EngineeringStrategies and Practice

UniversityofToronto FacultyofAppliedScienceandEngineering APS112&APS113 ConceptualDesignSpecification(CDS)

ProjectNumber:114 ProjectTitle:OrioleYorkMillsUnitedChurchRenovation Client:Ms.LindaFujita

Preparedby: RyanFu JayJacobsen StephenSavoSardaro AadilSookia TonyFang

ProjectManager:EricJelinski

March17,2014

EngineeringStrategies and Practice

ExecutiveSummary
The client of the project, Ms.Linda Fujita is currently an advisor for the OrioleYorkMills church (OYM). Her request to the design team included the following three problems:(i) visibilityof the church, (ii) eavestrough clogging,(iii)asphaltdamage.Thegap,whichhasbeenattributedtothe age of the church,has been defined as the lack of amethodtobettermaintainthequalityofthe churchs structural components. The functional bases of the design(s)requiredto account for thisgapare:(i)tomodifyandcontrolmass,and(ii)totransmitinformation. The primary functions of the design will be to(i)operateas adamageresistantparkingsurface, (ii) drain water from rooftop, (iii) promote presence of the church. The main objectives are durability, costefficiency and material use. The design will be constrained by codes and regulations it will also have to account for the environment within whichit will operate (climate changes,vegetation,seniorusers).Primarystakeholderswill includeCedarhurst,aneighbouring building interestedin ensuringpatientsafety(requiresdesigntobenonintrusive),aswellasThe United Church of Canada, the overseeing organization of OYM.Clientdemandswillalsorequire the design to be respectful towards all people and cultures as well as promote greater sustainability. Solution generation involved a series of brainstorming activities and functional decompositionto obtain five designs capable of solving the individual issues. TheJapanese Garden solution was deemed most appropriate by considering specific client demands, and a weighted decision matrix: the design will be intended to account for church visibility and water drainage. The solution involves the replacement of trees on the north side of the church so as to prevent eavestrough clogging (new trees will not reach above rooftop): the choice of trees will include Shaina Japanese Maple and Dwarf Japanese Garden Juniper, thus maintaining Japanese cultural integrity. To retain the garden throughout climate changes, evergreens and stone paths will be implemented. Symmetry of the garden will also be taken into consideration to reflect Japanesevalues,whichincludeharmony,reflection,andage/wisdom. Preliminary analysis and implementation of the solution involve: (i) equipment and material purchase (eg. trees, rocks), (ii) permit approval, (iii) life cycle assessment of design, including mitigation of negative environmentalimpacts(eg.deliveryofmaterial>CO2release)(iv)human factors (eg. physical shape and contrast of design, psychological colour andconnotationsof design), (v) social impactofdesign(eg.increasedawareness ofchurch,increasedwellbeingof community), (vi) projected costs(capital,fixed,external)forindividualportionsofimplementation (eg. materials, permits, labour) andmaintenance,(vii)performanceofstandardizedtest(eg.soil toxicity,soildrainage)tomeasurefutureperformanceofdesign. The client will be requested toconfirm their decisionto proceedtheprojectintotheFinalDesign Specification phase, where the team will produce a report completely outlining all necessary engineeringworkinvolvedwithdesignimplementation. 2

EngineeringStrategies and Practice

ProjectRequirements
The client, Ms. Linda Fujita, iscurrently an advisor for the Oriole YorkMillsChurch(OYM).She has entrusted the team the task of aiding with the renovation of the church. The following document will outline the definition of the problems, stakeholders, functions, objectives, constraints,andserviceenvironmenttobeinvolvedwiththedesign.

1.1ProblemStatement
The OYM has been in service for over 50 years [1]: due to its age, the facilitiesof the church have declined in quality and performance [1]. The threeproblems submittedtotheteaminclude clogging eavestroughs, damaged asphalt (parking space) and the visibility of the church to passersby. The eavestrough clogging has been attributed to closeby vegetation, primarily the birch trees on the side of the building [2]. Clogged drainsare knownto cause leaks, as well as encourage mold growth and interior damage of the building [3]. The birch trees also prevent a clear view of the front of the church [2]. Lastly, the asphalt has suffered damage due to factors such as heavy loads, sunlight, and surface water [4]. These factors, combined with the age of the asphalt,haveresultedincracksandpotholes[1].Damagedasphaltcanimposeupondrivers increased costs forrepairs as well as compromising the safety of the carandthepeoplewithin [5]. The church currently lacks a long lasting method to account for the effects of age on the building and its surroundings [1], while maintaining a steady balance between nature and the structuralcomponentsofthebuilding. The design will address the issuesby having the following functional bases: i)it will modifyand control mass (defined as the parking space and water flow), and ii) it will transmit information (defined as the presence of the church). Two functional bases are required, given that the problems are to be treated as independent issues in need of specific scoping and tailored solutions. The clientneedsawayofdealingwiththe physicalimplicationsinvolvedwithbodiesof massaswellasamethodforhandlingtheflowofinformation,i.eanintangiblepresence.

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1.2IdentificationofStakeholders
Duetothenatureoftheprobleminvolvingthecommunityandpublic,severalstakeholderswill showinterestsinmultipleareasofthedesign,whichwilllaterimpacttheFOCsofthedesign. Thefollowingstakeholdersarerankedfromhighesttolowestimportance: Stakeholder UnitedChurchof Canada Interest Concernedaboutresource extraction(trees)[6] ImpactonDesign Requiredtopromoteasustainable environment(Objective) Requiredtobesafe/nonintrusive forelderpatientsfromthe neighbouringbuilding.(Constraint)

Cedarhurst(Homefor Concernedaboutpatient Alzheimerpatients) safetyandwellbeing[7] TorontoMunicipal Government EnvironmentalNGOs

Authorityonmunicipallaws Requiredtocomplywithlawsand [8] permits(orlackthereof)(Service Environment,Constraints) Maintainingthehealthof ecosystems[9] Residentswishtomaintain personal religious/nonreligious integrity[10] Requiredtoaccountfor environmentaldamagesasaresult oftherenovationprocess(Objective) Requiredtobeconsiderateand respectfulofotherreligionsinthe area(EthicsandValues)

Neighbouring Community

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1.3Functions
Thefollowingfunctionswillbenecessarytoachievethefunctionalbasesdefinedbythe problemsstatement.Duetothelackofacommonproblem,thefunctionswilltargetspecific needs. FunctionalBases: (i)Thedesignwillmodifyandcontrolmass(definedastheparkingspaceandwaterflow) (ii)Thedesignwilltransmitinformation(definedasthepresenceofthechurch) 1.3.1PrimaryFunctions: Tooperateasadamageresistantparkingsurface Todrainwaterfromrooftop Topromotethepresenceofthechurch 1.3.2SecondaryFunctions: Tooperateinchangingenvironments(weather,temperature,numberofusers) Towithstandloads Tocontrolvegetationinthevicinityofthechurch Tocontroldebrisineavestrough

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1.4Objectives
Thefollowingobjectives,whichwilllaterbeusedtoevaluatethemultipleproposeddesigns throughaseriesofassociatedmetrics,arerankedfromhighestimportancetolowest importance(AppendixA). 1. Thedesignshouldbedurableandlonglasting[11] Asphaltshouldlast25yearsormore[12] Useofvegetationthatcansurvive(i.e.notdryout)duringTorontowinters 2. Thedesignshouldbecostefficient Useonly85%oftheallottedbudget 3. Thedesignshouldusematerialswithlownegativeenvironmentalimpact. Useofenvironmentallypreferablegoods[13] 4. Thedesignshouldminimizethepossibilityoffloodingorpooling Determineflowrateofwater 5. Thedesignshouldbetimeefficient Predictedimplementationtime Requiredmaintenancetime 6. Thedesignshouldhavealowriskfactor Reducesprobabilityandconsequenceofpotentialhazards[14]

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1.5Constraints
Belowisalistofstrictrequirementsandguidelinesthatanypossibledesignmustmeet.The designwillneedtoconsidervariouscodes,regulations,andanyfirmconstraintssetforthbythe client.Thedesignshall: ensurefuturerunningofcurrentchurchoperations,includingSundayserviceandKumon activitiesrunningfrom27PMonMondaysandThursdays[2] haveaparkingsurfacewithaslopeofatleast2%toallowforproperdrainage[15] obeytheBuildingCodeAct,particularlysection8regardingbuildingpermits[16] complywiththeFireProtectionandPreventionAct,inparticularDivisionBSection2.4 dealingwithfirehazards[17] adheretotheAnimalHealthAct,focusingonsection7regardingreportablehazards[18] complywiththeTorontoMunicipalCoderegardingtrees,morespecificallySection 81312discussingtherequirementstoremoveatree[8] honourtheFishandWildlifeConservationAct,particularlyPartII.7regardingthe disturbanceofbirdsnests[19] actwithintheboundariesofthechurchproperty,asdefinedundertheBoundariesAct [20] usematerialswhichcomplywiththeEnvironmentalProtectionAct[21] followtheOccupationHealthandSafetyAct,inparticularsection10whichdiscusses responsibilitiesofownersbeforearrangingwork[22] complywiththeCityofTorontoZoningBylaw5692013,withafocusonChapter200 discussingparkingspaceregulations[23]

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1.6ServiceEnvironment
Thissectiondescribesvariousfactorsregardingthechurchsenvironmentthatinfluencethe design,whichwilllaterbeconsideredduringsolutiongeneration.

1.6.1PhysicalEnvironment
Temperature: Rangesbetween20Cto31C.[24] Precipitation: Snowfall:40.9daysofsnowfall/year.Averages121.5cminWinter.[24][25] Rainfall:Averages61mmannuallywith100rainydays/year.[26] Sunshine: 2066hoursofbrightsunshineannually.[27] AverageUVindex:4[28] Pressureontheground: Anaveragecarweighs1500kg(withoutpassengers).[29] Maximumloadonparkingsurface:127,500kg.[1][23][29] Parkinglot: Parkingarea:2000m2.[1][23]

1.6.2Livingthings
Membersofthechurch: Demographic:157members,seniorsaremajority.[30] Localwildlife: Animalsincludingsquirrels,raccoons,birds,rabbits,andmites.[2] Plants: Bushes,drytrees,andbirchtreesarepresentwithinproperty.[2]

1.7ClientEthicsandValues
When thinking of possible solutions and designs, the team willhavetorespectthereligiousand public elements connected to a church. Although the visibility and presence of the church is a concern, the church must remainwelcomingandrespectthose withdifferentreligiousviews[2]. The client has noted that the environment and wildlife is valued. This will possibly influence designchoice,rankingadesignwithalownegativeenvironmentalimpactaboveothers.

EngineeringStrategies and Practice

2.0AlternativeDesigns
The following sections outline the five designs determined tobeappropriateforsolvingthe three individual issues. The solution generation process begun with brainstorming, from which 20 solutions were obtained: five of those solutions were then chosen through a process of multivoting and ultimately groupconsensus,usingknowledgeandunderstandingof theproblem asoutlinedbypriorsections.

2.1PolybiltModifiedAsphalt
This design requires therepaving of the parking surface using Polybiltmodified asphalt.Polybilt is a polymer used as a bitumen (asphalt) modifier, usually added in4% concentrations [31] to liquid asphalt to strengthen and improve the quality of asphalt by adjusting its flaws, suchasits tendency to crack due to climate andheavyloads[32](Figure1).Polybiltwillalsolessenrutting, thusextendingthelifeexpectancyoftheasphalt[31][33].

FOCs
WithstandLoads

Advantage
Minimalrutting(0.10inches/3 years)[31]ensuresabilityto withstandloadsfor3040years [33]

Disadvantage

EnvironmentalImpact

LowdensityPolyethyleneare cradletograveandmainly requirenonrenewable sources[34] Preventscrackingduetoextreme weather(thermalcracking)[35] Canlastfor15moreyearsthan Addedinitialcost[35] unmodifiedasphaltlessrepaving costexpensesovertime.[33]

ChangingEnvironment Cost

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Figure1:Datachartcomparingrelativestrengthsofunmixedasphaltvs.modifiedasphalt[36]

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2.2ProminentCross
This design is intended to increase the presence of the church by shifting the cross from the rear to the front of the church (Figure 2). The increased size of the cross will attract more attention due to heightened visualresponse [38] and size [39], thus increasing visibility of the church. Another aspect of the design is to include a lightduringthenighttoilluminatethecross: the changesinluminositywillcaptureattentionduetostronglyactivatedtransientchannelsinthe visualsystem[38].

FOCs
Cost

Advantage

Disadvantage
Incurredcostsformoving locationandelectricalwork, aswellasimport, constructionandassembly ofcross.

ChurchPresence

Attractsattentionof passersby[38] Locationchangeentices easiervisualofcross[38] Approximately20years[40] Lowgreenhousegas emissionsduetomaterials used(scrapwood)[41]

Durability EnvironmentalImpact

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Figure2PositionofcrossonChurchfacingtheroad

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2.3GutterGuard
A gutter guard is a perforated cover that is installed on top of existing eavestroughs (Figure 3). The cover prevents debris fromfallingintotheeavestroughandblockingtheflowofwater,which enters through the perforations. The perforations will be no larger than 5 cm in diameter [42]. This device prevents major clogginginside the eavestroughs however, leavesanddebriscould still accumulate on top of the guard. This design solves thisproblembyconnectingtheguardto a hinge. The rotation ofthe guardismanuallyoperatedbyapulley.Whenrotated,theguardflips the debris onto the surface below. The guard and pulley willbe made of stainlesssteeltoavoid corrosion.

FOCs

Advantage

Disadvantage

Minimizeflooding/pooling

Preventslargedebrisfrom cloggingeavestrough

Smalldebriscanenter throughperforations Fallinghazards(leaves, debris)

RiskFactor

Time

Modifiesexistingstructure ratherthanbuildingnewone (installationisapproximately oneday) Steelhaslownegative environmentalimpacts[43]

EnvironmentalImpact

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Figure3Partsofarotatablegutterguardsystem

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2.4ChurchGarden
To prevent roof clogging, the trees on the North side will be cut down and replaced by smaller vegetation such as Shaina Japanese Maple [44] and DwarfJapanese Garden Juniper [45]. To increase church visibility,the west side of the church will be modified: birchtreesandshrubsin front of the building will be cut down and the area in front of the church will be turned into a garden (Figure 4). Due to theclients request of integrating culture withinthedesign,thegarden will be influenced by Japanese gardens [46] while being suitablefor Torontos weather (zone 6 hardiness level) [47]. Evergreens, maples, and stone paths will also be includedtomaintainthe attractivenessandauthenticityoftheJapanesestyledgardenthroughoutwinter[48].

FOCs
EnvironmentalImpact

Advantage
Vegetationwillimpact environmentpositively (moderatingclimate,improving airquality,energyconservation) [49].

Disadvantage

Cost

Maintenancecosts[51],for example: pruning$12/tree/year inspection$5/tree/year Increaseattractivenessand propertyvalue[52] Shorttrees(Shaina,Juniper) willpreventcloggingof eavestrough[44]

ChurchPresence Roofdrainage

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Figure4LayoutoftheNorthandWestsidesofthechurch

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2.5Domeshapedfoamfilter
This design inserts a special type offoam composed ofpolyurethane[53]intothegutter(Figure 5). The foam has small open pores allowing rainwater to flow in the gutter while keeping the debris out. Due to the open cells that enhance airflow, the material will dry up quickly after rain stops, allowing the debris on top to dry up as well [54], which can then be easily removed by natural wind. To further prevent clogging, the design has a circular surface to ease disposal of debris.

FOCs
Durability Cost Time

Advantage
Coatingonsurfaceprovides UVprotection[54]. Inexpensivematerialsneeded [55].

Disadvantage

Quickandeasy Requiresmaintenanceat implementation(insertionof timelyintervals(every2 foamrequiresapproximately years)[54][56]. anhour)[56]. Effectiveatkeepingdebris outofthegutter[57]. Requiresgermicideto preventmoldsfromgrowing [53].

Minimizeflooding/pooling Environmentalimpact

Figure5Domeshapedfoamfilter[58]

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3.0ProposedConceptualDesign
ThedecisiontochoosetheJapaneseGardensolutionastheproposeddesignhasbeen primarilyattributedtoconsiderationoftheclientsdemands(Japaneseinfluence,focuson presenceofchurch),aswellasitsabilitytosolvetwoofthethreeproblems(churchvisibility, roofclogging).Thedesignwillalsocreatepositivesocialimpact(section3.7)andpromote sustainabilityviewsoftheclient,unliketheothersolutionsanalyzed.Thedesignsabilityto mergeconcernsofstakeholderswiththerequiredfunctionsandobjectives(AppendixB)will ensurefuturesuccessofthedesign,aswellasclientandusersatisfaction.

3.1ProposedDesignChurchGarden
On the north sideof the church, the Shaina Japanese Maple[44]will replace the birch trees to reduce eavestrough clogging (Figure 7). Around the Shaina Japanese Maple, Dwarf Japanese Garden Juniper [61] will be planted (Figure 8). The maple and theevergreen shrubwillcreatea uniquecontrastincolor,addingtotheharmonyofaJapanesegarden[62]. This design will feature a Japanesestyle garden on the west side of the church (Figure9).Key elements of typical Japanese gardens including paths, evergreens, shrubs, and plants with seasonal colourswillbeusedtomaintaintheattractivenessandsenseofnatureyearround[63]. The garden will be bordered on the south and west side by the evergreen Boxwood [64]. The border will not exceed 3 feet in height to maintain visibility ofthechurch.Insidetheborder,there will be an asymmetric Ushaped path. The path will be made out of flagstonewhich is durable and natural in appearance [65]. The asymmetry will also cause the garden toreflect nature, a majorthemeinJapanesegardens[62]. Atthebaseofthechurch,thebirchtrees(Figure6)willbereplacedbytheJapaneseSpirea ('Dart'sRed'[66]and'Candlelight'[67]).Insidethepath,theJapaneseQuince[68],Japanese Peony[69],andDwarfJapaneseGardenJuniper[61]willbeplanted.Outsidethepath,small treesandshrubsofvaryingsizewillbeplanted.TheOrnamentalFloweringCrab[70],an alternativetotheJapanesecherrytree[46],willbeplantedfurthestfromthepath.Othertrees andshrubssuchasMugoPine[71],andJapaneseYews[72]willalsobeplanted.Rocksof varyingsizeswillbeburiedpartlyintothegroundbothinsideandoutsidethepathtoaddtothe Japaneseinfluenceandtocreatethesensethatthegardenisaged[63].

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Figure6,7[1]Existingvegetationtobecutdown.

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Figure8Northsideafterimplementation

Figure9Westsideafterimplementation 20

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3.2PlanforDetailedDesign
ThescopeoftheFinalDesignSpecificationsdocumentwillincludethefollowing: Vegetationtobeused(includingquantityandpriceofplants) Permitsneededtoplantvegetation Detailedexplanationofthefuturemaintenance Detailedlayoutofvegetation,paths,andotherobjects(suchasstones)

3.3OutstandingDecisions
Thefollowingisalistofitemsthathaveyettobefinalized,alongsidethenecessarymetricsfor evaluationpurposes: AmountofVegetation Dimensionsrequiredtofitinsideavailablearea SelectionofTrees Height,colour,durability SelectionofSoil Fertility,acidity,drainagerate Permits Removing/PlantingTrees Suppliers Trees Soil Rocks

3.4.PreliminaryImplementationRequirements
Thefollowingisalistofnecessaryactionsrequiredforimplementationofthedesign: Equipmentpurchase Detailedinfinaldesign Materialpurchase ElementsofJapanesegarden(i.epebbles)[73] Detailedinfinaldesign Acquirepermittoremovetree Requiressubmissionofapplications/arboristreport[8] Hiregardener/arborist Clientschoice(teamwillprovideoptions) 21

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3.5PreliminaryLifeCycleandEnvironmentalImpact
ThescopeoftheLifeCycleAssessmentwillonlyfocusonprocessesregardingthevegetation (Figure10) Process Seedprocessing NegativeEnvironmental Impact geneticallymodified(GM) seedsresultin pesticideresistant superbugs[74] deforestation[75] createslandfills[75] CO2productionduring delivery[77] air,waterandlandpollution [78] wasteproduction[78] additivescontributingto globalwarming[79] organicfertilizerscontain byproductsofthemeat industry[79] ReleasesCO2[81] Mitigation usenonGMplantsincertain areasthatactasrefugeforthe pests[74] reducepackagingused[76] usebiodegradablematerials [76] addingroutesalongside highwaystodecreasethe chancesoftrafficjam[77] findnewusesforwastes[78]

Seedpackaging

Deliveryofseedsto retailers Fertilizermanufacture

Applyfertilizer

usealternativessuchascoffee groundsorwoodash[80]

Plantdeath

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Figure10LifeCycleAssessmentofDesign

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3.6PreliminaryHumanFactors
Thefollowingaspectsofhumanlifewillbeaffectedbythedesign: Physical(i)Colouredtreesshapedsuitablytoattractattention Treescontraststructuralcomponentsofthechurch Psychological(i)Greensymbolizeslifeandhealth Colourchoicewillactasreminderofwellbeing (ii)Japaneseinfluencedemonstratingcoalitionofreligionandculture Importanceinensuringequalityandacceptanceofdifferentbackgrounds andvalues Organizational(i)Designwillfulfillviews(sustainability,peace,multifaithrelations)ofthe UnitedChurchofCanada[82] NotesconnotationsandstateoftheUnitedChurchofCanadaincurrent society.

3.7PreliminarySocialImpact
Thefollowingsocialimpactswillresultfromimplementationofdesign: Raiseawarenessofchurch Increasedvisibilityleadingtobetterflowofinformation Confirmcultureofusers(primarilyJapanese) Gardenensuringinclusivenesstosatisfyuserdemand Promoteviewsofchurch Focusonnature(connotationsnotedin3.6)willbeapparenttooutsiders Increasewellbeingofcommunity Natureleadstoimprovedmentalhealthandphysicalhealth.[83]

StakeholderInterest: Neighbouringcommunityincludedinsociety Designwillrespecttheirinterestbybeingfreeofreligionbiasdesignwill alsopromoteculturaldiversity.

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3.8PreliminaryEconomics
Highlightedinthissectionarethedifferentcoststhatwillbeincurredoverthelifespanofthe proposeddesign. CapitalCosts Permits Tools Vegetation(import,transportation,seeds) TreePlanting Stones Labor Arborist FixedOperatingCosts OrganicMatter[84] LabourCosts Treewateringandnourishing[85] Controllingpests[85] Pickingweeds Changingsoil[85] Removinggarbage[85]

3.9PreliminaryTestPlan
Thefollowingtestscanbeperformedbeforeimplementationofthegardentodemonstratehow wellitwillmeetthemajorobjectives. Objective Lowrisk Minimizeflooding/pooling Test 1.Soiltoxicitytest[86] 1.Percolationtest[88] 2.Soildrainagetest[90] 1.Soiltoxicitytest[86] 2.Baitlaminatest[94] 3.Soilcoresample[93] 4.Ribbontest[95] Result 1.<100ppmoflead[87] 1.Permeabilityrate0.026.0 in/hour[89] 2.Drain16inches/hour[90] 1.Presenceofallessential elements[91],pH5.57.0 [92],<2decisiemens/m[93], 2.Noresponsetobaitstrips simulatingchosenplant species(seesection3.1)[94] 3.Depthofsoil>10cm[93] 4.Ribbon1.5cm7.5cm[93]

Longlasting

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4.0UpdatedProjectManagementPlan
Task Solutionproposal Finaldesignselection Createfinaldesignmodel Presentationonfinaldesign Date March24 March26 April8 April1429

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5.0Conclusion
The clients design problem involved a lack of method to account for the factor of age on the structural components of the church. To account for this gap and more, the designs would be required to i) modify and control mass (defined as the parking space and water flow), and ii) transmit information (defined asthe presence ofthe church).Solutiongenerationleadtoseveral design possibilities to account for necessary functions (eg. drain water, promote presence of church, resist load) and objectives (eg. durability, cost, environmental impact), from which the Japanese Garden solution was deemed to be most appropriate. The JapaneseGardenwasthe only solution to satisfy twoof the three submitted issues, as well as mind stakeholder interests andcreatepositivesocialimpact.Theunderlyingimportance ofthedesignalsoliesintheclients demandforaculturalorienteddesign. Theclientwillberequestedtoconsidertheteamsanalysis andsolutionoftheproblem,andlater confirm their decision to movethe project into the Final Design Specification phase, where the team will produce a report outlining all necessary engineering work to be involved with the design.

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Appendices
AppendixA:PairwiseComparisonTable The following pairwise comparison table was used to rank the objectives from most to least important. Each objective was compared against the others on a win or lose basis (1 being a win)theobjectivewiththehighestscorewasdeemedthemostimportant. Objectives Durable Risk Cost Efficient Environment Flooding Time Score

Durable

Risk

CostEfficient

Environment

Flooding

Time

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AppendixB:WeightedDecisionMatrix The weighted decision matrix ranks designs with regards to how well it fulfills each objective. Theweightofeachobjectivewasdecidedbytheteam. Objective (weight) Durability (40%) Cost (30%) Polybilt Asphalt 80 30 Prominent Cross 80 40 GutterGuard Japanese Garden 60 50 DomeFoam

65 60

10 90

EnvironmentalImpact 20 (20%) WaterDrainage (10%) Time (5%) Total 80 20

50

50

90

60

40 30

80 65

80 50

80 90

54

60

65

68

56

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ReferenceList
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