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Density new plant density after considering system and detailed correspondence with my Feidhlim Hearty on the topic and time line of the system and the optimum required results for the experiment. it had been decided on a new system population density. Concerns about meaningful results, a greater concentration of plant life will be needed initally to get adequate results in the first season. there will be little growth in the first season bettween January and May. The most Crucial period for a reed bed is the two years following installation. It is very important that there is good and consistant flow through the bed and that the reed growth is vigorous and even.

Plants Many types of macrophyte's may be used in reed bed construction, but the common reed (Phragmites Australis) and the reed (Typha Latiflia) are most widely used. Of these the common reed is usually favoured because of its very vigorous growth and hardiness. The plants usuallt grow to maturity within two years when they will be almost two meters high. The roots extend approx.500mm downward from the surface of the bed, which determines the optimum depth of gravel media in SSHF reed beds.

Cell 1: Septic Stage

Cell 2: Reed Bed Stage 1 Plants Species: Iris Pseudacorus (Yellow Flag, Yellow Iris)

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Septic Stage The Septic Cell works very similarly to the Horozontal Gravel Flow Reed Bed, it is a simple two section Cell in which the Sewage flows in to the first section, the solids are separated from the liquid, the liquid passes through the gravel bed trhough the handle to the second section of the Cell. In the second section the remaining particals are allowed to form a '' Sludge Layer '' at the bootom of the tank, while the sewage liquid is allowed to flow down to the next Cell.

Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) This design allows water to flow below the surface of the reed bed through gravel media. The reed plantsed in the gravel. There is no visible water in the bed and as such presnts no public safety or odour problems. The reed plants are allowed to die back in winter and form a warm composted layer which protects the biofilm below. Thie design is effective in reducing SS, BOD, COD, and partial Ammonia removal. It is also effective in removal of Pathogens, Hydrocarbons, some Heavy Metals and Nitrates.

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Decentralised Natural Wastewater Filtration

'' Be the Change you seek in the world '' Gandhi

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Cell 1: Septic Stage Action: Sewage, and Greywater flows through a 10mm limestone pea gravel layer, primarily filter any sludge or large particles from the effluent.

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Bio: The septic stage is a two section tank, the first section filteres and separates soids form liquid through a gravel bed, the second section allows sedimentation of sewage water and allows only polluted water to the next section.

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WATER BOTTLE PLAN

Cell 1: Septic Stage Cell 2: Reed Bed Stage 1 Action: water is passed through the limestone gravel and root layers of plant cell, then at rquired level of volume, it is passed through to next cell section. this plant was selected because of its nativity, durability and medical/purifacative abilitys. Plants Species: Iris Pseudacorus (Yellow Flag, Yellow Iris) Amount: 12 Bio: Grows best in wet conditions, tolerates submersion, low ph, and anoxic soils, spreads quickly. Historically used as a Hebal Remedy, most often as a emetic. commenly used for wastewater treament, with its ability to absorb heavy metals through its roots.

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WATER BOTTLE - TO - WATER CELL SUITABLE FOR LIVING ECOLOGY

WATER BOTTLE ELEVATION

Cell 2: Reed Bed Stage 1 Plants Species: Iris Pseudacorus (Yellow Flag, Yellow Iris)

Natural Wastewater Treatment Wastewater from lavatories and grey water from kitchens ir routed to a septic tank cell where the solid waste is allowed to settle out. The water then trickles through a constructed wetland gravel reed bed, where bioremedation bacterial action on the surface of the roots removes some of the nutrients in biotransformation. The water is then suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge, or release to natural watercourse. Cell 2: Reed Bed Stage 2 Action: water is passed through the limestone gravel and root layers of plant cell, then at rquired level of volume, it is passed through to next cell section. this plant was selected because of its nativity, durability and medical/purifacative abilitys. Plants Species: Phragmites Australis (Common Reed) Amount: 6 Bio: Grows in damp ground, it is a halophyte, especially common in alkaline habitats, and it also tolerates brackish water. Comenly used for phytoremediation water treatment.

Testing The testing of water quality at the inlet and the outlet of the experiment will be testing for: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), SS (Supended Solids), TN (Titanium Nitride), NH3 (Ammonia), NO3 (Nitrate), PO4(Phosphate), PH, Possible Conductivity. All testing Relevant to Non-Potable Domestic Use. Cell 2: Reed Bed Stage 2 Plants Species: Phragmites Australis (Common Reed)

Cell 3: Testing Stage 1 Action: Three active and interesting native wetland plant species, which will be the final treatment of the wastewater. The roots will purify and strain polutant microbes and bacteria, which benifit plant growth and alos clean polluted water. Plants Species: Apium Nodiflorum (Fool's Watercress) Amount: 6 Bio: Grows is small patches in slow flowing water, susceptable to dence shade, high nutrient rich areas. Very palatable, can be eaten. Cell 3: Testing Stage 1 Plants Species: Apium Nodiflorum (Fool's Watercress) Cell 3: Testing Stage 2 Action: Three active and interesting native wetland plant species, which will be the final treatment of the wastewater. The roots will purify and strain polutant microbes and bacteria, which benifit plant growth and alos clean polluted water. Plants Species: Typha Latifolia (Bulrush, Common Cattail) Amount: 9 Bio: Grows in polluted water, as it is used to bioremediation, it absorbs pollutants. the rhizomes are edible, while stems and leafs can be eated raw. Can be used as as a poultice for boils, burns or wounds.

Cell 3: Testing Stage 2 Plants Species: Typha Latifolia (Bulrush, Common Cattail)

Cell 3: Testing Stage 3 Action: Three active and interesting native wetland plant species, which will be the final treatment of the wastewater. The roots will purify and strain polutant microbes and bacteria, which benifit plant growth and alos clean polluted water. Plants Species: Glyceria axima (Reed Sweetgrass)

Plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/22

R G BURNS - TECHNICAL DESIGN DISSERTATION DECENTRILISED WETLAND SEWAGE FILTRATION

DT175/04 ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY ROBERT G BURNS - C10364189

Amount: 9 Bio: Grows in wetland areas. Highly invasive and competitive, often considered to be a noxious weed outside its native range. Ref: plants.ifas.ufl.edu/linedrawings wetlandsystems.ie/reedbedsystems.html Cell 3: Testing Stage 3 Plants Species: Glyceria axima (Reed Sweetgrass)

Decentralised Natural Wastewater Filtration

'' Be the Change you seek in the world '' Gandhi

16/03/2014 17:26:41

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The Two Drawings below demonstrate different cell types in the Experiment, both quite different in operation but both made out of same 18.4Ltr Ballygowen Bottle. First Cell: Acts Similarly to a Domestic two section Septic Tank, water is allowed flow into first section, separation of water and solids through the limestone gravel bed (Limestone absorbes Phosphate naturally), liquid then flows into second second section, which allows for sedimentation of sludge from the effluent, while the liqid flows to the next cell stage of the Experiment.

Second Cell: Acts Similarly to a horozontal Gravel flow reed bed, house in a Office water bottle. As the water flows throught the gravel reed bed, with filters phosphate, it also flows through the plant roots, from this rhizofiltration accurs, water filters though a mass of roots which remove toxic substances and excess nutrients in the effluent. Bioleaching happens as the water passes from the root barriors, in which metals in the liqid are absorbed. this form of water filtration is called phytoremediation, which means 'restoring balence'. Water then passes though another reed bed, then the filtered effluient passes on the three experimental Cells.

INTRODUCTION OF SEWAGE/WASTEWATER

WATER AND SOLID SEPARATION

WASTEWATER MOVEMENT TO NEXT CELL

WASTEWATER AND EFFLUENT PASSING THROUGH ROOT ZONE AND LIMESTONE GRAVEL

PASS TO NEXT SECTION OF SEPTIC CELL

SLUDGE SETTLEMENT

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CELL1: SEPTIC STAGE

CELL 2: REED BED STAGE

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Decentralised Natural Wastewater Filtration

'' Be the Change you seek in the world '' Gandhi

Biological Terminology Bioremediation Use of organisms to remove pollutants from a contaminated site, treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances. Phytoremediation Meaning '' restoring plant balance '' treatment using plants that mitigate the enviromental problems. Rhizofiltration Filtering water through a mass of roots to rmove toxic substances or excess nutrients. Bioleaching Extraction of metals through the use of living organisms.

Transfer of Water from Tank to Tank Through the wall connections are more reliable but require more hardware. the are usually more expensive then Siphons. A hole is drilled in the end of the Cell above the proposed water line, the a bulkhead fitting is inserted and the entire piping iand bulkheand is sealed with a silicon basied sealent for water proofing.

CELL1: SEPTIC STAGE CELL1: SEPTIC STAGE BULKHEAD FITTING AND SEPARATION BARRIER Rhyzofiltration Potential of the technology depends on the amount of radionuclides and heavey metals immobilized, the biomass turnover and the ability of plant species to tolerate extream contamination. Rhizofiltration involves the absorption of pollutants in water, dis advantages in this system include a need for good control over pH, and a clear understanding of the chemical speciation and interaction of all species in the influent. In addition to this, control over influent concentration and flow rate may be necessary, plants may need to be grown and then translocated to the site. Sphagnum has a well documented capacity t oaccumulate Iron. Some have indacated that metal retention over the long term is limited in some because organic matter inputs by wetland plants are limited. Typha have been found to have enviromental tolerance. Wetland Plants also stimulate microbial processes by providing site for microbial attachment, release oxygen from their roots, and supply organic matter for heterotrophs. Phytoplanktons have also been reported to be quite efficient in heavy metal removal from acid mine water in wetlands. Some macrophytes can tolerate high concentration of several metals in their body mass without showing negitive effects on the growth. Most of the metal uptake by plant tissue is by absorption to anionic sites in the cell walls and the metals do not enter the living plant because of much od the metal uptake by plant tissue is by absorption to anionic sites in the cell walls, wetland plants can have a very high magnitudes of upto 200,000 times of heavey metal concentration in their tissues compared to either surrounding enviroments.

The Use of Plants Heavy metal pollution of aqueous streams is a major enviromental problem facing the modern world. Metal biosorbers capable of remediating domestic and industrial effluents. Aquatic wetlands plants all over the world have been utilized for water purification. Surface absorption is a combination of such physical processes as chelation, ion exchange, and chemical precipitation of metal ions. bilogical processes are probably responsible for the slower components of metal removal from the solution. These biological processes include intracellular uptake and translocation to the shoots. because metal transport to the shoots makes rhizofiltration less effecient by producing more plant residue, plants used for rhizofiltration should not be efficient translocators of metal.

CELL 2: REED BED STAGE GRAVEL INSTALLATION

Biomimicry Within a natural irish wetland enviroment, polluted and toxic water is filtered symbotically through its plantlife, design to not only treat toxic water but thive on absorbing negitive nutrients in polluted water. Like nature, this experiment uses a cellular design to create distinct units within a larger system. An individual cell is a generally self sufficient entity, capable of a full range of processes, having specialised abilities. The Effluent is flows by gravity alone through the array of cells design to treat the toxic water, in a domestic setting to get the sewage to a suitable standard for non-potable reuse around the house.

CELL1: SEPTIC STAGE SEPARATION BARRIOR INSTALLATION

Two Sides of the System 1. Anoxic World - a place without oxygen to host communities which live in anerobic conditions. 2. Aerobic World - place with oxygen. These are realm based on photosynthesis. Together, aerobic and anaerobic organisms have the ability to undergo a broad range of bio-chemical processes necessary for breaking down wastes. CELL 2: REED BED STAGE CUTTING OPENING

Design and Construction The Wetland Sewage Syestem is comprised of a series of four stages, or cells. the fourth cell is devided into three cells to test the filtrative variables of three different types of plant species. This small wetland Experiment will be able to facilitate opportunities for the various treatment process (physical, biological and chemical) to occur. The final rusult will be used as non-potable water around the domestic house (irregation, WC flush). The design and construction of the experiment was preceded by a detaied study of native wetland types, and bio-leeching properties od plants roots. indacation a possiblity for a suitable adaptation for sewage treatment.

Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle represents the well-known aspect of nature dealing with growth ad decay. Plants collect nutrients for energy and tissue. Biological processes require key elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, hydrogen, and sodium, aswell as other elements. If theses requirements are not presnt within the system, problems can occur and the system may degenerate. Within the Experimental System, The plants initally have been planted with a suitable amount of soil, to buffer their transition to the gravel system, and to provide addition root nutrients, to start there new season growth. also i have been using collected rainwater only to irragate and water there gravel flow beds, not only to reuse water but to allow naturally accuring nutrients to access the root memebranes within the cells.

Treatment Sewage from the house to the Septic Cell flows by gravity through the series of Plants Cells, where it is treated before it can be resued as non-potable water around the household. Each wetland Cell is planted with a spisific natice plant species and has been designed to not only provide treatment for domestic sewage but also to test which native wetland plant is the best for sewage treatment.

INITIAL ARRANGMENT OF CELLS

R G BURNS - TECHNICAL DESIGN DISSERTATION DECENTRILISED WETLAND SEWAGE FILTRATION

DT175/04 ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY ROBERT G BURNS - C10364189

Decentralised Natural Wastewater Filtration

'' Be the Change you seek in the world '' Gandhi

Ref: Classroom Eco Machiness Owners Manual, Ocean Arks Internationionaland Marc Companion,1999. rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/Phytoremediation/2006 Intagrated Constructed Wetlands, Clonaslee, Laois COCO.

16/03/2014 17:27:08

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