MULLER METHOD

Muller's method is a generalization of the secant method. Instead of starting with two
initial values and then joining them with a straight line in secant method, Mullers
method starts with three initial approximations to the root and then join them with a
second degree polynomial (a parabola), then the quadratic formula is used to find a
root of the quadratic for the next approximation. That is if x
0
, x
1
and x
2
are the initial
approximations then x
3
is obtained by solving the quadratic which is obtained by
means of x
0
, x
1
and x
2
. Then two values among x
0
, x
1
and x
2
which are close to x
3
are
chosen for the next iteration

x
3
= x
2
+ z ( * )

where z =
-2c
b\( b
2
-4ac)
a = D
1
/D
2
, b = D
2
/D and c = f(x
2
)
D = h
0
h
1
(h
0
-h
1
) , D
1
= (f
0
-c)h
1
-(f
1
-c)h
0
, D
2
= (f
1
-c)h
0
2
- (f
0
-c)h
1
2

h
0
= x
0
-x
2
, h
1
= x
1
-x
2






Algorithm - Muller's Scheme
Given an equation f(x) = 0
Let the initial guesses be x
0
, x
1
and x
2

Let x
i
= x
2
, x
i-1
= x
1
and

x
i-2
= x
0

Compute f(x
i-2
), f(x
i-1
) and f(x
i
)
Do

Compute
h = x - x
i
, h
i
= x
i
- x
i-1
and h
i-1
= x
i-1
- x
i-2


i
= h
i
/ h
i-1
, o
i
= 1 +
i

g
i
=
i
2
f
i-2
- o
i
2
f
i-1
+ (
i
+ o
i
) f
i

c
i
=
i
(
i
f
i-2
- o
i
f
i-1
+ f
i
)

i+1
= min ( -2o
i
f
i
/ (g
i
\(g
i
2
- 4o
i
f
i
c
i
) ) )
(take minimum in absolute sense)
Then x
i+1
= x
i
+ ( x
i
-

x
i-1
)
i+1
, i = 2, 3, 4, . . .
while (none of the convergence criterion C1 or C2 is met)
- C1. Fixing apriori the total number of iterations N.
- C2. By testing the condition | x
i+1
- x
i
| (where i is the iteration number) less than
some tolerance limit, say epsilon, fixed apriori.
Numerical Example :
Find the root of 3x+sin[x]-exp[x]=0 [ Graph]
Let the initial guess be 0.0 and 1.0
f(x) = 3x+sin[x]-exp[x]

i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
i
0 1 0.471 0.308 0.363 0.36 0.36
So the iterative process converges to 0.36 in six iterations.



Worked out problems
Exapmple 1 Find a root of cos(x) - x * exp(x) = 0 Solution
Exapmple 2 Find a root of x
4
-x-10 = 0 Solution
Exapmple 3 Find a root of x-exp(-x) = 0 Solution
Exapmple 4 Find a root of exp(-x) * (x
2
-5x+2) + 1= 0 Solution
Exapmple 5 Find a root of x-sin(x)-(1/2)= 0 Solution
Exapmple 6 Find a root of exp(-x) = 3log(x) Solution
Problems to workout



Work out with theMuller method here