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2. Reduction of Alkyl Halides a. Hydrolysis of Grignard Reagent dry et!yl et!er "ater RX + g R gX RH +
g#$H%X
&Note' R gX is t!e Grignard reagent, alkyl(agnesiu( !alide. )!e alkyl group is co*alently +onded to (agnesiu(, and (agnesiu(-!alogen +ond is ionic ie. .R' g/+.X/0. 1n t!e second step of t!e reaction, it is a displace(ent reaction in "!ic! "ater #t!e stronger acid% displacing t!e "eaker acid #R0H% fro( its salt #R gX%.
+. Reduction +y
Reactions of Alkanes 1. Halogenation [Free Radical Substituti !" !eat, or 34 CnH2n+1H + X2 CnH2n+1X + HX 2. Co(+ustion !eat CnH2n+2 + e5cess $2 nC$2 + #n+1%H2$ 6. Pyrolysis Cracking 788-988 C H2 + s(aller alkanes + alkenes alkane "it! or ":o catalyst
ALKENES
Preparation of Alkenes 1. ;e!ydro!alogenation of Alkyl Halides H H
H H C
H C + H < X 2$ + H
C H
C X
2. ;e!ydration of Alco!ols H H
H
e5cess conc H2 =$7 , 1>8 C H H or Al2 $6 , 788 C or H6P$7 , 288-2?8 C
H C H+ $ 2H
C H
C $H
H C
H C H+ 2
2
C X
C X
2n H H
n X
Reactions of Alkenes 1. Addition of Hydrogen. Catalytic Hydrogenation H2 + Ni, Pd or Pt CnH2n+2 CnH2n Heat
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C X
C X
H C $H H H C H H H C $H H H C $H H+ = 2H $ 7 H H H+ H X
X2 :H2$ H H
C X
H C
HX H H
C X
C H
+% Ea+oratory H H
et!od
H H C H
H C $= H $ 6H
H2 $, !eat H #!ydrolysis%
conc H2 =$ 7 cold
C H
H
alkaline < n$7 H cold
H C H
$H $H
+% Hot, acidic < n$7 =olution H H
H $ + $ C H
&Note' )er(inal car+ons "ill +e o5idiFed into car+on dio5ide. &Note' 3nder suc! o5idiFing conditions, t!e alde!ydes "ill +e o5idiFed to car+o5ylic acid *ery Buickly. )o e5tract t!e alde!yde only, "e (ust use i((ediate distillation.
>. Co(+ustion
ARENES
Reactions of GenFenes 1. Nitration [Electr $%ilic Substituti ! i! ' ! !itrati ! ) be!*e!e" N$2
conc. HN$6 conc. H2 =$7
??oC
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2. =ulp!onation
H2 =$7 # l % reflu5
$=$2H +
2
H $
6. Halogenation
X +
2
cold, dark X CeX6 , or AlX6
$r Ce 7. Criedel-Crafts Alkylation
R +
6 , or AlX6 R X CeX Ee"is Acid
?. Criedel-Crafts Acylation
C$R
Note' acyl group
2 l$
: / . # R C $ %
CeX6 , or AlX6
X
R C
9. Hydrogenation
62 H 1?8C
Ni
R + H X
H C $
2n#Hg%, HCl, !eat or N2H7 , +ase, !eat
H R + N2H+ H X2$
C
$r H2:Pd, et!anol
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R +
62 H 1?8C
Ni, Pt, Pd
R
n$2 o5idation
CH$
+. =trong $5idation
R
n$7 :H2 =$7 or acidified < 2 Cr2 $>
C$$H " ! i t e c r y s t a l s
RCH2X
&Note' Reaction a+o*e is only a generic reaction. Actual position of t!e !alogen is dependent on t!e sta+ility of t!e car+ocation inter(ediate.
X
X2 CeX6 , CeX?
X
?. @lectrop!illic Aro(atic Nitration +y @lectrop!illic Addition R R
R N$2
68 C
N$2
9. @lectrop!illic Aro(atic Criedal-Crafts Alkylation +y @lectrop!illic Addition R R R
R1
R1X AlX6
R1
!ttp'::education.!eli5ated.co( An $pen =ource @ducation ProAect
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$=$ 2H
H2 =$7 # l %
$=$2H
H. @lectrop!illic Aro(atic Criedal-Crafts Acylation +y @lectrop!illic Addition R R
C$R1 + C 1R $ C
1 lC
CeX6 , or AlX6 : $2 $ . # % R/
C$R1
Alkyl+enFenes clearly offers t"o (ain areas to attack +y !alogens' t!e ring and t!e side c!ain. De can control t!e position of t!e attack si(ply +y c!oosing t!e proper reaction conditions. Refer to Appendi5 for (ore details.
HALOGEN ,ERIVATIVES
Preparation of Halogenoalkanes 1. =u+stitution in Alco!ols a. 3sing HX #suita+le for 6 alco!ols% dry HX, 2nX2 #catalyst% R0X + H2$ R0$H Reflu5 +. 3sing PX6:PX? #suita+le for 1, 2 alco!ols% PX6 :PX ? R0X + P$X6 + HX R0$H Reflu5 c. 3sing =$Cl2 #sulp!onyl c!loride% =$Cl2 , Pyridine#C? H? N% R0Cl + =$2 + HCl R0$H Reflu5
&Note' )!is is t!e +est (et!od +ecause it is *ery clean. =$2 can +e +u++led off and HCl, +eing an acid, "ill react "it! pyridine.
H
HX H H
H C H H H C X H H
C X
+% Addition of Halogens H H
C X
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Reactions of Halogenoalkanes 1. Alkaline Hydrolysis of Alco!ols [Nucle $%ilic Substituti !" aBueous <$H R0$H + X0 R0X + $H0 reflu5
&Note' ec!anis( is =N2 for 1 !alogenoalkane and =N1 for 6 !alogenoalkane
2. Nitrile =ynt!esis
aBueous et!anol R0CIN + NaGr R0X + NaCN reflu5
&Note' Nitriles are useful +ecause t!ey can +e used to synt!esiFe 1o a(ines and car+o5ylic acids. Reduction to A(ine' EiAlH7 , dry et!er RCH2NH2 R0CIN or 2H2 , Ni, !eat Acidic Hydrolysis' RC$$H + NH7+ R0CIN reflu5
HCl # aq %
6. Cor(ation of A(ines
et!anol, reflu5 NH6 .H6N---R---X/ RNH2 + NH7+X0 R0X + e5cess conc NH6 sealed tu+e
+
&Note' NH6 acts as t!e nucleop!ile and t!e +ase. &Note' 1n t!e presence of e5cess RX, t!ere "ill +e polyalkylation of t!e !alogenoalkane and 1, 2, 6 and e*en 7 a((oniu( salt "ill +e for(ed.
RX RX RX RX NH6 RNH2 R2NH R6N R7N+X0
Conc H =$ , 178 C 7. Dillia(son =ynt!esis #Cor(ation of @t!er% 0 R0$0RJ + NaX R0X + RJ$ Na+
2 7 o
&Note' )!e sodiu( or potassiu( alko5ide #anion of alco!ol% is prepared +y dissol*ing sodiu( and potassiu( in appropriate alco!ol. R$H + Na R$0Na+ + KH2
?. ;e!ydro!alogenation #@li(ination% H H
H C
H C H + < X 2$ + H
C H
C X
X + H X
Reactions of Halogenoarenes 1. 1ndustrial Hydrolysis #Replace(ent of Halogen Ato(, difficult due to strong C0X +ond% + X $ Na
2Na$H 6?8C, 1?8at(
a X2$
$ N
a
H # aq %
+
$H + N+ a
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HY,RO-Y COM.O/N,S
Preparation of Alco!ols 1. Alkene Hydration. Addition of Dater. H H
H C H
H C $= H $ 6H
H2 $, !eat H #!ydrolysis%
H C H
H C $H H+ = 2H $ 7
conc H2 =$ 7 cold
2. Alkaline Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes aBueous <$H R0$H + X0 R0X + $H0 reflu5 6. Reduction of Car+o5ylic Acids, Alde!ydes and <etones a. Car+o5ylic Acids and Alde!ydes are reduced to t!eir pri(ary alco!ols. H R
C H$ R
C H
$H
$H
H C $
C H R
$H
H
+. <etones are reduced to t!eir secondary alco!ols. R
C R1
C H
$H
&Note' Eit!iu( alu(iniu( !ydride #or Eit!iu( tetra!ydridoalu(inate#111%%, EiAlH7, is one of t!e fe" reagents t!at can reduce an acid to an alco!ol, t!e initial product is an alko5ide "!ic! t!e alco!ol is li+erated +y !ydrolysis. )!e 0H ion acts as a nucleop!ile, and can attack t!e car+on ato( of t!e car+onyl group. )!e inter(ediate t!en reacts "it! "ater to gi*e t!e alco!ol. $H R $ H6C H6C H 2$ C C $ C H H 0 H H H H H2$ Car+o5ylic Acid' 7RC$$H + 6EiAlH7 7H2 + 2EiAl$2 + #RCH2$%7AlEi 7RCH2$H
H2$ <etones' 7R2CL$ + EiAlH7 #R2CH$%7AlEi 7R2CH$H + Ei$H + Al#$H%6
Reactions of Alco!ols 1. =u+stitution in Alco!ols a. 3sing HX #suita+le for 6 alco!ols% dry HX, 2nX2 #catalyst% R0X + H2$ R0$H Reflu5 +. 3sing PX6:PX? #suita+le for 1, 2 alco!ols% PX6 :PX ? R0X + P$X6 + HX R0$H Reflu5 c. 3sing =$Cl2 #sulp!onyl c!loride% =$Cl2 , Pyridine#C? H? N% R0Cl + =$2 + HCl R0$H Reflu5
&Note' )!is is t!e +est (et!od +ecause it is *ery clean. =$2 can +e +u++led off and HCl, +eing an acid, "ill react "it! pyridine.
H
=odiu(:Potassiu( H
C H
C H
$ Na
1 H 2
&Note' Alco!ols are too "eak to react "it! !ydro5ides and car+onates. !ttp'::education.!eli5ated.co( An $pen =ource @ducation ProAect
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6. $5idation to Car+onyl Co(pounds and Car+o5ylic Acids a. Pri(ary Alco!ols are o5idiFed to alde!ydes first, t!en car+o5ylic acids. R R R $H < 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$7 < 2 Cr2$> :H2=$ 7 C $ C C i((ediate or < n$7 :H2 =$7 distillation H H H$ H
&Note' n$2 is also a (ilder o5idiFing agent.
+. =econdary Alco!ols are o5idiFed to ketones. R R $H < 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$7 C C or < n$7 :H2 =$7 R1 R1 H c. )ertiary alco!ols are not readily o5idiFed.
H
e5cess conc H2 =$7 , 1>8 C H H or Al2 $6 , 788 C or H6P$7 , 288-2?8 C
H C H+ $ 2H
C H
C $H
+. @5cess alco!ol 178 C R0CH2$H + conc H2=$7 R0CH20$0 CH20R e5cess alco!ol ?. @sterification
$ $ R1
conc H2 =$7 !eat
R C $H
$ H
C R $
R1
H 2$
C $
Cl
R1
$H
roo( te(perature
C $
R1
+ HCl
R C
+. Acid An!ydride
C $
C $
+ R1 $H
roo( te(perature
C $
R1
C $
$H
H H C CH6 $H
CH16
CH CH6
$H
1 2 + 2 H$
C CH6
+ 2 H2 $
+ 2 1
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C CH6
c.
+ 6 12 + 7 H$
C $
-
+ CH16 + 6 1
+ 6 H 2$
H C
$*erall @Buation'
$H + 7 1 2 + 9 H$
C $
-
+ CH16 + ? 1
+ ? H 2$
CH6
Preparations of P!enols 1. Replace(ent of $H0 group in diaFoniu( salts N
$
-
NH2
+ N $
= $
$H
$H
NaN$2 , H2 =$7
"ater, H , !eat
etals #e.g. Na or
g%
$H
$ Na
Na
1 H 2 2
$H
$ Na
+ Na$H
&Note' P!enols !a*e no reactions "it! car+onates
1 H $ 2 2
6. @sterifications
$H
Na$H
$ Na
+
RC$Cl
$ C R
&Note' P!enols do not react "it! car+o5ylic acids +ut t!eir acid c!lorides to for( p!enyl esters. &Note' @sterification is particularly effecti*e in Na$H#aB% as t!e alkali first reacts "it! p!enol to for( p!eno5ide ion "!ic! is a stronger nucleop!ile t!an p!enol.
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$H Gr
6Gr2 # aq %
$H
Gr
+ 6HGr
Gr
&Note' 2,7,9-tri+ro(op!enol is a "!ite ppt.
+. Dit! +ro(ine#CCl7% $H
Gr2 #CCl7 %
$H
$H
+
Gr Gr
$H $ 2N
conc HN$ 6
$H N$2
N$2
+. Dit! dilute nitric acid $H
dil HN$ 6
$H
$H
+
N$2 $ 2N
$H
Ce
6+
$ Ce
9
18
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CAR0ONYL COM.O/N,S
Preparation of Alde!ydes 1. $5idation of Pri(ary Alco!ols R $H < 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$7 C i((ediate distillation H H
R C H $
H 2$
Preparations of <etones 1. $5idation of =econdary Alco!ols R R $H < 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$7 C C or < n$7 :H2 =$7 R1 R1 H 2. $5idati*e Clea*age of Alkenes R2 R6
+ H 2$
R2
n$7 :H2 =$7 !ot
R6 + $ $ C R7
C R1
C R7
C R1
Reactions of Car+onyl Co(pounds 1. Addition of Cyanide. Cyano!ydrin for(ation. [Nucle $%ilic Additi ! ) H1dr &e! C1a!ide t Alde%1de a!d Ket !e" H H H C HCN, s(all a(ount of +ase + CN C CN H
$
&Note' Cyano!ydrins can +e !ydrolysed to for( 2-!ydro5y acids. Acidic Hydrolysis
R C $H R C $H H CN
"ater, HCl #aB% !eat
$H
C$$H
+ NH7Cl
Gasic Hydrolysis
H
R C $H CN
"ater, Na$H # aq % H !eat
R C $H C$$ Na
+
NH6
C $H
CH2NH2
R2
NH
N$2 +
H2$
R1
11
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6. $5idation Reactions
&Note' Alde!ydes are easily o5idiFed to car+o5ylic acids. <etone are not.
R
< 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$ 7 !eat
$H C $
C $ $ C R C $ H R1
$
< 2 Cr2 $> :H2 =$7 !eat
C $H
e a c t i o n
R
< 2 n$7 :H2 =$7 !eat
$H C $
C $ $ C H
c.
$
< 2 n$7 :H2 =$7 !eat
C $H
-
R C $
H
Ce!lingJs =olution "ar(
R C $ $ C H
Cu2$ #s%
e a c t i o n
R C $
R1
Ce!lingJs =olution "ar(
e a c t i o n
&Note' Alip!atic alde!ydes reduce t!e copper#11% in Ce!lingNs solution to t!e reddis!-+ro"n copper#1% o5ide. R0CH$ + 2Cu2+ + ?$H0 R0C$$0 + Cu2$ #s% + 6H2$ &Note' et!anal #strongest alde!yde reducing agent% produces (etallic copper as "ell as copper#1% o5ide. HCH$ + Cu2$ + $H0 HC$$0 + 2Cu #s% + H2$
irror )est%
R C $
H
)ollenJs Reagent "ar(
R C $
Ag #s% $
$ C H
)ollenJs Reagent "ar(
C $
-
+ Ag #s%
12
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d. $5idation of Alde!ydes using )ollenNs Reagent #=il*er irror )est% #ContNd% R R1 )ollenJs Reagent C R e a c t i o n N o
"ar(
$
&Note' Alde!ydes redyce t!e Ag#1% in )ollenNs reagent to Ag, for(ing a sil*er (irror. !eat RCH$ + 2.NH6AgNH6/+ + 6$H0 RC$$0 + 2Ag #s% + 7NH6 + 2H2$
7. Reduction Reactions a. Reduction of Alde!ydes to Pri(ary Alco!ols EiAlH7 in dry et!er R0CH$ + 2.H/ R0CH2$H or NaGH7 # aq % R0CH2$H R0CH$ + H2 !eat +. Reduction of <etones to =econdary Alco!ols
Ni catalyst
R C $ R C $
R1
H C $H H R1
+
R1
H2
H2
Ni catalyst !eat
C $H
R1
C CH6
CH6
9. C!lorination using P!osp!orus Pentac!loride #PCl?%
&Note' Alde!ydes and ketones react "it! p!osp!orus pentac!loride to gi*e ge(inal-dic!loro #cf. *icinal% co(pounds. )!e o5ygen ato( in t!e car+onyl group is replaced +y t"o c!lorine ato(s.
H C $H
H C $H
C H
C H
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c.
$ C
CH6 +
< / n$7:H2 =$7 , !eat 6 . $
$H
+ H 2$
Gasic Hydrolysis
Acidic Hydrolysis
HCl # aq %, reflu5 RC$$RN + H2$ RC$$H + RN$H conc H2 =$7
Gasic Hydrolysis
Na$H # aq % RC$$0Na+ + RN$H RC$$RN + H2$ reflu5 H RC$$H RC$$0Na+ reflu5
+
etal RC$$H + Na RC$$0Na+ + KH2 +. Reaction "it! Gases RC$$H + Na$H RC$$0Na+ + H2$ c. Reaction "it! Car+onates 2RC$$H + Na2C$6 2RC$$0Na+ + H2$ + C$2
2. @sterification
$ R1
conc H2 =$7 !eat
R C $H
$ H
C R $
R1
H 2$
6. Con*ersion into Acyl C!lorides #RC$Cl% RC$$H + PCl? RC$Cl + P$Cl6 + HCl 6RC$$H + PCl6 6RC$Cl + H6P$6 RC$$H + =$Cl2 RC$Cl + HCl + =$2 7. Reduction to Alco!ols
1. EiAlH7 in dry et!er RCH2$H + H2$ RC$$H + 7.H/ 2. H2 =$7 # aq %
Preparation of Acyl C!lorides 1. Cro( Car+o5ylic Acid RC$$H + PCl? RC$Cl + P$Cl6 + HCl 6RC$$H + PCl6 6RC$Cl + H6P$6 RC$$H + =$Cl2 RC$Cl + HCl + =$2
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Reactions of Acyl C!lorides 1. Con*ersion into Acid. Hydrolysis RC$Cl + H2$ RC$$H + HCl ArC$Cl + H2$ ArC$$H + HCl
&Note' GenFoyl c!loride reacts (uc! slo"er t!an acyl c!lorides +ecause of t!e reduce in t!e positi*e nature of t!e car+onyl car+on caused +y resonance.
6. A(ide Cor(ation. A((onolysis. RC$Cl + NH6 RC$NH2 + HCl RC$Cl + RNNH2 RC$NHRN + HCl RC$Cl + RNRNNNH RC$NRNRNN + HCl 7. Reduction to Alde!yde, t!en Alco!ol EiAlH7 in dry et!er EiAlH7 in dry et!er RC$Cl RCH$ RCH2$H H2 =$7 # aq % Preparations of @sters 1. Condensation Reaction of Acid and Alco!ol a. @t!yl @t!anoate
$ C R $ R1
R C $H
R1
$ H
H 2$
+. P!enyl GenFoate Ar$H + Na$H Ar$0Na+ + H2$ ArC$Cl + Ar$0Na+ ArC$$Ar + NaCl Reaction of @sters 1. Hydrolysis a. Acidic Hydrolysis
HCl # aq %, reflu5 RC$$RN + H2$ RC$$H + RN$H conc H2 =$7
+. Gasic Hydrolysis
Na$H # aq % RC$$0Na+ + RN$H RC$$RN + H2$ reflu5
+ 2nH2$
1?
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NITROGEN COM.O/N,S
Preparation of A(ines 1. Reaction of Halides "it! A((onia or A(ines. A((onolysis + et!anol, reflu5 NH6 .H6N---R---X/ RNH2 + NH7+X0 R0X + e5cess conc NH6 sealed tu+e
RX RX RX RX NH6 RNH2 R2NH R6N R7N+X0
c.
Reducti*e A(ination
H C H
Reactions of A(ines 1. =alt Cor(ation
H $
H C NH i(ine
H2 , Ni H or NaGH6 CN
+ NH6
H
C H
NH2
NH2
NH6 Cl
HCl
RRJRJJN
&Note' =ince HCl is for(ed, so(e of t!e a((onia:a(ine "ill +e protonated and cannot act as a nucleop!ile. Hence, at least dou+le t!e a(ount of a((onia : a(ine (ust +e used. &Note' Acylation of 1 and 2 a(ines leads to t!e for(ation of su+stituted a(ides. 6 do not undergo acylation +ecause t!ey do not !a*e any replacea+le H ato(s. CH6CH2NH2 + CH2C$Cl CH6CH2NHC$CH6 + HCl ArNH2 + ArNC$Cl ArNHC$ArN + HCl ArNH2 +RC$Cl ArNHC$R + HCl
NH2 Gr Gr #s%
6Gr2 #aB%
+ 6HGr
D!ite ppt
Gr
!ttp'::education.!eli5ated.co( An $pen =ource @ducation ProAect
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&Note' )o get (onosu+stituted co(pounds, react p!enyla(ine "it! et!anoyl c!loride to reduce t!e Ostrongly acti*atingN nature of t!e a(ino group to for( p!enylaceta(ide.
NH2 NHC$CH6
CH6C$Cl
&Note' NHC$CH6 is also 2,7-directing +ut (oderately acti*ating. Halogenation of ArNHC$CH6 "ill gi*e N-#2+ro(op!enyl%aceta(ide or N-#7-+ro(op!enyl%aceta(ide. Reacting t!is "it! aBueous Na$H and !eating "ill gi*e 2-+ro(op!enyla(ine or 7-+ro(op!enyla(ine.
+. Nitration
NH2 N$2
N$2 &Note' )!e sa(e steps as a+o*e can +e taken if "e "ant (onosu+stituted nitrop!enyla(ine.
Preparations of A(ides 1. A((onolysis of Acid ;eri*ati*es RC$Cl + NH6 RC$NH2 + HCl RC$Cl + RNNH2 RC$NHRN + HCl RC$Cl + RNRNNNH RC$NRNRNN + HCl 2. Reaction +et"een A(ine and Acid C!loride RJC$Cl RJC$NHR + HCl RNH2 Ar=$2 Cl Ar=$2NHR + HCl RRJNH Reactions of A(ides 1. Acidic Hydrolysis
HCl, H2 $ R0C$$H + NH7+ RC$NH2 !eat RJJC$Cl RJJC$NRRJ + HCl Ar=$2 Cl Ar=$2NRRJ + HCl
2. Gasic Hydrolysis
Na$H, H2 $ R0C$$0 + NH6 RC$NH2 !eat
H C Gr
e5cess conc NH6 C$$H H2N R
H C R C$$H
C H R C$$H
Reactions of A(ino Acids 1. =alt Cor(ation a. Reaction "it! H+. Cationic + H6N0CH20C$$0#aB% + H+#aB% +H6N0CH20C$$H #aB% 0 +. Reaction "it! $H . Anionic + H6N0CH20C$$0#aB% + $H0 #aB% H2N0CH20C$$0 #aB% + H2$#l%
&Note' )!e a+o*e t"o eBuations e5plains t!e +uffering capa+ility of a(ino acids.
1>
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ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
REACTION
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OVERVIEW
6. @sterification
HCl + H2N0CH20C$$H + R$H H6N0CH20C$$R + H2$
7. Peptide Cor(ation
&Note' A peptide is any poly(er of a(ino acids linked +y a(ide +onds +et"een t!e a(ino grup of eac! a(ino acid and t!e car+o5yl group of t!e neig!+ouring a(ino acid. )!e 0C$0NH0 #a(ide% linkage +et"een t!e a(ino acids is kno"n as a peptide +ond.
H2N
CH R
C $
$H
+ H2N
CH R1
C $
$H
H2N
CH R
C $
N H
CH R1
C $
$H
+ H2 $
H
H2 =$7 # aq % ----------- !eat
$ C $H
------
C R
N H
C R1
C R
H6N
C R1
------
H -----C R
+. Gasic Hydrolysis $ H
H
Na$H # aq % ----------- !eat
$ C $
-
N H
C R1
C R
H2N
C R1
------
&Note' A peptide +ond can +e clea*ed +y !ydrolysis in t!e presence of a suita+le enFy(e #trypsin, pepsin etc% or +y !eating in acidic or alkaline (ediu(.
1H
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CHEMISTRY
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AN
OVERVIEW
A..EN,IHalogenation of Alkyl+enFenes' Ring *s =ide c!ain Alkyl+enFenes clearly offer t"o (ain areas to attack +y !alogens' t!e ring and t!e side c!ain. De can control t!e position of attack si(ply +y c!oosing t!e proper reaction conditions. Halogenation of alkanes reBuires conditions under "!ic! !alogen ato(s are for(ed, t!at is, !ig! te(perature or lig!t. Halogenation of +enFene, on t!e ot!er !and, in*ol*es transfer of positi*e !alogen, "!ic! is pro(oted +y acid catalysts like ferric c!loride #CeCl6%. !eat or lig!t CH7 + Cl2 CH6Cl + HCl + Cl2
CeCl6 , cold
Cl
+ HCl
De (ig!t e5pect, t!en, t!at t!e position of attack in, for e5a(ple, (et!yl+enFene "ould +e go*erned +y "!ic! t!e attack particle is in*ol*ed, and t!erefore +y t!e conditions e(ployed. )!is is so' if c!lorine is +u++led into +oiling (et!yl+enFene t!at is e5posed to ultra*iolet lig!t, su+stitution occurs al(ost e5clusi*ely in t!e side c!ain, in t!e a+sence of lig!t and in t!e presence of ferric c!loride, su+stitution occurs (ostly in t!e ring.
CH6
ClP
Cl+
I !3 Attacks ring
arko*niko*Ns Rule 1n t!e ionic addition of an acid to t!e car+on-car+on dou+le +ond of an alkene, t!e !ydrogen of t!e acid attac!es itself to t!e car+on ato( t!at already !olds t!e greater nu(+er of !ydrogens. =aytFeffNs Rule Cor eli(ination reactions, t!e preferred product is t!e alkene "it! t!e (ost alkyl groups attac!ed to t!e dou+ly +onded car+on ato(s i.e. t!e (ost su+stituted product.
1M
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