CHAPTER 1 INTERPERSONAL TEXT

(Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D.) (Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum.)

1.1. Introduction
Halliday (1 !") ass#rts that languag# as a social $h#nom#non has di%%#r#nt %unctions such as t#&tual, id#ational, and int#r$#rsonal. 'h# int#r$#rsonal %unction o% languag# in(ol(#s communication strat#gi#s )y *hich $#o$l# maintain and+or #sta)lish social r#lationshi$s, or $#o$l# us# languag# to h#l$ th#m #sta)lish social ord#r and maintain good r#lations *ith oth#r $#o$l# (,inocchiario, 1 -.). As %or maintaining a r#lation, $#o$l# o%t#n us# languag# only as a $hatic mann#r that is only %or th# $ur$os# o% /##$ing th# con(#rsation %lo*s rath#r than %or saying anything r#l#(ant. ,or #&am$l#, in a $arty, $#o$l# /##$ on chatt#ring in ord#r to a$$#ar to ha(# good tim#, though th#y tal/ a)out incons#0u#ntial matt#rs (1ida, 2331). Sinc# int#r$#rsonal #&chang# is $rimarily conduct#d to maintain good social r#lationshi$, it commonly in(ol(#s $olit#n#ss and rang# o% %ormality d#t#rmin#d )y th# r#lati(# $o*#r and social distanc# )#t*##n th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r. 'h# mor# distanc# )#t*##n th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r, th# mor# %ormal and $olit# th# #&$r#ssion *ill )#. I% a maid do#s som#thing *rong, #.g. )r#a/ing th# glass that is )#ing us#d )y a /ing, sh# *ill not say 4Oops, sorry buddy5 )#caus# it is (#ry im$olit#, )ut rath#r *ill us# a (#ry $olit# a$ology such as 4please forgive me your majesty5, or 4I do apologize your honor, I am mistaken5. Ind##d, high $ragmatic com$#t#nc# is crucial in int#r$#rsonal #&chang#s as it is claim#d that $ragmatic %ailur# has mor# s#rious cons#0u#nc#s than do grammatical #rrors as $#o$l# t#nd to tr#at $ragmatic #rrors as o%%#nsi(# ('homas, 1 !67 -). ,urth#rmor#, languag# l#arn#rs int#racting *ith s$#a/#rs o% a targ#t languag# ha(# to )# $ragmatically a$$ro$riat#, oth#r*is# th#y run th# ris/ o% a$$#aring uncoo$#rati(# at th# l#ast, or mor# s#riously, rud# or insulting (8ardo(i9Harlig et al., 1 17.). 'h# conc#$t o% $ragmatic com$#t#nc# is larg#ly dra*n %rom th# third 0u#stion o% th# languag# $aradigm $ro$os#d 1"-

)y Hym#s (1 -272-!) in *hich languag# us# must )# a$$ro$riat# to social cont#&ts7 it is 4th# rul#s o% us# *ithout *hich th# rul#s o% grammar *ill )# us#l#ss5. As a strat#gy o% (#r)al communication, int#r$#rsonal con(#rsations commonly includ# th# a$$lication o% s$##ch act. It should )# not#d that th# social cont#&t in(ol(#d in th# us# o% s$##ch acts is crucial. ,or #&am$l# a$ologi:ing, as discuss#d a)o(#, although it is sim$l# to do, its social cont#&t is crucial %or s#l#cting a$$ro$riat# $ragmalinguistic %orms. An a$ology is commonly con(#y#d )y a s$#a/#r )#caus# sh# or h# int#nds to com$#nsat# th# thr#ats on th# h#ar#r;s %ac# as th# s$#a/#r has don# som#thing *rong to th# h#ar#r. In this r#s$#ct, th# s$#a/#r ma/#s an a$ology )#caus# sh# or h# int#nds to r#$air th# r#lation *ith th# h#ar#r and a(oid damaging th#ir social r#lationshi$. In th# #&am$l# a)o(#, th# s#l#ction o% th# $ragmalinguistic %orm o% th# a$ology )y th# maid, i.#. 4please forgive me your majesty5, could m#an mor# than th#s# %unctions. 'h# mod#l o% communicati(# com$#t#nc# $ro$os#d <#lc#9Murcia, Dorny#i and 'hurn#ll (1 ") has )##n ado$t#d )y Indon#sian national curriculum as th# %oundation %or th# l#arning and t#aching =nglish to junior and s#nior high school stud#nts, in *hich th# a)iliti#s to conduct int#r$#rsonal and transactional communication ha(# to )# d#(#lo$#d. As %or int#r$#rsonal %unction, th# =nglish t#aching should d#(#lo$ th# a)iliti#s to us# languag# %or maintaining and+or #sta)lishing good social r#lations. 'his cha$t#r $ro(id#s som# #&am$l#s o% int#r$#rsonal %unctions o% =nglish languag#>not all languag# %unctions m#ntion#d in th# curriculum>such as introducing, a$ologi:ing, than/ing, com$lim#nting, congratulating, *ishing good luc/, sho*ing sym$athy, car#+conc#rn, condol#nc#, ang#r, annoyanc#, ha$$in#ss, disa$$ointm#nt, and )or#dom.

1.2. 'y$#s o% Int#r$#rsonal '#&t 1.2.1. Introducing

Introducing, #ith#r s#l%9introduction or introducing som#on# to som#on# #ls#, is r#ali:#d *h#n $#o$l# m##t %or th# %irst tim# or th#y do not /no* #ach oth#r $r#(iously. P#o$l# n##d to /no* #ach oth#r )#caus# o% som# r#asons, %or #&am$l#s %or initiating a con(#rsation, 1"!

a(oiding a )ad imag#, %acilitating )usin#ss, #tc. I% $#o$l# /no* #ach oth#r, th#y *ill )uild %urth#r con(#rsation #asi#r. 'h# #&$r#ssions to introduc# on#s#l% and oth#rs may includ# rang#s o% %ormality as sho*n )y th# %ollo*ing scal#.
Introducing oneself Allow me to introduce myself. My name is .... I would like to introduce myself, I$m% &et me introduce myself. I'm ... )*cuse me my name's% +ow do you do, My name is .... +ello- My name is ... I$m% ,ormal Introducing people to other(s) I would like you to meet !title"name#

I$d like to introduce you to please meet ( this is (, ( this is ?#ss %ormal

'h# most common non9(#r)al cu#s in(ol(#d in an introduction ar# sha/ing hands, ma/ing an #y# contact, and smiling. In a *id#r communication cont#&t, *h#n introducing on#s#l%, a$art %rom on#;s nam#, on# could consid#r oth#r as$#cts, such as his+h#r jo), )usin#ss, and $osition, a )ri#% d#scri$tion o% his+h#r jo) or )usin#ss. P#rsonal in%ormation is o%t#n as/#d in th# introduction, )ut cultural di%%#r#nc#s should )# ta/#n into account. A(oiding as/ing th# %ollo*ing $#rsonal 0u#stions is much sa%#r *h#n you m##t $#o$l# %or th# %irst tim#. 1. Wh#r# do you li(#@ Ar *hat;s your addr#ss@ 2. What;s your :i$ cod#@ 6. What;s your t#l#$hon# num)#r+ar#a cod#@ .. Wh#r# *#r# you )orn@+*hat;s your $lac# o% )irth@ ". What;s your dat# o% )irth@ B. Wh#n *#r# you )orn@ -. Ho* old ar# you@+*hat;s your ag#@ !. Ar# you marri#d or singl#@ . Ho* many childr#n do you ha(#@ 13. Ho* much mon#y do you #arn@

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 <on(#rsation Mod#l
(Adam is $ic/ing u$ Al)#rt and 8o))y, his n#* coll#agu#s, at th# air$ort. 'h#y ha(# n#(#r m#t )#%or#)
Al)#rt Adam Al)#rt Adam 8o))y Adam Al)#rt Adam Al)#rt Adam Al)#rt 7 =&cus# m#. Ar# you Adam@ 7 C#s, IDm. 7 IDm Al)#rt and this is 8o))y. 7 Ho* ar# you@ 1ic# to m##t you. 7 1ic# to m##t you too. 7 Did you ha(# a good journ#y@ 7 C#s, it *as %in#, than/s. 7 ?#t m# h#l$ you to )ring your suitcas#. 7 'hatDs (#ry /ind o% you. 7 1ot at all. Cou must )# tir#d. IDll ta/# you to th# hot#l %irst. 'onight *# ha(# a m##ting at ! $.m., and tomorro* *# start *or/ing. 7 AE. 'han/s, Adam. W#;ll )# on tim#

,rom th# con(#rsation, it can )# l#arnt that th# s$#a/#rs us#d l#ss %ormal #&$r#ssions although th#y did not /no* #ach oth#r )#%or#, %or #&am$l# Al)#rt introduc#d his %ri#nd using l#ss %ormal #&$r#ssion7 this is .obby and hims#l%7 I$m Albert. 'h# *ay th#y addr#ss#d #ach oth#r *ith th#ir %irst nam# also sho*s in%ormality. 'his could )# that th#y *#r# at th# sam# ag#.

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm rol# $lays )as#d on th# %ollo*ing social situations7 (1) Cou ar# att#nding a m##ting o% oth#r com$any and you ha(# to introduc# your n#* )oss to th# )oss o% that com$any. (2) Cour sist#r has just com# to your )oarding hous# and you ha(# to introduc# h#r to your roommat#. (6) Cou ar# att#nding an int#rnational s#minar. Cou m##t a $artici$ant %rom oth#r country and you introduc# yours#l% to him+h#r.

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1.2.2. A$ologi:ing
It is commonly und#rstood that a$ology is an #&$r#ssion o% r#mors# or guilt o(#r ha(ing don# som#thing that is ac/no*l#dg#d to )# hurt%ul or damaging to th# addr#ss##s and it is also a r#0u#st %or %orgi(#n#ss. 'hrough an a$ology, a s$#a/#r admits r#s$onsi)ility that h# or sh# has o%%#nd#d th# addr#ss##. P#o$l# o%t#n say Fsorry; *h#n th#y ar# not a$ologi:ing, %or #&am$l# th#y o%%#r an a$ology to start an argum#nt and h#ar )ad n#*s, and *h#n th#y a$ologi:# th#y do not al*ays say Fsorry; (#.g. I a$ologi:#, I;m a%raid #tc.) Sorry is commonly us#d in a$ologi#s *h#n th# s$#a/#r r#ali:#s that h# or sh# has don# som#thing *rong or o%%#nd#d th# h#ar#rs. A$ologi:ing can )# don# in $r#9#(#nt and $ost9#(#nt. In th# $r#9#(#nt, th# s$#a/#r ma/#s an a$ology as h#+sh# )#li#(#s that h#+sh# *ill caus# on th# h#ar#r som# trou)l#s, o%%#nc#, and incon(#ni#nc#, *hilst in th# $ost9#(#nt th# s$#a/#r 4com$#nsat#s5 th# damag# r#sulting %rom his+h#r $ast action or th# s$#a/#r admits that h#+sh# has mad# som# o%%#nc# *hich $ut th# h#ar#rs in )ad situation. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# common strat#gi#s to ma/# an a$ology. 1. 8#gging %orgi(#n#ss, *hich is th# #asi#st and (#ry common strat#gy, #.g. )*cuse me /lease forgive me 2. Admitting im$ing#m#nt7 I$m sure you must be very busy this morning, but % I know this is not good time to ask you, but% I hope this will not bother you too much, but% 6. Indicating r#luctant7 I don$t want to bother you, but% I won$t ask you about this, but% I hate to interrupt0bother you, but% .. Admitting a %ault7 oh, I shouldn't have done that. ". Sho*ing r#gr#t7 I'm sorry.

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B. Ac/no*l#dgm#nt o% r#s$onsi)ility7 It$s my fault. -. An o%%#r o% r#$air7 Ok, I will pay for your damage. !. A $romis# o% %or)#aranc#7 I promise I$ll never do that again. In t#rms o% %ormality, a$ologi#s can )# in%ormal7 oh, I'm sorry about this. &ook, I know I was wrong. I$m sorry. or %ormal7 1e regret to announce the late departure of the 2orthern 3tar train. 1e regret that we are unable to come today. 'h# noun apology or th# (#r) apologies (or a$ologi:#) is o%t#n us#d in %ormal a$ologi#s. Mr. 4arner sends his deepest apologies for not attending the meeting. 1e do apologize for the delay in answering your call. /lease accept our most sincere apologies for this error. 1e deeply regret for the inconvenience, this was not our intention

Excuse me vs. Im sorry Sorry is us#d a%t#r som#thing has ha$$#n#d ($ost9#(#nt). Excuse me is us#d i% an action might u$s#t som#on# #ls# ($r#9#(#nt). (In GS =nglish excuse me is also us#d to say sorry.) Please excuse ... is a mor# %ormal *ay o% a$ologi:ing %or som#thing that is ha$$#ning at this mom#nt. 'h# in%ormal construction is (I'm) sorry about ... For example5 /lease e*cuse the noise in our office. I'm sorry about the noise 6 my children are at home.

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Int#nsi%i#rs can )# us#d so as to sound sorri#r. I'm so sorry I'm so very sorry. I'm really very sorry. An #&clamation can )# us#d *h#n th# %ault is unint#ntional. Oops- I$m sorry, the glass just slips from my hand. Oh dear- I'm so sorry. I didn$t see you there, are you all right, Oh no- I$m so sorry. I just want to open the window, but it$s broken. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&am$l#s o% #&$r#ssions %or %orgi(ing and r#j#cting an a$ology7 orgiving 7hat$s fine0 7hat$s O8 2o problem 9orget it :on$t worry about it 7here$s no need to apologize !e"ecting Are you sorry, I don$t believe you are sorry :on$t say you are sorry 7hat$s what I have heard many times.

Ho*#(#r unl#ss an a$ology is a r#al on#, it do#s not r#0uir# a r#j#ction or %orgi(#n#ss as som# a$ologi#s ar# us#d not %or as/ing %or %orgi(#n#ss that is *h#n7 (1) A s$#a/#r starts an argum#nt I'm sorry, but it it$s not my fault. I$m not at home all day. )*cuse me, but your argumentation does not make sense at all. I'm sorry, but you are out of the topic. (2) A s$#a/#r int#nds to say Fno; or r#j#ction I'm sorry, we don$t accept bank note. I'm afraid, you can't buy the product online. (6) A s$#a/#r *ants oth#rs to r#$#at *hat th#y ha(# said (raising intonation).

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3orry, It's noisy in here. /ardon,

(.) A s$#a/#r int#nds to sho* sym$athy o(#r h#aring )ad n#*s and gi(ing )ad n#*s. Oh, I$m sorry about your husband. I$m sorry, you need to buy a new lens, its motor is broken and we can$t do anything about it.

#onversation $odel
('h#r# *as a m##ting in Al)#rt;s o%%ic#. Al)#rt should l#ad th# m##ting )#caus# th# $roj#ct *as his r#s$onsi)ility, )ut h# *as lat#. All $artici$ants had com# including his )oss, th# $artn#rs %rom oth#r com$ani#s, and th# sta%%s) 'h# 8oss Al)#rt 'h# 8oss Al)#rt 7 W#;(# )##n *aiting %or you %or mor# than on# hour. 7 Please forgive me sir. 'h# str##t *as so )usy. 7 Str##ts ar# al*ays )usy. ?#t;s start th# m##ting 7 W#ll, ladi#s and g#ntl#m#n. Im so sorry %or this incon(#ni#nc#. ?#t;s %ocus on our mar/#ting $lan. =tcH In th# con(#rsation a)o(#, Al)#rt us#d (#ry %ormal and $olit# a$ologi:ing #&$r#ssions )#caus# o% som# r#asons, such as (1) s#tting o% situation (in a %ormal m##ting), (2) social distanc# (*ith his )oss and oth#r $#o$l# %rom oth#r com$any), and (6) unacc#$ta)l# #&cus# (th# str##t *as )usy).

Exercise
1. P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing #&$r#ssions o% a$ology %or th# %ollo*ing situations7 a. Cou )um$#d into som#on# )y accid#nt in a $arty, and your drin/ has mad# h#r dr#ss dirty. ). Sn##:ing or coughing in %ront o% som#on#. c. Cou ar# lat# su)mitting your assignm#nts to your t#ach#r. d. Cou ar# staining your %ri#nd;s n#* )oo/. 2. What ar# you going to say *h#n you ar#7 1B.

a. b. c. d.

missing an a$$ointm#nt. ta/ing so long to *rit# )ac/. )r#a/ing your %ri#nd;s cam#ra. s$illing co%%## on your aunt;s car$#t )y accid#nt.

1.2.6. 'han/ing
'han/ing is r#ali:#d *h#n th# s$#a/#r %##ls that th# h#ar#r (or som#on# #ls#) has don# som#thing good, (alua)l#, and h#l$%ul %or th# s$#a/#r. 'han/ing #&$r#ssions (ari#s in rang# o% %ormality and $olit#n#ss d#$#nding on th# social distanc# o% th# s$#a/#rs. Most languag#s ha(# (ari#ti#s o% r#s$ons#s to than/s, %or #&am$l# you$re welcome sounds Am#rican and 2o problem !at all# is common in 8ritain. I#s$ons#s also (ary in t#rms o% linguistic %orms d#$#nding on th#ir %ormaliti#s. 'h# #&$r#ssion o% gratitud# can )# modi%i#d int#rnally and #&t#rnally. Int#rnal modi%ication g#n#rally in(ol(#s adverb";uantifier (#.g. so much, (#ry much). 7hanks cheers, and th# 0uanti%i#r a lot ar# g#n#rally %or in%ormal usag#, #.g. thanks a lot. Int#rnal and #&t#rnal modi%ication can also )# a$$li#d simultan#ously, #.g. thank you so much, I really appreciate your help. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# common strat#gi#s to #&$r#ss gratitud#. (1) 'han/ J com$lim#nting int#rlocutors or com$lim#ntingKthan/ (*ithout than/ing) 7hank you, that$s so sweet of you 7hank you, that$s lovely0very good of you 7hat's so nice of you. 7hat$s very kind of you. 7hat$s really generous. (ou are so considerate It was very nice of you to help me. (2) 'han/ J a$$r#ciation or A$$r#ciation J than/ 7hank you, I appreciate your help. 7hank you so much, you have been so helpful. I really appreciate your help, thank you. 1B"

(6) 'han/ J r#ason 7hanks for your coming. 7hank you for inviting me. 7hank you for calling (.) <on%orming int#rlocutor;s commitm#nt J'han/ (to sho* h#sitation) hi buddy, are you sure about this,, thanks. Are you sure, Ok, thanks (") 'han/ J stating int#nt to r#$ay+r#ci$rocat# or I#$aym#nt K than/ (*ithout than/) 7hanks for the great dinner. I will take you out ne*t time. 7hanks for the lunch. 2e*t time is my treat. I owe you one. 2e*t time it$s my treat (B) 'han/J r#j#cting addr#ss##;s o)ligation %or th# s$#a/#r. Oh thank you so much, you don$t need to do that. 7hanks, but it$s my job. I#s$ons#s to an expression of gratitude typically include% (ou$re welcome. !<3# 2ot at all. !<8# :on$t mention it. !It$s# my pleasure. It was nothing07hat$s nothing 9orget it. 7hat$s alright0O8. My pleasure 2o problem. Any time.

#onversation $odel
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(Iudy arri(#d at Llasgo* air$ort. H# n##d#d to )uy som# so%t9drin/ %rom a (#nding machin#, )ut h# did not ha(# small chang#. H# as/#d a *oman h# m#t in th# air$ort to %ind out *h#th#r sh# might ha(# som# coins) Iudy Woman Iudy Woman Iudy Woman 7 =&cus# m#, I n##d som# coins to )uy so%t drin/, )ut un%ortunat#ly I only ha(# not#s, so could you l#t m# ha(# small chang#@ 7 Must a minut#, l#t m# ch#c/. Ah, h#r# it is, I ha(# som#. Ho* much do you n##d@ 7 just t*o dollars. 7 h#r# you ar#. 7 'han/ you (#ry much. 7 Cou;r# *#lcom#.

Exercise
P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing th# us# o% than/ing #&$r#ssions )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. (1) (2) (6) (.) (") (B) (-) Cour )oss had gi(#n you a rid# hom# *h#n you *#r# ill. A girl o% si&t##n has %ound your missing child in a su$#rmar/#t. A %ri#nd in(it#d you %or his )irthday $arty. A %ri#nd o$#n#d a door %or you. A strang#r on th# )us ga(# u$ his s#at %or you. Cour clos# %ri#nd $aid %or your lunch. Cour %ri#nd l#nt you som# mon#y.

1.2... Sho*ing Sym$athy

'h# $sychological stat# o% sym$athy is clos#ly lin/#d *ith that o% #m$athy, though it is not 0uit# id#ntical. =(#n i% #m$athy and sym$athy ar# commonly us#d int#rchang#a)ly, th#y s#mantically co(#r di%%#r#nt m#anings. =m$athy is th# %##lings or a s$#ci%ic #motional stat# o% on# $#rson l#ads to similar %##lings in anoth#r. In most cas#s, #m$athy m#ans th# sharing o% unha$$in#ss or su%%#r, )ut it can also m#an sharing oth#r ($ositi(#) #motions, *hilst sym$athy r#%#rs to sharing conc#rn %or th# *#ll9)#ing o% oth#rs *hich do#s not n#c#ssarily in(ol(# th# sharing o% th# sam# #motional stat#. In a )road#r s#ns#, it 1B-

can r#%#r to th# sharing o% $olitical or id#ological s#ntim#nts. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# #&$r#ssions to o%%#r, r#j#ct, and acc#$t sym$athy as *#ll as to sho* no sym$athy )as#d on Matr#y#/ (1 !6). &ffering Sympathy 7hat$s too bad 7hat$s a shame 1hat a pity7ough break. .etter lunch ne*t time. 1hat a terrible thing to have happened. I$m sorry to hear that. It must be pretty rough on you. I can imagine you feel bad. I sympathize with you I know how you must feel I know what you mean. (ccepting Sympathy 7hank you 7hat$s very kind of you. It is a pity, isn$t it, Oh, well, such is life. 3o it goes, I guess. .etter luck ne*t time. Sho'ing no Sympathy 7hat$s the way it goes. 7hat$s life. 7hat$s the way the cookie crumbles. (ou got what you deserved. I have no sympathy for you.

!e"ecting Sympathy :on$t feel sorry for me. (ou don$t need to feel sorry for me. :on$t give me your sympathy. Oh, leave me alone. I don$t want your pity. I don$t need your sympathy.

<on(#rsation Mod#l
1. (A *oman is tal/ing *ith a %ri#nd in a small r#staurant7 0uot#d %rom Matr#y#/, 1 !6). A7 What;s th# matt#r, Doris@ Ha(# you )##n crying@ 87 Ah, Mo# and I just s$lit u$. A7 1o, I#ally@ I;m sorry to h#ar that. 87 H# said h# *as tir#d o% my al*ays critici:ing him. H# said h# didn;t *ant to h#ar anymor#. 1B!

A7 I /no* ho* you must %##l. I *as sha/#n *h#n 8o) and I )ro/# u$. 87 I hat# m#n. Why do th#y al*ays do this to us@

2. ('*o o%%ic# *or/#rs ar# tal/ing at lunch7 0uot#d %rom Matr#y#/, 1 !6)

A7 Ho* did your rac0u#t)all gam# go this morning@ 87 I lost. 21 to and 21 to 1.. A7 that;s too )ad. 8#tt#r luc/ n#&t tim#. Who did you $lay@ 87 Malcolm. What;s mor#, I )ro/# a tooth *hil# $laying. A7 ?#t m# s##...'hat loo/s li/# it hurts. Do#s it@ 87 1ot as much as )#%or#...

=&#rcis#
1. P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing #&$r#ssions o% sym$athy %or th# %ollo*ing situations7 a. Cour son did not $ass on# o% his su)j#cts. ). Cour %ri#nd;s a$$lication %or a scholarshi$ *as d#clin#d. c. 'h# (isa a$$lication o% your coll#agu# *as r#j#ct#d. d. Cour %ri#nd g#ts a )ro/#n l#g in an accid#nt. #. Cour uncl# has )##n ro))#d. H# lost his la$to$s and digital cam#ra. 2. Writ# th# r#asons *hy $#o$l# us# th# #&$r#ssions )#lo*.
a. too )ad b. I /no* th# %##ling c. 8l#ss him+h#r+th#m d. Cou can;t *in th#m all+(you) *in som#, (you) los# som#.

1.2.". <om$lim#nting and I#s$onding <om$lim#nt Austin (1 B2) classi%i#d com$lim#nt und#r th# ty$#s o% )#ha)iti(#s act that is th# on# *hich sho*s s$#a/#r;s attitud#s to addr#ss##;s )#ha(ior, a$$#aranc#, conduct, 0ualiti#s and good %ortun#s. In th# classi%ication o% s$##ch act )y S#arl# (1 B ), com$lim#nt may 1B

%all und#r th# cat#gory o% #&$r#ssi(# or #(#n ass#rti(# sinc# th# s$#a/#rs #&$r#ss th#ir )#li#% in a $ro$osition. ,or #&am$l#, 4your %ri#d chic/#n;s r#ally ..r#ally.. d#liciousN5 <om$lim#nt is a r#lati(#ly #asy act to $#r%orm. It commonly $ro(id#s cr#dit to th# addr#ss##s %or th#ir $oss#ssion, 0ualiti#s, charact#ristic, s/ills, *#alth, #tc. In int#r$#rsonal communication, com$lim#nt is commonly int#nd#d to ma/# th# addr#ss##s F%##l good; or it is us#d as Fsocial lu)ricant;. <om$lim#nts commonly in(ol(# $ositi(# #(aluati(# adj#cti(#s such as lovely, great, wonderful, nice, fantastic, e*cellent, and th# li/#. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&am$l#s o% com$lim#nts7 (1) #ompliments on possessions. 7hat$s lovely shoes1ow terrific car(our house$s a heaven(ou really have good taste in clothes(2) #ompliments on appearance I love your hair style+ow gorgeous you look tonight(6) #ompliments on s)ills I$ve never seen someone playing a guitar so skillful like you7hat$s beautiful voice- (ou$re singing like 1hitney +ouston'h# most common and $olit# r#s$ons# to com$lim#nt is to agr## *ith th# com$lim#nt#r and acc#$t th# com$lim#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# strat#gi#s %or acc#$ting com$lim#nts classi%i#d )y Pom#rant: (1 -!). o o o o o o A$$r#ciation (4'han/s,5 4'han/ you5) <omm#nt acc#$tanc# (4C#ah, it;s my %a(orit# too5). Prais# u$grad# (4I#ally )rings out th# )lu# in my #y#s, do#sn;t it@5) <omm#nt history (4*#ll, I )ought it %or th# tri$ to Ari:ona5) I#assignm#nt (4My )roth#r ga(# it to m#,5 4It r#ally /nitt#d its#l%5). I#turn (4So is yours5) 1-3

o o o

Scal# do*n (4It;s r#ally 0uit# old5) Ou#stion (4Do you r#ally thin/ so@5) Ouali%ication (4It;s alright, )ut ?#n;s is nic#r5)

It is o%t#n that $#o$l# *ill r#j#ct a com$lim#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&$r#ssions to r#j#ct a com$lim#nt7 Oh, don$t flatter me(ou$re just flattering me9lattery will get you nowhere7hat$s nonsense-

<on(#rsation Mod#l
(Ann# and 8rita ar# good %ri#nds. 'h#y ha(# not s##n #ach oth#r lat#ly) A7 hi lu(N 87 oh hi, ho* ar# you@ A7 I;m AE 87 *o*.. you loo/ di%%#r#nt. I r#ally lo(# your n#* hair styl#N A7 than/s, do you li/# it@ 87 y#ah, loo/s so lo(#lyN, andHuhmHyou loo/ slimm#r too. A7 a* r#ally@.. *#ll uhmHl#t;s go to th# stud#nt hu) and gra) som# ni))l#s.

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing com$lim#nt and com$lim#nt r#s$ons#s )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. (1) Cou m##t your coll#agu# at th# $ar/ing lot. Sh# is dri(ing a n#* car today. (2) Cou ar# (isiting your %ri#nd. H# has )#auti%ul )ig gard#n. (6) Cou and your son ar# $laying t#nnis. Cou /no* that your son $lays t#nnis 0uit# *#ll. (.) Cou ar# in(it#d )y your aunt %or dinn#r. Cou ha(# d#licious m#als.

1-1

(") Cou m##t a %ri#nd at a *#dding c#r#mony. Cour %ri#nd is dr#ssing u$ and loo/s (#ry nic#.

1.2.B. <ongratulating
<ongratulating is #ss#ntially $olit# as it is an agr##m#nt or a$$ro(al *hich addr#ss#s th# h#ar#r;s *ant to )# li/#d or it satis%i#s th# h#ar#r;s $ositi(# %ac#. ?i/# th# s$##ch act o% com$lim#nt, congratulating is classi%i#d )y Austin (1 B2) und#r th# cat#gory o% F)#ha)iti(#s;. In th# classi%ication o% s$##ch )y S#arl# (1 B ), it is includ#d in th# cat#gory o% #&$r#ssi(#. 8#ha)iti(#s r#%#r to #&$r#ssions o% attitud#s or r#actions to*ard th# conduct, %ortun#s or attitud#s o% oth#rs. =&$r#ssi(# r#%#rs to th# #&$r#ssions o% %##lings and $sychological stat#s. 'h# %ollo*ing is th# %ormulation o% S#arl#;s (1 B ) constituti(# rul#s %or congratulating7 Pro$ositional <ont#nt rul#7 som# #(#nt, act, #tc. (or )# r#lat#d to h#ar#r (or +#. Pr#$aratory rul#7 ) is in +;s int#r#st. S$#a/#r (or S) )#li#(#s that ) is in +$s int#r#st. Sinc#rity rul#7 S is $l#as#d at ). =ss#ntial rul#7 counts as an #&$r#ssion o% $l#asur# at ). (congratulating is $#r%orm#d) <ongratulating is (#ry common in #(#ryday communications in *hich s$#a/#rs #&$r#ss $l#asur# and ac/no*l#dg# oth#r $#o$l#;s succ#ss, %or #&am$l#, in $assing #&ams, g#tting a jo), *inning a com$#tition, and oth#rs. Such occasions ar# mutually r#cogni:#d )y th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r and th# ac/no*l#dg#m#nts )y th# s$#a/#r o% thos# occasions ar# o%t#n, )ut not al*ays, #&$#ct#d )y th# h#ar#r. Although it is 0uit# o%t#n that congratulating is conduct#d insinc#r#ly or th# s$#a/#rs do not ha(# tru# %##lings a)out th# occasions, it *ill not und#rmin# th#ir good int#r$#rsonal r#lationshi$. 1-2

It should )# not#d that th# occasions associat#d *ith congratulation may )# cultur#9s$#ci%ic *hich m#ans that di%%#r#nt cultur#s might ha(# di%%#r#nt (i#*s to an achi#(#m#nt or succ#ss *orth congratulating. In g#n#ral it addr#ss#s $#rsonal or indi(idual achi#(#m#nt and socially ori#nt#d achi#(#m#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&am$l#s o% congratulating #&$r#ssions7 =ongratulations-, that$s an awesome achievement. =ongratulation for you promotion=ongratulation for your new position- (ou deserve it. I am so proud of you, congratulation=ongratulations, I'm so happy for you. Mor# $#rsonal congratulation is commonly gi(#n to a clos# %ri#nd, )oy+girl %ri#nd, and %amily m#m)#rs, %or #&am$l#7 =ongratulation sweet heart+oney, that$s an awesome achievement, congratulation7his is the best news for this year. 1ell done honey=ongratulation mate- (ou deserve every bit of it. I'm e*tremely happy you finally got what you wish for. (our success is all I want. (ou have worked so hard and this promotion proves me right. =ongratulations buddyL#tting a $romotion or gaining achi#(#m#nt is not th# only o)j#ct *orth congratulating, th#r# ar# som# oth#rs such ha(ing a n#* )a)y, #ngag#m#nt, *#dding, $r#gnancy, #tc. 'h# most common ans*#r to congratulation is than/ing.

<on(#rsation Mod#l
1. (L#org# and ?arry ar# coll#agu#sP th#y ar# *or/ing in =din)urgh Gni(#rsity at th# Int#rnational o%%ic#) L7 h#y, I h#ard %rom Susan your *i%# had a )a)y. ?7 y#ah, a littl# $rinc#ss. L7 ?#t m# say congratulation L#org#N ?7 than/s ?arry. 1-6

2. (Al#& is Qi(ian;s good %ri#ndP th#y ha(# not s##n #ach oth#r %or long tim#. 'h#y ar# tal/ing on th# $hon#). A7 hi Qi(ian, th# last tim# I s#nt you an #mail I %orgot to as/ you a)out your $lan to study in <am)ridg# Gni(#rsity. Q7 *#ll, actually this is my %irst y#ar in <am)ridg#. A7 *o*N r#ally@ 'hat;s gr#at n#*sN <ongratulationN Q7 than/s Al#&.

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing congratulating )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. (1) Cour %ri#nd has just )##n $romot#d as a manag#r. (2) Cour son has $ass#d his th#sis #&amination. (6) Cour h#admast#r has just r#c#i(#d a l#tt#r o% acc#$tanc# to study a)road. (.) 'h# son o% your coll#agu# has just %ound a n#* jo). (") Cour daught#r $ass#d a dri(ing t#st and got a dri(ing lic#ns#. (B) Cour )oss *as chos#n as th# most industrious man o% th# y#ar.

1.2.-. Wishing Lood ?uc/

It is )#li#(#d that wishing good luck is superstitious, just like spells which may make something to become good and successful. In interpersonal e*changes however, wishing good luck is the use of words or phrases for motivating or encouraging other people who are doing some undertakings or trying to solve problems, and hence the main function of the wishing is to show care for others. 1ishing good luck , o% cours# d#$#nds on ho* *#ll on# /no*s th# situation or cont#&t and occasion. 'he following are some e*amples of e*pressions for whishing good luck. I hope everything will be O8 4ood luck+ave fun1ish you all the bestI wish you luck1-.

:on$t stop trying1ish you well

<on(#rsation Mod#l
1. (Al#& *as Dr. Larn#r;s stud#nt. Al#& has just graduat#d last month. H# m#t Dr. Larn#r to say good)y# as he was leaving for Indonesia the ne*t day# Al#& Al#& 7 Lood morning Dr. Larn#r. 7 I;d li/# to say than/ you %or #(#rything. Cou ha(# )##n (#ry h#l$%ul during my study here. 4arner 5 1ell I just did my job. 1hat is your ne*t plan, Al#& Al#& 7 uhm.. I$ve just applied a job as a lecturer in my home country. 7 'han/ you (#ry much. W#ll... I am l#a(ing %or Indon#sia tomorro* morning. I$d like to say goodbye for the last time. Larn#r 7 Ah it$s sad to see you leave. 4oodbye Ale*. 2. (Al#& is Adrian;s classmat#. Adrian is ha(ing his th#sis #&amination n#&t *##/). Al#& Ale* 7 I h#ard %rom Dr. Larn#r you;r# ha(ing a th#sis d#%#ns# n#&t *##/. 5 yeah I know how you feel. 4ood luck buddy, everything will be fine. Larn#r 7 I know you$re my best student. I wish you luck with that. Larn#r 7 +i Ale*, c$mon in. 1hat can I do for you,

Adrian 5 well..yes, but I am so nervous whenever I$m thinking about it. Adrian 5 thanks.

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing *ishing good luc/ )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. 1-"

(1) Cour classmat# is going to ha(# a jo) int#r(i#* n#&t *##/. (2) Cour coll#agu# is a$$lying %or a scholarshi$. (6) Cour hous# mat# is %inali:ing his th#sis *riting. (.) 'oday is th# %irst day your son go#s to his n#* jo). (") Cour %ath#r is joining a t#nnis com$#tition today.

1.2.!. =&$r#ssing <ondol#nc#

<ondol#nc# is an #&$r#ssion o% sym$athy *ith som#on# in gri#%. It is commonly to #&$r#ss car# and conc#rn %or som#on# *hos# %amily m#m)#rs, %ri#nd, #tc. $ass#d a*ay. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&$r#ssions commonly us#d to o%%#r and r#s$ond to condol#nc#s. &ffering condolences I$m sorry I$m so sorry to hear that. I am so sorry to hear about your loss. &et me offer my condolence for your% 1e are deeply sorry to hear about %. 1e are saddened to hear of your sudden loss. /lease accept our condolences on the loss of your loved one. !esponding to condolences 7hank you 7hank you very much for your condolence. 7hank you, I really appreciate your sympathy. 7here is nothing we can do about it.

<on(#rsation Mod#l
1. (A %ri#nd is tal/ing *ith a d#c#as#d $#rson;s *i%# at th# %un#ral s#r(ic#) , 7 I am so sorry to h#ar a)out your hus)and. It must )# $r#tty hard on you. W7 H# *as such a good hus)and and %ath#r. , 7 y#ah I /no* ho* you must %##l. W7 'han/ you, I r#ally a$$r#ciat# your sym$athy 2. (Som#on# m##ts Mary;s moth#r at a su$#rmar/#t )y accid#nt, sh# did not /no* that Mary has just $ass#d a*ay) S 7 ho* is Mary at th# mom#nt@ M7 *#ll h#r canc#r *as so )ad. Sh# had h#r o$#ration, )ut th# doctor couldn;t 1-B

h#l$ h#r. S 7 Ah, I;m so sorry to h#ar that. M7 y#ah, *# ha(# tri#d, )ut th#r#;s nothing can )# don# a)out it.

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm con(#rsations in(ol(ing condol#nc#s )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. (1) Cou ar# att#nding a %ri#nd;s %ath#r %un#ral c#r#mony. Wh#n you arri(# you s## your %ri#nd th#r#. (2) A %ri#nd o% yours lost his moth#r. Cou /no* his moth#r (#ry *#ll. Cou go to (isit him in his hous#. (6) 'h# son o% your %ri#nd $ass#d a*ay in a car accid#nt. Cou go to (isit him in his hous#. (.) Cou r#c#i(# a t#&t t#lling that your )oss has just $ass#d a*ay. As you ar# going a)road *ith your %amily %or holiday, you can;t go to his %un#ral. ,#* days a%t#r th# %un#ral you m##t his *i%# to o%%#r condol#nc#s.

2.2.1. =&$r#ssing <ar#+<onc#rn

<ar# can )# #&$r#ss#d through many *ays and th# *ays $#o$l# #&$r#ss car# can r#%l#ct th# 0uality o% th#ir int#r$#rsonal r#lation. Ind##d, languag# is on# o% th# )#st m#ans to sho* car# %or oth#rs. 'h# %ollo*ing sim$l# #&$r#ssions ar# g#n#rally a$$li#d to sho* car#+conc#rn to oth#rs. Are you O80all6right, Is everything all6right, 1hat$s the matter, I am concerned about you, are you O8, 7ake care honeyI am really worried about you. 1--

Wh#n r#$lying #&$r#ssion o% car#+conc#rn, on# o%t#n as/s oth#rs not to )# conc#rn#d or *orri#d. 'his strat#gy is o%t#n conduct#d )y %r##ing th# s$#a/#r %rom any o)ligation to*ards th# list#n#r, #.g. :on$t worry about me0it 9orget it, it$s nothing. :on$t bother I am O8 0I am all right Strong#r #&$r#ssions ar# commonly us#d *h#n on# is annoy#d or sh#+h# thin/s that th# s$#a/#r has intrud#d his or h#r $ri(acy, #.g. It$s none of your businessMind your own business'h# o$$osit# o% sho*ing car# is #&$r#ssing unconc#rn *hich o%t#n im$li#s that th# s$#a/#r #&$r#ss#s n#gati(# %##ling such as annoyanc#, %rustration, ang#r, and indi%%#r#nc# d#$#nding on th# cont#&ts, %or #&am$l#7 1ho cares, 3o what, 1ho gives a damn7he hell with it-

<on(#rsation Mod#l
(Am)#r and Marry ar# sist#rs) A7 hi Marry, ar# you all right@ M7 I;m AE A7 *hy you loo/ so do*n. May)# you could shar# it *ith m# M7 I told you I;m AE and it;s non# o% your )usin#ss. A7 Marry, I;m your sist#r, you don;t trust m#, do you@ What ha$$#n@ M7 Am)#r sto$ itN

=&#rcis#
P#r%orm con(#rsations )as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations. 1-!

(1) Cou s## that your son do#s not loo/ so *#ll today. Sho* him that you car# %or him. (2) Cour moth#r loo/s $r#tty do*n this a%t#rnoon. Sho* h#r that you car# %or h#r. (6) Ann#, your hous# mat# loo/s so sad. Cou ar# *ond#ring that som#thing must ha$$#n to h#r. (.) Cour class mat# t#lls you that h# do#s not li/# your hair styl#. '#ll him that you don;t car# a)out it. (") Cour sist#r t#lls you that Da(id call#d you almost %i(# tim#s this morning. Actually you %##l that h# is such an annoying class mat# and you don;t car# a)out him.

2.2.2. =&$r#ssing Ang#r

=&$r#ssing on#Ds ang#r is sho*ing that on# is angry. Wh#n som#on# g#ts angry, h# or sh# usually us#s a)usi(# languag#, although ang#r can )# #&$r#ss#d $olit#ly. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# th# #&am$l#s o% #&$r#ssing ang#r or dis$l#as#d and annoyanc# *hich can )# cat#gori:#d )y th# situation7 in%ormal, n#utral and %ormal (8lund#ll, Higg#ns, and Middl#miss, 1 B)

1=G'IA?

I1,AIMA?

,AIMA?

I;m (#ry annoy#d.. Ah d#arH+Ah 1oN What a nuisanc#N 'his r#ally ma/#s m# cross+angry. It annoys m#. It isn;t (#ry nic#+ $l#asant. I r#ally hat# himN

Ah, h#ll, 1oN Ah damnN Ah no, *hat;s n#&t@ Sh# ma/#s m# mad. H# r#ally ma/#s m# s## r#d. What an idiotN I can;t stand it anymor#. I;m %#d u$ *ith it. 'hat;s th# last stra*. Why th# h#ll didn;t h# sto$ calling m#..@ I;(# had just a)out #nough o% this condition.

'his is #&tr#m#ly irritating I can;t say I;m at all $l#as#d H I;m #&tr#m#ly dis$l#as#d+angry+unh a$$y. I must say I r#j#ct to I *ill not $ull u$ *ith I ta/# gr#at #&c#$tion to H

<on(#rsation Mod#l
1-

(A $olic# o%%ic#r sto$s a stud#nt %or s$##ding. 'h# $olic# car roars. 'h# stud#nt $ulls o(#r Rado$t#d %rom Matr#y#/, 1 !6S) Stud#nt Polic# Stud#nt Polic# Stud#nt Polic# Stud#nt Polic# 7 Did I do som#thing *rong, o%%ic#r@ What;s th# matt#r@ 7 W#ll, don;t you /no* that this is a .39/m :on# and you *#r# doing B2@ 7 Ah, I;m sorry. I didn;t r#ali:# I *as going so %ast. 7 ?#t m# s## your dri(#r;s lic#ns#. Ho* old ar# you@ 7 IH IH I;m just %i%t##n. And H and I don;t ha(# dri(#r;s lic#ns#. 7 *hat+ &h, no. I;ll gi(# you th# )ail notic# 7 What@ Ah, no. 7 'his is th# notic#, and com# to th# court.

In th# con(#rsation a)o(#, it can )# s##n that th# o%%ic#r s##ms to )# angry )#caus# th# dri(#r is just %i%t##n and do#s not ha(# dri(#r;s lic#ns#. 'h# $olic#man still can #&$r#ss his ang#r $olit#ly )y as/ing a rh#torical 0u#stion rath#r than using a)usi(# languag#.

=&#rcis# 8uild con(#rsations *hich in(ol(# #&$r#ssing ang#r+annoyanc# %or th# %ollo*ing
situations. (1) Cou l#t you %ri#nd to us# your la$to$. Wh#n sh#+h# r#turns it, you %ind that your im$ortant %il# is not th#r#. (2) Cou %ound your %ri#nd gossi$ing you *ith your $ar#nts. (6) Cou classmat# )orro*s your n#* digital cam#ra. Wh#n sh#+h# r#turns it you %ind that its l#ns is )ro/#n and your %ri#nd do#s not t#ll you a)out it. (.) Cour )roth#r )orro*s your motorcycl# and h# $romis#s that h# *ill r#turn it (#ry soon. Cou *ill go to your cam$us at 2 $.m., )ut your )roth#r r#turns your motorcycl# at " $.m.

2.2.6.

=&$r#ssing Ha$$in#ss, Disa$$ointm#nt and 8or#dom

1!3

'h#r# ar# c#rtain #&$r#ssions *hich ar# us#d to #&$r#ss ha$$in#ss, disa$$$ointm#nt, and )or#dom.

-appiness%

I am glad to h#ar that. I am ha$$y to h#ar that. 'hat;s gr#atN Wond#r%ulN ,antasticN

.isappointment7 'hat;s disa$$ointing. 'hat;s too )ad. 'hat;s r#al sham#. /oredom7 'hat;s )oring. I am totally not int#r#st#d. Ho* )oring. Dull.

<on(#rsation Mod#l

(In a cant##n, Harry m##ts his %ri#nd, Qinc#nt *ho is #njoying a )o*l o% m#at)all sou$) Harry Qinc#nt Harry Qinc#nt Harry Qinc#nt Harry Qinc#nt Harry 7 Hi, ho*;s it going@ 7 $r#tty good, ho*;r# you@ 7 *#ll, not 0uit# ha$$y today. 7 What;s th# matt#r@ 7 GhmH*#ll I got a )ad scor# %or my Math, and uhm.. my dad canc#ls )uying m# a la$to$. 7 Ah, that;s a sham#. 7 oh I;m ho$#l#ss. 7 no.. no.. noH try hard#r n#&t tim#. 7 it;s )oring, you /no*N.

1!1

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con(#rsations #&$r#ssing disa$$ointm#nt and )or#dom %or th# %ollo*ing situations (1) (2) (6) Cou r#c#i(# a )ad scor# %or your I#ading com$r#h#nsion t#st. Cou t#ll your t#ach#r that you ar# disa$$oint#d. Cou ar# *or/ing in a grou$ to summari:# t#n t#&t)oo/s during th# holidays. Cou t#ll your %ri#nd that it is (#ry )oring. Cou ar# going to th# cin#ma *ith your %ri#nds. Wh#n you arri(# at th# cin#ma you %ind that th# tic/#ts *#r# sold out. Cou %##l disa$$oint#d.

2.6.

Summary
'his cha$t#r r#(i#*s s#(#ral t#&ts %or int#r$#rsonal %unction including

introducing, a$ologi:ing, than/ing, com$lim#nting, congratulating, *ishing good luc/, sho*ing sym$athy, car#+conc#rn, condol#nc#, ang#r+annoyanc#, #tc. Introducing, #ith#r s#l%9introduction or introducing som#on# to som#on# #ls#, is #m$loy#d *h#n $#o$l# m##t %or th# %irst tim# or th#y do not /no* #ach oth#r $r#(iously. 'h# social %unction o% an introduction is to /no* oth#r $#o$l# %or som# r#asons, %or #&am$l#s %or initiating a con(#rsation, a(oiding a )ad imag#, %acilitating )usin#ss. (pology is an #&$r#ssion o% r#mors# or guilt o(#r ha(ing said or don# som#thing that is ac/no*l#dg#d to )# hurt%ul or damaging, and a r#0u#st %or %orgi(#n#ss. A$ologi:ing can )# don# in $r#9#(#nt and $ost9 #(#nt. 0han)ing is #&$r#ss#d *h#n th# s$#a/#r %##ls that th# h#ar#r (or som#on# #ls#) has don# som#thing good, (alua)l#, and h#l$%ul to th# s$#a/#r. 'han/ing #&$r#ssions (ari#s in rang# o% %ormality and $olit#n#ss. 'h# #&$r#ssion o% gratitud# can )# modi%i#d int#rnally and #&t#rnally. Sympathy is clos#ly lin/#d to th# sharing o% unha$$in#ss or su%%#ring. #omplimenting sho*s s$#a/#r;s attitud#s to*ards th# addr#ss##;s )#ha(ior, a$$#aranc#, conduct, 0ualiti#s and good %ortun#s, *hich is don# )y $ro(iding cr#dit to th# addr#ss##s %or th#ir $oss#ssion, 0ualiti#s, charact#ristic, s/ills, *#alth, #tc. In 1!2

int#r$#rsonal communication, com$lim#nt is commonly int#nd#d to ma/# th# addr#ss##s F%##l good; or it is us#d as Fsocial lu)ricant;. #ongratulating is (#ry common in #(#ryday communications in *hich s$#a/#rs #&$r#ss $l#asur# and ac/no*l#dg# oth#r $#o$l#;s succ#ss, %or #&am$l#, in $assing #&ams, g#tting a jo), *inning a com$#tition, and oth#rs. Such occasions ar# mutually r#cogni:#d )y th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r and th# ac/no*l#dg#m#nts )y th# s$#a/#r o% thos# occasions ar# o%t#n, )ut not al*ays, #&$#ct#d )y th# h#ar#r. *ishing good luc) is the use of words or phrases for motivating or encouraging other people who are doing some undertakings or trying to solve problems. 1ishing good luck d#$#nds on ho* *#ll on# /no*s th# situation or cont#&t and occasion. #ondolence is an #&$r#ssion o% sym$athy *ith som#on# in gri#%. It is commonly to #&$r#ss car# and conc#rn %or som#on# *hos# %amily m#m)#rs, %ri#nd, #tc. $ass#d a*ay. #aring is to sho* conc#rns to oth#r $#o$l# *hich can )# #&$r#ss#d through many *ays. =&$r#ssing anger is sho*ing that on# is angry. Wh#n som#on# g#ts angry, h# or sh# usually us#s a)usi(# languag#, although ang#r can )# #&$r#ss#d $olit#ly.

!eferences
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Matr#y#/, W. (1 !6). =ommunicating in )nglish5 )*amples and models situation. 1#* Cor/ 7 P#rgamon Pr#ss. 1ida, =ug#n# A. (2331). &anguage and =ulture5 =onte*ts in 7ranslating. Shanghai7 ,or#ign ?anguag# =ducation Pr#ss. Pom#rant:, Anita. 1 -!. <om$lim#nt I#s$ons#7 not#s on th# co9o$#ration o% multi$l# constraints. In Sch#n/#in, Mim (#d.) 3tudies in the Organisation of =onversational Interaction. 1#* Cor/7 Acad#mic Pr#ss. - 9112. S#arl#, M. (1 B ). Speech Acts5 An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. #ambridge% #ambridge university press.

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