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ME 3345 Heat Transfer
Lecture 1
J an 06, 2014
Dr. SatishKumar, Instructor
Office: 020 Love, Phone: 404-385-6640
E-mail: satish.kumar@me.gatech.edu
Office hours: Wednesday 1:00 2:00 p.m. or by appointment.
Homework Graders:
Homework Graders: (1) TBD
(2) TBD
Teaching Practicum:DarshanG Pahinkar <darshan@gatech.edu>
Grader Office Hours (HW Q&A): TBD
Tuesday and Thursday; (MRDC 4
th
floor)
Catalog description:
Introduction to the study of heat transfer, transport coefficients,
steady state conduction, transient conduction,
radiativeheat transfer, and forced and natural convection,
Heat exchangers
Prerequisites: Differential Equations:MATH2403 or
MATH 24X3; Fluid Mechanics: ME 3340
Textbook: F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and
A.S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7
th
ed.,
J ohn Wiley & Sons (2011).
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Schedule:
The tentative schedule of the course is outlined in the
course syllabus. Please consult for information about the
topics which will be covered and important due dates.
Course materials : T-square (resources)
Attendance: 90 % attendance is mandatory
Homework (15%): Approximately 10 homework
assignments will be given which are due 1 weekafter
assignment. Homework will be collected before the beginning
of class. Solutions and other handouts will be posted on the
course web page. The steps described in Section 1.4 must be
followed in doing homework problems.
(should not take any help from solution manual)
(a) schematic of the system
(b) given information
(c) assumptions and their justification if needed
(d) step by step analysis and
(e) the final answer with the appropriate units and placed in
the box.
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Quizzes (10%): #3-6 10-15 minute quizzes will be given
in class. Some quizzes will be unannounced/surprise
Computer Project (10%): There will be a computer project.
The project will involve the writing of a finite difference code
to solve a problem in heat transfer. You may choose an
appropriate programming language of your choice. However,
an operating computer code along with all data must be turned
in with project.
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EXAMS
Two in-class midterms (2 x 15% = 30%)
and a final exam (35%)
All exams will be closed book, but a one page formula
sheet will be allowed. No homework solutions will be
allowed. You will need a calculator for the exams.
Please see the instructor immediately if a conflict arises.
Grading Method
Homework: 15%
Quizzes: 10%
Computer project: 10%
Midterms: 30%
Final exam: 35%
Reading assignments (textbook chapters)
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Objectives of Todays Class:
- Course contents and information
- Introduction:
- What is heat transfer?
- Why should we be motivated to learn it?
- Modes of heat transfer?
Reading assignment for this week: Chapter 1 and 2.
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
The branch of science that deals with the exchange of energy
with a system in all forms is called thermodynamics.
The Second Law of thermodynamics says that whenever an energy
distribution exists that is not in equilibrium, then a thermodynamic force
arises that acts to minimize this energy distribution:
Heat Flows from hot to cold regions
Thermodynamics primarily deals with the end states of
processes which are in equilibrium, but ignores details of how
energy moves. No concern is given to the structure of the
system in question. These details are left to other courses in
engineering.
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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Consider a control volume
We know from Thermodynamics that there must be a balance of energy
which enters, leaves, is generated in, and is stored in the control volume.
In thermodynamics, we consider all energy that crosses the boundary of the
control volume as Work and Heat.
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
= +

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

t
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
A = + t
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
A = +
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Cont.
Energy which is transported due to a temperature difference is
thermal energy which we refer to as HEAT. Thus the method of
transport is non-equilibrium in nature.
The study of heat transfer deals with the rate at which thermal
energy is transported and the means bywhich it is transported
within a system.
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Why Does Heat Move?
We know from general observations that the amount of thermal
energy (HEAT) that is transported is related to a temperature
difference: (Nonequilibrium)
What is temperature?
Temperature is a scientific term that is used to define the amount
of thermal energythat exists in a body at a local point. It is
related to the vibrational and translationmotion of atoms.
Heat really moves due to a thermal energy gradient.
T Q A
Why Is Heat Transfer Important?
Heat Transfer
plays a major
role in all branches
of science and
engineering.
Microelectronics
Automotive
Aerospace
Biological
HVAC
(personal comfort)
Material Processing
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Three basic modes of heat transfer:
conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat conduction refers to thermal energy that is transferred as a
result of the collision of energetic particles. Dominant in solids
and occurs in liquids.
Thermal radiation transfers energy between objects by the
emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves (it can
transfer energy without any intervening medium!).
Convective heat transfer or simply convection involves
the transfer of energy associated conduction into a fluid
accompanied by fluid motion (advection).
Example
What Is This Course About?
Teach engineers the methods in which thermal energy is
transferred.
Determine steady-state and temporal distributions of
temperature.
Give engineers the tools that they need to design and predict
the thermal response of materials and systems.
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Thermophysical properties of materials are very important
for heat transfer analysis and design. These are material
parameters which are used to calculate how thermal energy
is related to a given temperature gradient.
Thermal analysis determines the rate of heat transfer
and/or the transient temperature distributions for given
materials, geometry, and initial and boundary conditions.
Thermal design determines the necessary geometric
structure and materials to be used to achieve optimal
performance for a specific task.
Table 1.2 SI Units
Quantity Symbol Unit
_____________________________________
Length L, x, y, z, r m (meter)
Mass m kg (kilogram)
Time t s (second)
Temperature T K (kelvin)
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Relation of absolute temperature scale to Celsius (centigrade)
temperature scale is
T (K) =T (C) +273.15
For temperature difference, however,
Specific heat is the energy required to heat a unit mass of a
material by 1 degree - single phase and no phase change
Example:
2 1
1 K =1C T T T A = =
4180 J /kg K 4180 J /kg C
for liquid water at 25 C
p
c ~

Quantity Symbol Unit

_____________________________________
Force F = ma N (newton)
Work&Energy W=FL, Q, E J (joule) =Nm
Power P =dW/dt W (watt) =J /s
Pressure p =F/A Pa (pascal) =N/m
2
Velocity v =L/t m/s
Density =m/V Kg/m
3
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Heat Transfer Related Quantities
Quantity Symbol Unit
__________________________________________
Heat Q J
Heat transfer rate W
Heat loss per unit length W/m
Heat flux W/m
2
Thermal energy generation
rate per unit volume W/m
3
/ q dQ dt =
/ q q A '' =
q
' / q q L =
Example: A suspended resistor of length L and diameter D is
heated by passing an electrical current through the device. The
current has a magnitude of I and the device has a resistance of
R.
Current: I
Resistance: R
Diameter: D
Length: L
1) How much heat or thermal energy
is generated per unit time in the device?
2)What is the power density of this
device?
3)Neglect the heat loss from the sides,
what is the heat flux from this device?
4)What major assumptions did we make
in this solution?
resistor
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Solution:
1). The amount of energy per unit time or Power released by
this device is due to J oule Heating:
q =Power =I
2
R
2) The power density of the device is equal to the heat
generation rate per unit volume:
2
: ( / 2) ; Volume V D L = t
2
2
:
/
( / 2)
Volumetric Thermal Energy Generation Rate
I R
q P V
D L
= =
t

Solution:
3). The heat flux through each end of the device is equal to the
rate of heat flow divided by the cross-sectional area
Now,
Note: Since the problem is symmetric, of the generated
heat flows out of each end.
4
2
D
A
c
t
=
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
1
"
D
R I
D
R I
q
t t
= =
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Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Surface energy balance
Fourier's law
Empirical Observation lead to the concept
that the rate of heat flow in solids was
proportional to the temperature gradient
and cross sectional area.
Thermal conductivity carries all material
specific information.
Heat Transport is a vector quantity.
What is Fouriers Law for the
following system?
J oseph Fourier (1768-1830)
dx
dT
K q = "
T1
T2
L
q
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[W/m K or W/mC]
Fourier's law applies to solids as well as liquids and gases
as long as the medium is macroscopically stationary.
Thermal conductivity carries all of the material specific
information concerning heat flow and is defined as:
x
q
k
dT dx
''
=
Room-temperature conductivity values (see Appendix A)
Diamond IIa Copper Glass (SiO
2
) Water Air
2300 401 1.38 0.61 0.026
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Convection: Newton's Law of Cooling
In 1701, Isaac Newton performed experiments by
placing heated objects in fluids and found that the rate of
temperature change of the object is proportional to the
temperature difference between the object and the fluid, i.e.,
( )
dT
T T
dt


The cooling mechanism between fluids in solids in this
case was due to convection which can be expressed as:
( )
s
q h T T

'' =
This is called Newtons law of cooling, andh [W/m
2
K] is
called convection heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient.
Types of Convection:
We will concentrate on forced
and natural convection
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Examples of Natural Convection in Electronics
Power Mac G4 Cubed.
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Thermal Radiation
Radiation is electromagnetic energy emitted by matter due to
molecular and atomic vibrations.
Thermal radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that
lies in the wavelength regime of 0.4 1000 m.
(Majority of heat is transmitted in the infrared regime.)
In 1879, J oseph Stefan(1835-1893) published an
empirical relation that the radiant heat flux from a surface is
proportional to T
4
. Five years later, Ludwig Boltzmann
(1844-1906) theoretically derived the equation, known as
the Stefan-Boltzmann law. It expresses the maximum
emissive power (radiant heat flux) of a surface as,
4
rad b s
q E T '' = = o
where o =5.67 x 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
is called the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant. This equation is only for a perfect of ideal emitter
known as a blackbody. E
b
is the blackbody emissive power.
Temperature is always in K.
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Most surfaces are not ideal, thus their emissive power is
less a blackbody and do not strictly follow the Stefan-
Boltzmann Law. The ratio of the emissive power of a real
body to a blackbody is known as emissivity.
Radiation and Real Surfaces
4
, which is between 0 and 1.
b
E E
E
T
c = =
o
4
, rad e
q E T '' = = co
The emissive power (emitted radiative heat flux) is
Emissive Power speaks of thermal radiation which is leaving a
surface.
Radiation can also be incident upon a surface and is called
Irradition (G). Has units of W/m
2
.
For an ideal body (black body) all energy is absorbed. For real
surfaces, the fraction that is absorbed is described by a material
property known as absorptivity: o (between 0 and 1).
Irradiation and Absorption
, , rad a rad i
q q G '' '' = o = o
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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Consider a control volume
We know from Thermodynamics that there must be a balance of energy
which enters, leaves, is generated in, and is stored in the control volume.
In thermodynamics, we consider all energy that crosses the boundary of the
control volume as Work and Heat.
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
= +

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

t
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
A = + t
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
A = +
Energy Balance: Key to Solving Problems in Heat Transfer
dt
dE
E E E
st
out g in
= +

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

oV
g
E

st
E

in
E

out
E

Thermal Energy Storage (Section 1.3.1)

st
st p
dE dT
E c V
dt dt
= =

Thermal Energy Generation (Section 1.3.1)

g
E qV =

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Steady-state, no mass in
the control volume:
Surface Energy Balance
cond conv rad
q q q '' '' '' = +
in out
E E =

4 4
( ) ( )
s s sur
dT
k h T T T T
dx

= + co
( ) ( )
4 4
2 2
2 1
sur
T T T T h
L
T T
K + =

o c
Methodology for Applications of Conservation Laws
1. The appropriate control volume must be defined and
identified.
2. The appropriate time basis must be identified for transient
problem.
3. The relevant energy transfer processes must be identified and
shown on the control volume.
4. The conservation equations must be written, following by the
rate equations (working equations). Only then can the numerical
values be substituted into and solved for the unknowns.
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Example: The coating on a plate is cured by exposure to an
infrared lamp providing a uniform irradiation of 2000 W/m
2
.
It absorbs 80% of the irradiation and has an emissivity of 0.5.
It is also exposed to the surroundings at 30C and to an air
flow at 20C with a convection coefficient of 15 W/m
2
K.
Determine the cure temperature of the plate.
T
sur
rad
q
or
irr
q G
conv
q
, T h

Schematic:
T
s
=?
0.8, 0.5 o = c =
Find:
2
2000 W/m G =
273 30 303 K
sur
T = + =
And so on.
Note: We must use K for radiation.
Known:
Assumptions:
T
sur
rad
q
or
irr
q G
conv
q
, T h

Schematic:
- Steady state
- Neglect heat transfer to the back
Analysis:
Energy balance (per unit area):
st in out g
E E E E = +

4 4
( ) ( )
rad conv s sur s
G q q T T h T T

'' '' o = + = co +
8 4 4
0.8 2000 0.5 5.67 10 ( 303 ) 15( 293)
s s
T T

= +
Solve by trial-and-error: 377 K 104 C
s
T = =
Discussion: What can we do to decrease T
s
?