Constitutional Law II: Church & State Prof.

Schwartzman ----Sherbert Smith ----History

Patrick Henry Bill Establishing a Provision for Teachers of the Christian Religion, 1784 ( irginia !sse"bly# $ arg%"ents in favor of assess"ents& o Christianity is nee'e' to kee( (eo(le in line o This can)t ha((en %nless Christianity is ta%ght o Provi'ing for teaching of Christianity can be 'one *itho%t +eo(ar'i,ing free e-ercise .a"ongst the 'ifferent societies or co""%nities of Christians/ 0aile' after 1a'ison *rote his 1e"orial 2 Re"onstrance 3a"es 1a'ison 4rote section on religio%s free'o" for a 5eclaration of Rights, 1776 o 0ree e-ercise 4orshi( 'ictate' only by .reason an' conviction/ .Therefore, all "en are e7%ally entitle' to the free e-ercise/ o b%t Christianity to 'o"inate Religion 8 .the '%ty *hich *e o*e to o%r Creator/ ."%t%al '%ty of all to (ractice Christian forbearance, love, an' charity/ o 5oes not %se ter" .toleration/ *hich s%ggests a "a+ority .in'%lging/ a "inority or .allo*ing/ it to (ractice $ it)s "ore a((ro(riate to say all are on e7%al footing *ith the sa"e right 1e"orial 2 Re"onstrance !gainst Religio%s !ssess"ents , 1789 $ *ritten in o((osition to Henry)s Bill: incl%'e' all the "a+or conce(ts still invoke' in the 'ebate to'ay o Religio%s vol%ntaris" $ everyone has a '%ty to *orshi( ;o' 2 that obligation co"es before '%ty to civil society o <ocial contract $ religion isn)t %n'er the (%rvie* of .society/ so the =egislat%re certainly sho%l'n)t be interfering *ith it o <li((ery slo(e re& ta-es for religion $ there co%l' be ta-es for anything, 1 of >?

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even s(ecific sects E7%ality $ 'eno"inational ne%trality arg%"ent Religio%s inco"(etence $ (olitical lea'ers sho%l'n)t be +%'ges of religion or %se religion to f%rther (olicies @nnecessary for the religion $ religion *as aro%n' before the state 2 'oesn)t nee' it Corr%(ting infl%ence $ state f%n'ing "akes (eo(le la,y @nnecessary for gov)t $ if gov)t only nee's establish"ent to s%((ort the ch%rch, an' the ch%rch 'oesn)t nee' the s%((ort, then gov)t 'oesn)t nee' establish"ent Establish"ent *o%l' .signal (ersec%tion/ $ goes against i'ea of this nation as an asyl%" for the (ersec%te' 5e(o(%lation $ (eo(le *ill leaveA Establish"ent lea's to civil *ar !'verse to religion $ (revents .tr%e/ religion fro" (revailing R%le of la* $ enforcing %nnecessary la*s *eakens all la*s 1a+ority r%le $ not clear that (eo(le *ant this <li((ery slo(e re& social contract $ if society 'oesn)t res(ect this right, *hy *o%l' yo% e-(ect the" to res(ect other rightsB

;eorge 4ashington (see (C 41# Civic re(%blicanis" $ religion 2 governance go han' in han', an' religio%s .scr%(les/ s%((ort free gov)t CfC enlighten"ent vie*s of Tho"as 3efferson Tho"as 3efferson (see (C 4># Bill for Establishing Religio%s 0ree'o" 'rafte' in 1777, (%she' thro%gh by 1a'ison in 1786 after Henry)s Bill *as 'efeate' .*all of se(aration/ $ religion is a solely a (rivate "atter ;overn"ent reaches actions only, not beliefs 1an)s nat%ral rights 'on)t conflict *ith social '%ties <trongly infl%ence' by =ocke (s(heres#, tho%gh "ore strongly re+ects establish"ent

Free exercise & accommo ation: Is accommodation required?

What is Religion? @< v <eeger (@< 1D69# $ Draft case #1 !roa ene tra itional efinition of religion to incl%'e .(%rely ethical/ belief syste" base' on (hiloso(hy rea'ings: base' on an analogy to ;o' Enstea' of striking 'o*n the .<%(re"e Being/ re7%ire"ent in the 'raft la*, <Ct +%st broa'ene' inter(retation to incl%'e a (o*er or being, or faith .to > of >?

*hich all else is s%bor'inate or %(on *hich all else is %lti"ately 'e(en'ent/ ((C 714# .religio%s training an' belief/ 8 .! sincere an' "eaningf%l belief which occu"ies in the life of its "ossessor a "lace "arallel to that fille by the #o of those a'"itte'ly 7%alifying for the e-e"(tionF/ belief syste" that to%ches .ultimate concerns/

4elsh vC @< (@< 1D7G# $ Draft case #2 Took <eeger an e-tra ste( bHc 4elsh act%ally crosse' o%t ter" .<%(re"e Being/ on the for" 4elsh *as grante' CI stat%s bHo .%lti"ate concerns/ test $ encom"asses stron$ly hel moral con%iction& e%en if you on't call it a Su"reme !ein$ 1alnak vC Jogi (?' CirC 1D7D# $ school curriculum <CEHT1 co%rse ta%ght in K3 (%blic schools violate' Establish"ent Cla%se o .(%re creative intelligence/ is basis of life, base' on teachings of Jogi, fo%n'er of <cience of Creative Entelligence o <t%'ents re7)' to atten' (%+a cere"ony to obtain (ersonal "antra for "e'itation (se Lemon test& o (ri"ary effect is a'vancing religion 2 religio%s conce(ts o gov)t ai' for teaching the co%rse is e-cessive entangle"ent Conc%rrence (!'a"s#& to fig%re o%t if a belief syste" is religio%s, ) useful in icia (!frica vC Penn# o 1st 2 "ost i"(ortant& .ultimate concerns/ s%ch as life 2 'eath, "an)s role in %niverse, right 2 *rong o >n'& com"rehensi%eness $ not isolate' ans*ers to %lti"ate 7%estions o ?r'& .any formal& external& or surface si$ns that "ay be analogi,e' to acce(te' religions/ $ not al*ays b%t often @nifie' vsC 1%lti(le 5efinitions =a*rence Tribe arg%es& .religion/ sho%l' be inter(rete' broa'ly for free e-ercise ('%e to religio%s (l%ralis"# an' narro*ly for establish"ent (to not li"it gov)t too "%ch, es(ecially in teaching ethics in school# 1alnak conc%rrence& there sho%l' only be 1 'efinition for 0E 2 EC o Te-t%al& religion only "entione' once in the te-t o 5eno"inational ne%trality& Tribe)s for"%lation en's %( *ith ? tiers $ clearly religio%s, clearly not, an' f%,,y ones (%s%ally ne*# that *ill get i""%nity %n'er free e-ercise b%t s%((ort %n'er establish"ent Is accommodation required by the Free Exercise Clause? Historically, no Thornton vC Cal'or (1D89# $ Sabbath day off ? of >?

<tate may not re*uire e"(loyers to give e"(loyees right to <abbath offC @se' =e"on test ((%r(ose, (ri"ary effect, entangle"ent# o P%r(ose& clearly to a'vance religion o Effect& confers benefit on those *ho 'esignate a <abbath b%t not on those *ho 'on)t o Entangle"ent& re7%ires <tate 1e'iation Boar' to +%'ge sincerity of (eo(le)s religio%s beliefs +easonable accommo ations acce"table, b%t not an absol%te right Points o%t that la* gives e"(loyers no fle-ibility to balance other interests

Belief vsC con'%ct& The Mormon cases Le$islati%e "owers reach actions only& not beliefs o <tate can reg%late actions *hen they 'ist%rb (eace an' or'er: state "ay (rotect its civil interests (T3, Prea"ble for !ct for Religio%s 0ree'o"# Reynol's vC @< (@< 1878# o <tate is not re*uire to exem"t a religio%s gro%( fro" the ban on (olyga"yC o Reynol's) belief is religio%s 2 sincere $ that)s not the iss%e o Congress) 1oral !ct Banning Polyga"y is vali' 2 case is %n'er @< +%ris'iction o .anarchy/ arg%"ent $ *ill .(er"it every citi,en to beco"e a la* %nto hi"self/ En 5avis vC Beason (18DG#, Co%rt conflates (olyga"y *ith co%nseling cri"inality, getting aro%n' the beliefHaction 'istinction In 1963, S t said yes in Sherbert !" #erner $ established strict scrutiny analysis <herbert vC erner (@< 1D6?# LL unem%loyment benefits <tate may not bur en reli$ious free exercise %nless there is a com"ellin$ interest <tate cannot 'eny %ne"(loy"ent benefits to *o"an *ho lost her +ob for ref%sing to *ork on <at%r'ays: state 'i' not sho* co"(elling interest o ,octrine of unconstitutional bur ens& 'enial of benefits 8 fineH(enalty En effect, state "%st acco""o'ate religio%s e-ercise, iCeC, (rovi'e e-e"(tion E"(ortant& other ty(es of e-e"(tions *ere given: in i%i ualize assessments "%st incl%'e religio%s factors if they incl%'e nonLreligio%s factors -he Sherbert -est .o%errule in Smith/ <tate must accommo ate religio%s beliefs *hen reg%lating con'%ct if& o (1# Religion $ "%st be religio%s, not so"e other ty(e of belief syste" o (># B%r'en $ P "%st sho* state is (%tting a b%r'en on e-ercise in irect bur en& for"al ne%trality is not eno%gh bHc follo*ing generally a((licable r%le b%r'ens P)s religio%s e-ercise: loss of 4 of >?

gov)t benefit is e7%ivalent of a fine for religio%s e-ercise enominational neutrality& stat%te (rotects <%n'ay <abbaths for te-tile *orkers (can)t be (%nishe' for not *orking# @K=E<< there is& o (?# Co"(elling interest $ E0 1 2 > are "et, state "%st allo* an e-e"(tion %nless it can sho* a co"(elling interest in not 'oing so

4isconsin vC Jo'er (1D7># $ &mish home'schoolin( <tate ha' to allo* the !"ish to ho"eLschool their ki's o <tate)s clai" that co"(%lsory e'%cation is necessary to (ro'%ce selfL reliant "e"bers of society is not s%((orte' by evi'ence o !"ish see" to be 'oing ok so far <tan's for (ro(osition that laws can be facially neutral .$enerally a""licable/ but still %iolate free exercise @nlike <herbert, no in'ivi'%ali,e' e-e"(tions $ tr%ly a generally a((licable r%le In 199), S t effecti!ely o!erruled the idea of re*uired accommodations in +m%loyment Di!ision !" Smith ,%eyote caseE"(loy"ent 5ivision vC <"ith (1DDG# $ unem%loyment benefits IR la* (rohibiting %se of (eyote is vali' bHc it is neutral 2 $enerally a""licable o <"ith 2 Black *ere fire' fro" their +obs for %sing it for religio%s (%r(oses they a((lie' for %ne"(loy"ent benefits 2 *ere 'enie' '%e to *orkLrelate' "iscon'%ct o <Ct hel'& state is not re*uire to exem"t *orkers Re+ects co"(elling interest test bHc it is co%rting anarchy to "ake state +%stify anything that ca%ses a b%r'en 5isting%ishe' fro" other cases o <herbert& %ne"(loy"ent benefits *ere in'ivi'%ali,e' assess"ents: in cases like <herbert, la* "%st consi'er both religio%s an' nonreligio%s factors IR sho* a co"(elling interest an' narro* tailoring o Jo'er& a hybri' case (right of (arents to 'irect their ki's) e'%cation# 5isting%ishe' fro" race 2 s(eech o Co"(elling interest r%le as a((lie' to race 2 s(eech is 'ifferent bHc it (ro'%ces constit%tional nor"s: here, it (ro'%ces constit%tional ano"aly Et is (er"issible for legislat%res to enact religio%s e-e"(tions, b%t they are not re7%ire' to I)Connor conc%rrence& *o%l' a((ly co"(elling interest: IR la* (asses that test -he Smith -est .the current rule/

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The constitutional minimum is formal neutrality, though substantive neutrality is ermissible There is no constit%tional right to a free e-ercise e-e"(tion if la* is& o (1# Ke%tral 2 o (># ;enerally a((licable Ef la* fails this test, then strict scr%tiny a((lies

&fter Smith, on(ress tried to reinstate re*uired accommodations ,.ith limited success.ith /0/& $ /12I3& Religio%s 0ree'o" Restoration !ct of 1DD? (R0R!# !tte"(ts to co'ify the co"(elling interestH<herbert test $ states "ay not .s%bstantially b%r'en/ free e-ercise even *ith a generally a((licable la* Reg%lates !== la*s $ as e-(ansive as yo% can get Boerne vC 0lores (1DD7# $ /0/& Menne'y "a+ority& in%ali ate +F+0 as a""lie to states bHc it e-ten's beyon' 14th !"C: Congress "ay enforce rights, b%t here it *as trying to "ake s%bstantive change to rights o <till a((lies to fe'eral la*s (see I Centro# <tevens conc%rrence& R0R! *o%l' give Ch%rch a .legal *ea(on/ not given to nonLreligio%s (arties: this is forbi''en bHc it gives (reference to religion over nonLreligion I)Connor 'issent& still 'isagrees *ith <"ith Religio%s =an' @se an' Enstit%tionali,e' Persons !ct Gf >GGG (R=@EP!# >n' atte"(t to restore <herbert, base' on interstate co""erce (o*er Targete' very narro*ly $ (rohibits s%bstantial b%r'en by& o =an' %se regs that i"(ose .s%bstantial b%r'en/ on religio%s gro%(s (as in Boerne# o Regs that restrict religio%s e-ercise of confine' (ersons Prison (rovision %(hel' in C%tter vC 4ilkinson (>GG9# Current Free Exercise !itigation" neutrality, general a licability, hybrid cases

Ch%rch of the =%k%"i Babal% vC Hialeah (@< 1DD?# $ animal sacrifice 0= city or'inance forbi''ing ani"al sacrifice is invali' bHc it fails <"ith test First& neutrality & $eneral a""licability o (1# KonLne%tral ob+ect bHc clearly ai"e' at one ch%rch $ several in'icators& 0acial ne%trality is not 'is(ositive (0EC (rohibits ."aske' as *ell as overt/ gov)t hostility# 5iscri"inatory ob+ect fo%n' in legislative history .E"(act/ not ne%tral bHc in (ractice the or'inance a((lies only

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to <anteria IverLincl%sive $ gov)t)s state' interests co%l' be "et *Hless restrictive "eas%res o (># Kot generally a((licable Clearly %n'erLincl%sive: cannot selectively b%r'en con'%ct only *hen "otivate' by religion ((rohibits killing for sacrifice b%t not h%nting# If it fails& must ha%e com"ellin$ interest & be narrowly tailore o Cannot clai" legiti"ate interest *hen city fails to take other ste(s to (rotect that interest o Even if interest *ere co"(elling, la* is both %n'er 2 overLincl%sive

Ra'er vC 3ohnston (5C KebC 1DD6 $ %n'er <"ith# 166 $ cam%us housin( @KM "%st give religio%s e-e"(tion fro" fresh"an ho%sing r%le bHc it gives nonLreligio%s e-e"(tions (e7%ality bet*een religion 2 nonLreligion# 0ails <"ith test 2 cites =%k%"i o Kot ne%tral bHc allo*s e-e"(tions for nonLreligio%s reasons b%t 'i'n)t even consi'er this test: also fo%n' .anti(athy/ fro" a'"inistrators (nonLne%tral intent# o Kot generally a((licable bHc selectively i"(oses b%r'en (=%k%"i# 0raternal Ir'er of Police vC Ke*ark (?' CirC 1DDD $ %n'er <"ith# $ no'beard rule Police 'e(tC "%st e-e"(t "en fro" noLbear' r%le bHc it offers "e'ical e-e"(tions (e7%ality bet*een religion 2 nonLreligion# o Selecti%e bur en triggers heightene' scr%tiny %n'er <"ith 2 =%k%"i o 3artial noLbear' (olicy is not tailore to meet state interest in %nifor"ity 5isting%ishes <"ith o There, "e'ical e-ce(tion 'i'n)t %n'er"ine IR)s interest in c%rbing 'angero%s 'r%g %se, so religio%s e-e"(tion *as not re7%ire' o Here, "e'ical e-ce(tion 'oes %n'er"ine state' interest in %nifor"ity, so "%st offer religio%s e-e"(tion o ;ov)t is not re7)' to a((ly its la*s to activities that it 'oes not have an interest in (reventing What is a burden? Bra%nfel' vC Bro*n (@< 1D61 $ (reL<herbert# $ Sunday closin( la. In irect financial bur en on 3e*ish storeo*ner oes not in%ali ate <%n'ay closing la* %n'er the free e-ercise cla%se o =a* reg%lates a sec%lar, not religio%s activity o Kot all 3e*s are affecte' (so"e *ill o(en on <at%r'ay any*ay# o Envali'ating la* bHo in'irect b%r'en restricts Congress too "%ch $ everything ca%ses an in'irect b%r'en on so"eoneA

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4ote5 Mc6o.an !" Maryland already found Sunday closin( la.s don7t !iolate + 8 the *uestion here is free e9ercise ,must :e.ish storeo.ner be (i!en e9em%tion;-he Stan ar & o ,irect bur en 8 cri"inali,ing a religio%s activity (invali'# o In irect bur en 8 inci'ental b%r'en i"(ose' by generally a((licable, sec%lar la*: vali' if (1# P%r(ose 2 effect "%st be sec%lar (if they aren)t, even an in'irect b%r'en *ill invali'ate the la*# !K5 (># <tate "%st have no other "eans to acco"(lish ob+ective 5issents o Brennan& s%bstantial co"(etitive 'isa'vantage is too great a b%r'en, even if it is in'irect o <te*art& .a cr%el choice/ bet*een faith an' econo"ic s%rvival: la* grossly violates free e-ercise <herbert (co"(elling interest test# ca"e > years after

=yng vC K4 En'ian Ce"etery Protective !ssocC (@< 1D88 $ %n'er <herbert# 18? $ road buildin( ;ov)t "ay b%il' roa' thro%gh Kative !"s) sacre' lan's, even tho%gh it *o%l' be catastro(hic for their religion, bHc it is gov)t (ro(erty 1st 0m oes not $i%e 2%eto3 o%er "ublic "ro$rams that o not rohibit free exercise o ;overn"ent "%st be allo*e' to con'%ct its o*n .internal affairs/ (Bo*en vC Roy $ social sec%rity N case# o Size of in irect bur en oesn't matter $ co%rt can)t *eigh the tr%th of vario%s beliefs =egislat%res nee' to *ork o%t these conflicts, not co%rts 5issent (Brennan#& .la*s that fr%strate or inhibit/ e-ercise *ill trigger constit%tional (rotection (iCeC, not +%st 'irect b%r'ens#: cites <herbert 2 Jo'er #o$ do you decide if a government interest out$eighs burden on religious exercise? @< vC =ee (@< 1D8> $ %n'er <herbert# $ &mish social security Cate$orical a""roach& reg%lation a((lies across the boar' so that lots of ob+ectors *on)t co"e o%t of the *oo'*ork !"ish can)t e-e"(t the"selves fro" the *hole social sec%rity syste" +%st bHc they 'on)t believe in it o En'irect b%r'en b%t not %nconstit%tional o 1an'atory (artici(ation: allo*ing e-ce(tions is a sli((ery slo(e o 5anger of fra%' ;on,ales vC I Centro Es(iritaF(@< >GG6# $ ille(al dru( for communion Case-by-case a""roach& R0R! re7%ires in'ivi'%ali,e' balancing: invoking

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.general interests/ not eno%gh to (ass strict scr%tiny ;ov)t can)t take a*ay hoasca that ch%rch nee's for co""%nion bHc it 'i' not (asse' R0R! co"(elling interest test o ;ov)t arg%e' for ? co"(elling interests that co%rt re+ects Health 2 safety of ch%rch "e"bers (little evi'ence of health 'anger: Controlle' <%bstances !ct allo*s e-e"(tions# Preventing recreational %se (no evi'ence this has ha((ene'# Co"(liance *ith @K treaty o Re+ects sli((ery slo(e arg%"ent Congress thinks this is a *orkable test E-e"(tion fro" controlle' s%bstance restriction 'oesn)t ca%se as "%ch a'"inistrative har" as =ee (!"ish social sec%rity case#

4stablishment an accommo ation: Is accommodation ermitted?

The clash bet$een the clauses The Tension !cco""o'ation is necessary to ens%re free e-ercise !cco""o'ation is .s(ecial treat"ent/ that violates establish"ent cla%se Tho"as vC Revie* Boar' (@< 1D81# $ unem%loyment benefits <tate "%st (rovi'e co"(ensation to *orker *ho left +ob '%e to religio%s ob+ections to the *ork (%ne"(loy"ent case si"ilar to <herbert# $ accommo ation is re*' to "rotect free exercise Rehn7%ist)s 'issent ill%strates the tension bet*een the cla%ses $ arg%es that re*uirin$ an exem"tion %iolates 4C o Prefers to a((ly =e"on test P%r(ose& (roviso only has religio%s (%r(ose Effects& (ri"ary effect of (roviso to a'vance religion by facilitating e-ercise Entangle"ent& state has to 'eci'e *hether (erson)s belief is religio%s 2 sincerely hel' in or'er to grant financial benefits $ this is e-cessive entangle"ent o <ays c%rrent categories of e-e"(tions sho%l' change ."an'ate'/ 2 .forbi''en/ e-e"(tions are "any .(er"itte' b%t not "an'ate'/ are fe* b%t this sho%l' be a larger category Current %octrine" When is accommodation ermissible &i'e', not establishment(? 4atson vC 3ones (@< 187># $ in!ol!ement in internal church affairs ,(o!7t stay D of >?

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5eno"ination s(lit over slavery 2 no* fighting over the ch%rch Civil co%rts sho%l' acce(t religio%s trib%nals) 'ecisions as final (r%le of co%rt a((lication, not a constit%tional iss%e# 1e"bers of vol%ntary relig gro%( i"(lie'ly consent to the govern"ent of that gro%(

Oorach vC Cla%son (@< 1D9># (C >?8 LL school release %ro(rams ,allo.ed @(hel' school release (rogra"s that allo*e' st%'ents to atten' 'eno"inational (rogra" of choice '%ring certain ho%rs of school *eek .4e are a religio%s (eo(le *hose instit%tions (res%((ose a <%(re"e BeingF/ (>?8L?D# T4! vC Har'ison (1D77# $ ri(ht to Sabbath day off ,re=ected 5es(ite E"(loy"ent 5iscri"ination la*, T4! 'oes not have to acco""o'ate e"(loyee)s re7%est for <abbath off bHc it *o%l' be econo"ically c%"berso"e E"(loyers 'o not have to bear "ore than .'e "ini"%s/ cost to acco""o'ate religio%s e-ercise of e"(loyees Kote& Cal'or 'eci'e' in 1D89 =arson vC alente (@< 1D8> $ %n'er <herbert# >91 $ re(istration re*uirement ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n 9GP r%le e-e"(ting certain religio%s orgs fro" registration re7)ts bHc it gave clear 'eno"inational (reference for "ainstrea" religions <tates (rinci(les of 'eno"inational ne%trality o 0ree e-ercise can only be g%arantee' if all religions are treate' e7%ally o If enominational "reference is foun & strict scrutiny a""lies Strict scrutiny analysis: Kot .closely fitte'/ to "eet a co"(elling interest o 5oesn)t sto( ab%sive (ractices by relig orgs that are not eligible for the e-e"(tion o P%blic interest 'e(en's on a"o%nt, not (ercentage Te-as 1onthly vC B%llock (1D8D $ (reLC%tter# LL sales'ta9 e9em%tion for reli(ious %ublications ,re=ected Co%rt str%ck 'o*n salesLta- e-e"(tion for religio%s (%blications =i"iting gov)t benefit to religio%s gro%(s looks like state s(onsorshi( 5isting%ishes 4al, (1D7G#, *hich gave ta- e-e"(tion to non(rofits incl%'ing religio%s gro%(s, even tho%gh "ost beneficiaries *ere religio%s 5eutrality -est $ e-e"(tionHbenefit is& o Per"issible if it has 6i e sco"e (relig 2 nonLrelig beneficiaries# 2 1G of >?

 Secular "ur"ose o E"(er"issible if it Creates serio%s b%r'en on nonLbeneficiaries IR 5oesn)t lift stateLi"(ose' b%r'en on religio%s e-ercise Miryas 3oel <chool 5istrict vC ;r%"et (@< 1DD4# >9> $ reli(ious school district ,re=ected Envali'ate' (rogra" that gave Hasi'ic co""%nity its o*n school 'istrict so that it co%l' r%n a s(ecial e' school catering to Hasi'ic ki's iolates EC bHc& o Contrary to state (ractice of 'ra*ing 'istrict lines bHo geogra(hy o Benefits aren)t generally 'is(erse' o Im"ro"er ele$ation of authority to a reli$ious or$anization <(ecial !ct res%lte' in .f%sion of gov)t 2 religio%s f%nctions/ (=arson# o Fails to foreclose future enominational "reference Ti"ing iss%e& 'eno"inational ne%trality not a concern bHc no other sect has clai"e' %ne7%al treat"ent Conc%rrences o <tevens& facilitates ki's) a'herence to a religion rather than teaching of tolerance for 'iversity o Menne'y& invali'ate' only bHc 'istrict lines 'ra*n bHo religion: 'isagrees *ith other reasoning Passes TQ 1onthly test <ho%l' ass%"e constit%tionality %nless other*ise sho*n !cco""o'ations by nat%re are s(ecific to certain religions 0%t%re cases can be resolve' by co"(aring to the <at"ars b%r'en 5issent (<calia# o Et)s ri'ic%lo%s to think KJ is establishing this religion o <ec%lar basis $ e'%cate' 'isable' ki's o C%lt%ral, not religio%s gro%( o Kecessary g%arantee (rovi'e' by the co%rts C%tter vC 4ilkinson (@< >GG9# >?D $ /12I3& %rison accommodations ,allo.ed Hel' Ihio (rison "%st acco""o'ate nonL"ainstrea" religions @(hel' R=@EP! bHc it .fits in corri'or bet*een the Religion Cla%sesF (er"issible legislative acco""o'ation of religion that is not barre' by the EC/ (>4G# o R=@EP! 'oes not violate EC by enco%raging religion in or'er to get s(ecial benefits Cutter -est 7 accommo ation is "ermissible if it: o (1# alleviates e-ce(tional gov)t b%r'en on (rivate religio%s e-ercise

11 of >?

o (># co%rt "%st consi'er b%r'en on nonbeneficiaries o (?# *ill be a'"inistere' ne%trally bet*een faiths

4stablishment an $o%ernment fun in$

)))*ee *chool Funding Cases Chronology))) The +o,-id .rinci le Everson vC Boar' of E'%cation (@< 1D47# $ buses to %ri!ate schools ,allo.ed Ko EC violation for b%ssing ki's to (arochial schools o B%ssing is a (%blic goo' (kee(s ki's safe# *ith no religio%s (%r(ose o Ke%trality& 0ra"ers *ere strongly o((ose' to ta-ation to s%((ort religionC Ho*ever, if the state (rovi'es a ne%tral benefit to one gro%(, it "%st (rovi'e it to all Backgro%n'& 1a'ison)s Re"onstrance o((oses all for"s of ta-ation to f%n' religion <tate "ay s%bsi'i,e (%blic service by any entity incl%'ing religio%s ones o Kot clear *hether it "ay or "%st 'o so 5issent o Ko f%n'ing for religion, even if that "eans 'enying a (%blic benefit that nonLreligio%s gro%(s get o Both "a+ority 2 'issent agree that EC (rohibits ta-ation to s%((ort religion, b%t 'isagree on *hether or not this s%((orts religion Boar' of E'C vC !llen (1D68# $ te9tboo>s for %ri!ate schools ,allo.ed <tate (rovision of sec%lar te-tbooks to (arochial schools 'oes not violate EC bHc it s%((orts the sec%lar "ission of (arochial schools 5issent (by Black, *ho *rote "a+ority in Everson#& te-tbooks are %se' to teach religio%s lessons, *hich is central "ission of (arochial schools =e"on vC M%rt,"an (@< 1D71# ?7> $ %ri!ate school teacher salaries ,re=ected > state (rogra"s to s%bsi'i,e (rivate school teacher salaries violate EC bHc of e-cessive gov)t entangle"ent (co"(le- facts# o Karro* hol'ing, very factLs(ecific o 5ifferent fro" Everson 2 !llen bHc har'er to "ake teachers sec%lar than books or b%ses Establishes =e"on Test o (1# Secular "ur"ose $ yes, i"(roving e'%cation o (># Primary effect 'oesn)t a'vance or inhibit religion $ yes, n%"ero%s (reca%tions taken (eCgC, teacher signing agree"ent not to teach religion# o (?# Ko e-cessive gov)t entan$lement *ith religion $ no, here)s the

1> of >?

(roble"& all those (reca%tions to avoi' (rong N> e-cessive entangle"ent (the CatchL>># Proble"s *ith these (rogra"s o Classroo" setting $ ki's are yo%ng 2 i"(ressionable, *on)t be able to 'isting%ish bet*een religio%s an' sec%lar lessons o Teachers *ill try b%t *on)t be able to se(arate faith fro" teaching o <chool a'"ins are religio%s officials *ho set teacher g%i'elines

Lemon -est ;ov)t action "%st "eet ? criteria to satisfy EC& o (1# Secular "ur"ose o (># Primary effect 'oesn)t a'vance or inhibit religion o (?# Ko e-cessive gov)t entan$lement *ith religion 0actors to e-a"ine& o Character 2 (%r(oses of instit%tions benefiting o Kat%re of ai' (rovi'e' o Res%lting relationshi( bet*een gov)t 2 relig a%thority 4hat)s left of =e"on to'ayB o Kever e-(licitly overr%le' o 0oc%s is on the >n' (rong ((ri"ary effect, incl%'es entangle"ent# o 5irect !i'& (er"issible if <ec%larHne%tral (%r(ose Ke%tral content Broa' class of reci(ients o Private choice& "%st be <ec%larly "otivate' Broa' class of reci(ients 5irect ai' solely bHc of in'ivi'%al (rivate choice Co""ittee for P%blic E'C vC Ky7%ist (1D7?# $ school maintenance, !ouchers, ta9 credits ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n all (arts of (rogra" to (ay "aintenance costs at (rivate schools, give t%ition vo%chers to lo*Linco"e (arents, give t%ition ta- cre'it to higherL inco"e !((lie' =e"on Test 2 fo%n' it violates EC o 1aintenance f%n's $ no restriction to "aintaining only sec%lar areas of the school, so it a'vances religio%s teaching 5oesn)t "atter that school (ai' 9GP o o%chersHta- cre'its $ go only to (arents *ho sen' their ki's to (rivate schools, so a'vances religion Indirect -id / .rivate Choice

1? of >?

State may indirectly aid reli(ious %ri!ate schools if %art of a neutral %ro(ram and filtered throu(h true %ri!ate choice 1%eller vC !llen (1D8?# $ ta9 deduction for education e9%enses ,allo.ed @(hel' ta- 'e'%ction for certain e'%cational e-(enses Establishes (rivate choice (rinci(le 5oes not violate Effects (rong of =e"on test bHc o (1# E7%ally available to (%blic 2 (rivate school (arents o (># !ny benefit to religion res%lte' fro" .(rivate choices of in'ivi'%al (arents/ <ays =e"on test is a .hel(f%l sign(ost/ only <ays statistical analysis of *ho act%ally receives benefits is irrelevant 4itters vC 4ashington 5e(tC of <ervices for the Blin' (@< 1D86# $ colle(e (rants for the blind ,allo.ed Blin' st%'ent "ay %se state higherLe' f%n's to st%'y theology .;%i'e' by/ =e"on Test $ (rogra" (asses o <ec%lar (%r(ose& hel( blin' (eo(le go to college o Pri"ary effect& stu ents eci e *here to s(en' the "oney, so no a'vancingHinhibiting religion o Entangle"ent not "entione' 6itters89ueller -est& 0actors to consi'er in Effects (rong (1# 0i $oes irectly to stu ent, not to school (># -rue choice, iCeC, no financial incentive to go to a relig school (?# Benefit is $enerally a""licable (not +%st for relig training# !si'e $ in 4itters, a"o%nt of R "ight "atter too SSS<ee also Oobrest (sign lang%age inter(reter case#SSS Oel"an vC <i""onsLHarris (@< >GG># 4G? $ le!eland school choice %lan ,allo.ed @(hel' Clevelan' school (rogra" o Clevelan' (%blic schools are really a*f%l o Provi'es& t%ition ai' for (rivate schools ML8, t%torial ai', grant ai' for (%blic schools in other 'istricts o 1ost (rivate schools are religio%s <ince (rogra" ha' vali' sec%lar (%r(ose, 7%estion is *hether it nevertheless has (ri"ary effect of a'vancing or inhibiting religion (!gostini# Progra" 'oes not violate EC %n'er (rivate choice cases (1%eller# o Ke%tral to*ar' religion o !i' 'irectly to broa' category of in'ivi'%als o Tr%e (rivate choice 5issent (<o%ter#& Right test, b%t there)s no tr%e (rivate choice

14 of >?

%irect -id The &(uilar?@all?&(ostini trilo(y ended .ith &(ostini o!errulin( the in=unction a(ainst district'%ro!ided teachers teachin( at %ri!ate schools !g%ilar vC 0elton (1D89# $ %ro!idin( teachers .ith restriction ,re=ected- (overr%le' by !gostini# ::5o lon$er $oo law:: Re+ecte' (rogra" (rovi'ing teachers *ith restrictions on religio%s content 0aile' Entangle"ent (rong beca%se of the re7%ire' s%rveillance (again, the CatchL>># ;ran' Ra(i's <chool 5istC vC Ball (1D89# $ %ro!idin( teachers .?o restriction ,re=ected- (co"(anion case to !g%ilar# ::5o lon$er $oo law:: Re+ecte' (rogra" (rovi'ing teachers *Ho e-(licitly (rohibiting religio%s content 0aile' 4ffects (rong of =e"on test bHc it *o%l' a'vance religion in ? *ays o (1# bHc of .(ervasively sectarian/ nat%re of the schools, teachers "ight intentionally or ina'vertently teach religio%s "aterial o (># sy"bolic link bet*een gov)t 2 religion in eyes of i"(ressionable ki's o (?# "ight be a 'irect s%bsi'y to religio%s "ission of school !gostini vC 0elton (1DD7# $ teachers across the street ,allo.ed ;%errule 0$uilar o !fter !g%ilar, school "ove' classes into trailer across the street 2 (rogra" *as %(hel' 1erge' Effects 2 Entangle"ent (rongs of =e"on: no* Entangle"ent only co"es into (lay if the la* fails the Effects (rong Chan$e factors for 4ffects "ron$ of Lemon .see below/ !ban'one'& o Pres%"(tion that teachers on (re"ises of religio%s school *o%l' teach religio%s "aterial o .<y"bolic %nion/ factor fro" Ball 0$ostini -est (1DD7# $ for Effects (rong of =e"on test (1# Ko gov)t in'octrination o This "eans ne%trality by having broa' class of beneficiaries o Tr%e (rivate choice o Ko financial incentive to get religion $ this "eans ai' is 'istrib%te' on ne%tral, sec%lar basis that neither favorsH'isfavors religion (4itters, Oobrest# (># 5oes not 'efine reci(ients by reference to religion

19 of >?

(?# 5oes not create e-cessive entangle"ent

Teachin( resources Oobrest vC Catalina 0oothills (1DD?# $ si(n lan(ua(e inter%reter ,allo.ed @(hel' (rovision of sign lang%age inter(reter for Catholic school st%'ent even tho%gh she *o%l' relay religio%s "essages Part of the 1%ellerH4itters .(rivate choice/ line of cases o Ko EC violation bHc (rogra" 'istrib%te' benefits ne%trally o !llo*e' (arents to choose bet*een all schools Chil' is (ri"ary beneficiary: the school benefits only inci'entally 5isting%ishe' earlier noLai' cases o (1# 'i' not re"ove e-(ense that school *o%l' other*ise have ha' o (># 'i' not give the school "oney o (?# *o%l' not increase religio%s content of teaching 1itchell vC Hel"s (@< >GGG# 417 $ aid for teachin( materials ,allo.ed Cha(ter > f%n's nee' not e-cl%'e religio%s schools !((lies > criteria fro" !gostini Test o (1# ;ov)t in'octrinationB Ko $ ai' is given ne%trally, so can)t be in'octrinating Private in'ivi'%al choice o (># 5efine reci(ients by religionB !sk& is there a financial incentive to get religionB Ko $ ai' is given ne%trally Re+ects "%lti(le tests o Private choice (rinci(le has re(lace' 'irectHin'irect 'istinction o 5ivertibility not an iss%e as long as eligibility criteria are constit%tional o .Pervasively sectarian/ test is irrelevant an' offensive: base' in (re+%'ice against Catholics When may states restrict aid? 4i'"ar vC incent (@< 1D81# 6>>L>7 $ e9clusion from uni!ersity facilities ,re=ected Hel' %niversity "ay not e-cl%'e religio%s st%'ent gro%( fro" %sing facilities, if all other st%'ent gro%(s can (ni%ersity create o"en forum& so it must <ustify any exclusions un er strict scrutiny (co"(elling interest 2 narro*ly 'ra*n# o Enterest in avoi'ing establish"ent is co"(ellingF o b%t 2e*ual access3 is not inconsistent with 4C Passes =e"on test: no violation of EC o P%r(ose 2 entangle"ent not at iss%e o Pri"ary effect of a'vancing religionB KoC (1# Ko gov)t i"(ri"at%r 16 of >?

(># Broa' class of beneficiaries, religio%s 2 nonreligio%s 5issent (4hite#& EC sets li"its on *hat state may 'o, b%t 'oes not establish *hat state must 'o re& religion

Rosenberger vC @ ! (1DD9# $ .ithholdin( fundin( for reli(ious student %ublications ,re=ected on free s%eech (roundsA + concern not sufficient to o!ercome ::5o lon$er $oo law:: 0ree s(eech re7%ires %niversity to offer sa"e f%n'ing to religio%s st%'ent (%blication that it offers other (%blications: *ithhol'ing is vie*(oint 'iscri"ination @niversity arg%e' that *as not re*uire or authorize by EC to *ithhol' f%n'ing Iverall f%n'ing (rogra" *as ne%tral to*ar' religion $ *H7%alifications& o =i"ite' f%n' fro" st%'ent activity fees, not general ta- f%n' o Pay"ent 'irectly to o%tsi'e (rinters, not the st%'ent gro%(s (clai"e' it *as in'irect ai'# 5oes not %se =e"on, tho%gh looks at sec%lar (%r(ose of the o(en for%" ;oo' Ke*s Cl%b vC 1il're' Central <chool (@< >GG1# 641 $ e9clusion from meetin( s%ace ,re=ected on free s%eech (rounds <chool)s restriction on religio%s gro%( %sing s(ace %iolates free s"eech an is not <ustifie by 4C concerns =i"ite' (%blic for%" o Kot re7)' to +%stify e-cl%sion of certain ty(es of content o B%t can)t 'iscri"inate bHo !ie.%oint (free s(eech iss%e# <chool has no EC interest o ;ro%( +%st *ants ne%tral treat"ent o 5on)t nee' to *orry abo%t coercion of chil'ren, since their (arents 'eci'e *hether or not they atten' o Chil'ren not likely to "is(erceive en'orse"ent any*ay $ an' "ight (erceive hostility to*ar' religion =ocke vC 5avey (@< >GG4# 4?8 $ e9cludin( theolo(y from state scholarshi%s ,allo.ed <tate scholarshi( (rogra" may e-cl%'e st%'y of theology as re7)' by state constit%tion State has some flexibility $ there are so"e actions (er"itte' by EC b%t not re7)' by free e-ercise 5o e%i ence of hostility to*ar' religion (cfC =%k%"i# $ +%st 'ifferent a((roach to se(aration of ch%rch 2 state 5issent (<calia#& generally available benefits sho%l' be consi'ere' as (art of .baseline/ for 'eter"ining ne%trality Charitable Choice

17 of >?

Personal Res(onsibility an' 4ork I((ty Reconciliation !ct of 1DD6 (C 461 $ Bcharitable choiceC statute !llo*s gov)t to contract *ith religio%s orgs to (rovi'e social services, *ith certain (reca%tions 0ree e-ercise (rotection for religio%s orgs o Can get contracts, vo%chers on sa"e basis as sec%lar gro%(s o E-e"(tion for religio%s 'iscri"ination in hiring 0ree e-ercise (rotection for beneficiaries o <ec%lar alternative re7)' o Ko 'enial of services bHo religion Establish"ent (rotections o Contracts $ no "oney 'irectly for *orshi(H(roselyti,ing o o%chers $ like Oel"an, +%st has to go thro%gh an inter"e'iary 0ree'o" 0ro" Religion 0o%n'ation vC 1cCall%" (7th CirC >GG?# $ reli(ious half.ay house ,allo.ed <tate may (ay for (aroleH(robation violators to go to religio%s half*ay ho%se if that is their choice, even *ith reco""en'ation of (arole officer o Kote& relig half*ay ho%se can be e-e"(te' fro" accre'itation re7)ts bHc it offers %ni7%e services (longer stay, etcC# Tho%gh technically a contracts case, (rogra" is f%nctional e7%ivalent of vo%chers bHc "arolee chooses the halfway house

#o%ernment influence on culture

Com elled * eech Direct oercion Co""on*ealth vC Cooke (Police Co%rtC 189D# 477 $ @ible recitation in school ,allo.ed Teacher "ay re7%ire st%'ent to recite Bible (assages bHc recitation is not religio%s e-ercise or religio%s tho%ght 1assC Constit%tion says no (%nish"ent for ref%sing to confor" to religio%s tho%ght Boar' of E' vC Barnette (@< 1D4?# $ com%ulsory %led(e of alle(iance ,re=ected 4 may not re*uire st%'ents to recite (le'ge of allegiance ! free s"eech violation& can)t force citi,ens to e-(ress faith in "atters of (olitics, nationalis", religion, or other "atters of o(inion <tate can (ro"ote (atriotis", b%t not with coerci%e means Iverr%le' ;obitis, in *hich <Ct fo%n' it constit%tional to e-(el 34s for ref%sing to sal%te flag bHc (atriotis" *as legit reason for the re7)t: ;obitis le' 18 of >?

to "ob violence against 34s Torcaso vC 4atkins (1D61# $ reli(ious oath ,re=ected 15 may not re*uire notaries to take oath (roclai"ing belief in ;o' Test oath for (%blic office violates Everson (rinci(le that gov)t can)t force a (erson to (rofess beliefH'isbelief in any religion 3ublic 3rayer ases5 Dhat is coercion; The standard from +n(el 1ee is that indirect coercion constitutes an + !iolationA school %rayer %ractices became B.ea>er,C but court struc> do.n all of them Engel vC itale (@< 1D6># $ re*uired school %rayer ,re=ected <chool 'istrict may not re*uire st%'ents to say a (rayer before an' after every class 'ay bHc free e-ercise (rohibits coercion In irect coercion is coercion& thou$h coercion is not necessary to (rove EC violation (iCeC, re+ects coercion test# Enter(rets EC as (rohibiting !KJ relationshi( bet*een state 2 religion $ each nee's to be (rotecte' fro" the other !bington <chool 5istC vC <che"(( (@< 1D6?# 486 $ school @ible readin( ,re=ected <tate may not re*uire Bible (assages to be rea' every school 'ay Coercion is sufficient& thou$h not necessary& to "ro%e an 4C %iolation !''s re7%ire"ent of .neutrality/ to*ar' religion (stronger than (revio%s .non(referentialis"/# 5issent& o ! for" of free e-ercise acco""o'ation (religion is 'isa'vantage' in schools# o E'%cation inco"(lete *itho%t religion o History& fra"ers *ere only concerne' *ith sectarian (rayers: school (rayer *as co""on o Ko EC violation if (eo(le 'on)t feel coerce' to follo* a stateL s(onsore' religion 4allace vC 3affree (1D89# 4D6 $ moment of silence ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n !laba"a la* re7%iring "o"ent of silence .for "e'iation or vol%ntary (rayer/ 0aile' P%r(ose (rong of =e"on test o P%r(ose (%rely to a'vance religion $ 1D78 la* alrea'y instit%te' "o"ent of silence for ."e'itation/ o Ko nee' to analy,e other (rongs Conc%rrence (I)Connor#& "o"ent of silence "ight be constit%tional if it .'oes not favor the chil' *ho chooses to (ray/ =ee vC 4eis"an (@< 1DD># 4D8 $ school (raduation %rayer ,re=ected-

1D of >?

1i''le school may not incl%'e nonLsectarian (rayer as (art of gra'%ation cere"ony bHc it creates coercion o <t%'ents feel they "%st atten' gra'%ation o <tan'ing '%ring (rayer "ight be inter(rete' as (artici(ation o <chool (rinci(le 'irects content of (rayer o Places social (ress%re on yo%ng 2 i"(ressionable st%'ents Conc%rrence (Black"%n#& coercion is not necessary to (rove EC violation 5issent& o =ong tra'ition o Peer (ress%re 'oes not violate EC o Possible coercion for" stateLs(onsore' (ractice 'oes not necessarily violate EC o Religion is a (%blic "atter

Ke*'o* vC Elk ;rove $ Bunder 6odC ,not decided KonLc%sto'ial father can)t s%e to strike .%n'er ;o'/ fro" (le'ge of allegiance B%t I)Connor says she woul u"hol the "le $e& o Historic (ractice in nonLreligio%s (atriotic cere"ony o Kot a (rayer or for" of *orshi( o 5eno"inationally ne%tral o 1ini"al religio%s content 1arsh vC Cha"bers (1D8?# (s%((# $ le(islati!e %rayer ,allo.ed <tate may contin%e to (ay a cha(lain to lea' legislative (rayer Ko violation of EC beca%se& o =ong history of legislative (rayer o 0o%n'ers tho%ght it *as ok 2 'i' it the"selves o Kot (roselyti,ing or *orshi( Raises 7%estion& ho* (ers%asive is historical (ractice as a +%stificationB 5issent& o 0ails =e"on test& clear religio%s (%r(ose 2 effect, entangle"ent o 0o%n'ers inten'e' to (rotect "inority religions: they +%st 'i'n)t have the strength of their convictions o 1a'ison arg%e' against cha(laincy in 5etache' 1e"oran'%" .ublic Religious %is lays =ynch vC 5onnelly (@< 1D84# $ crEche as %art of lar(er dis%lay ,allo.ed Pa*t%cket "ay 'is(lay a crTche as (art of larger holi'ay 'is(lay incl%'ing <anta, ele(hant, lights, etcC 4e have "any religionLrelate' cere"onial tra'itions (En ;o' 4e Tr%st, (le'ge of allegiance, etcC# Says not boun to any "articular test& but oes a""ly Lemon test

>G of >?

o <ec%lar (%r(ose& 'e(icts historyHorigins of holi'ay o Ko "ore religio%s effect than (rece'ents (eCgC, ai' to (rivate schools# I)Connor)s conc%rrence foc%ses on en'orse"ent ("aybe a ne* incarnation of =e"on# o Es there intent to en'orse or act%al en'orse"ent, 'irect or in'irectB o 4n orsement -est incl%'es& <%b+ective intent $ tracks sec%lar (%r(ose (rong Ib+ective (reasonable (erson stan'ar'# $ tracks (ri"ary effect (rong o <etting 'oesn)t .ne%trali,e/ religio%s "essage, b%t it 'oes ne%trali,e "essage of gov)t en'orse"ent

!llegheny vC !C=@ (@< 1D8D# 91D $ crEche alone ,re=ected-A menorah etc" ,allo.ed > 'is(lays o CrTche by itself at co%rtho%se violates EC o ;iant "enorah U Q"as tree 'oes not !((lie' I)Connor)s 4n orsement -est o CrTche& %n"istakable religio%s "essage, no other ele"ents to ne%trali,e o Ither 'is(lay& not .s%fficiently likely/ that resi'ents *ill think this is en'orse"ent 1cCreary vC !C=@ (@< >GG9# $ 1) ommandments dis%lay ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n ? se(arate 'is(lays in front of > co%rtho%ses !((lie' =e"on sec%lar (%r(ose test (ne%trality (rinci(le# $ facially invali' bHc (%r(ose is to a'vance religion <ec%lar (%r(ose "%st be real, not a sha" 5efen's %se of legislative history to ascertain (%r(ose 5issent (<calia#& thinks it)s ok to en'orse religion 2 to en'orse "onotheis": li"its o(inion to gov)t 'is(lays Challenges to *chool Curriculum +!olution !s" reationism 8 teachin( may not be tailored to any reli(ion E((erson vC !rkansas (@< 1D68# 948 $ anti'e!olution statute ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n state la* (rohibiting teachers fro" teaching evol%tion Ine of the fe* cases that foc%ses on secular "ur"ose o +ule: State may not re*uire teachin$8learnin$ to be 2tailore to the "rinci"les or "rohibitions of any reli$ious sect or o$ma3 o =a* *as (asse' solely bHc of conflict bet*een evol%tion an' Book of ;enesis, an i"(er"issible (%r(ose (ses Schem"" test: if either "ur"ose or "rimary effect is to a %ance or >1 of >?

inhibit reli$ion& it is unconstitutional E'*ar's vC !g%illar' (1D87# $ creationism?e!olution la. ,re=ected <tr%ck 'o*n la* that re7%ire' teaching creationis" alongsi'e evol%tion an' vice versa, if either *as ta%ght In%ali ate on its face un er secular "ur"ose "ron$ of Lemon test .sec%lar (%r(ose/ of aca'e"ic free'o" is +%st nonsense B+9%osureC hallen(es 8 no co(niFable harm found in e9%osure to material 1o,ert vC Ha*kins (6th CirC 1D87# $ inte(rated curriculum challen(e ,re=ected PreL<"ith free e-ercise case& <chool is not re7%ire' to e-e"(t ki's fro" school)s integrate' c%rric%l%" bHo "other)s religio%s ob+ections Parties sti(%late sincere religio%s beliefs an' co"(elling interest in e'%cating ki's (<herbert# ? arg%"ents& o (1# <chools are to teach .'e"ocratic toleration/ in (re(aration for citi,enshi(: 'isting%ishes civic an' religio%s toleration o (># Re+ecte' 5ist Co%rt)s or'er to create "ore .balance'/ c%rric%l%" $ balancing is s%b+ective 2 *ill never satisfy everyone o (?# +e*' exem"tion fails strict scrutiny analysis <incere religio%s belief $ yes B%r'en $ no (iCeC, no gov)t co"(%lsion infringing free e-ercise# Conc%rrence (Menne'y#& even if there *as a b%r'en, there is a co"(elling interest (teach critical thinking skills, assi"ilation, civic toleration# 2 no other *ay to achieve it besi'es %nifor" te-tbook series Conc%rrence (Boggs#& .rel%ctantly concl%'es/ that school boar' has free'o" to set c%rric%l%", li"ite' only EC, 2 to e-(el those *ho ref%se it Bro*n vC Hot <e-y 2 <afer Pro'%ctions (1st CirC 1DD9# $ school assembly challen(e ,re=ected 5is"isse' challenge to se-%ally e-(licit school asse"bly that Ps fo%n' h%"iliating, inti"i'ating 2 harassing 0""lie Smith test& asse"bly *as ne%tral 2 generally a((licable (re7)' for all# 5o hybri claim& %nlike Jo'er, Ps 'on)t allege threat to entire *ay of life om%ulsory education Ment%cky <tate Boar' vC R%'asill (My 1D7D, (C 979# $ accreditation ,re=ected <tate may not s%b+ect (rivate schools to e-tensive state accre'itation re7%ire"ents (eCgC, teacher certification, a((rove' te-tbooks# Com"ellin$ interest analysis& <tate "ay have so"e reg%lation over (rivate schools, b%t only eno%gh to achieve co"(elling interest

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o Enterest& V9 of state constit%tion (rohibits co"(%lsion to sen' ki's to school to *hich (arent is conscientio%sly o((ose'C Co%rt checks legislative history 2 'eter"ines goal of V9 *as to (ro'%ce intelligent citi,ens o Karro* tailoring& Ef that)s the goal, school can ens%re effective e'%cation by stan'ar'i,e' testing 2 *ith'ra*ing a((roval if not %( to (arC <tate "ay re7%ire only very basic things, eCgC, sa"e N of school 'ays, ta%ght in EnglishC 4isconsin vC Jo'er (1D7># 98G $ home'schoolin( ,allo.ed, !ery limited 0ree e-ercise re7%ires e-e"(tion for !"ish chil'ren fro" co"(%lsory high school Com"ellin$ interest analysis& (arents have right to school their o*n ki's o B%r'en& !"ish sho* that force' schooling *o%l' har" their entire religio%slyLbase' *ay of life, infringing their free e-ercise o Enterest& (ro'%cing selfLreliant citi,ens o Karro* tailoring& !"ish have 'one ok so far schooling their o*n ki's, so no nee' to infringe their free e-ercise

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