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Schematic Diagram: Client Based Pathophysiology: Precipitating/Modifiable factors Environment Exposure to Pathologic Microorganism aspiration of foods or fluids Lung Disease

Non Modifiable / Predisposing Factors Age Immunocompromised Common Colds

Any Chest In ury

Allo!s air to enter the pleural space

Manifestations* Depends on its si+e and the integrity of the underlying lung)

Pne mothora!
Penetration into the pleural space "y an o" ect external to the chest !all #such ash $nife%needle& Internal Mechanism #such as "ro$en ri" or "le" rupture of the lung& air or "lood enters the pleural space)

Increase intrathoracic pressure and reduction in vital capacity

'pen Pneumothorax Large Pneumothorax Penetrating %(on penetrating in uries In ury to the chest or respiratory structures ,ypoxemia -asoconstriction of the "lood vessels in the affected lung)

Closed Pneumothorax

Air filled "le"%"lister on the lung surface ruptures 36

/ractured% dislocated ri"s that penetrates the pleura

Chest 0rauma

'ther Complication ,emothorax

Medical Procedure such as intra thoracic needle aspirations1 intu"ation1 and positive pressure ventilation

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation #CP2& Air enters the pleural space "ut does not leave 2apid increase of pressure in chest !ith compression atelectasis of unaffected lung

Manifestations* " g. 2#$%& C,E30* #6& rales and retractions " g st 2'$ %& #6& nasal flaring 227 86 diminished "reath sounds on right lung field " g. 2($%& #6& nasal flaring 22789 diminished "reath sounds on right lung field

3pontaneous Pneumothorax 4n$no!n cause Lung Disease 0rapping of gases 5 Destruction of lung tissue 3econdary 3pontaneous Pneumothorax ,istory of endometriosis Air may gain access to the peritoneal Cavity during menstruation and then enter the pleural cavity through diaphragmatic Defect) Catamenial Pneumothorax

0raumatic Pneumothorax

3hift in mediastinum to the opposite side of the chest and compression of the vena cava !ith impairment of venous return to the heart Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure)

Air filled "le"s rupture on 0'P of the lungs)

0ension Pneumothorax

Primary 3pontaneous Pneumothorax

Manifestations* 3tructures in the mediastinal space shift to!ard the opposite side of the chest) Distention of nec$ veins 3u"cutaneous emphysema Intrapleural pressure Clinical signs of shoc$ exceeds atmospheric pressure)

Partial%total loss of lung function ,ypoxemia Life threatening

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