Japanese History 1603 Onwards Professor Nigel Haworth Japan seems very western, very much like Japan.

. Mixed signal, looks European, feels European however there are traditional values that still exist such as gender roles Still carries currents of its history and culture, exaggerated by the economic rapidity

Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 - Togugawa Ieyasu unites japan (Edo period) th - Reflects imperial weakness after 12 century, dysfunctional state - Did this by establishing strong central government th - Extended era of peace, prosperity and order until the middle of the 19 century - The price of stability was inertia and inability to change and the inability to recognize that outside Japan was changing, internally ordered, closed society - Tokugawa created 2 classes. The elite (warrior) class that consisted of the Emperor, the Shogun (de facto ruler), the Daimyo and the Samurai. This samurai code and the ideas of honor, loyalty and absolute commitment to your lord were carried on after the samurai became non-existent - The lower classes consisted of the peasants, merchants and artisans. There was a sense of mutual respect between the upper and lower classes. Lower classes were lower ranked socially but respected - Limited social mobility (feudal model), if you were born into a class, you stayed in that class - Peasants valued, but poor - Merchants not valued, but rich - Subordination of women - Samurai weakened (role/status changed) - Isolationist after 1650 (fear of external influence Christians out after 1637 rebellion, though contact had promoted prosperity; some contacts maintained Nagasaki). - Cultural development important (e.g. haiku, kabuki, bunraku, ikebana, paintings) Japan became a center of extraordinary craft and artifacts for this elite The Black Ships - Tokugawa overthrown by imperial restoration late 1860s. - End of isolation (Commodore Perry 1853, and following (contested) opening up of trade) - Japanese reaction (fear and uprisings versus modernization) - The experience of China - The impact of Dutch knowledge (a modernizing elite), the notion of western scientific ideology and other western ideals had begun to grown in the elite group, people acting inside the country acting to modernize Japan all added up to a questioning to 400 years of history - Merchants seeing advantage in opening - Economic crises (e.g. fixed prices), tax reform needs - Transition period 1858-1881 - Japans future argued and fought over; fought over 2 strategies, people dont like change, fought against this process - Political strategy - Government by Public Deliberation - Economic strategy Wealth and military power - Goals Emerge - Rapid industrialization, foreign engagement, constitution (1890), parliament (1889) - Flexibility in making domestic alliances to achieve goals - Looked at the best systems in the world, and implemented them in Japan Tsushima (1905)

Meiji Reforms - Industrialization: infrastructure (legal framework, currency, baking, postal system, railway), urbanization, foreign trade, education system, foreign knowledge - Military reforms: modernization of military (Prussia), conscription 1873, nationalism, success (China 1894-5, Russia 1904-5, Korea annexation 1910) - Post first world war (1918) stresses in Japan modernization emerge: sense of unrecognized status as victorious ally, US limitation on Japanese immigration (1924) plus consumer boycotts, snubs by the League of Nations, Japans status in relation to China, a growing nationalism, militarism and a limited democracy, impact of depression, access to markets and raw materials (e.g. oil) - Military uses stresses to gain power; by 1928, military and government are one (permitting 1937 invasion of China NB Manchuria 1931) Second World War - Japans intervention brought on by; nationalism, imperialism and militarism, US restrictions on trade (e.g. trade, steel), US freezing on Japanese assets, an Asia of the Asians anti western influence philosophy, liberating Asia from western imperialism - Japan wins, and then loses (1.85 million dead 4% of population, about 25% of national wealth destroyed, devastated economy and social system) - The US MacArthur approach, we want Japan to rise as a democratic ally of the US From Feudalism to Harajuku in 90 Years - In the top rank in terms of economic power, after the war, Japan was coward by the losses. Devoted all its power to becoming economically great. Concentrated on economic growth, the generation of people who felt the defeat was the ones to rebuild. - That generation have the commitment to rebuild Japan and restore it to the economy that it is today, did it for the love of the country, honorable thing to do, we have to rebuild after the horrific loss to gain back self-respect as a modern society, strong work ethic - Strong government direction (e.g. investment, technology), exports, corporate governance Post-war Politics - Demilitarization, democratization, new western constitution (1947), post war political consensus (Pacifism, non-nuclear, conservative), breaking up of Zaibatsu and creation of Keiretsu, workers rights -

Rapid development Adaptation of the old to meet the needs of the new