors of ro ert% 5rimes: T.o +chools of Thought

1st +chool agree unem lo%ment causes crimes /rustrations $oblessness "ural C:rban 3outh -igration

2nd +chool suggest indirect social B <conomic factors leading to ro ert% crimes ;o#ert% Indi#idual beha#iour <conomic crisis

;ro ert% 5rimes High ;o ulation Aro.th rate /eelings of De ri#ation ?o. education and lack of .ork e8 eriences

Indirect social costs

5osts of benefits

?ack of social securities

0o5ever some authors !ives the criti ue on the !round that- the policin! strate!ies put in place is important to reduce the incidences of property crimes6 %or e.ample the study done in *S ?99=s indicated that the crimes rate fall in the year ?99=s to 8==? due to increasin! the imprisonment- puttin! in place tou!h la5s- increasin! the number of police and increasin! spendin! on police and prisons 10

()evitt 8==D:?;C2:?)6 &n this re!ard the indicators hi!hli!hted above cannot be supportive if there is lose policin! strate!ies6 "ost of these indicators derived from the root cause of the poor economic !ro5th rate of the particular country6

This meant that- althou!h the economic !ro5th is favourable for employment creation as 5ell as increasin! the real GDP per capita6 7ut sometimes the economic !ro5th cannot be the determinant of the crime rates6 7ec,er (?9;@:?:;2@) points out that there is a lar!e diversity of penalties dependin! on the types of the offences6 7ut does the punishment say imposed to the offenders of property crimes enou!h to chan!e their altitudes3 To ans5er this uestion he is in vie5 that- in order to combat and limit the repetition of the same offenses by the same offenders4 severe penalty should be imposed6 %or e.ample su!!ests that instead of payin! compensation an offender can be convicted into imprisonment6

&$) Conclusion
This chapter discussed the !overnment social policies on unemployment amon!st youth6 &t has indicated that some policies are fra!mented and in this case its coordination is difficult6 "oreoverthese policies are not preparin! youn! people accordin! to the need of the e.istin! labour mar,et6 That resulted to the si!nificant increase of youth unemployment6 Above that- the chapter discussed on the demand of labour 5hich also is one of the maEor obstacle for youth to !et employment opportunities6 The employers and investors have the decision to e.pand or contrast the employment opportunities in the labour mar,et6 7ut this situation also depends very much on the economic condition of a particular country6 &f the country4s economy is stron!- the employers and investors have a !ood chance of increasin! investments in return 5ill also increase the demand for labour6 The opposite is also true thatthere 5ill be hi!h unemployment levels6

Also t5o schools of thou!ht have emer!ed due to the e.tensive debate on literatures6 The first school believe that- the youth unemployment has direct lin,a!e 5ith the ancillary problem of property crimes 5hile the second school claimed that- there is an indirect social cost 5hich fuels the ancillary problems of property crimes6 &n this case these schools 5ill be used to analyse the findin!s obtained from the field re!ardin! to the e.tent in 5hich these social 11

policies are able to combat the youth unemployment in urban areas of Dar es Salaam6

Given on the discussions reflected on literatures concernin! social policies and factors causin! the youth unemployment and the ancillary problems of property crimes- the ne.t chapter 5ill discuss the historical bac,!round of urban youth unemployment in Tanzania6 The chapter 5ill also trace the historical social policies applied durin! colonial !overnment and after independence but up to the early ?9@=s 5hen the country adapted the SAPs in 5hich influenced the chan!es of the social policies and 5ill be discussed under chapter D6

12

C apter '" T e conte1t of unemployment in t e urban centres of Tan2ania$

This chapter presents the brief historical bac,!round re!ardin! the youth unemployment in the urban centres of Tanzania6 1outh unemployment in the country be!an since colonial !overnment and continued after the independence6 Thus this chapter 5ill trace out the policies 5hich 5ere in place durin! that time to see ho5 they dealt 5ith this problem6 Also this chapter discusses on the ancillary problem of the property crimes6 Some literatures presented earlier in this study su!!est that- youth unemployment mi!ht lead to ancillary problems of property crimes6 %or this reason a first section 5ill discuss the unemployment bac,!round amon!st youth in urban areas and the second part 5ill discuss on the bac,!round of the ancillary problem of the property crimes6 The attention 5ill be focused on the lar!est urban centre of Dar es Salaam 5hile the last part 5ill !ive out the conclusion of this chapter6

'$! 3istorical Tan2ania

background

of

unemployment

in

Since colonial period Tan!anyi,a the no5 Tanzania faced 5ith the problem of unemployment6 This situation attracted the colonial !overnment to ta,e appropriate measures to combat the problem of unemployment in the country6 Due to the impact of unemploymentthis necessitated the colonial !overnment to come up 5ith policies and le!islations to combat the problem6 7ut at that time it 5as thou!ht that unemployment 5as caused by rural to urban mi!ration of youn! people in 5hich it 5as focussed to control urban unemployment in the country6 &n the year ?9DD the colonial !overnor reported to the secretary of state in )ondon in connection 5ith the drift of natives into lar!e to5ns especially in Dar es Salaam6 The deputy !overnor of Tan!anyi,a territory reported that la5s 5hich has been passed to deal 5ith the problem provides unrestricted movement of natives in to5ns are inade uate?6 The deputy !overnor recommended the enactment of le!islations restrictin! the entry of natives comin! from outside to either to5nships86 &n emphasizin! measure to be ta,en the colonial !overnment noted that a much more effective or!anization to deal 5ith the control of the entry of surplus population into urban

5olonial go#ernment re ort to secretar% of state in ?ondon, file no 2202! min.121g2@&*@02 TN4 2 Ibid

17

centres 5ill be re uired if any practical step to deal 5ith the evil 5hich 5e are facedC6 As a result of these situations- the colonial !overnment thou!ht that a number of statutes 5hich 5ere already in place had done nothin! to curb the problem: e.ample Penal Fode D and the Destitute $rdinance<6 Thus the colonial !overnment passed some le!islation to cure these problems- 5hich are #.pulsion of *ndesirable $rdinance ; and the To5nship (removal of undesirable natives) $rdinance :6 Despite of all these initiatives ta,en by the colonial !overnment the problem of unemployment in Tan!anyi,a never ended6 &n early &ndependence Tanzania set the strate!ies to provide employment to natives- most elite and university !raduates in 5hich 5ere assured of employment in the Public &nstitutions or Forporations ("chembu ?9@<)6 This means that the main employer 5as the !overnment6 At that time one 5as enrolled at the university to pursue a specific de!ree pro!ram basin! on the !overnment prepared manpo5er plan6 0o5ever these strate!ies 5ere blurred by the mid ?9@=s due to economic transformation 5hich too, place in many developin! countries in 5hich Tanzania 5as amon!st them6 &n this case Tanzania had chan!ed its policies to adapt these chan!es6 The impacts of it 5as amon! that !overnment lost its status of bein! a maEor employer instead the private investors came in and coordinated the labour mar,et6 Also the !overnment 5as unable to subsidise the basic social services such as education6 This led to the si!nificant increase of unemployment levels in the country particularly amon!st youth6 The reason bein! the private investors 5ere not ready to adapt the chan!es and mana!e to accommodate the 5or,ers 5ho 5ere formerly 5or,in! 5ith the !overnment6 That fostered unemployment !ro5th rate especially for youth in urban areas in particular in Dar es Salaam6

'$& 3istorical conte1t of Tan2ania4s urban centres$

crimes

situations

in

The incidences of property crimes in Tanzania started many years a!o6 Durin! ?9<< before the independence Tanzania had cau!ht up 5ith mi!ration of people movin! from rural to urban centres searchin! for formal Eobs6 This movement 5as restricted by
! &

Ibid Indian enal code, re laced b% 5a 10 in 17&* .hich is no. 5a 10 as re#ised in 2002 * 5a &1 of the la.s of Tangan%ika 0 5a !7 of the la.s of Tangan%ika 1 5a 10& of la.s of Tangan%ika

20

council la5s set up by colonial administration to limit the movement of people into to5nship in particular for youn! people 5ho 5ere searchin! for Eobs ( "faume and )eonard 8==D::)6 This move 5as also adopted after independence 5hereby African politicians and officials assumed the responsibility of mana!in! the to5n6 The maEor challen!e 5as ar!ued that- hi!h population !ro5th 5ill lead to lac, of opportunities of employment and thus the !ro5th of !an! troops in to5n 5ill eventually form criminals especially in Dar es Salaam6 0o5ever in ?9@C the !overnment enacted a la5 5hich aimed at prohibitin! the movement of the abled personsJindividuals 5ithout 5or, in to5n6 This la5 could not allo5 people loiterin! in to5n instead emphasized that- all people have to en!a!e into productive employment and thus- it denounced loiterin! in urban centres6 &n this case- the !overnment 5ent on earmar,in! some places 5here people could settle after leavin! the urban areas6 The obEective of the 0uman Resource Development Act 5as to create employment for unemployed youth in Tanzania as 5ell as to limit undesirable person in urban centres (*RT- ?9@C)6 Accordin! to the 7ud!et speech (8==;J=:) various reasons have been pointed out 5hich can account for hi!h incidences of crimes especially property crimes in urban centres of Tanzania6 Dar es Salaam bein! the most affected as compared to other urban areas in Tanzania as follo5s: 0i!h population !ro5th rate in urban areasmi!ration of people from rural to urban areas- hi!h costs of livin!hi!h rate of unemployment and refu!es 5ho come in Tanzania to see, for asylums brin!s 5ith military 5eapons for e.ample !uns 5hich are used for armed robbery6 Additionally the !overnment ar!ues that- due to !lobalization and liberalization crimes incidences in the country have been fuelled6 The basis of this ar!ument is rooted in the fact that- hi!h technolo!y and reliable communication throu!h mobile phones- computers and internet has made the crime prevention and control to be more difficult6

'$' Conclusion
This chapter discussed the historical bac, !round of unemployment and the policy implications since colonial !overnment of Tan!anyi,a and no5 Tanzania6 Durin! that time the problem of unemployment amon!st youth 5as thou!ht to be due to ruralJurban mi!ration6 Therefore a number of le!islations and policies 5ere passed in order to restrict the movement of people in the to5ns6 The unemployment levels in urban areas remained hi!h6 The reason 5as that the population of people especially youn! people 5ere relatively hi!h and could not match 5ith the employment opportunities available6 21

&n that case criminal activities especial property crimes are prevalent in urban areas6 This is re!arded as the substitute for le!itimate activities in 5hich youn! people are associated 5ith as bein! responsible6 The !overnment of Tanzania mention some factors leadin! to property crimesH mi!ration from rural to urban areasH hi!h costs of livin!H unemployment and refu!es 5ho see, the asylum in Tanzania entered 5ith !uns 5hich are used in armed robbery6 7ased on the above situation concernin! on the 5ay the youth unemployment 5as dealt in some decades a!o6 Fhapter four 5ill analyse the current !overnment social policies related to employment in 5hich 5ill see, to understand ho5 youth unemployment are dealt 5ith6 &n this re!ard the chapter 5ill also attempt to compare the policies 5hich 5ere applicable durin! the colonial !overnment and those on current operation in 5hich also 5ill be compared 5ith the vie5s of youth unemployed and offenders6

22

C apter )" Findings and Analysis

)$! #ntroduction
This chapter analyzes and discusses the findin!s focusin! on !overnment of Tanzania4s social policies if there are able to combat the problem of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam and the ancillary problem of property crimes6 The primary data 5ere collected from three !overnment "inistries these 5ere: "inistry of )abour- #mployment and 1outh DevelopmentH "inistry of 0ome Affairs throu!h Friminal &nvesti!ation Department (F&D) and The $ffice of President- Plannin! Fommission6 Additionally- t5o focus !roup discussions 5ere conducted 5ith amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6 The data 5ill be presented in e.ploratory- fi!ures and tables related to unemployment and crimes incidences reported to police in Dar es Salaam6 A secondary data 5as also used to obtain rich information based on various 5ebsites- boo,s- Eournals- speechesne5s papers and library publications6 Also the study used various !overnment publications from different institutions such as policies and pro!ram documents6 The research used both ualitative and uantitative data so as to !et insi!ht of the findin!s of the study6

)$& Analysis and discussion of ma+or findings

4.2.1 'nem!&o$ment situation in %an(ania
)iterature revie5 presented earlier indicated that unemployment amon! the youth is one of the maEor challen!es for their future career6 Tanzanian labour force has been !ro5in! since its &ndependence in ?9;? at annual rate of 86@ M <6@I6 Accordin! to the 8===J=? &)%S- the labour force 5as estimated to be ?:69 million people6 $ut of 5hich about ;<I 5ere youth bet5een the a!e of ?<M C<6 The study su!!est that- youth unemployment rate stands at <<I in Dar es Salaam 5hile D?6DI for all urban and @6; for rural areas6 This meant that half of the youth 5or,in! !roup in Dar es Salaam 5as unemployed6 Accordin! to 8==;J=: &)%S- revealed that the overall unemployment rate stands at ??6:I compared to 8===J=? 5hich stood at ?869I 5hich indicates the decrease of unemployment !ro5th by ?6;I throu!hout the country6 &n Dar es Salaam the unemployment rate stands at C?6;<I 5hile in other urban stands at ?;6DI mean5hile in rural areas stands at :6<I of the total unemployment rate as in 8==;6 Table ? belo5 summarise the unemployment rate for the population 2!

of ?< and above for the period endin! 8==;6

Table !" 5nemployment rate of population !-6 years by se1 and area7 &88.

Se1 Dar "ale 8C6= %emale D=6C Average '!$.Source: 8==;J=: &)%S

*t er 5rban ?C6; ?968 !.$)

Rural @6? :6= /$-

Total ?=6: ?86; !!$/

The unemployment !ro5th rate amon! the youth of ?< to 8D years of a!e stood at ?D69I 5hile 5omen stood at ?<6DI and men stood at ?D6CI6 "oreover fi!ures for youth of ?< to C< years of a!e stood at ??6@I 5hile 5omen stood at ?C68I and men stands at ?=6CIH in !eneral throu!hout the country fi!ures indicate that -the total unemployment remains at ?C6;I as per 8==;J=: &)%S6 Table 8 belo5 summarises the unemployment rate of population of ?< and above by se. and a!e !roups to the period endin! 8==;6

Table &" 5nemployment rate of population !-6 years by se1 and age group7 &88.

Se1 "ale %emale Total

!-9&) ?D6C ?<6D ?D69

&-9') ?=6C ?C68 ??6@

'-9.) @69 ?=68 96;

.- and above @6? ?=6D 968

Total ?=6 : ?86; ??6:

Source: 8==;J=: &)%S

4.2.2 actors attri"uted to unem!&o$ment in %an(ania

Accordin! to the 8==;J: &)%S indicates that education differentials attract the levels of unemployment6 This situation has been classified into t5o cate!ories6 The first cate!ory asserts that unemployment rates tend to increase 5ith the increasin! levels of education6 This can be observed in rural areas and urban areas apart from Dar es Salaam6 The second cate!ory of unemployment is predominant in Dar es Salaam6 The unemployment level in Dar es Salaam decreases as education levels rises6 The reason of this reverse situation is due to the nature of the labour mar,et in Dar es Salaam- 5hich is more developed and creates more Eob 2&

opportunities6 The Eobs created are more attractive to youn! people 5ho posses better education6 This situation is opposite in other urban and rural areas in 5hich the labour mar,et is less developed and the type of Eob opportunities created are less attractive to youn! people especially 5ith better education6 &n this respect- leads to hi!her levels of unemployment6 The t5o different cate!ories do affect both male and female 5ith re!ard to education attainment6 7ut in rural areas the situation is similar 5ith that of Dar es Salaam for the case of females6 The ar!ument here is that 5omen4s chance of competin! in to5ns is lo5 thus tend to ta,e any Eob opportunity available in rural areas6 %or this case it is a challen!e for the policy ma,ers or pro!ram desi!ners 5hen considerin! reducin! the unemployment levels in Tanzania6 &n order for the policies and pro!rams to be effective these factors must be ta,en into account before the pro!ram or policies have been desi!ned6
Table '" 5nemployment rate of population !-6 years by educational attainment7 se1 and area in &88.

:ducation level ;ever attended: Average "ale %emale =rimary" Average "ale %emale Secondary ? above: Average "ale %emale %ot se1 Average "ale %emale

Dar ')$<8:6= D869 !'$>8C6D D6C &>$88?68 CD69 '!$.8C6= D=6C

*t er urban !'$&?=6@ ?<6: !.$-?C6< ?96; !>$& ?<6? 8?6C !.$) ?C6; ?968

Rural /$/ @6< ;69 /$@6= :6= >$. ;6@ ?=6D /$@6? :6=

Total --$< D;6C ;<6< '/$< DD69 C=69 -)$< DC6? ;;6; --$. DD6: ;;6<

Source" 8==;J: &)%S Table C above indicate that female4s unemployment rates at all educational level is relatively hi!h if compared to males e.cept to those 5ho never attended the school6 "ean5hile there is lar!e mar!in bet5een the unemployment rates of males and females 5ith the secondary education level and above6 2*

4.2.3 )o&ic$ or !rograms intervention in government effort to com"at the !ro"&em of unem!&o$ment amongst $outh in Dar es Sa&aam
This section presents the findin!s obtained from the field concernin! the !overnment consciousness on the problem of unemployment amon!st youth in urban centre of Dar es Salaam6 Accordin! to the !overnment officials intervie5ed admitted that the problem of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam is a maEor challen!e for the !overnment6 The respondents 5ere as,ed to state on 5hat they thou!ht 5as the cause of increasin! unemployment6 This 5as important for the purpose of !ettin! an insi!ht about the solution to the problem6 The responses are presented in fi!ure here belo56
Figure '" Some causes of unemployment amongst yout in Dar es Salaam

Source" %ield data (Au!ust 8=?=)$ The findin!s in %i!ure C sho5 the causes attributin! to the increasin! levels of unemployment6 Amon! these are slo5 economic !ro5th- retrenchments of employees- inade uate educational attainment- rural urban mi!ration- increase in population !ro5th- and personal problems (disabilities- drun,enness- etc)6 Due to the slo5 economic !ro5th the country had faced durin! the ?9@=s that resulted in employers and investors bein! unable to increase the investments in the country6 &n the lon! run that resulted in an increasin! unemployment rate amon!st youth6 Stanford (8==@) as reflected in the e.istin! literature su!!ested that- the demand for labour depends on the economic condition of the particular country6 The employers and investors can be attracted to e.pand their investments 5hen the economy of a country is stron!6 20

The outcome of that is that- the level of employment 5ill be !ro5in!6 7ut the case of Tanzanian economy su!!ested that- the economy 5as 5ea, and could therefore- not influence the e.pansion of investments6 The result 5as thatH the disadvanta!ed !roup of youn! people could not be able to !et employment6 "any of them found find themselves en!a!in! into informal activities 5hich could not count as self employment6 Retrenchments can be traced to the structural adEustment pro!rams of the late ?9@=s- 5hich re uired that the !overnment privatize its public enterprises and in adverse there 5ere retrenchment of employees done by the private employers6 Also the !overnment 5as forced to reduce its e.penditures on public and social services such as education and health care6 The results have been that many 5or,ers 5ere laid off- and also all citizens 5ere faced 5ith the burden of contributin! to5ards access to education- and medical facilities6 This directly increased crimes as the unemployed are forced to see, unla5ful means of survivin!6 $ther policies related to rural development are also to blame as they failed to boost a!ricultural production 5hich ne!atively affects the economy and results to rural urban mi!ration 5hich came to result into increasin! levels of unemployment in urban areas6 Accordin! to the first schools of thou!ht- rural2urban mi!ration amon!st youth- lac, of education and 5or, e.perience are contributory factors to5ards unemployment amon! them and as the results youth find themselves committin! crimes as the substitute4s activities for their survival in to5n6 This can be e.plained in terms of the la5s and policies in place failin! to protect them by ensurin! that at least they can !et a day4s bread to sustain their lives6 "oreover- the la5s related to crime are outdated and most of them 5ere inherited from colonial !overnment for e.ample Penal code cap ?; 5as enacted in ?9D< thou!h it 5as revised in 8==86 &n this sense there are not effective to rectify the culprits or ma,e those 5ishin! to !et involved in crimes fear to do so6 Accordin! to 7ec,er (?9;@) earlier cited in the e.istin! literature ar!ue that- severe penalty should be imposed6 %or e.ample 7ec,er (&bid6) su!!ests that instead of payin! compensation an offender can be convicted into imprisonment6 &t mi!ht be that- severe penalty can ma,e an offender feel the pinch such that he 5ill not be 5illin! to repeat the crime6 The same ar!ument 5as also su!!ested by the respondents from F&D durin! the intervie5s 5hen the study thou!ht to understand 5hat measures should be ta,en to minimize the ancillary problem of property crimes6 Accordin! to my observation done in Dar es Salaam & sa5 some people 5ho apprehended the offenders but they did not report them to the police posts as they ,ne5 that- the offenders 5ould soon be released- and so they 5ould be 5astin! their time6 This has been more evident 5hen considerin! the case of pic,poc,ets in Dar es 21

Salaam- 5here an!ry mobs resort to ta,in! Eustice in their hands rather than sendin! the culprit to the police and only be released6 This action- commonly called mob Eustice- is the practice 5hereby a mob- usually several hundred persons ta,e the la5 into their hands in order to inEure and ,ill a person accused of 5ron!doin!6 &n this re!ard these mobs could not ta,e into consideration the issue of humanitarian- since they serve as prosecutor- Eud!e- Eury and e.ecutioner6 +hen the le!al system cannot be trusted due either to feelin! of social ine ualities or corruption- it is not surprisin! to find that an!ry people resort to mob Eustice 5hen frustrated6 This mi!ht be ar!ued that- la5 enforcers in Tanzania have either failed to deliver and people have to live 5ith the fear that they are not 5ell protected6 Due to this situation it can be re!arded as that- corruption has affected the police department- the courts and other !overnment a!encies6 Thus 5hen a suspected criminal is apprehended and is handed over to the police- some are able to either ne!otiate their 5ay out usin! the intricacies of the la5 or throu!h corruption6 This further alienates the public 5ho thin, that the police and courts are favourin! the criminals6 The public therefore thin,s that it is counterproductive to handover such criminals to the system of Eustice and therefore ta,e the la5 into their o5n hands6 Another reason for the apparent increase in crimes such as robbery and stealin! is the increasin! income !ap bet5een the rich and the poor6 That is 5idenin! une ual economic system that favours4 those 5ho are already rich6 This leads to social !roups to develop and dispense out their o5n system of survivin!6 Durin! an intervie5 5ith the !overnment officials- & 5as informed that at present- the social policies on human resources development are coordinated in various "inistries6 %or this case each ministry has a Department dealin! 5ith the human resources6 This made the implementation of the policies more cumbersome6 &t could be easier if the !overnment could have the universal policies- 5hich could be coordinated by one !overnment institution in 5hich it could be easier to identify the bottlenec, of the policies6 These policies have the obEectives as follo5s: To increase the rate of employment !ro5thH to increase the uantity and uality of educated and trained labour forceH to restructure employment (i6e6 education and trainin! to enable the labour force to5ards s,illed and hi!h2tech employment)6 The implicit strate!ies for human resources development are: providin!- e.pandin!- up!radin! and rehabilitatin! the e.istin! schools and related facilitiesH providin! and e.pandin! industrial and technical trainin! facilitiesH encoura!in! the use of information technolo!y and other modern advances in communicationH and encoura!in! the private sector to establish education and trainin! institutions in the country6 22

Given the above findin!s- the !overnment ar!ue that in order to combat the problem of youth unemployment it has to underta,e three comprehensive approaches these are throu!h policy component- a financial component and s,ills trainin! component6

4.2.4 %he )o&ic$ *om!onent

&n an effort to provide an overall frame5or, for employment creation- the study revealed that- the !overnment has formulated 'ational #mployment Policy of 8==@ and 'ational 1outh Policy of 8==:6 7oth are aimin! at fi!htin! the problem of unemployment amon!st youth throu!h enhancin! employment opportunities6 These policies are made specific to adapt the chan!es ta,in! place as a result of the current macro2economic reforms- #ast African Re!ional &nte!ration developments and the impacts of !lobalization on the labour mar,et6 These policies are coordinated by "inistry of )abour#mployment and 1outh Development6 7asically these policies are desi!ned to be implemented to!ether 5ith other social policies aimed at increasin! the development of youth human capital6 Also to ensure that there is !reat involvement and active participation of the private sector- civil society- communities and development partners in human capital development- employment promotion and Eob creation initiatives6 These policies are summarised here belo5:

i6

ii6

iii6

#ducation and Trainin! Policy (?99<): it is a frame5or, for !uidin! formal- non formal- vocational- tertiary and hi!her education and trainin! as 5ell as promotin! science and technolo!y in the country for e uitable and sustainable developments6 &t is administered by the "inistry of #ducation and (ocational Trainin!6 The 'ational 0i!her #ducation Policy (?999): &t provides !uidelines to the provision of hi!her educationparticularly 5ith re!ard to a delineation of missionslevels of institutions- curricula orientations and concentration- financin!- !overnance- coordination and lin,a!e 5ith the e.ternal 5orld of international education6 &t is administered by the "inistry of #ducation and (ocational Trainin!6 "ana!ement and #mployment Policy in the Public Service (?99@)6This Policy is aimed at providin! !uidelines for the vision- obEectivesethics and mana!ement in the public service 5ith a vie5 to improvin! the service delivery throu!h result oriented performance6 This policy is administered by the "inistry of Public Service and "ana!ement 27

Fhildren Development Policy (?99;)6 This policy is aimed at providin! the direction and !uidance on child survival- protection and development6 Additionally!ives proper direction to children to become !ood citizens6 &t is administered by the "inistry of Fommunity Development +omen Affairs and Fhildren6 0o5ever- despite such policies 5ith sound loo,in! obEectives on human resource development and employment creation in particularyet unemployment has been on the increase especially in the urban areas- 5ith increasin! rates of property crime- si!nallin! a deficiency in the e.istin! policies6 This mi!ht be due to the fact that!overnment4s social policies relatin! to employment 5ere not ready to adapt the chan!es brou!ht by macro2economic reforms adopted by the !overnment in the late ?9@=s and the impacts of !lobalization6

iv6

4.2.5 %he inancia& Su!!ort *om!onent

$ne of the identified bottlenec,s in the development of the &nformal economy is the initial capital6 The !overnment is a5are of the limitations of the financial sector to provide financial support to the &nformal economy6 As an effort to increase employment in the informal economy- the !overnment has- throu!h o5n and donor resources- set up several schemes that provide credit to unemployed youth in order to !et them employed in the &nformal economy operators6 &n this case- the study revealed that many pro!rammes have been desi!ned in vie5 of increasin! the chances of youn! people to be employable6 Durin! the intervie5s 5ith the !overnment4s officialsthe respondents mentioned various pro!rams 5hich are established to empo5er unemployed youn! people6 She started by e.plainin! that each "inistry has a department 5hich deals 5ith human resource development6 7ut as the Plannin! Fommission 5e have vested 5ith overall responsibilities of the state plannin!6 &n this case 5e shall hi!hli!ht different pro!rammes concernin! youth developments thou!h some they mi!ht be situated to other "inistries as follo5s:2 0out Revolving Fund @0RFA GoT throu!h the "inistry of )abour- #mployment and 1outh Development established 1outh Revolvin! %und (1R%)6 This fund 5as established in ?99D 5ith the aim of respondin! to the youth rural to urban mi!ration searchin! for 5a!e employments6 The establishment of the fund Eustifies the problems encountered by youth includin! unemployment and lac, of income to en!a!e into le!al and meanin!ful activities6 Therefore the aim of the fund 5as to support the youth to establish the income !eneratin! activities on self2reliant basis 5hich enabled them to participate in the economic development and poverty alleviation mostly in rural areas6 Since its !0

establishment about ?=DD youth !roups have benefited from the fund throu!hout the country T e Small #ndustries Development *rganisation @S#D*A The respondent ac,no5led!es that- the donor funded proEects also assist to curb the problems of youth unemployment and hence reduce crimes in the re!ion6 S&D$ 5as established in ?9:= as focal or!anization to promote small industries aimin! to raise the s,ills of youn! people and provide them 5ith income !eneratin! activities6 &n its role S&D$ has been trainin! operators- participated in trade fairsassisted in the sellin! products as 5ell as provide loans- e uipment and 5or,in! capital to the youth6

(K F5;D The /> %und 5as also formulated for youth !roups in 8==<6 #ach Re!ion 5as disbursed 5ith ? 7illion Tanzanian Shillin!s specific loans for youn! people 5ho carry out the entrepreneurship proEects6 The /> fund is the fund that is initiated by his #.cellency Dr6 /a,aya "risho >i,5ete- President of *nited Republic of Tanzania6 This fund aims at developin! small entrepreneurs by providin! them 5ith initial capital aimin! at empo5erin! unemployed youth to start up a business6 Tanzanian !overnment promotes the S"#s since understand that- the potential Eob creation- economic !ro5th as 5ell as poverty alleviation can be achieved if S"#s are e.panded6 About 8?-:@; business entrepreneurs had benefited from the /> funds country 5ide6 The beneficiaries most of them are youth 5ho 5ere not re uired to furnish ban,s 5ith their business planH thus the president 5anted to empo5er youn! people 5ith initial capital to en!a!e into informal economy 5hich is currently emphasized by the !overnment as a lar!e sector creatin! employment for youth6 Bomen4s Development Funds @BDFA The respondent mentioned that there are some funds- 5hich are put for specific !roups such as youn! !irls6 This fund is re!istered under 'on2Governmental $r!anization but operatin! under the "inistry of Fommunity Development- +omen Affairs and Fhildren ("FD+AF)6 The maEor obEectives of the fund are to raise the economic status of 5omenH to mobilize funds and lo!istical supportH to plan and invest in income !eneratin! activitiesH to create employment and income opportunities for youth and to coordinate and evaluate activities of various or!anisations6 The beneficiaries of the funds are 5omen and 5ho are volunteerin! to live in villa!es and farm under !roups of about five members6 +ith this pro!ram the !overnment is aimin! to reduce the rate of rural to urban centres mi!ration in particular amon! the youth6 !1

;on Covernmental *rganisation @;C*sA The respondent reco!nises the role of the 'on Governmental $r!anisations in supportin! youth development as 5ell as combatin! the unemployment and poverty amon! the youth6 These 'G$s may be locally oriented or &nternationally such as FR#+- %A&DA credit scheme- the credit scheme 5omen funded by DA'&DA- PR&D# Tanzania 5hich offers micro credits- *'DP - Poverty Africa and many others6

4.2.# %he %echnica& S+i&&s *om!onent

The provision of the technical s,ills is considered important for the promotion of the &nformal economy6 The reor!anization of 'ational (ocational Trainin! into a better coordinated and stron!er &ndependent authority (the (ocational #ducation and Trainin! Authority) is part of the on2!oin! effort to provide technical trainin! to the &nformal economy 5or,ers6 $ther efforts include the introduction of entrepreneurship education in schools and colle!es- the promotion of centres for &nformal economy and initiation of various s,ills trainin! pro!rammes6 The !overnment continue ar!uin! that- Tanzania development (ision 8=8< amon! others is aimed at alleviatin! poverty to all Tanzanians by impartin! them 5ith hi!h level of human development as 5ell as s,ills6 This can assist youn! people to !et employed in formal and informal economy6 #ven youn! offenders after completin! the sentences are also eli!ible for !overnment pro!rams aimin! to brin! them bac, to employment6 This meant that!overnment pro!rams are aimed at benefitin! all Tanzanians6 0o5ever the !overnments4 !oal 5ould be achieved by settin! up the Plannin! Fommission as Department dealin! 5ith poverty reduction strate!ies and ma,in! the Plannin! Fommission the co2 ordinator of poverty reduction pro!rammes includin! the implementation of the #mployment Policies6 The revival of the employment services in the employment Department 5ill no5 help to a !reat e.tent the availability of labour mar,et information and access to employment GoT in collaboration 5ith the *S Department of )abour established the #mployment and )abour #.chan!e A!ency in 8==? 5ith the duties of providin! labour mar,et information- placement services to customers such as employers and Eobsee,ers provide counsellin!- vocational !uidance as 5ell as self employment and entrepreneurship especially amon! the youth6 Alon! 5ith the #mployment and )abour #.chan!e A!ency the !overnment enacted !2

a la5 of 'ational #mployment Act- 'o 96of ?999 5hich 5as aimed at providin! the establishment of the employment promotion services and other related matters such as #mployment Fentres6 The same ar!ument 5as su!!ested in (Sandrine et al6 8==9) in the e.istin! literature that- since the youth unemployment has persistin! over the years then the solution is to adopt strate!ies in 5hich the !overnment 5ill assist youth 5ith the Eob search mechanism- as 5ell as 5or, e.periences and apprentice- s,ills trainin! and entrepreneurship financial support6 Alon!side 5ith the above pro!rams- the respondents ar!ue thatthe !overnment has resumed the 'ational Services Pro!ram (/>T)6 This is a pro!ram aimin! at trainin! youth in s,ills related to self empo5erment in informal economy6 &nitially />T started in ?9;C and postponed in ?99D- 5hich had the obEective of trainin! youth !raduates from schools 5ith different s,ills aimed at empo5erin! them for self employment6 This pro!ram 5as resumed in 8==? specifically 5ith the aim of fi!htin! the challen!es arisin! due to the impacts of !lobalisation and also to fi!ht the problems resultin! from youth unemployment6 Thus youth school leavers are recruited into pro!ram and bein! trained in different s,ills6 The aim is to produce technicians for different fields6 (enatus and A!nes (8=?=) as indicated in the e.istin! literature su!!ested that- youth 5ho complete the schools and university have to underta,e one year national services course so as to increase their chances of !ettin! employment or self employment after the end of the scheme6 This pro!ram 5as very effective in Tanzania before it 5as postponed in ?99D6 &n 5hich it 5as compulsory for all secondary school !raduates to underta,e one year national service course6 That made youn! people bein! active in searchin! for Eobs and bein! able to meet the challen!es of the labour mar,ets6 Accordin! to the findin!s above- the problem of youth unemployment have been dealt 5ith by different sets of the social policies6 Durin! the colonial !overnment and some t5o decades after independence the policies in place 5ere more concerned 5ith the control of rural2urban youth mi!ration6 Those policies thou!ht that urban unemployment 5as due to the mi!ration of youn! people in to5n6 The impacts of it are that- the unemployment amon! youth continued6 After the mid ?9@=s to date the !overnment chan!ed its policies to reflect on the re uirement of SAPs6 The outcome of it is that- the youth unemployment also continued to !ro56 A number of factors have arisen- 5hich amon! them are due to slo5 economic !ro5th- retrenchments- rural2urban mi!ration- hi!h population !ro5thinade uate education and personal problems6 Due to this situation the !overnment could not be able to overcome the youth unemployment immediately6 The control of it !!

5as not throu!h preventin! the rural2urban mi!ration but rather to deal 5ith pro!rams and policies intervention aimin! at inEectin! the money in the economy 5hich aimed at empo5erin! youth for self employment6 7ut the policies are more concerned 5ith supply for labour rather than demand in 5hich could not also brin! the matches bet5een them6

)$' Conclusion
This chapter discussed various !overnment social policies and pro!rams aimed at increasin! the employment opportunities amon!st youth6 &t has discussed the rate of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6 The study revealed that unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam is hi!hest and accounted for <<I in 8==? if compared 5ith other urban and rural areas of Tanzania6 The reason of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam bein! caused byH slo5 economic !ro5th- retrenchmentsH hi!h population !ro5th rate amon!st youthH mi!ration of youth from rural to urban areasH inade uate education and appropriate ualifications as 5ell as personal problems6 Given that- after the !overnment reco!nised the problem of unemployment amon! the youth- it has confined its effort to three comprehensive approaches: the policy component approach in 5hich various policies are in place so as to fi!ht the problem of unemploymentH the financial support component approach in 5hich some micro finance scheme are available for empo5erin! youth to self employment and the technical s,ills component approach in 5hich s,ill trainin!s are aimed at the youth so as to enable them run the entrepreneurship proEects6 The ne.t chapter 5ill discuss on the vie5s raised by youth unemployed and the offenders re!ardin! to the 5ay they perceive the !overnment4s social policies6 The chapter 5ill compare and contrast the vie5s from both youth !roups and after5ard 5ill evaluate the effectiveness of the !overnment4s social policies by see,in! to understand if these policies are able to combat the problem of youth unemployment in Dar es Salaam6

!&

C apter -" T e comparison of t e unemployed yout and yout offenders$

views

of

This chapter compares the attitudes of youth unemployed and those of offenders and see, to understand the !overnment4s social policies if there are able to combat the problem of youth unemployment6 The first section 5ill discuss the attitudes of unemployed youth- 5hile the second section 5ill discuss those of offenders6 The third section 5ill compare and contrast the vie5s from both !roups and relate them to the obEectives of the social policies in order to determine its effectiveness in addressin! the problem of youth unemployment6 )astly the conclusion 5ill be dra5n6

-$! :ffectiveness of social policies related unemployment amongst yout in Dar es Salaam

to

This study also sou!ht to find out 5hether the !overnment4s social policies related to employment in Tanzania are effective in addressin! the problem of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6 The findin!s 5ere collected from the %GDs amon! unemployed youth6 The responses are presented in Table D6
Table )" :ffectiveness of social policies related to unemployment and ancillary problem of crime amongst yout

Dariable Fre,uency =ercentage (ery #ffective D D= 'ot very #ffective < <= 'o response ? ?= Total !8 !88 Source: Field data (August, 2 ! " The above results 5ere dra5n from small selected sample size of youth unemployed- yet su!!ested that- the !overnment4s social policies related to employment 5ere not able to create enou!h employment6 &t could be that- if the lar!e sample size could have been intervie5ed the findin!s could su!!est that these policies are not effective6 This is because there is si!nallin! results from the respondents intervie5ed 5ho said the policies are not very effective6 The reason is that- unemployment is still on the increase6 The respondents mentioned that they are unemployed due tolac, of education- s,ills- inade uate credit facilities- non attractive a!ricultural sector and poor infrastructure6 Despite of the !overnment providin! free universal primary education for all citizens that does not enable them to !et 5a!e employment or self employments6 !*

After the implementation of structural adEustment policies in the mid ?9@=s the !overnment subsidies on basic social services 5ere cut off6 "any youn! people find themselves unable to ac uire education or other services such as health care due to lac, of income6 7efore the implementation of SAPs the education system of the !overnment of Tanzania 5as subsidised by the state many youn! people 5ere enrolled into schools and universities6 That situation made the problem of youth unemployment not very severe as it is today6 Due to this fact- there is a lar!e disproportion bet5een the youth completin! primary school and those Eoinin! secondary school and university6 7ecause the number of primary school leavers is bi!!er if compared to those Eoinin! secondary school and universities6 "ost of these youth end up at primary level6 The problem is that- from secondary school and university students have to pay school fees and other related costs 5hich the maEority find unaffordable6 Accordin! to +orld youth report (8==:) as earlier cited in the first school of thou!ht- discussed that poor education attainment amon! youth and lac, of 5or, e.perience results in unemployment6 This can be ar!ued that due to the current labour mar,et situation 5hich is predominantly under the private investors- the employers prefer to employ s,illed and e.perienced labour force6 %or this reason youth are unable to match 5ith the s,ills and the re uirement of Eobs available on the labour mar,et6 As a conse uence- many remain unemployed6 The lac, of s,ills can be traced from schools at the time the youth completed primary school or secondary school as at that sta!e they have not ac uired ade uate s,ills 5hich they can apply to start up a business6 There is no any primary school or even there are very fe5 secondary schools that provide vocational trainin!s6 (enatus and A!nes (8=?=) su!!ested that- the vocational trainin!s can be included in school curricula6 &n that 5ay students 5hen they !raduate primary or secondary school or university 5ould have already ac uired s,ills 5hich can assists them to en!a!e in self employment Eust in case they fail to enter into 5a!e employment6 Despite of the !overnment empo5erin! youth throu!h micro credits schemes6 "any youth claim that- they lac, the start up capital6 This is because the funds available are inade uate to cater for all the lar!er size of unemployed youth6 &n the li!ht of this situation- it could be ar!ued that- many of the micro credit schemes operatin! in Tanzania do not lend to the individual persons6 #ven the /> %*'D established by the President himself one of the criteria for eli!ibility 5as that the youn! entrepreneurs should form some !roups6 That made it difficult to trust amon!st them6 &n this re!ard some could not ta,e the loans because they are not ready to share 5ith others6 !0

Ta,in! into accounts that- the ris,s of returnin! the loans as 5ell as the time that they 5ill spend 5ould probably not amount to anythin!6 "icro financial institution li,e PR&D# (T) )TD- %&'FA and many others are more concerned 5ith 5omen and youn! !irls but do not pay attention to male youth ho5ever- the youn! !irls or 5omen should be in !roups of five in order to be able to access the loans6 Generally this is a challen!e for an individual person 5ho is 5illin! to start up a business6 At the same time youth are reluctant to en!a!e into a!riculture because the sector is not attractive to them6 The hand operated hoe remains as the tool of 5or,in! in the farms6 This is re!arded as a very difficult sector because of poor infrastructure6 %or that reason most of the youn! people mi!rate to urban areas to search for formal Eobs6 *nfortunately the labour mar,et fails to absorb them and conse uently they remain unemployed6

5.1.1 ,iews from the $outh offenders

This study also thou!ht to !et some vie5s from the offenders of the property crimes6 This 5as aimed at understandin! if unemployment relates to ancillary problem of property crimes6 "oreover- the !overnment has the pro!rams 5hich are aimed at empo5erin! youth in le!itimate activities6 The study sou!ht to understand ho5 these pro!rams assist youth to en!a!e in le!itimate activities6 The findin!s from %GDs 5ith the youth offenders su!!ested that- the pro!rams aimed at empo5erin! unemployed youth 5ere unable to meet the meanin!ful obEectives6 The participants said that:
&n order for us to benefit from the pro!rams initiated by the !overnment aimed at empo5erin! youth in entrepreneurship proEects- 5e need to have education and s,ills on ho5 to operate the proEect6 That money 5as not Eust for free is a loan 5hich should be repaid bac,6 So the entrepreneurship s,ills are re uired in the first place and then you can borro5 us 5ith the initial capital6 %or us here if you as, our levels of education- 5e 5ill tell you that- 5e are standard seven leavers or some of us have not even completed that standard seven6 +hat do you e.pect3 &f you 5ere a !overnment 5e thin, you could create an environment 5hich 5ill enable all children to study up to the university level6 %rom there no5 those 5ho 5ill decide to do business they 5ill mana!e#

The +orld 7an, (8==@) in the e.istin! literature and as it is in a second school of thou!ht mentioned that youth are mar!inalised from economic opportunities in 5hich its indirect social economic costs leads to deviant into criminal practices6 &n this vie5- & ar!ue that- the !overnment policy ma,ers and pro!ram desi!ner do not have enou!h time to conceive and estimate the conse uences of the pro!rams6 !1

Some of the pro!rams are not empo5erin! the tar!eted !roups and fails to overcome the problem e.istin! in the society6 The other problem is that thou!h the policies are someho5 focused they do not reflect the vie5s of youn! people themselves6 &n that re!ard the policies cannot achieve the tar!eted !oals6 "chovu et al6 (?99@) as reflected in the e.istin! literature emphasizes that- durin! the formulation of the social policies or pro!rams- they have to consider the vie5s of youn! people themselves6 &n some cases it can be vie5ed that- the practice of the policy desi!ner do not reflect the youth concerns6 As a result- the policies or pro!rams cannot achieve their meanin!ful obEectives6 The study also revealed that- some of the disadvanta!ed youth commits property crimes6 This came out 5hen the study sou!ht to understand the sources of their incomes 5hich sustain them in the hardship urban centre of Dar es Salaam 5hile there are unemployed6 The responses are presented under table <6
Table -" Source of income amongst yout offenders in Dar es Salaam

Source of #ncome Fre,uency =ercentage #ntrepreneurship D D= Property crimes C C= %amily dependency C C= Total ?= ?== Source: %ield data (Au!ust- 8=?=) The above results 5ere dra5n from small selected sample size of youth offenders of property crimes- yet su!!ested that- some youth en!a!e in property crimes offences as their source of income6 Some depends on their families althou!h 5ere at once time convicted due to offences of property crimes and some en!a!e into entrepreneurship but also committed property crimes6 &n the li!ht of this revelation the study could not dra5 up the conclusion on 5hat 5as the best 5ay for unemployed youth to follo5 as a source of income in the urban areas6 &f the sample size could be lar!e enou!h the result could su!!est deeper insi!ht of the findin!s6 Althou!h accordin! to this small sample size su!!ested that- almost there is si!nallin! results that- all respondents 5ere at once time convicted due to committin! property crimes6 This indicates that 5hether the information of accessin! to micro credits is not 5ell addressed or the s,ills of runnin! the entrepreneurship proEects 5ere not imparted to some of unemployed youn! people6 &n that case some of the youth are unable to start up or maintain and e.pand their business6 At a certain time those failin! to operate their businesses can be tempted to commit crime Eust li,e those dependin! on their families6 +hen intervie5ed youn! people offenders mentioned the reasons 5hich drives them to commit property crimes6 The maEor !2

reason is due to lac, of employment6 The respondents say that- the provision of free universal primary education does not enable them to !et into 5a!e employment or self employment6 +ith this circumstance they live under e.treme poverty and automatically find themselves committin! property crimes in the urban centre of Dar es Salaam as an alternative 5ay to find the source of income6 Also youth offenders claimed that- the property crimes are contributed by the !overnment itself because it arrests the itinerant traders and small business traders 5ho set up their business alon!side the roads and in the busiest streets6 These arrests are often committed by the municipal as,aries attemptin! to enforce by2 la5s in order to ma,e Dar es Salaam as a safer and clean city6 7ut an adverse of this initiative has been perceived differently by the ha5,ers and small business traders as an act to polarize their development plans6 This has resulted in animosity bet5een the small traders and the !overnment as a 5hole6 &n this sense the ha5,ers and small business traders after bein! apprehended and prosecuted due to the breach of by2la5s tend to become criminals because they are not ready to leave the city and since they do not have any business to do in to5n6 +ills (?9@8) as reflected in the e.istin! literature su!!est that- this situation indicates that- there is a disinte!ration of the societies therefore rules and norms should be re!ulated by the state to influence the social order of the societies6 This can be translated that- it mi!ht be the !overnment do not formalise the environment 5hich are secure for the youn! people to en!a!e their business venture6 7ein! provided 5ith loans in order to empo5er them 5ithout allocatin! 5ith premises- that alone does not assist them and indeed it poses a challen!e to !overnment as 5ell as those youth 5ho are 5illin! to en!a!e into business ventures6 Accordin! to the first school of thou!ht- it asserts that unemployment amon!st youth tempt them to commit property crimes because unemployment increases Eoblessness 5hich in turn fuels crimes6 7ecause the unemployed have hi!h chance to deviate from moral norms to delin uents since at the time they are idle their mind are upon to ho5 to survive in the urban centre6 The study sou!ht to understand on 5hat types of offences in 5hich youn! people are claimed to commit as an outcome of unemployment6 This 5as important in order to dra5 the picture if those offences are related to unemployment6 The respondents mentioned that al5ays offences of theftH robbery 5ith violenceH armed robberyH bur!lary and fraud are reported to police6 Table ; belo5 presents those types and number of offences committed from 8==C to 8==@ in Dar es Salaam 5hich indicates the ne!ative impacts of unemployment amon!st youth6

!7

Table ." =roperty crimes reported to police since &88'$

Type Theft

&88' 8D<

&88) ?@9 D;?

&88CD@ ;:@

&88. ;9 <:;

&88/ D=; <DD

&88> 8?@ 9?;

Total ?-D:< C-<DC

Robbery 5ith C;@ (iolence Armed Robbery 8C: 7ur!lary %raud @-8;; ?D

888 <-DC; 8<

8?C 8-;:@ ??

?9< ?-@8; ?C

8?< ?-@;? :

888 ;-C== ?<

?-C=D 8;-C;: @<

Source: %ield data collected from Friminal &nvesti!ation Department (F&D) Dar es Salaam Au!ust 8=?= 7rea,in! is relatively hi!h if compared to other offences6 Robbery is divided into t5o as indicated in the table robbery 5ith violence and armed robbery6 %raud accounts very lo5 percenta!e of total offences committed in Dar es Salaam6

5.1.3 *om!arison "etween the views of two grou!s of $oung !eo!&e and eva&uation of the socia& !o&icies
The study collected some vie5s from youth unemployed and youth offenders of the property crimes6 This 5as important because the study sou!ht to understand if the !overnment4s social policies are able to combat the problem of unemployment in Dar es Salaam6 7oth !roups su!!ested that- social policies are unable to control the increase of unemployment in the re!ion because the policies 5ere aimed at the supply side rather than both supply and demand for labour6 "oreover- unemployed youth claimed that- althou!h the policies 5ere aimed at increasin! the supply for labour- these obEectives also 5ere not achieved6 The obEectives of the social policies 5ere to increase the rate of employment !ro5th- to increase the uantity and uality of educated and trained labour force and to increase the s,ills and trainin!s amon!st unemployed youth6 7ut the findin!s from the study su!!ested that- these obEectives 5ere not met6 The results indicated &0

that- there is an increasin! rate of youth unemployment and ancillary problem of property crimes6 Also youth offenders blame the !overnment for failure to or!anise and secure safe environment for youth offenders to do business after their sentences6 The outcome of it is that- they situate their business in places 5hich are forbidden by municipal la5s6 This also causes the !overnment to ta,e some further measures a!ainst them 5hich includes refrain from those places or arrests for prosecution6 This act has been translated by the offenders as !overnment contribution to5ards an increasin! unemployment rates amon!st youth6 7ecause youth lose their capital and remain unemployed conse uently are tempted to criminal practices6 Accordin! to this situation the study su!!ests that- the !overnment social policies failed to achieve its obEectives6 Despite of the !overnment4s effort to inEect some money on the economy throu!h some pro!rams aimed at empo5erin! youth in self employment or 5a!e employment6 These policies 5ere more tar!eted to supply side and rather to demand for labour6 0ence the policies failed to match the demand and supply in the labour mar,ets6 The result bein! the problem of youth unemployment is on increase and the ancillary problem of property crimes6

-$' Conclusion
This chapter discussed the findin!s collected from the unemployed youth and youn! offenders of the property crimes6 *nemployment amon! youth rises because of lac, of ade uate education 5hich could assist them to enter into 5a!e or self employmentH lac, of s,ill and trainin! to business in the informal economy- lac, of credit facilities 5hich could assist them to start or e.pand their business- unattractive a!ricultural sector and poor infrastructure6 Althou!h some youth have benefited from the !overnment4s micro credit schemes- youth unemployment remains a national concern6 This has resulted to ancillary problem of property crimes incidences in the re!ion6 The root causes is due to lac, of educations,ills and inade uate credit facilities to !et 5a!e or self employed6 1outh unemployed and offenders su!!ested that- the !overnment social policies are unable to combat these problems6

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C apter . Conclusion

This chapter presents the final conclusion from the findin!s of the study6 The study aimed at evaluatin! the !overnment4s social policies if there are able to address the problem of youth unemployment and 5ith the same policies if there are applicable to the youn! offenders of property crimes in the urban centre of Dar es Salaam6 The Study 5as conducted in Dar es Salaam and data 5ere collected throu!h revie5 of documentary sources- focus !roup discussion- semi2 structured intervie5s and observations6 Tables and fi!ures have been used to present the findin!s6

.$! Summaries of t e findings

Study results sho5ed that a number of factors can be attributed to the increasin! levels of unemployment- amon! 5hich 5ere slo5 economic !ro5th- retrenchments of employees- inade uate education and lac, of appropriate ualifications- rural urban mi!ration- increase in population !ro5th rate amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam- and personal problems6 Fontrol of these is necessary for amelioratin! the increasin! ancillary problem of property crimes in Dar es Salaam6 The study compared the vie5s from unemployed youth and youth offenders in 5hich both !roups claimed that the social policies failed to meet its obEectives6 The policies 5ere aimed at increasin! employment opportunities amon!st youtheducationentrepreneurship s,ill and trainin! as 5ell as credit facilities to empo5er youth in self employment6 7ut all these obEectives could not be achieved6 1outh still face lac, of education- lac, entrepreneurship of s,ills and trainin! and inade uate credit facilities6 %urther to that these polices have put emphasises in supply for labour rather than balancin! 5ith the demand side6 As results bein! the mismatch bet5een supply and demand in the labour mar,et6 1outh offenders blame the !overnments for failure to allocate them 5ith the premises to do their business in informal economy6 &nstead the same !overnment arrest the itinerant traders and ha5,ers 5ho do their business alon!side the roads and busiest areas and prosecute them due to the breach of the municipal la5s of ma,in! the city clean6 The result of it is that- the !overnment in turn contributes on the increasin! youth unemployment as 5ell as criminal because youth offenders after completin! their sentences remain in to5n 5ithout le!al activities6 The result is that youth become a!ain criminals as an alternative of loo,in! for their survival in the urban centre of Dare Salaam6 7ased on this situation is that there is a social disinte!ration &2

amon! the societies in 5hich re uires the state to intervene so as to brin! about the social orders6 The respondents also !ave their su!!estions on the strate!ies of reducin! the problem of unemployment amon!st youth and the ancillary problem of property crimes6 Amon! 5hich 5ere: amendin! some of the policies related to youth developments so as to more appropriate to the e.istin! situationH increasin! the access to the loansH increasin! the vocational trainin!s 5hich 5ill empo5er youth 5ith the entrepreneurship s,ills and trainin!sH imposin! heavy penalties on offenders in order for them to feel the pinch and deter them from committin! the crimes a!ain6

.$& Final conclusion

The study traced the !overnment4s social policies since her independence in ?9;? to see if there are able to create employment6 The !overnment introduced various policies aimin! at increasin! the human resource development throu!h eliminatin! illiteracy- diseasesand poverty amon! the citizens6 This 5as implemented throu!h increasin! universal primary schools- introduced the education for self reliance- population of functional literacy and interface 5or, 5ith education6 7ut the problem of unemployment remains hi!h especially for vulnerable !roups such as youth6 Durin! independence the lar!e maEority 5ere self employed in a!ricultural sector6 They 5ere operatin! small scale farms and 5ere merely for subsistence6 Due to !ro5th of services in urban areas and e.citement of urban life many youth started to mi!rate from rural to urban areas searchin! for Eobs6 7ecause they 5ere uns,illed they could not find formal Eobs and as a result 5ere not ready to ta,e the manual Eobs hence remained in to5ns unemployed6 %or this reason the !overnment thou!ht that- the urban unemployment is caused by the rural2urban mi!ration amon!st youth6 0ence the !overnment decided to come up 5ith policies and le!islation 5hich can control this situation6 Althou!h policies and la5s to restrict undesirable persons in to5ns 5ere in place the problem of unemployment never ended6 The !overnment then decided to desi!n a policy 5hich could help the citizens to pursue a university de!ree based on the !overnment4s prepared manpo5er6 7y then the !overnment 5as the main employer6 7ut these strate!ies 5ere blurred by the chan!es happenin! since the mid ?9@=s 5hen economic transformation too, place in Tanzania and other developin! countries6 This transformation necessitated Tanzania to chan!e its social policies to adapt the re uirement of SAPs6 That influenced cut off on the !overnment4s spendin! on social services such as health care and education6 %rom &!

this period all citizens 5ere re uired to contribute onto the social services6 "any youn! people today find themselves unable to meet the education costs in 5hich formally 5ere !uaranteed by the !overnment6 This resulted in many youn! people to remain illiterate and uns,illed because the !overnment 5as unable to prepare the literate and s,illed labour force6 7esides that- the parents also are unable to meet the educational costs of their children6 Accordin! to the findin!s of this research paper- it 5as observed that- the youth unemployment !ro5th rate in Dar es Salaam as of the year 8==? stood at <<I 5hile D?6DI in other urban areas and @6; in rural areas6 The reason of hi!h unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam are due to slo5 economic !ro5thH retrenchments of employeesH inade uate educational attainmentH rural urban mi!rationH increasin! population in urban areas and personal problems amon!st youth6 The !overnment after realisin! that the unemployment amon! youth poses a national challen!e then decided to come up 5ith the comprehensive approaches to5ards employment creation6 This approach has three components: the policy componentH financial s,ill component and the technical s,ill components6 +ith the policy approach the !overnment has set up various social policies favourable for youth development and 5ith sound intentions to5ards reducin! the problem of unemployment amon!st youth6 These policies are: 'ational #mployment 1outh PolicyH 'ational 1outh Development PolicyH #ducation and Trainin! PolicyH the 'ational 0i!her #ducation PolicyH "ana!ement and #mployment Policy in the public Service and Fhildren Development Policy6 All these policies are aimed at empo5erin! youn! people 5ith education and s,ills of 5or,6 Also some of these policies are specific 5ith the aim of combatin! the problem of unemployment amon!st vulnerable !roups- in particular youth by creatin! the enablin! environment 5hich is favourable to increasin! the chances of youth to be employable6 The financial support approaches the !overnment in collaboration 5ith local and &nternational 'G$s that have set up the micro credit schemes6 Given that- the unemployed youth are empo5ered 5ith the provision of loans 5hich are aimed at puttin! them into self2 employment 5ith the informal economy6 The technical s,ill approaches is tar!etin! the provision of s,ills and trainin!s to all youth 5ith the aim that by 8=8<- Tanzania achieves the 5ell educated- s,illed and learned society6 At the same time the !overnment prepares youth to enter into informal economy by providin! them 5ith entrepreneurship s,ills6 Given the above policies and pro!rams- the study su!!ests thatsocial policies in place are not effective to foster the employment &&

opportunities amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam6 The reasons are: lac, of education- s,ills and trainin!s to enable them employed in 5a!e or self employmentH inade uate credit facilities in 5hich only a fractional number of unemployed youth can access the micro credit schemes6 The maEority do not benefit from the schemes6 *nattractiveness of a!ricultural sector and poor infrastructure are also contributory factors for youth bein! unemployed6 The mechanisms used in this sector are very poor in 5hich youth are not ready to be employed in the sector6 That resulted in rural2urban mi!ration 5here youth find themselves not ualified to be employed6 Due to the increasin! levels of unemployment amon!st youththis is also attracted the increasin! ancillary problem of incidences of property crimes in Dar es Salaam6 The study su!!ested that the disadvanta!ed youth find themselves committin! property crimes as one 5ay of strivin! for survival in the urban centre of Dar es Salam6

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>lec,- G6 (8==8)- (ne&plo'&ent and prosperit' cri&e: A tar!et2 specific assessment of opportunity and motivation as mediatin! factorsp6;<86 %lorida State *niversity >omba- "6&- (8==8)- O1outh unemployment and micro finance in Tanzania: a case of 1outh Development %und in "uheza District in Tan!a Re!ion4- pp6D<2<=- "A Dissertation submitted in *niversity of Dar es Salaam Tanzania6 )ee et al6- (8==;)- *nemployment and crime: an empirical investi!ation- vol6 ?C- 3epart&ent o. econo&ics, Shippensbur! *niversityShippensbur! *SA- pp6@=D2@=; )evitt- D6S (8==D)- *nderstandin! +hy Frime %ell in the ?99=s: %our %actors that #.plain the Decline and Si. that Do 'ot- 0he -ournal o. /cono&ic $erspectives- (ol6?@- 'o?@- American #conomic Associationpp6?;C2?:? "apunda- )6 (8==@)6 OThe rapid !ro5th of unemployment in relation to increase of crimes in Tanzania4- case study: >inondoni District- p6?C- a Dissertation submitted as partial re uirements for under!raduate De!ree of )a5s- $pen *niversity of Tanzania "faume- R6 and )6 +ilhelm- (8==D)- Small 7usiness #ntrepreneurship in Dar es Salaam2Tanzania: #.plorin! Problems and Prospects for %uture Development- p6:- African Development and Poverty Reduction- The "acro2"icro )in,a!e- )ord Fharles 0otel- Somerset +est- South Africa (?C2?< $ctober 8==D) "chembu- >6/ (?9@<)- A6G6 "6 &S0*"&- The urban Eobless in #astern Africa- journal o. the Facult' o. Arts and Social Science, (ol68- *niversity of Dar es Salaam "chovu et al6 (?99@)- Social Policy and Research Practice in Tanzania-ournal o. Social 3evelop&ent in A.rica- 'o6?C (ol68- *niversity of Dar es Salaam SemboEa (8==:)- The 1outh employment in #ast Africa: An inte!rated labour mar,et perspective- (ol6 ? 'o6 8- pp69M?:2?9- Research 7ureau*niversity of Dar es salaam6 Sandrine et al6 (8==9)-4 )abour "ar,et Policies in times of crises4#mployment 5or,in! paper 'o6 C<- &)$ Geneva Stanford- / (8==@)- /cono&ic .or ever'one: A short !uide to #conomics of Fapitalism- pp6?<?28- Pluto Press- )ondon and 'e5 1or, The +orld 7an, study (8==@)- OSchool and 5or, in #astern Faribbean: Does the education system ade uately prepare 1outh for the Global #conomy34 P6C@ +ashin!ton- DF Tan! (8==9)- The lin,a!es amon! inflation- unemployment and crime rates in "alaysia- #conomics pro!ramme- School of Sciences- *niversity Sains "alaysia *RT- (?99@)- 'ational Poverty #radication Strate!ies- (ice President4s $ffice- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8===)- #conomic Survey- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8===)- Report on Dar es Salaam (ictimization survey *RT- (8==@)- 'ational #mployment policy- pp682C- Dar es Salaam

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*RT- (8==:)- 'ational #mployment creation pro!ramme- pp6C2D- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8==;)- &nte!rated )abour %orce survey- p6 <@- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8==;)- 'ational Population Policy- p6 8- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8===)- Fomposite Development Goal for the Tanzania Development (ision 8=8<- P68- Dar es Salaam *RT- (8==;J=:)- 7ud!et speech to the Parliament of Tanzania: Delivered by the "inister of Security of Fitizens- Dodoma6 *RT- (8==:)- 'ational 1outh Development Policy- "inistry of )abour #mployment and 1outh Development- Dar es Salaam *RT- (?9@C)- The 0uman Resource Development Act- Act 'o6666- Dar es Salaam *'&D$ and *F)AS (8==:)- OTrun, &nfrastructure and *rban Gro5th2 "ana!in! Rapid *rbanization Poverty in Dar es Salaam- Tanzania4- A 5or,in! paper C (8<28; /anuary- Dar es Salaam- Tanzania) (ennard et al6- (8==9)- 8elping o..enders into e&plo'&ent: 8o1 .ar is voluntar' sector e5pertise valued in a contracting, out environ&ent 3 P688: 7ristol *niversity *> and )aic ester *niversity *> (enatus- > and A!nes- & (8=?=)- O1outh *nemployment in 'i!eria: Fauses and related issues4- -ournal .or %anadian social science- vol6; 'o6 D- and p68CC +orld 1outh Report (8==:)- *nited 'ation on 1oun! People4s Transition to adulthood: Pro!ress and Fhallen!es- pp6:92@;M9;- *'6 'e5 1or,6 +ills- F6) (?9@8) 3ur9hei&:s concept o. ano&ie: So&e observations*niversity of 'orth Farolina at +ilmin!ton http:JJ5556uneca6or!Jera8==<Jchapter<6pdf as accessed on =9- /une 8=?=

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Appendices
Anne1 !" T3: #;T:RD#:B B#T3 *FF#C#ALS FR*E T3: E#;#STR0 *F LA%*5R7 :E=L*0E:;T A;D 0*5T3 D:D:L*=E:;T Does there any problem of unemployment for youn! people in particular in Dar es Salaam Re!ion3 Do the !overnment4s labour mar,ets policies aim at miti!atin! the problem of unemployment for youn! people3 0o5P +hat are the measures do your office consider in order to miti!ate the problem of unemployment for youn! people6 Do the !overnment4s social policies include the needs of the youth offenders3 +hat are the factors leadin! to the rise of unemployment amon!st youth in Dar es Salaam3 &n 5hat e.tent do your "inistry collaborate 5ith other offices to reduce the problem of youth unemployment3 Does the social policies or pro!rams in place are effective to curb the problem of unemployment if not 5hat are your vie5s on the possible solutions3

Than, you

&7

Anne. 8 T3: #;T:RD#:BS B#T3 T3: *FF#C#ALS FR*E T3: E#;##STR0 *F 3*E: AFFA#RS7 CR#E#;AL #;D:ST#CAT#*; D:=ARTE:;T @C#DA Do the !overnment4s social policies su!!est that- the youth unemployment can be lin,ed 5ith ancillary problem of property crimes3 0o5P +hat do you thin, about the increase of youth unemployment 5ill be impacted in the society3 +hat are factors leadin! to youth unemployment3 &n 5hat 5ays do your offices attempt to solve the problem of property crimes3 +hat type of crimes are reported and recorded per day in your office3 +hat are the common causes of the offenders of property crimes Do you thin, the problem of unemployment if it decreases 5ill also impact to the decrease of property crimes3 +hich a!e !roup of the offenders of the property crimes are commonly reported and recorded to your office3 Do you thin, your office in collaboration 5ith other office can solve the problem of property crime amon! youn! people3 0o5P +hat do you thin, about the appropriate penalty for the offenders of the property crimes apart from sentencin!3 Fan you comment on anythin! about this topic 5hich you thin, you 5ere not as,ed and are important for me to understand3

Than, you

*0

Anne1 ' #;T:RD#:B B#T3 T3: *FF#C#ALS FR*E T3: *FF#C: *F =R:S#D:;T *F 5;#T:D R:=5%L#C *F TA;FA;#A7 =LA;;#;C C*EE#SS#*; Does the !overnment have any policies or pro!rams 5hich are aimin! to curb the problem of unemployment in Dar es Salaam3 0o5 the !overnment4s policies and pro!rams are are able to address the problem of youth unemployment in Dar es Salaam3 +hat are the factors causin! the problems of youth unemployment3 Do !overnment reco!nise that- youth unemployment can lead to ancillary problems of property crimes3 +hat are the measures to5ards both of these problems3

Than, you

*1

Anne1 ) T3: F*C5S CR*5= D#SC5SS#*;S 5;:E=L*0:D 0*5T3 Are you employed3 &f not 5hy3

B#T3

T:;

+hat do you thin, are the causes for youth unemployment3 0o5 do youth understand about micro2credit schemes benefit youth unemployed3 Do you thin, that the !overnment4s social policies are effective to combat the problems of youth unemployment3 +hat do you understand about the !overnment4s initiatives to5ards miti!atin! the problem of unemployment and ancillary problems of property crimes3 +hat do you su!!estH !overnment should do in order to reduce the youth unemployment3 +hat is your comments about the state of bein! unemployed3

Than, you

*2

Anne1 T3: F*C5S CR*5= D#SC5SS#*; B#T3 T:; 0*5T3 *FF:;D:RS *F T3: =R*=:RT0 CR#E:S +ere you employed before bein! imprisoned3 +hat 5as the reason for your prosecution3 Do you thin, that- unemployment can be a cause of youn! people to commit property crimes3 +hy3 +hat is your vie5s about the !overnment4s social policies if are effective to combat the problem of youth unemployment3 0o5 do unemployed youn! people survive in the urban centre of Dar es Salaam3 Do you thin, the !overnment social policies and pro!rams are able to minimize the ancillary problem of property crime amon!st youth3 +hat 5ill be the outcome if the youth employment opportunities are on increase3 +hat are your comments about the state of bein! unemployed3

Than, you

*!

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