Radioss For Linear 10.0

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RADIOSS for Linear
Static, Modal, Buckling and Inertia Relief Analysis
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HyperWorks 10.0
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II
Table of Contents
RADIOSS for Linear
Analysis, Concept and Optimization
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... II
Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................................ 1
1 HyperWorks Overview............................................................................................... 1
1.1 HyperWorks Tool Descriptions ............................................................................... 2
1.2 RADIOSS Integration with HyperWorks.................................................................. 4
2 RADIOSS Overview.................................................................................................. 5
2.1 RADIOSS process.................................................................................................. 6
3 Guide lines ................................................................................................................ 7

Chapter 2: Linear Static Analysis ........................................................................... 9
1 What is a static analysis? ........................................................................................ 9
2 Model Definition Structure ....................................................................................... 12
2.1 Input/output section.............................................................................................. 12
2.2 Subcase information section................................................................................. 13
2.3 Bulk data section.................................................................................................. 14
3 Linear Static Analysis Setup.................................................................................... 22
Exercise 2.1: Stress and displacement analysis in a Simple supported beam. .............. 26
Exercise 2.2: Static analysis of a solid bracket. ............................................................. 40
Chapter 3: Modal Analysis .................................................................................... 49
1 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 49
1.1 Natural frequency (Eigenvalue) ............................................................................ 50
1.2 - Mode shape (Eigenvector) .................................................................................... 50
HyperWorks 10.0
III
2 - Why Modal Analysis Is Important ............................................................................. 51
3 Eigenvalue Solution Methods .................................................................................. 52
4 Modal Analysis using FEM...................................................................................... 53
4.1 - FEA eigensystem.................................................................................................. 53
5 How to Setup a Modal Analysis............................................................................... 54
Exercise 3.1: Shell Clamped BEAM model. ................................................................... 56
Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis ....................................................... 60
Chapter 4: Linear Buckling Analysis.................................................................... 67
1 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 67
1.1 Linear buckling and offset elements ..................................................................... 68
2 How to Setup a Linear Buckling Analysis ................................................................ 69
Exercise 4.1: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis. ................................................................ 71
Chapter 5: Inertia Relief Analysis ......................................................................... 75
1 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 75
2 How to Setup an Inertia Relief Analysis................................................................... 76
Exercise 5.1: Satellite Inertia Load Test. ....................................................................... 78

Chapter 1: Introduction
HyperWorks 10.0 RADIOSS for Linear 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1- HyperWorks Overview
HyperWorks, A Platform for Innovation, is an enterprise simulation solution for rapid
design exploration and decision-making. As one of the most comprehensive CAE solutions in
the industry, HyperWorks provides a tightly integrated suite of best-in-class tools for:
o Modeling
o Analysis
o Optimization
o Visualization
o Reporting
o Performance data management.
Based on a revolutionary pay-for-use token-based business model, HyperWorks
delivers increased value and flexibility over other software licensing models.
Below we list the applications that are part of HyperWorks, for extra information about
them go to www.altairhyperworks.com web page or go to HyperWorks online documentation.

RADIOSS for Linear 2 HyperWorks 10.0
1.1 HyperWorks Tool Descriptions
Finite Element Meshing and Modeling

HyperMesh Universal finite element pre- and post-processor
HyperCrash Finite element pre-processor for automotive crash and
safety analysis
BatchMesher Geometry cleanup and auto-meshing in batch mode for
given CAD files
Multi-body Dynamics Modeling
MotionView Multi-body dynamics pre- and post-processor

Solvers
RADIOSS Finite element solver for linear and non-linear problems
MotionSolve Multi-body dynamics solver
OptiStruct Design and optimization software using finite elements and
multi-body dynamics

Post-processing and Data Analysis
HyperView High performance finite element and mechanical system
post-processor, engineering plotter, and data analysis tool
HyperGraph Engineering plotter and data analysis tool
HyperGraph 3D Engineering 3-D plotter and data analysis tool
HyperView Player Viewer for visualizing 3-D CAE results via the Internet or
desktop

Study and Optimization
HyperStudy Integrated optimization, DOE, and robustness engine

Data Management and Process Automation
Altair Data Manager A solution that organizes, manages, and stores CAE and
test data throughout the product design cycle
Process Manager Process automation tool for HyperWorks and third party
software; Processes can be created with the help of
Process Studio.
Assembler A tool that enables CAE analysts to manage, organize,
and control their CAE mesh data

Manufacturing Environments
Manufacturing Solutions A unified environment for manufacturing process
simulation, analysis, and design optimization
HyperForm A unique finite element based sheet metal forming
simulation software solution
HyperXtrude An hp-adaptive finite element program that enables
engineers to analyze material flow and heat transfer
problems in extrusion and rolling applications
Molding Provides a highly efficient and customized environment for
setting up models for injection molding simulation with
Moldflow
Forging Provides a highly efficient and customized environment for
setting up models for complex three-dimensional forging
simulation with DEFOM3D
Friction Stir Welding Provides an efficient interface for setting up models and
analyzing friction stir welding with the HyperXtrude Solver
HyperWorks Results Mapper Process Manager-based tool that provides a framework to
initialize a structural model with results from a forming
simulation
1.2 RADIOSS Integration with HyperWorks
RADIOSS is part of the HyperWorks toolkit, as described early this is a finite element
solver designed to solve linear and non-linear simulations. It can be used to simulate
structures, fluid, fluid-structure interaction, sheet metal stamping, and mechanical systems.
Multi-body dynamics simulation is made possible through the integration with MotionSolve.
The solvers consist of loosely integrated executables (see picture below). To the user
the integration is seamless thru the run script provided. Based on the file naming convention the
right executable or combination of executables is chosen.

Solver Overview
The pre-processing for RADIOSS is made using HyperMesh and the post-processing
using HyperView and HyperGraph.
During the next exercises the HyperWorks integration with RADIOSS will be showed in
detail, and for more about it the user should go to our online documentation.

2 RADIOSS Overview
Altair RADIOSS is a next-generation implicit and explicit finite-element solver for linear
statics and dynamics as well as complex nonlinear transient dynamics and multi-body
dynamics. This robust, multidisciplinary solution allows manufacturers to maximize durability,
NVH, crash, safety, manufacturability and fluid-structure interaction performance in order to
bring innovative products to market faster.
RADIOSS comprehensive analysis capabilities for linear and non-linear finite element
analysis, sheet metal stamping, and multi-body dynamics are accessible via two input formats.
Finite element solutions via Nastran-type Bulk Data Format include:
o Linear static analysis
o Non-linear implicit quasi-static contact analysis
o Linear buckling analysis
o Normal modes analysis
o Frequency response analysis
o Random response analysis
o Linear transient response analysis
o Linear fluid-structure coupled (acoustic) analysis
o Linear steady-state heat transfer analysis coupled with static analysis
o Inertia relief analysis with static, non-linear contact, modal frequency response,
and modal transient response analyses
o Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) for the generation of flexible bodies for
multi-body dynamics analysis
o Reduced matrix generation
o One-step (inverse) sheet metal stamping analysis
A typical set of finite elements including shell, solid, bar, scalar, and rigid elements as
well as loads and materials is available for modeling complex events.
Finite element solutions via RADIOSS Block format include:
o Explicit dynamic analysis
o Non-linear implicit static analysis
o Transient heat transfer and thermo-mechanical coupling
o Explicit Arbitrary Euler-Lagrangian (ALE) formulation
o Explicit Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
o Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
o Incremental sheet metal stamping analysis with mesh adaptivity
o Linear static analysis
o Normal modes analysis
o Linear and non-linear buckling analysis
A typical set of finite elements including shell, solid, bar, and spring elements, rigid
bodies as well as loads, a number of materials, contact interfaces are available for modeling
complex events.
Multi-body dynamics solution integrated via Nastran-type Bulk Data format for rigid and
flexible bodies includes:
o Kinematics analysis
o Dynamics analysis
o Static and quasi-static analysis
o Linearization
All typical types of constraints like joints, gears, couplers, user defined constraints, and high-pair
joints can be defined. High pair joints include point-to-curve, point-to-surface, curve-to-curve,
curve-to-surface, and surface-to-surface constraints. They can connect rigid bodies, flexible
bodies, or rigid and flexible bodies. For this multi-body dynamics solution, the power of Altair
MotionSolve has been integrated with RADIOSS.
2.1 RADIOSS process

3 Guide lines
On section 2 we described RADIOSS as a very powerful solver that can solve almost all
type of problems in solid mechanics. Then before starting a FEA model the analyst should ask
the following questions:
1. What are the loads on this system or component?
2. Are the loads static or dynamics?
3. Which is the load path?
4. What are the design criteria? (Stress, displacement, Strain, Life, etc)
5. Where do we expect the high stresses and what limit can I accept?
6. Is it a linear or non-linear problem?
7. How can I verify the FEA results?
Depending on the answers to these questions the analyst will define the type of FEA
solution that is necessary to capture the responses necessary to solve the problem. This is a
basic training where the focus is on deformable bodies with LINEAR behavior. The diagram
below show in bold the areas that will be discussed during this course:

Solid mechanics diagram

Chapter 2: Linear Static Analysis
Chapter 2
Linear Static Analysis
1 What is a static analysis?
In mechanics we can define static state as the state of a system that is in equilibrium
under an action of balanced forces and torques so that they remain at rest (V=0). A static load
is one which does not vary. If it changes slowly, the structure's response may be determined
with static analysis, but if it varies quickly (relative to the structure's ability to respond), the
response must be determined with a dynamic analysis. When solving a static problem, all finite
element solvers will solve the following equation:
f Kx =
Where:
o K : It is the global stiffness matrix
o x : It is the displacement vector response to be determined.
o f : It is the external forces vector applied to the structure.
We will proposal now a small static example that will be used to better understand what
a static analysis is. The example is showed on the following image:

Simple rod example
This is a column that is formed by two different regions with uniform section.
The methodology that will be described here can be easily extended to any kind of
problem. First we need to represent the structure as nodes and elements, for this case is clear
that we need at least 2 elements, one for each distinct section.
Material Steel:
E =210 GPa
F = 10 KN
L1= 100 mm L2= 200 mm
A2= 78.54 mm
2
A1= 314.16 mm
2

First we need a finite element model to solve the problem, on our case we will use rod
elements as showed on the following image:

The model is composed then by 3 nodes {1, 2, and 3} and 2 elements {1 and 2}, a
material that is associated to 2 different properties A1 and A2. Every node has only one DOF (x)
and the finite element matrix for this one-dimensional rod element can be written as:
(
(
(
=
L
AE
L
AE
L
AE
L
AE
K
Then we can evaluate the matrix for each element based on the input data:
(
=
(
(
(
=
74 . 659 74 . 659
74 . 659 74 . 659
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
1
K
(
=
(
(
(
=
47 . 82 47 . 82
47 . 82 47 . 82
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
2
K
Now the next step is to assembly this element to form the global stiffness matrix:
47 . 82 47 . 82 0 3
47 . 82 47 . 82 74 . 659 74 . 659 2
0 74 . 659 74 . 659 1
3 2 1
=
G
K
Now we need to write the force and the displacement vector:
=
10
0
0
f
=
3
2
1
x
x
x
x

Then we can finally write the global system:
(
(
(
10
0
0
47 . 82 47 . 82 0
47 . 82 21 . 742 74 . 659
0 74 . 659 74 . 659
3
2
1
x
x
x

We have a prescribed null displacement for node 1, then we can eliminate the first line and the
first column of our system:
)
`
=
)
`
10
0
47 . 82 47 . 82
47 . 82 21 . 742
3
2
x
x

To solve this problem we just need to invert the Global stiffness matrix and multiply both sides:
)
`
=
)
`
1364 . 0
0152 . 0
3
2
x
x

With the displacement vector defined is possible to determine the element strain,
stresses and forces:
STRAIN
mm mm
L
x x
L
L
/ 10 * 52 . 1
100
0 0152 . 0
4
1
1 2
1
=

=
=
mm mm
L
x x
L
L
/ 10 * 06 . 6
200
0152 . 0 1364 . 0
4
2
2 3
2
=

=
=
STRESS
GPa E 032 . 0 210 * 10 * 52 . 1
4
1 1
= = =

GPa E 127 . 0 210 * 10 * 06 . 6
4
2 2
= = =

FORCES
KN A f 10 16 . 314 * 032 . 0
1 1 1
= = =
KN A f 10 54 . 78 * 127 . 0
2 2 2
= = =

This is a very simple example, but it is very efficient in summarize the finite element
methodology, all these calculus demonstrated here are made automatically per the solver. If
the user needs more detail about finite element method it can be found on the online
documentation or at the referenced books.

2 Model Definition Structure
The input deck is formed per 3 different sections as shoed on the following image:

2.1 Input/output section
The I/O Section is the first part of a OptiStruct input file, it controls the overall running of
the analysis or optimization. It controls for example the type, format, and frequency of the
output, the type of run (analysis, check, or restart), and the location and names of input, output,
and scratch files.
This is not a required section, if the user doesnt specify any I/O control this section will
not be on the input deck, but OptiStruct has a default I/O setup that will generate these outputs:
1- ANALYSIS
o ASCII output
o <model_file_name>.out This file is always created. It
contains a report with comments on
the solution process.
o <model_file_name>.stat This file is always created. This file
provides details on CPU and
elapsed time for each solver module.

o HTML Reports
o <model_file_name>.html This file is always created. This file
contains a problem summary and
results summary of the run.
o <model_file_name>_frames.html This file is output when the H3D
FORMAT is chosen. The file
contains two frames. The top frame
opens one of the .h3d files using
the HyperView Player browser
plug-in. The bottom frame opens the
_menu.html file, which facilitates
the selection of results to be
displayed.
o <model_file_name>_menu.html This file is output when the H3D
FORMAT is chosen. This file
facilitates the selection of the
appropriate .h3d file, for the
HyperView Player browser plug-in
in the top frame of the
_frames.html file, based on
chosen results
o Model results
o <model_file_name>.res The .res file is a HyperMesh binary
results file.
o <model_file_name>.h3d The .h3d file is a compressed
binary file, containing both model
and result data.
o HV session file
o <model_file_name>.mvw The .mvw file is a HyperView
session file that is linked with the
h3d result file and can be open
directly from HyperMesh using the
HyperView button on OptiStruct or
RADIOSS panel.
2.2 Subcase information section
The Subcase or Case Control Section contains information for specific subcases. It
identifies which loads and boundary conditions are to be used in a subcase. It can control
output type and frequency, and may contain objective and constraint information for optimization
problems. For more information on solution sequences, please see the table included on the
Solution Sequences page of the help.
Descriptions for individual Subcase Control entries can be accessed on the online
documentation.
2.3 Bulk data section
The Bulk Data Section contains all finite element data for the finite element model, such
as grids, elements, properties, materials, loads and boundary conditions, and coordinates
systems. For optimization, it contains the design variables, responses, and constraint
definitions. The bulk data section begins with the BEGIN BULK statement.
3 Linear Static Analysis Setup
There are some basic steps that the user needs to follow to setup a static analysis for
RADIOSS, we will describe these steps using the HyperMesh to setup the example described
on section 1.
Step 1 Define the material.
From the collectors tool bar the user can select the Material icon button, as showed
below:

Then the user should input the material name and select the material type and click on
create/edit:

The material card now needs to be filled with the Young Modulus [E] and Poisson [Nu] values
and click return:

*If there are only 1D elements the Poisson value can be ignored. After this step the user should
see at the model browser the Material group with the instance steel.

Step 2 Define the properties and associate it with the appropriate
material.
From the collectors tool bar the user can select the Properties icon button, as showed below:

Then the user should input the property name, pick the card image, pick a material and click
on create/edit:

This will open the PROD panel where the user should enter with the Area [A]:

Repeat the process for the second property:

After create these 2 properties the user should see a new group called Property with 2
instances called A1 and A2:

Step 3 Define the components and associate it with their relative
property.
From the collectors tool bar the user can select the Components icon button, as showed
below:

Then the user should input the Component name, pick the respective property and click on
create:

Repeat the process for the second component:

After create these 2 components the user should see 2 new groups called Component and
Assembly Hierarchy with 2 instances called A1 and A2 on both:

Step 4 Create the Finite element mesh with the appropriated
properties associated with the elements:
This step is very model dependent, it can start with a CAD geometry that is imported or
from other FEA Model, or either can be a combination of existent models and imported
geometries. On our case this is a very simple model that we can start creating the nodes and
the respective elements.
To create the nodes the user can use the shortcut key F8 that will open the Create
Nodes panel:

The user should create a node at this coordinates: (0, 0, 0), (100, 0, 0) and (300, 0, 0)

On our case it is necessary to create crod elements then the user should use the
Element Types panel to setup the rod to crod as below:

The Create rod panel can be accessed by the Mesh > Create > 1D Elements > Rods
pull down menu:

This will open the rod elements create panel where the user should first select the right property
for each element and then pick the nodes to create it:

Step 5 Define the constraint load collector and apply the model
constraint.
With a right click on the model browse the user can chose Create > LoadCollector to
access the load collector pop-up window to create the load collector.

After create this load collector the user should see a new group called LoadCollector with an
instance called SPC:

Now the user can use the BCs > Create > Constraints to fix the DOF that are not
allowed to move:

On RADIOSS the rod element is a spatial element and has 3 DOFs (Ux, Uy and Uz), to
reproduce the simple configuration we had on the first section we need to remove all Uy and Uz
DOFs and the Ux at node 1 as we did on the first section:

Now there are only 2 DOFs in this model Ux
2
and Ux
3
.
Step 6 Define the force load collector and apply the loads.
The Create Load Collector panel can be accessed from the Collectors > Create > Load
Collectors pull down menu:

On this panel the user should enter with the name and a card image if necessary and
click on create:

After create this load collector the user should see a new instance called Force on the
LoadCollector group:

Now the user should create the force on -X direction at the node3, it can be done from BCs >
Create > Forces:

That access the create forces panel where the user needs to select the node, magnitude and
direction to create the force:

Step 7 Define the load step.
Now the user should create the loadstep, it can be done from Setup > Create >
LoadSteps:

This will access the LoadSteps panel where the user should select the SPC and the
load for a static load case and click on create to create the load step,

This will add a new group to the model browser tree called Loadstep with an instance
called Force:

Step 8 Define the extra parameters to your analysis. Optional
On this step the user can select for example the results that would be necessary, some
analysis control card that define the configuration that will be used by the solver. Here are
some examples of these settings, for more examples please go to the online documentation:
Control cards
From Setup > Create > Control cards the control cards panel can be accessed:

o Request displacement to be written on H3D Result file:

o Request H3D Result file and suppress the html and status output:

o Auto SPC off:

Step 9 Run the analysis.
From Application > RADIOSS the launch panel can be accessed:

Now the user should define a file name and submit the job:

Step 11 Post-process the results.
After run is complete the easiest way to access the results is suing the HyperView
green button that is on the right hand side bellow the RADIOSS button used to call the solver.
On HyperView on the toolbar click on contour and select displacement and click
Apply this will generate the contour showed below:

The measure button can be used to compare this results with the one solved on the
first section, just click on Add and change the measure type for Nodal contour and select the
nodes 2 and 3:

As we can see on the measures notes the values match with the results evaluated in our first
section, there are many other post-processing functions that will be discussed later and for more
specific details the user should use the online documentation.

Exercise 2.1: Stress and displacement analysis in a Simple supported
beam.
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a simple supported beam. The
structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure below. The objective
is to create a finite element model that is good enough to predict the theoretical solution for this
model.

FEA model
Model Information
o Force = 1000 N (Applied in a segment equivalent to 2mm)
o Beam properties: L = 1000, B = 10 and H = 20 mm
o Material Steel: E =210000 MPa and Nu=0.3
o UNITS: N, mm, ton, s
Theoretical Results:
MPa
BH
FL
I
c M
H B
H L F
375
2
3 *
2
12
*
2 4
*
max
max 3
= = = =
mm
EBH
FL
E
FL
EI
FL
U
BH
881 . 14
4 48 48
3
3
12
3 3
max 3
= = = =
Problem Setup
You should copy this File: Beam_shell_geometry.hm;
12345 23
Step 1: Launch HyperMesh and Set the User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh through the start menu.
The User Profiles dialog will appear by default.
2. Choose RADIOSS as the user profile by selecting the radio button beside it.
3. Chose BulkData as format and Click OK.

Step 2: Open the HyperMesh data base model
This HM database only contains geometry information.
1. From the pull down menu chose File > Open.
An Open File popup window appears to select the HyperMesh database.
2. Browse on the training directory for a file named Beam_shell_geometry.hm and click
Open.
Step 3: Define the Material
1. Right click on the Model Browse tab and chose Create > Material.
2. On the popup window enter Name: Steel and MAT1 for Card image.

We will use here MAT1 that is a Linear isotropic material that can represent well the steel
behavior, for more details about this material or other material formulations please go to the
online documentation.
3. Click Create/Edit and fill the values as showed on the following image.

IMPORTANT: CONSISTENT UNITS!!!
4. Click return to exit the panel.
Step 4: Create Model Properties
1. From the pull down menu click on Properties > Create.
2. Enter as prop name = Beam.
3. Change the color to match with the component.
4. Change type = to 2D.
5. Click on card image = and pick pshell.
6. Click on material = and pick Steel.
8. Click create/edit.
9. Fill out the card as showed on the image:

The thickness represents the base valued of our Beam section.
14. Click return twice to exit the panel.
Step 5: Assign the property to the component
1. From the pull down menu click on Collectors > Assign > Component Property.
2. Click on comps and select the beam component.
3. Click on Property = and pick the property Beam.
4. Click assign.
This will make that all elements from this component to use this property. If an element from
this component has another property associated with itself directly this prop will be
preserved, i.e. HM will ignore the component property for this element.
Step 6: Create the finite element mesh
1. From the pull down menu click on Mesh > create > 2D Automesh.
2. Click on surfs and chose all to select all surfaces.
3. Click mesh.

The element size is 10mm
4. Click return twice to accept the mesh and exit the panel.
Step 7: Apply the constraint to your model
1. Right click on the Model browse tab and click on Create > LoadCollector.
2. On the Create LoadCollector popup window enter Name: SPC and change the color to
green and click Create.

3. From the pull down menu click on BCs > Create > Constraints
4. Change the entity selection from nodes to points
5. Select the lower left-hand side point and fix 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 DOFs.

6. Select now the lower right-hand side point and fix 2 and 3 DOFs.

It is always important to setup the right BCs, the user should never over constrain the model
because it in general drives to wrong results. Be careful before add any constraint to the
model.
Step 8: Apply the forces to your model
1. Right click on LoadCollector group at Model browse and click on Create.
2. On the Create LoadCollector popup window enter Name: Force and change the color to
red and click Create.

3. From the pull down menu click on BCs > Create > Forces
4. Change the entity selection from nodes to points
5. Select the middle point at the upper side of the beam.
6. Enter for magnitude = 1000 and change the direction selector to y-axis.
7. Click create.
12345
12345
23

8. Click return to exit the panel.
On our case the force should be applied uniformly in a 2 mm segment in the middle of the
beam, as we have only one node on this region the total load is applied to it, but it is very
important because it can generate some singularities that can lead to a very high stress that
are not Physical, and appear only in the mathematic model.
Step 9: Define the load step
1. From the pull down menu click on Setup > Create > LoadSteps.
2. On the LoadStep panel enter Name: Force and change the type: to linear static select
the SPC load collector as SPC and the Force as LOAD and click Create.

The static analysis is already setup and ready to be solved!
Step 10: Define the Analysis parameters (Optional)
1. From the pull down menu click on Setup > Create > Control Cards.
2. Look for the DISPLACEMENT card and fill out as showed below:

With this card the displacement result will be wrote at the H3D result file.
3. Click return to exit the DISPLACEMENT panel.
4. Repeat the item 2 and 3 for STRESS and fill out the card as showed below:

5. Look for the card SCREEN and fill out as showed below:

This will make OS show at the screen what it is writing on the out file.
6. Look for the card PARAM panel and setup AUTOSPC NO as showed below:

RADIOSS as default uses AUTOSPC, ON it helps to prevent undesired stops or failure
runs. For example if the model has an element unattached to the structure with no constraint
applied to it the run would stop complaining about a rigid body movement, with AUTOSPC
ON, RADIOSS would automatically fix this element and run the analysis.
But the user should be aware of any DOF fixed by the AUTOSPC, as we discussed before it
can lead to a wrong behavior. Then dont forget in the end if he run is made with AUTOSPC
ON to verify which DOF was fixed and if this will not change the solution you are looking
for.
Step 11: Run the analysis
1. From Application > RADIOSS the launch panel can be accessed:

2. Click on Radioss to start the solution.

3. Wait until the message Process completed successfully appears on the prompt window.
This message means that the process had ran without error and the result files are available
for post-processing.
Step 12: Post-process the first results
1. From RADIOSS launch panel click on HyperView to launch the application.
2. Close the message window.
3. Change the animation mode from transient to linear static .
4. Click on contour toolbar button and select as result Displacement click on Edit
Legend and change the properties as showed below:

5. Click on scale toolbar button set the Value: to 10 change the undeformed shape: to
edges and click Apply.
6. Click on Top button at the lower right-hand side of the window at the permanent menu.
7. Click on Page Layout toolbar button and select the 3 window layout .
8. Click on lick on Note toolbar button and change the actual text on the Description: to
BEAM MODEL and click Apply from the pull down menu click Edit > Copy Window and click on
the second window and click Edit > Past Window repeat it for the third window.
In the end the page should look as below:

Total displacement
9. Click the contour toolbar button change the contour type to Von Mises Stress and using
the ctrl + middle mouse button apply a zoom to the maximum stress on the window 3 as
showed bellow:

Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [ELEMENT SIZE 10 mm]
As we can see the displacement results is very good with an error ~0.5% but the stress
results are not good with and error superior to 50%.
Here if the user plots the XX stress on the global system it will be easy to understand why
the model cant represent the right solution, the first element on the top is in compression
and the bottom element is tension that means that there is a BIG STEP between it that is
not captured for this course mesh. To improve it the user will need to refine the mesh.
Lets automate the post-processing of this model saving this page as a report template to
reproduce these contours for different models.
10. From pull down menu click on File > Save Session File as:
11. On the Save Session File Window type Beam_Report.tpl and change the type to Report
definition (*.tpl) and click save.
Step 13: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 5 mm)
The next steps are used to determine a good mesh to solve this problem and it can be let aside
if the user has a good background in FEA analysis.
1. Now coming back to HyperMesh the user should click return to close the RADIOSS launch
panel.
2. To refine the mesh the user should use the automesh panel with uniform size 5 mm. (refer
to Step 6 for more detail)

Refined mesh (5mm)
3. Save this model as Beam_5mm.hm.
4. Rerun the model using the RADIOSS panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)
Step 14: Post-processing the refined model (Optional 5 mm)
1. Going back to HyperView click on Reports toolbar button and change the
GRAPHIC_FILE_1 and the RESULT_FILE_1 to Beam_5mm.h3d and click apply.
As we can see on the image below the stress results looks much better, now the error is ~
26% that is a lot better on what we had for 10mm.

Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [ELEMENT SIZE 5 mm]
Now with 4 elements on the height it is possible to represent better the bending behavior. If
the user plot the XX stress again it will be clear that there is some step yet but the transition
now is a lot better.
Step 15: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 2.5 mm)
panel.
2. To refine the mesh the user should use the automesh panel with uniform size 2.5 mm.
(refer to Step 6 for more detail)

Refined mesh (2.5mm)
3. Save this model as Beam_2.5mm.hm.
4. Rerun the model using the RADIOSS panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)
Step 16: Post-processing the refined model (Optional 2.5 mm)
GRAPHIC_FILE_1 and the RESULT_FILE_1 to Beam_2.5mm.h3d and click apply.
As we can see on the image below the stress results looks better again, now the error is ~
13% that is a lot better on what we had for 5mm.

Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [ELEMENT SIZE 2.5 mm]
Now with 8 elements on the height it is possible to represent better the bending behavior. If
the user plot the XX stress again it will be clear that there is some step yet but the transition
now is a lot better.

Global normal stress on X direction.
Step 17: NON-uniform refinement study (Optional Elem = 1 mm)
It is easy to notice that if we refine the whole model the results will get better, but refine the
whole model is very inefficient procedure, mainly because the solution time is a DOF
exponential function that can easily arrive in unfeasible time solutions.
Looking on the models we had simulated it will be easy to notice that there is no important
change in stress or displacement at the end of the beam, then we can conclude that the model
with 5mm it was good for this 2 regions, but looking o the center of the beam we can easily see
that the last model is much better. To solve this problem the best approach is to refine the
mesh only where it is necessary.
panel.
2. To refine the mesh where it is necessary the user should look at the stress results and
define regions based on how much the stress gradient, to divide the component the user should
use from the pull down menu Geometry > Edit > Surface

Surface divided in 14 segments 1:5 linear.
This is just a suggestion size the number of segments and progression is dependent of the
problem, but a good reference is that the mesh transition should not exceed 25% in size.
Other important point here is that we want to have element with 0.5 mm at the force region,
this means now that region where the force will be applied will have more then one node,
then it should be distributed among them to dont create a mathematical singularity.
3. To dont loose time on creating this model this case is already prepared, just open the file
BEAM_REF.hm.
4. Run the model using the RADIOSS panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)
Step 16: Post-processing the final model (Optional NON-UNIFORM size)
GRAPHIC_FILE_1 and the RESULT_FILE_1 to BEAM_REF.h3d and click apply.
As we can see on the image below the stress results looks better again, now the error is ~
1% that is a lot better on what we had for 2.5mm, and the most important the number of
DOFs is 55939 that compared with 21647 for 2.5mm is a very good improvement without
increase a lot the model.

Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [NON-UNIFORM ELEMENT SIZE]
Now with 50 elements on the height it is easy to see that the bending behavior is well
represented.

Normal XX stress. Normal XX stress variation on Y axis
As we can see the on the XY plot above the stress distribution evaluated by our model is in
accordance with the analytical solution that we trying to reproduce. That is good, we now know
how to improve the model to match a know solution, but this is not a case for real world models
where the analytical solution doesnt exist and where the finite element method can really show
its advantage. The next exercise will cover this application.
Exercise 2.2: Static analysis of a solid bracket.
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a bracket modeled with solid
elements. The structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure
below. The objective is to create a finite element model that is good enough to predict an
accurate solution for this problem with a reasonable model size.

FEA model
Model Information
o Force = (12000,12000, -20000) N
o Material Aluminium:
E =70000 MPa
Nu = 0.33
S
0
= 240 Mpa
S
ADM
= 0.7*S
0

o UNITS: N, mm, ton, s

Problem Setup
You should copy these files: nafems1.hm;
123456
13456
Step 1: Launch HyperMesh with RADIOSS bulk profile and open the nafems1.hm
model

HyperMesh with the bracket model loaded
Step 2: Create the Aluminum material with the properties showed on the image
below.

Material data
Step 3: Create the solid property and assign it to the solid component (BRACKET)

Step 4: Apply the constraint to the model. (SPC)

Step 5: Apply the Force (12000, 12000, -20000). (Force)

Step 6: Create the load step. (Linear static => Force)

Step 7: Define the control cards:

FORMAT H3D
DISPLACEMENT (H3D) = ALL
PARAM, AUTOSPC, NO
STRESS (H3D, ALL, CENTER) = YES
STRAIN (H3D, ALL) = ALL
TITLE = NAFEMS BRACKET
OUTPUT, H3D, ALL
OUTPUT, HTML, , NO
OUTPUT, STAT, , NO
SCREEN OUT
SPCFORCE (H3D, ALL) = ALL

Step 8: Run the analysis and Post-process the results.

Von Mises Stress (Elem. Size = 10 mm)

Total displacement (Elem. Size = 10 mm)
o It is easy to notice that the stress results are not good. (Discontinuities)
o The next step is to rerun this model with a refined mesh
Model Element Size
(mm)
Von Mises
(MPa)
Displacement
(mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06
?
Step 9: Repeat the whole process for the model with 6.5 mm.

Model with the refinement regions

Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Elem. Size = 6.5 mm)
Model Element Size
(mm)
Von Mises
(MPa)
Displacement
(mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06
2 6.5 63.3 1.08

6.5 mm
Step 10: To save time the next models are already solved, the user should only
use the report template to confirm the values.

Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Elem. Size = 5 mm)

Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 3 mm)


Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 2 mm)

Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 0.55 mm)


Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 0.17 mm)
Convergence table
Model Element Size
(mm)
Von Mises
(MPa)
Displacement
(mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06
2 6.5 63.3 1.08
3 5 69.5 1.09
4 3 73.0 1.10
5 2 80.0 1.10
6 0.55 84.4 1.09
7 0.17 89.3 1.09

Von Mises Stress convergence
Chapter 3: Modal Analysis
HyperWorks 10.0 RADIOSS for Linear Analysis 49
Chapter 3
MODAL ANALYSIS
1 Definitions
A modal analysis calculates the frequency modes or natural frequencies of a given system,
but not necessarily its full time history response to a given input. The natural frequency of a
system is dependent only on the stiffness of the structure, and the mass which participates
with the structure (including self-weight) and the boundary conditions.
Consider the motion equation, where the damp and external forces are null, this leave the
equation on the reduced form kwon as Free vibration equation:
0 = + Kx x M& &
(1)
The solution for this equation can be evaluated if we proposal a general harmonic solution
with the form:
( ) t sin = x
(2)
Where:
Mode shape or Eigenvector
Circular natural frequency
The harmonic hypothesis helps on find the equation solution, but it has a physical importance
that we will discuss further, this solution shows that all DOFs of the structure when submitted to
a free vibration will move synchrony with each other.
If we substitute the equation 2 into 1 performing the differentiation on the first term:

( ) ( ) 0 sin sin
2
= + t t K M

( ) 0
2
= M K
(3)
This is the equilibrium equation for a structure performing free vibration, which can be
rewrite in terms of the eigenvalues =
2
:
RADIOSS for Linear Analysis 50 HyperWorks 10.0
[ ] 0 = M K
Where:
K is the stiffness matrix of the structure
M is the mass matrix.
The solution of the eigenvalue problem yields n eigenvalues , where n is the
number of degrees of freedom.
The vector is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue .
The eigenvalue problem on RADIOSS is solved using a matrix method called the
Lanczos Method. This method is very efficient when not all eigenvalues are required
that is the case for structural problems where only a small number of the lowest
eigenvalues are normally important.
* It requires that the mass matrix be positive semidefinite and the stiffness be symmetric.
1.1 - Natural frequency (Eigenvalue)

The natural frequency of a structure is the frequency value at the structure naturally tends to
vibrate if it is subjected to pulse. For example, the strings of a guitar are made to vibrate at a
specific frequency. A system with N DOFs will have N natural frequencies.
The natural frequencies can be evaluated from solution of the Eigenvalues as showed
below:
2
i
i
f =
(4)
Where:

i
f
i-th natural frequency

i
i-th circular frequency

1.2 - Mode shape (Eigenvector)

It is the deformed shape that the structure will vibrate when excited at a specific natural
frequency, this is called too normal mode or Eigen vector. Each mode shape is associated
with a specific natural frequency or Eigen value.

The natural frequencies and normal modes of a structure can be function of the load and the
damping present on the system, this kind of analysis is defined as Pre-stressed and damped
modal analysis respectively, these analyses will not be covered here.
2 - Why Modal Analysis Is Important

On any kind of structural simulation a modal analysis will help the Engineer to understand
the global behavior of the system, doing a modal analysis first it is possible to:
Identify the natural frequencies and modal shapes of the system.
Verify if there are rigid modes on the system, and the link between components.
Understand if the BCs applied to the system are correct.
With the strain energy density for example, the Engineer can determine where the
part should be reworked to improve the performance.
It helps on predict the dynamic responses that this system will have, then all the
other dynamic simulations should be done only after a MODAL Analysis.
It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure as it allows you to ensure that the
frequency of any applied periodic loading will not coincide with a modal frequency and
hence cause resonance, which could leads to large responses and consequently fails.
To define the subsequent dynamic analyses (i.e., transient, frequency response, PSD, etc.)
should be based on Modal results. With a previous knowledge about the important modes
the analyst can chose the appropriate time or frequency step to solve the problem. If the
analyst needs to work with a big model then the modal analysis results can be used to solve
the FRF or Transient simulation, this is called a modal FRF or Modal Transient, where the
equations are solved using a method called Modal superposition, this make the dynamic
solution much less expansive then the direct integration.

A modal analysis plays a key role when the analyst needs to compare the dynamic analyses
with physical test, it helps to define the right equipment that have to be used and the right
location for accelerometers and strain gages. It helps during the test too to understand the
test results and correlate the virtual model with the prototype.

It is possible sometimes only with a modal analysis find out if a design change will improve
the dynamic performance of the system. In summary the modal analysis is used to
determine the normal modes and normal shapes, but it helps on understand the whole
system and helps on understand all other dynamic analysis.

All output quantities for a modal analysis are based on the relative displacements of a mode
shape, and then the output quantities can be compared for a certain mode, but not
necessarily between different modes.

3 Eigenvalue Solution Methods
1. Vector Iteration Methods
o Inverse Iteration
o Forward Iteration
o Shifting in Vector Iteration
o Rayleigh Quotient Iteration
o Matrix Deflation and Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
2. Transformation Methods
o Jacobi Method
o Generalized Jacobi Method
o Householder-QR-Inverse Iteration Solution
3. Polynomial Iterations Methods
o Explicit polynomial Iteration
o Implicit Polynomial Iteration
o Iteration Based on the Sturm Sequence Property
4. Lanczos Iteration Method
5. Subspace Iteration Method
For linear elastic problems that are properly setup (no rigid body rotation or translation), the
stiffness and mass matrices and the system in general are positive definite. These are the
easiest matrices to deal with because the numerical methods commonly applied are
guaranteed to converge to a solution. When all the qualities of the system are considered:
1) Only the smallest eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the lowest modes are desired
2) The mass and stiffness matrices are sparse and highly banded
3) The system is positive definite
The Lanczos algorithm is an iterative algorithm invented by Cornelius Lanczos that is an
adaptation of power methods to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix or the
singular value decomposition of a rectangular matrix. It is particularly useful for finding
decompositions of very large sparse matrices as the FEA ones. A typical solution is first to
tridiagonalize the system using the Lanczos algorithm. Next, use the QR algorithm to
find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of this tridiagonal system.

4 - Modal Analysis using FEM
The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural mode
shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration. It is common to use
the finite element method (FEM) to perform this analysis because, like other calculations
using the FEM, the object being analyzed can have arbitrary shape. Sometimes, the only
desired modes are the lowest frequencies because they can be the most prominent modes
at which the object will vibrate, dominating all the higher frequency modes.
It is also possible to test a physical object to determine it's natural frequencies and mode
shapes. This is called an Experimental Modal Analysis. The results of the physical test
can be used to calibrate a finite element model to determine if the underlying assumptions
made were correct (for example, material properties, boundary conditions, etc.).
4.1 - FEA eigensystem
For the most basic problem involving a linear elastic material which obeys Hooke's Law, the
matrix equations take the form of a dynamic three dimensional spring mass system. The
generalized equation of motion is given as:
F Ku u C u M = + + & & &

Where M is the mass matrix, is the 2
nd
time derivative of the displacement u (i.e. the
acceleration), u& is the velocity, C is a damping matrix, K is the stiffness matrix, and F is the
force vector. The only terms kept are the 1
st
and 3
rd
terms on the left hand side which give
the following system:
0 = + Ku u M & &

This is the general form of the eigensystem encountered in structural engineering using the
FEA. Further, harmonic motion is typically assumed for the structure so that is taken to
equal -u, where is an eigenvalue, and the equation reduces to:
( ) 0 = u M K
where the solution of the eigenvalue problem yields n eigenvalues , where n is the number
of degrees of freedom. The vector u is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue.

5 How to Setup a Modal Analysis
In order to run a normal modes analysis, an EIGRL bulk data entry needs to be given
because it defines the number of modes to be extracted. The EIGRL card needs to be
referenced by a METHOD statement in a SUBCASE in the subcase information section.
Step 1 Generate a FEM model with the material and properties already setup
(Chapter 1 section 3)

FEM model
Step 2 Define the constraint LoadCollector and the constraint for this
simulation.

SPC LoadCollector definition
Step 3 Define the EIGRL LoadCollector with the desired number of
frequencies.

EIGRL LoadCollector definition

EIGRL LoadCollector input data
Step 4 Define the modal load case.

Modal loadcase setup
Step 5 Run and post process the results.

First Eigen mode contour
The Lanczos eigensolver implemented on RADIOSS and OptiStruct provides two
different ways of solving the problems. If the eigenvalue range is defined on EIGRL has
no upper bound and less than 50 modes the faster method is automatic applied. It is
not necessary to define boundary conditions using an SPC statement. If no boundary
conditions are applied, a zero eigenvalue is computed for each rigid body degree of freedom
of the model.
It is possible to request the computation of residual vectors in conjunction with a normal
modes analysis. Residual vectors are static displacements ortho-normalized with the
eigenvectors to be used in an external FRF - Frequency Response Analysis. In order to
get this output, users have to define degrees of freedom using USET, USET1. The degrees
of freedom are then used to define loads in the unit load method to compute the residual
vectors. RESVEC = YES needs to be defined in the normal modes subcase. Boundary
conditions can be defined using SPC or inertia relief.
A Modal loadstep definition for RADIOSS looks like the following lines:
SUBCASE 1
SPC=1
METHOD(STRUCTURE)=2

This defines:
1. The Normal modes subcase 1
2. The Constrain are defined on the LoadCollector 1
3. The number of modes and other parameters are defined on the LoadCollector 2
that have to be an Eigrl type.

Exercise 3.1: Shell Clamped BEAM model
This exercise runs a modal analysis on a very simple problem where the Eigen values and
eigenvectors are well known and can be found using analytical formulas. The problem
intends to describe all the cards involved in a modal analysis and the procedure of setup a
modal loadstep.
In this exercise, you will learn how to:
Define a modal analysis on RADIOSS
Pos-process and understand the modal results

Physical model description
Model Information
Geometry:
o (L = 1000, h = 10, b = 10 mm)
One load case: Normal Modes
o 3 First modes
Material STEEL:
o = 7.8e
-9
T/mm
3
[RHO] Density
o E = 210000 MPa [E] Youngs modulus
o = 0.3 - [nu] Poissons ratio

Problem Setup
You should copy this File: BEAM_SHELL_MODAL.hm;
h

b L
Step 1: Open the Start model on HyperMesh 10.0.
1. Launch HyperMesh 10.0. with User Profile > RADIOSS > BulkData.
2. Open the HyperMesh database BEAM_SHELL_MODAL.hm.
Step 2: Model Setup
1. Mesh the surface with element size = 500 mm.
2. Create the beam material (Mat1 [E = 210000, nu = 0.3 and rho = 7.9e-9])
3. Create a pshell property T=10 mm, assign the material created above.
4. Assign the property created above to the comp beam.
Step 3: Create modal subcase
1. Create a LoadCollector and call it SPC.
2. Apply the constrain as follow:
Surface Uz = 0
Clamped line All dof = 0 (Our first model has only one element, then we need to fix
the points to enforce HM to apply this BC to the corner nodes, on HM10.0 when a
line has only 2 nodes the BCs are not transferred to them)

3. Create/Edit a LoadCollector with card image EIGRL and call it EIGRL.

4. Create a loadstep and call it Normal Modes as follow.

Step 4: Run and study the results
1. Save this model BEAM_SHELL_BASELINE_MODAL.HM.
2. Run this model and call it BEAM_ELEM500.FEM
3. Run the same model with different mesh size, see the table below for reference and fill
the values you get for all models.
Do it until you think the model can represent well the 3 first modes of the Beam.
Remember you can take advantage of the BCs on the geometry on your Baseline
model. Just redo the mesh and run with another name
Result Table
SIZE DOF 1ST MODE 2ND MODE 3RD MODE
500
250
100
50
20
10
5
1
0.5

Analytical Solution:
4
2
1
748 . 0
mL
EI
f =
4
2
2
873 . 1
mL
EI
f =
4
2
3
134 . 3
mL
EI
f =

Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis
This exercise runs a modal analysis on a compressor system. This is very common problem
for an engine designer, who needs to find the best way to link the compressor with the
engine. To make this system viable the vibration produced by the engine cant have
resonance with the compressor system, and then the key to the project is to develop a
bracket that makes the frequencies higher than excitations. Suppose that our 4-cycle engine
can work up to 8000 RPM, and then the excitations from the second order (2 explosions per
cycle) are up to ~266 Hz.
Then the objective of this project is to have a Bracket with the first frequency higher than
350 Hz.
Determine if a FEA model is well defined
Understand how good are the modal results

Problem description
Model Information
Determine if the Bracket Baseline geometry pass the Dynamic criteria:
o Natural frequencies > 350 Hz.
Compressor: (Mass = 3 kg and CG = (-5.2, -14.5, 65.2)
Material STEEL:
o = 7.8e
-9
T/mm
3
[RHO] Density
Problem Setup:
You should copy these Files: BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm;
5 Bolt link
2. Open the HyperMesh database BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm.
Step 2: Model Review
1. As the user can see this FEA model is already idealized.

FEA model with tetra10, RB2 and RB3.
a) The model is made with tetra10 ~5mm.
Is it ok? What would you change on this model?
__________________________________________________________________
b) It is used RB3 to link the mass element.
Why we dont use RB2 (rigid) for it?
__________________________________________________________________
c) There is no representation for the Bolts and the compressor.
How much it can change? What is needed to make this hypothesis?
__________________________________________________________________

d) The engine wall is considered rigid.
When this is important?
__________________________________________________________________
Step 3: Create MAT with these properties

Step 4: Create a PSOLID property and assign the Bracket component with it.

Step 5: Create a Mass element at the dependent node of the RB3.

Step 6: Create modal subcase
3. Create a LoadCollector and call it SPC.
4. Add a displacement constrain to all RB2 independent nodes (All DOFs = 0).

2. Create a loadstep and call it Normal Modes as follow.

4. Save this model BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd_FINAL.hm.
5. Include strain energy results by adding the card ESE.
6. Run the model.
Q1: How much you trust on the first mode you have got on this analysis?
______________________________________________________________________
Q2: Is there any result that you can look to identify if your model is good?
______________________________________________________________________
Q3: Should you improve the model?
______________________________________________________________________
Q4: How can you determine where the mesh needs to be refined?
______________________________________________________________________
Expected result:
1st mode (Hz) Time (s) N. DOFS *FEA ERROR
475 35 134769 ~2.2%
* Based on a very refined model (~2M DOFs)

Eigen Vector Contour (First Mode)

Strain Energy Contour (First Mode)
a) The model is made with tetra10 ~5mm.
Is it ok? What would you change on this model?

It is not a easy determine if a model is good enough, to do it the analyst needs
to start with a simple model and refine it until achieve a converged result, and
in general the analyst needs to do trade off (time vs. accuracy).
On a modal analysis the user should see which part of the model has the
highest STRAIN ENERGY to refine it up to achieve the convergence on the
frequency value.
ERROR FIRST MODE
0.1%
1.0%
10.0%
100.0%
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
TIME
E
R
R
O
R
1st
2nd

b) It is used RB3 to link the mass element.
Why we dont use RB2 (rigid) for it?
An RB2 would include a rigid condition between the compressors links that doesnt
exist. For this model for example it would show that the first mode would be higher
than 700 Hz.

c) There is no representation for the Bolts and the compressor.
How much it can change? What is needed to make this hypothesis?

To do this kind of simplification the analyst needs to have know-how about the
system behavior, in general we can assume that the bolt is strong enough
(SIZE/MAT) to not change the modal result. But the compressor geometry needs to
be studied before any simplification.

d) The engine wall is considered rigid.
When this is important?
This is very important, some times the engine wall is thin on the region where
the bracket is fixed, and it can be very important on the modal behavior. Again here
the analyst needs to study the region to make the right assumption.

Answer 1: How much you trust on the first mode you have got on this analysis?
To answer this question the analyst should verify:
The first mode is like was expected. (shape and value)
The mesh is refined enough (Mode shape, strain energy convergence).
Are there any tests, analytical or past results to calibrate the model.
Answer 2: Is there any result that you can look to identify if your model is good?
Strain energy can give to the analyst a very good indication if the mode is well
refined. It works like the stress for a static analysis.
Answer 3: Should you improve the model?
Based on the error plotting the answer should be no.
But in general the analyst doesnt know the FEA error, then the measure needs to
be made based on the response variance with the mesh discretization, if it is less
than a certain amount considered admissible to the problem then the model is
considered ok.
Answer 4: How can you determine where the mesh needs to be refined?
Again the highest strain energy shows the places where the mesh needs to be
refined.


Chapter 4: Buckling Analysis
67HyperWorks 10.0 RADIOSS for Linear Analysis 67
Chapter 4
BUCKLING ANALYSIS
Thin structures subject to compression loads that havent achieved the material
strength limits can show a failure mode called BUCKLING. This failure can be analyzed
using a technique well known as linear buckling analysis.
1 Definitions
Linear buckling is a mathematic tool used to predict the theoretical buckling
strength of an ideal elastic structure. It is solved by first applying a reference level of loading,
P
ref
, to the structure. A standard linear static analysis is then carried out to obtain stresses
which are needed to form the geometric stiffness matrix K
G
. This new matrix is evaluated
using the initial stiffness matrix augmented by the initial stress matrix corresponding to
the load specified in the static load step, multiplied with a factor that is determined such
that the resulting matrix has zero as its lowest Eigen frequency. The buckling loads are then
calculated by solving an eigenvalue problem:
[ ] 0 = x K K
G

is the stiffness matrix of the structure and is the multiplier to the reference load. The
solution of the eigenvalue problem generally yields n eigenvalues
i
, where n is the number
of degrees of freedom (in practice, only a subset of eigenvalues is usually calculated). The
vector x is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue.
The eigenvalue problem is solved using a matrix method called the Lanczos method.
Not all eigenvalues are required. Only a small number of the lowest eigenvalues are
normally calculated for buckling analysis. The lowest eigenvalue
Cr
is associated with
buckling and the critical or buckling load is:
Ref Cr Cr
P P =
In order to run a linear buckling analysis, an EIGRL bulk data entry needs to be
given because it defines the number of modes to be extracted. The EIGRL card needs to
be referenced by a METHOD statement in a SUBCASE in the subcase information section.
In addition, it is necessary to use a STATSUB card to reference the appropriate referential
static loading,
Ref
P ,SUBCASE.
STATSUB cannot refer to a subcase that uses inertia relief. In such cases, the
stiffness matrix is positive semi-definite and the buckling eigenvalue solution ends in
singularity.
The buckling analysis will ignore zero-dimensional elements, MPC, RBE3, and
CBUSH elements. These elements can be used in buckling analysis, but they do not
contribute to the geometric stiffness matrix, K
G
. By default, the contribution from the rigid
elements to the geometric stiffness matrix is not included. Users have to add PARAM,
KGRGD, YES to the bulk data section to include the contribution of rigid elements to the
geometric stiffness matrix.
In addition, through the EXCLUDE subcase information entry, users may decide to
omit the contribution of other elements to the geometric stiffness matrix, effectively allowing
users to control which parts of the structure are analyzed for buckling. The excluded
properties are only removed from the geometric stiffness matrix, resulting in a buckling
analysis with elastic boundary conditions. This means that the excluded properties may still
be showing movement in the buckling mode.
1.1 Linear buckling and offset elements
Some one-dimensional and shell elements can use offset to shift the element
stiffness relative to the location determined by elements nodes. For example, shell
elements can be offset from the plane defined by element nodes by means of ZOFFS. In
this case all other information, such as material matrices or fiber locations for the calculation
of stresses, are given relative to the offset reference plane. Similarly, shell results, such as
shell element forces, are output on the offset reference plane.
Offset is applied to all element matrices (stiffness, mass, and geometric stiffness),
and to respective element loads (such as gravity). Hence, in principle offset can be used in
all types of analysis and optimization, including linear buckling. However, caution is advised
when interpreting the results. Without offset, a typical simple structure will bifurcate and
loose stability instantly at the critical load. With offset, though, the loss of stability is
gradual and asymptotically reaches a limit load, as shown below in figure (b):

Buckling failure limits
In practice then, the structure with offset can reach excessive deformation before the
limit load is reached. (Note that more complex structures, such as frames or structures
experiencing bending moments buckle via limit load, even in absence of ZOFFS on the
element card). Furthermore, in a fully nonlinear approach, additional instability points may
be present on the limit load path.
2 How to Setup a Linear Buckling Analysis
STEP 1 Define the static load step. (Ref. Chapter 1 Section 3)
L = 1000 mm
D = 20 mm (Circular)
E = 210000 MPa (Steel)
Maximum axial load that a long, slender, ideal column can carry
without buckling:
( )
2
2
KL
EI
P
Cr
=

Where:
F = Critical force (vertical load on column)
E = Youngs Modulus
I = Area moment of inertia
L = Column Length
K = Column effective length:
Both ends pinned (K=1)
Both ends fixed (K=0.5)
One end fixed and other pinned (K=0.699)
One end Fixed and the other Free (2.0)
STEP 2 Create an EIGRL LoadCollector.

STEP 3 Create a linear buckling loadstep.

STEP 4 Run and post-process the buckling results.

First Buckling mode of a column P
Cr (Theoretical)
= 4069 N ~ 4100 N

Exercise 4.1: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis
This exercise runs a linear buckling analysis on a simple Aircraft wing. This is typical
problem in aerospace structures that needs to be very light and consequently became
slender. Then because the structure has a high slenderness ratio the buckling failure
verification became necessary. The objective of this project is to verify if the static 3 load
cases applied to the wing will not make it fail.
Verify a wing baseline design for buckling criteria:

Problem description
Model Information
Design Criteria:
o Buckling: FIRST MODE > (1.5 x).
o Static: U < 20 mm and Von Mises < 70 MPa.
Material Aluminum:
o = 2.1e
-9
T/mm
3
[RHO] Density
Problem Setup:
You should copy this File: Wing.hm;
Step 1: Open the start model on HyperMesh 10.0.
2. Open the HyperMesh database WING.hm.

Step 2: Run a static analysis and verify the design for static failure.

Von Mises stress (MPa) and total displacement (mm).
o MPa
ADM
70 =
o mm U
ADM
20 =
Step 3: Create the linear buckling load cases

2. Create the buckling loadsteps as follow.


First Buckling mode (Criteria Mode 1 > 1.5x)


Chapter 5: Inertia Relief Analysis
Chapter 5
INERTIA RELIEF ANALYSIS
Inertia relief allows the simulation of unconstrained structures. Typical applications
are an airplane in flight, suspension parts of a car, or a satellite in space.
1 Definitions
With inertia relief, the applied loads are balanced by a set of translational and
rotational accelerations. These accelerations provide body forces, distributed over the
structure in such a way that the sum total of the applied forces on the structure is zero. This
provides the steady-state stress and deformed shape in the structure as if it were freely
accelerating due to the applied loads. Boundary conditions are applied only to restrain rigid
body motion. Because the external loads are balanced by the accelerations, the reaction
forces corresponding to these boundary conditions are zero. This calculation is automated
on RADIOSS.
Inertia relief boundary conditions may be defined in the bulk data section of the input
deck or they may be determined automatically by the solver.
o The SUPORT and SUPORT1 bulk data entries are used to define up to six
reaction degrees of freedom of the free body.
SUPORT entries will be used in all relevant subcases and therefore do
not need to be referenced in the Subcase Information section.
SUPORT1 entries need to be referenced by a SUPORT1 data selector
statement for use within a subcase.
o Inertia relief boundary conditions may be generated automatically by using
PARAM, INREL, -2.
In RADIOSS, inertia relief can be applied to linear static, nonlinear gap, modal
frequency response (with residual vectors), and transient response (with residual vectors)
analyses. A static case with inertia relief cannot be referenced in a linear buckling analysis.
Inertia relief is meaningless in normal modes analysis.

2 How to Setup an Inertia Relief Analysis
STEP 1 Prepare the FEM model as it was for any other static
analysis.

FEM model without BCs and Loads
STEP 2 Define fictitious support (suport or suport1)

Fictitious support definition example.
o It is important to notice that the fictitious supports should just
remove the rigid body motion and not add an improper constraint.

Definition of SUPORT1 in HyperMesh
STEP 3 Define the equivalent static force.

Definition of a FORCE in HyperMesh
STEP 4 Define appropriate INREL parameter.

Control Card: Param > INREL in HyperMesh
STEP 5 Create the static load case with fictitious supports.

STEP 6 Run and post-process the inertia Relief results.

Inertia Relief results (Total displacement and Von Mises Stress)
-2: Without suport or suport1
-1: With suport or suport1
0: Constrained analysis (fictitious supports are treated as SPCs)
Exercise 5.1: Satellite Inertia Load Test
This exercise runs an inertia relief load case on a simple Satellite, this is a test made with
aerospace structures that will need to support inertia loads. The objective of this kind of test
is to verify if the structure is strong enough to support these loads without a static failure.
Setup a static analysis with inertia loads.

Problem description
Model Information
Design Criteria:
o Max Rel. disp. < 500 mm.
o Von Mises < 70 MPa. (Aluminum)
Total Mass: 3.09 ton.
Material:
Material [E]
MPa
[RHO]
Ton/mm
3

Nu
Aluminum 70000 2.1 x 10
-9
0.33
Solar_panel 20000 1 x 10
-11
0.4
System 1000 1 x 10
-13
0.3
Antenna 20000 1 x 10
-11
0.4

Problem Setup:
You should copy this file: Satellite.hm;
4 load cases
o 2 Gs on Z
o 3 Gs on Y
o 3 Gs on X
o 4.7 Gs SUM
2. Open the HyperMesh database Satellite.hm.

STEP 2 Define INREL parameter as -1.

Control Card: Param > INREL in HyperMesh
Step 3: Create the four linear load cases with the name and details listed
below:
All load steps will have the same fictitious support:
Suport:
i. Node 2: Uy = 0
ii. Node 3: Ux, Uy, Uz = 0
iii. Node 4: Ux, Uy, = 0

1. LOADSTEP: 2 Gz F(node 1) =(0,0, 61800) N Equivalent to 2 Gs
2. LOADSTEP: 2 Gy F(node 1) =(0,0, 92700) N Equivalent to 3 Gs
3. LOADSTEP: 2 Gx F(node 1) =(0,0, 92700) N Equivalent to 3 Gs
4. LOADSTEP: SUM 4.7 G F(node 1) =(0,0, 144933.8) N Equivalent to 4.7 Gs
-2: Without suport or suport1
-1: With suport or suport1
0: Constrained analysis (fictitious supports are treated as SPCs)

Total displacement (Criteria U
max
< 500 mm)

Von Mises (Criteria
max
< 70 MPa)

Radioss For Linear 10.0

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