Bio172 Discussion Cellular Metabolism and Respiration

Part I: Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration can be divided into 4 components: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport and chemiosmosis. For each component, describe what compounds are present at the start and which are present at the end of each process and what the overall goal is. Process Glycolysis Starting Compounds Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+ + 2H+ Products 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Total ATP/NADH per glucose 2 ATP 2 NADH

Pyruvate Processing

Pyruvate, NAD+ + H+, Coenzyme A

CO2, NADH, Acetyl CoA

2 NADH

Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl CoA, 3NAD+ + 3H+, FAD, ADP

3NADH, FADH2, ATP(GTP)*, 2CO2, Coenzyme A

2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

Electron NADH, FADH2. Transport and O2 Chemiosmosis

NAD+, FAD, H2O 2.5ATP/NADH 1.5 ATP/FADH2

Approx. 29-32**

*GTP vs ATP depending on the type of cell (ie liver vs muscle) **2.7 ATPs per NADH, 2 ATP per FADH2 Max. Mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH so in eukaryotes some energy is lost in the transport

Where does each of the processes occur in a human cell? Where do they occur in bacterial cells? Eukaryotes: Glycolysis happens in the cytosol of the cell, Pyruvate processing and the Citric acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, Electron transport chain proteins are in inner membrane of the mitochondria (membranes of the cristae). The H+ build-up occurs in the intermembrane space and ATP is produced in the mitochondrial matrix. Bacteria: Glycolysis is in the cytosol as well as pyruvate processing and the Citric Acid Cycle. For the ETC, the proteins are located in the plasma membrane and the H+ ions are pumped into the periplasmic space.

5. The figures below show fermentation in humans and in yeast.

When would an organism switch from cellular respiration to fermentation? What is the purpose of fermentation? When there is no oxygen, there is a back-up in traffic and NADH and FADH2 cant donate electrons to the ETC. Therefore, the cell switches to fermentation to replenish the supply of NAD+ such that glycolysis can still occur. One thing we talked about at prep sessionwhere does the energy of glucose end up in fermentation? The answerlactic acid (or ethanol).

Part II. Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. Cyanide inhibits one of the proteins in complex IV of the electron transport chain. Explain what happens to the electron transport chain and why cyanide is deadly. Its another example of a back-up. The ETC proteins get saturated and can no longer accept electrons from NADH or FADH2. Cant produce ATP via ox-phos and ATP production via fermentation does not yield enough ATP for brain and heart function. 2. What happens to electrons as they move from NADH through the complexes and eventually to H2O? They are dropping in free energy as they go from one carrier to another. the free energy is captured in the form of a proton gradient which will then be used to make ATP 3. Why do we get less ATP per FADH2 molecule than for each NADH molecule? FADH2 enters the ETC later and doesnt have as much free energy to contribute. Only two complexes as opposed to three are available to pump H+ ions across the membrane.

Part III PhotosynthesisThe light reaction Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to make macromolecules that can eventually be used in cellular respiration. Plants do this by capturing sunlight and using the energy from this sunlight to make G3P. G3P is eventually used to make other macromolecules. 1. Write out the overall reaction for photosynthesis. 2. In your group, try to draw the Z scheme, including both photosystems I and II.

a. In which specific part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions take place? The thylakoid membrane b. Trace the route of electrons as they travel between photosystems I and II. Make sure you understand where the electrons are coming from to reduce photosystems I and II. H2OPSII rxn centerpheophytincytochrome F6bPSI rxn centerferredoxinNADPH c. Which of the following two structures is more electronegative: pheophytin or Cytochrome b6f?? Cytochrome b6f. electrons wouldnt go down the chain if this werent true. d. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? ATP, NADPH, O2

e. Where do the products of the light-dependent reactions go? To the Calvin cycle, oxygen into the air f. On your diagram above, circle the components of cyclic photophosphorylation. Why does a plant undergo cyclic photophosphorylation? Electrons would travel from ferridoxin back to the ETC. As Lyle stated in class, if there is a lot of sun, the plant could run out of NADP+ and there would be no electron acceptor so the plant can use cyclic photophosphorylation to produce more ATP.