Two-phase numerical model of heat transfer in a natural basin

P. Vaitieknas, A. Markeviius
Lithuanian Energy Institute, Renewable energy laboratory, Breslauos !, !"!#, $aunas, Lithuania,
E%&ail' vaitiek(it)a.lt , &arke(isag.lei.lt
*""* "+ ,#
P-.E/I01 !.* VR 2,3334, 5/I6 station
Abstract
7he state o8 two%)hase 8low 9li:ui;%gas< has been &o;ele; nu&eri=ally by the three%;i&ensional
&etho; o8 =o&)le> resear=h o8 heat an; &ass trans8er. 7his allows e>a&ining the intera=tion o8 so&e
trans8er )ro=esses in the natural =ooling basin 2lake ?rk@iai4' )ower an; ;ire=tion o8 the win;,
variable ;ensity o8 the water, heat =on;u=tion, ;ire=t an; ;i88usive solar ra;iation, ra;iative e>=hange,
eva)oration =ooling 8un=tion 8a=tor, 8ri=tion an; heat trans8er =oe88i=ient o8 the water%air inter8a=e.
7he =o&bine; e88e=t o8 these natural a=tions ;eter&ines the heat a&ount that the basin is able to
;issi)ate to the surroun;ing at&os)heri= &e;ia in ther&al e:uilibriu&.
7his arti=le )resents a nu&ber o8 &ost wi;ely use; e>)ressions 8or verti=al an; horiAontal heat
trans8er =oe88i=ients. Basing on the strea& velo=ity an; &ean te&)erature )ro8iles &easure; in the
=ooling )on;, as well as on their ti&e variations, suggestions are &a;e that the &i>ing rate at the water
sur8a=e is =ause; by natural s)a=e B ti&e variation o8 the win;, an; =an be ;es=ribe; by the value o8
e;;y vis=osity =oe88i=ient B +.C &
*
Ds at &ean win; #." &Ds.
7he win; in8luen=es the sur8a=e o8 the lake a==or;ing e>)eri&ental ;ata, i. e. , B !E o8 the
&ean win; velo=ity. Mo;el is a))lying 8or weakly win;, a))ro>i&ately , B # &Ds o8 the &ean win;
velo=ity.
A =o&)arison e>)eri&ental an; nu&eri=al result showe; a :ualitative agree&ent.
1i&ultaneous &easure&ents an; &athe&ati=al si&ulating using the instantaneous boun;ary
=on;itions =oul; 8in; a better :uantitative a))ro>i&ation, as the latter shoul; be in=lu;e; in the
evaluation be=ause o8 their )ossible variations in longer )erio; o8 ti&e.
Content list
,. .be=tive o8 work
*. ?e=ri)tion o8 )heno&enon si&ulate;
,4 Fualitative
*4 Mathe&ati=al
!. P-.E/I01 settings
G. Presentation o8 results
,4 .verview o8 =ases )resente;
*4 Result sele=te; 8or ;is=ussion
#. 0on=lusions
+. Literature Re8eren=es
C. /on%stan;ar; no&en=lature
H. A))en;i> ,. Main F, settings
3. A))en;i> *. Main IR.5/? settings
1. Objective of work
In or;er to :uali8y the =ooling )on; as an a;e:uate ther&al ;issi)ater 8or the heat e>)elle; by the
station, will be ne=essary a =o&)ose; analysis o8 the geogra)hi=al, at&os)heri=, solar an; water
=hara=teristi=s. 7he varying at&os)heri= an; solar =on;itions &ake the basin to be a ;i88erent
=hara=teristi=s ;issi)ator everyti&e. Ea=h one o8 the at&os)heri= or solar 8a=tors =annot ;eter&ine by
itsel8 the ;issi)ating =a)a=ity o8 the basin. All the ele&ents are highly boun; an; &ust be treate;
si&ultaneously. 7he &ain obe=tive is to establish these in8luen=es an; to balan=e the& with the heat
=o&ing 8ro& the nu=lear )ower station. 7his analysis will )rovi;e us a base 8or establishing the
=a)ability o8 the basin to ;issi)ate the heat =o&)letely or otherwise to =al=ulate the net &ean water
te&)erature in=rease.
7he water te&)erature at the station intake will be the solution to a ;yna&i= 8lowing an; heat
trans8er )roble& that &ay be treate; with P-.E/I01. Je atte&)te; to a))ly the 0K? =o;es L!M in a
si&ulation o8 two%)hase &athe&ati=al &o;el o8 the hy;rother&al )ro=esses in a =ooling )on; as the
8irst a))ro>i&ation LGM, in=lu;ing the e88e=ts o8 three%;i&ensional 2!?4 stru=ture 8eatures o8 the
trans)ort, )ower an; ;ire=tion o8 the win;, variable ;ensity o8 the water, an; heat =on;u=tion at the
water%air inter8a=e.
2. Description of the phenomenon simulated
2.1 ualitative
7his work ;es=ribes the ther&al evolution o8 a natural &ass o8 water sub&itte; to several
environ&ental =on;itions. 7he length o8 the basin is ,G.! k&, its &ean wi;th is #.! k& an; ;e)th is
8ro& C to !# &, area is +,.# k&
*
. 7he basin ;o&ain with near lan; relie8 will be ;is=retiAe; in
0artesian =ells an; the basin =ontour ;eli&ite; with 8ully blo=ke; sells an; )orous regions 28ig.,4. 7he
!i".1 ?i88eren=e gri; 2> y A N !! > *! > ,H4. 7he =ontours o8 the lake ?ruksiai with sur8a=e water velo=ity
ve=tors near the inlet an; outlet =anals. 7he s=ale o8 velo=ity ve=tors is ".G" &Ds

gri; is re8ine; in s)e=i8i= Aones in or;er to )rovi;e a;e:uate sell siAe in those regions, whi=h re:uires
higher a==ura=y 2i.e. near 8iel;4.
7he taking o8 water at the station intake will be =onsi;ere; as an outlet boun;ary =on;ition o8 the
;o&ain where out8low o==urs. It will be a geogra)hi=al 8i>e; )oint. 7he out8low o8 the station will be
an inlet boun;ary =on;ition to the ;o&ain. It will )resent a heat an; &o&ent sour=e =onstituting one
o8 the &ain 8a=tors to be =onsi;ere; in the ther&al analysis. Kinally, the set o8 =ells hal8 o8 A intervals
2/O D* N 3, high sur8a=e4, will =onstitute the &ain ther&al e>=hange boun;ary =on;ition with the solar
an; at&os)heri= environ&ent.
2.2 #athematical
7he ;i&ension o8 the =o&)utational gri;, ;istribute; by a 0artesian =oor;inates syste&, is
2/6P/QP/O N !!P*!P,H4, that<s to say, ,!,++* =ells although so&&e o8 the& are 8ully blo=ke; to
the 8lui; an; heat. It =an be )er=eive; in the 8ig., e>ists a re8ine&ent o8 the gri; at the inlet boun;ary
=on;itions in or;er to han;le realisti= in8low velo=ities in he ;o&ain. 7he re8ine&ent e>ists too at the A
N /OD* =ells.
$olution techni%ues and "overnin" e%uations. In a general a))roa=h with re=ir=ulation o8 the
strea&s an; heat trans8er, the )roble& is solve; as the !? set o8 the /avier%1tokes e:uations an;
energy e:uation 8or a two%)hase theoreti=al &o;el. 7he general e>)ression is L!, GM'
( )
i i i i i i i i i
S r grad r V r div

R. 2,4
7he set o8 2,4 =onsist o8 ;i88erential e:uations with )artial ;erivatives o8 /avier%1tokes an; heat
trans8er, an; are solve; by the te=hni:ue o8 8inite volu&es with s)e=i8i= boun;ary =on;itions L!, GM.
7he real )ro)erties o8 water will be i&)le&ente; 8or a==ounting the e>istent links between its
;ensity, heat =a)a=ity, ther&al =on;u=tivity et=. an; the te&)erature 2water in li:ui; state4. 7hese
linkings, an; the establish&ent o8 =on;itions that si&ulates the a=tion o8 the gravity, will establish the
=on;itions 8or the )ossible 8or&ation o8 natural =onve=tion )heno&enon an; buoyan=y 8or=es.
7he )rogra& =o;es use; evaluate ;ensity o8 the water as a 8un=tion o8 te&)erature L!, #M'
&' . () & . .
. . . . )
t t t
t t t
! # ,* G 3
! + * !
," HC3H#" ,+ , ," #G*#! *H" ," #+!"* ,"#
," ,C"G+, G+ ," 3HC"G", C 3G#,C+ ,+ H!3#* 333


+
+ +

2*4
where t is te&)erature
"
0. 7he e>isten=e o8 a ;ensity gra;ient =o&bine; with a bo;y 8or=e as the
gravity a=tion &ay =ause a buoyan=y 8or=e res)onsible o8 a 8ree =onve=tion )heno&enon, whi=h &ay
be i&)ortant in the 8lui; &otion. -owever, it will be a goo; a))ro>i&ation to =onsi;er =onstant other
water )ro)erties, as the ther&al =on;u=tivity or heat =a)a=ity, be=ause o8 less e88e=t o8 their res)e=tive
gra;ients on the 8lui; &otion.
In the 8ollowing will be ;es=ribe; the boun;ary =on;itions that in8luen=es in the ther&al an;
;yna&i= evolution o8 the )roble&.
$urface e*chan"e. 0onsi;ering a;iabati= botto& an; walls, the only =a)a=ity o8 ther&al ;issi)ation
o8 the &ass o8 water o==urs by &eans o8 the heat e>=hange at the sur8a=e with the at&os)here. 7he
&ain 8a=tors =onsi;ere; whi=h will ;eter&ine as &u=h the global ;istribution o8 te&)erature as the
a&ount o8 total ;issi)ate; energy. 7he a;;ition o8 the net e88e=ts o8 these energeti= 8a=tors will
re)resent the a&ount o8 global energy that the basin sur8a=e is =a)able to ;issi)ate.
Je will stu;y the ;istribution o8 te&)erature at the sur8a=e o8 the basin be=ause, although the
global &ean te&)erature o8 the basin &ay in=rease, it ;oesn<t &ean that =oul;n<t be a))re=iate;
=ertain =hange o8 the te&)erature at the station =ooling water intake.
!orced convection e*chan"e. 7he in=i;en=e o8 the air strea& over the basin sur8a=e i&)li=ates the
in=lusion o8 a heat trans8er 8or=e; =onve=tion 8a=tor. 7he heat trans8er rate that governs this situation
has the 8or&'
q = h (T
water
T
air
), 2!4
where q re)resents the =onve=tive heat 8low 2JD&
*
4, whi=h is )ro)ortional to the ;i88eren=e o8
te&)eratures between the water an; the air. 7he )ro)or=ionality =onstant h re)resent all the 8a=tors
that in8luen=es the =onve=tive trans8er, that is to say, the =on;itions o8 the boun;ary layer whose
=hara=teristi=s ;e)en; on the =onta=t sur8a=e geo&etry 2waves4, =hara=teristi=s o8 the &oving 8lui;
2air4, ther&o;yna&i= an; trans)ort )ro)erties 2air velo=ity, et=.4. 7he 8or=e; =onve=tion ;ue to the
in=i;en=e o8 the at&os)heri= air on the sur8a=e, =oul; be re)resente; by &eans o8 a =oe88i=ient h o8 the
8or&'
h = 1t
a
V
rel
C
a
,

2G4
where
a
is the air ;ensity, V
rel
is the relative velo=ity between the air an; the water, C
a
is the s)e=i8i=
heat o8 the air, 1t is the 1tanton nu&ber. In a re)ose; air%water inter8a=e, it has an a))ro>i&ate; value
o8 1t ".""!! an; now q is'
q = 1t
a
V
rel
C
a
(T
water
T
air
) . 2#4
I8 we have the ne>t values'
a
N ,.* kgD&
!
, C
a
N ,""# SD2kg $4, V
rel
N, &Ds, then will obtain the ne>t
value o8 2G4' h N !.+*.
+apori,ation coolin". 7he ne=essary energy 8or va)oriAation shoul; =o&e 8ro& the internal energy o8
the li:ui; that =onse:uently &ust ;e=rease its te&)erature )ro;u=ing the =onse:uent =ooling.
0onsi;ering a stationary syste&, the trans8er o8 energy 8ro& the li:ui; to its =ontours restores the
latent energy lost by the water in the va)oriAation. 7his trans8er will take )la=e through all the 8a=tors
o8 e>=hange that we are =onsi;ering, i.e. air =onve=tion, ra;iation et=., an; i8 these 8a=tors are not
enough, the syste& will a))eal to the internal energy o8 the water, ;e=reasing =onse:uently its
te&)erature.
7he heat lost by the e88e=t o8 the va)oriAation is ;ire=tly relate; with the &ass trans8er 8ro& the
li:ui; )hase to the gaseous one. 7his analogy it is use; in or;er to ;eter&ine the e88e=t o8 the
va)oriAation =ooling at the sur8a=e.
7he &ass 8low at the air%water inter8a=e =oul; be e>)resse; in the ne>t way'
M = 1t
a
V
rel
(m
s
m
a
), 2+4
where m
s
an; m
a
re)resent the &ass 8ra=tion o8 water stea& in air at the sur8a=e an; in the at&os)here
res)e=tively. 7he &ass 8ra=tion o8 water in the air a;a=ent to the sur8a=e, m
s
, ;e)en;s only on the
te&)erature T
s
an; the water salinity, to a ;eter&ine; )ressure. 7here8ore m
s
= m
s
2T
s,
salinity, P4. 7he
variation o8 m
s
with T
s
is an in=reasing 8un=tion while ;e=rease with salinity.
7he values o8 m
a
are obtaine; 8ro& the air relative hu&i;ity ;ata o8 the geogra)hi=al Aone.
7he values o8 m
s
8or )ure water an; a )ressure o8 one at&os)here have a ;e)en;en=e with the
te&)erature o8 the water at the sur8a=e that we =oul; obtain 8ro& the e>)eri&ental ;ata L!M. Je =an
get 8ro& it a linear relation by &eans o8 the a;ust&ent o8 these )oints to a straight line as
m
s
= a + b (T
s
c), 2C4
where a N"."H*"#, b N "."",,# an; c N C*.#,*H. 0onse:uently the &ass 8low M &ay be e>)resse; as'
M =1t
a
V
rel
(0.08205 +0.00115 (T
s
72.5128) m
a
) . 2H4
7he a&ount o8 trans8erre; &ass is relate; with the lost heat a&ount by &eans o8 the latent heat o8
va)oriAation o8 the water N *.## > ,"
+
SDkg. 7he e>)ression that =onne=ts both =on=e)ts is'
!
"a#
= M = 1t
a
V
rel
(0.08205 + 0.00115 (T
s
72.5128) m
a
).

234
7he &ass 8ra=tion o8 stea& in the at&os)here m
a
is obtaine; 8ro& the relative hu&i;ity an;
environ&ental te&)erature 8ollowing the ne>t ste)s'
( ) T ln " . 3 ""+3#* . "
+3H . C!+*
G!G . C" T T
T
T P +
2,"4
( )
T
,""
r
$ T P
#

2,,4
*3
,H
, p
p
m
a

T 2,*4
where P(T) is water va)or )ressure 2at&4 at te&)erature T (%), $

is relative hu&i;ity 2E4, ) is )artial
)ressure 2at&4 o8 water at te&)erature T(%), m
a
is &ass 8ra=tion water va)or in the at&os)here
2&'
$2(
)&'
air
4.
7he e>)ression 234 =o&)lete; with the e:. 2,"4 % 2,*4 will be inserte; in the )rogra&. Je are
intereste; in a linear sour=e 8or its easier in=or)oration in the )rogra&, whi=h is'

,
_

s
Val*e
a
t C+e,,icie-
rel a '
T
m
V .t !


"",,# . "
," !!3C* . ,
"",,# . "
!
. 2,!4
7he solve; variable will be again the water te&)erature T
s
an; the re&in;er &agnitu;es will be
entering ;ata to the )rogra&, whi=h will be given a==or;ing to the e>ternal =on;itions.
-ncidence of direct solar radiation. 7he in=i;en=e o8 solar ;ire=t ra;iation over the basin sur8a=e
in;u=es the heating o8 the waterT its value ;e)en;s on its s)e=i8i= heat at =onstant )ressure 2C
#.
N G,H!
SD2kg $4, so that !
s*-
= C
#
T. 7he values o8 !
s*-
in Ignalina 2Lithuania4 are )i=ke; u) 8ro& the table ,.
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII I6 6 6I 6II
1
I
, JD&
*
C" *"" *G" !,+ !3* G!+ G"* !*+ *C# ,C" ,"" C"
Table 1. Values o8 the &ean solar intensity on horiAontal in a &ean ;ay o8 every &onth in Ignalina.
7he e88e=ts o8 these in=i;en=es will be a88e=te; by the o)ti=al re8le=tion over the sur8a=e, re)resente;
by a ;eter&ine; in;e> 2not all the in=i;ent energy is trans&itte; an; absorbe;4. .nly )art o8 the net
energy that i&)inges on the sur8a=e o8 the basin 2table *4 is use; 8or in=reasing the heat o8 the water.
7he resi;ual energy is lost in 8or& o8 re8le=te; energy. 7his 8a=tor will ;e)en; on the in=i;en=e angle
o8 the solar bea& an; the re8ra=tion in;e> o8 the water - N ,.!! 2ignoring its wavelength ;e)en;en=e4.
Both =ontributions are relate; ea=h other by &eans o8 the Kresnel laws. 7he in=i;ent ra;iation 8ra=tion
that )enetrates the basin sur8a=e 2P4, an; is absorbe; by the water 8or its )osterior trans8or&ation in
heat, is e>)resse; in the Kresnel 8or&ula'
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
]
1

+
+

r
r
r
r
z tg
z tg
z sc
z sc
P

*
*
*
*
*
,
, , 2,G4
where
r
is re8ra=tion angle on the water sur8a=e, / is Aenithal solar ;istan=e 23"
"
B solar altitu;e4. Je
will use too the 1nell re8ra=tion law in or;er to ;eter&ine
r
as a 8un=tion o8 the re8ra=tion in;e> n an;
the solar Aenithal ;istan=e /'
/ sc sc -
r
. 2,#4
Parti=ulariAing 8or Ignalina, the values o8 the &onthly solar altitu;e has been =al=ulate; 8ro&
e:. 2,C4.
-ncidence of diffuse solar radiation. 7he ;i88use solar ra;iation is also an i&)ortant 8a=tor sin=e its
value os=illates 8ro& a ,!E o8 the ;ire=t ra;iation in=i;en=e 8or high solar altitu;e 23"
"
4 to a ,#"E or
rather 8or s&aller altitu;es.
.n =lear ;ays =oul; be establishe; the ne>t e>)eri&ental table whi=h relates the solar altitu;e
with the ;ire=t ra;iation 8ra=tion that =onstitutes the ;i88use ra;iation.
7he ;ata o8 the table * are 8itte; by &eans o8 an e:uation that relate the solar altitu;e an; the
)er=entage o8 ;ire=t ra;iation L!M. 7he a;ust&ent e:uation that we will use; in the )rogra& in or;er to
;eter&ine the ;i88use ra;iation, is o8 the 8or&'
0
s+lar
12 = a + b)h, a N *.H"C, b N C*C.,, 2,+4
h = arcsi-(c+s c+s c+s + si- si- ). 2,C4
1olar altitu;e Isolar, E 1olar altitu;e Isolar, E
# ,GH #" ,C,*G
," C#,# ## ,+,"*
,# #,,! +" ,G,3!
*" !3,,+ +# ,!,33
*# !,,H3 C" ,!,,3
!" *C,"G C# ,*,#"
!# *!,#H H" ,,,H3
G" *",3H H# ,,,!+
G# ,H,3+ 3" ,",H3
Table 2. Per=entages o8 ;ire=t ra;iation whi=h =onstitutes the ;i88use ra;iation as a 8un=tion o8 the
solar altitu;e.
where h is solar altitu;e 2
"
4, is solar hourly angle 2
"
4, is geogra)hi=al latitu;e 2
"
4, is solar
;e=lination 2
"
4' N *!.# =os 2!" % B ,HC4 an; % is nu&ber o8 &onth set 2,, *,...,,*4.
0onse:uently, we will intro;u=e a sour=e o8 a;;itional ra;iation whose value will be a ;eter&ine;
)er=entage o8 ;ire=t in=i;ent ra;iation an; this will establish the e88e=t o8 the ;i88use ra;iation over the
basin sur8a=e.
.adiative e*chan"e atmosphere-water and water-atmosphere. 7he heat e>=hanges by the ra;iation
between the at&os)here an; the water or vi=e versa is )ro;u=e; by the &ere 8a=t that both &ean
)osses a ;i88erent te&)erature o8 the absolute Aero. 7his :uantity o8 energy is inter=hange; an;
trans)orte; by &eans o8 e&issions o8 ele=tro&agneti= nature in a ban; o8 in8rare; e&ission. 7he
global a&ount o8 energy is obtaine; by integration above all the wave longitu;es o8 the ban; o8
e&ission, resulting in a nu&eri=al relation that relates the energy e&itte; by a bo;y as 8un=tion
o8 its te&)erature. 7his relation is the 1te8an%BoltA&an law an; will be a))lie; to evaluate the
e88e=t that this e>=hange o8 energy on the water te&)erature'
( )
G G
*
G
air O H rad
T T Q , 2,H4
where is the e&issivity 2" U U ,4, is the BoltA&an =onstant N #.CCC > ,"
%H
JD&
*
$
G
. 7he
e&issivity is =hara=teristi= o8 ea=h &e;iu&, an; re)resents the e88e=tive ;i88eren=e o8 the ra;iant
&e;iu& with a )er8e=t bla=k bo;y e&ission at the sa&e te&)erature. Kor ?ruksiai lake N ".3+.
#oment e*chan"e between the air and the surface. A sour=e o8 su)er8i=ial &o&ent will e>ist as a
=onse:uen=e o8 the in=i;en=e o8 the air on the sur8a=e o8 the water. 7his &o&ent sour=e will be
e>)resse; in a linear 8or& an; we will =hara=teriAe it by intensity an; ;ire=tion. 7he e88e=t o8 an air
strea& over a water sur8a=e, 8ro& a &erely kineti= )oint o8 view, will be in;u=ing on the =onta=t
sur8a=e &o&ent sour=e )ro)ortional to the strength o8 the in=i;ent win;.
Je will e>)ress this e88e=t in the )rogra& by &eans o8 the establish&ent o8 two &o&ent
sour=es, whose =o&bine; a=tion will re8le=t the e88e=t o8 the in=i;ent win;. Ea=h one o8 sour=es will
re)resent the in=i;en=e in a ;eter&ine; ;ire=tion' one sour=e will re)resent ;ire=tion Jest%East, an;
the other one, the 1outh%/orth' * B &o&ent in Jest%East ;ire=tion, " B &o&ent in 1outh%/orth
;ire=tion'
( )
( ) V V C .
* V C .
"
*


2,34
7he value o8 C an; V will in;i=ate the strength o8 the global velo=ity ve=tor that re)resents the win;
in=i;en=e.
Jhen the si&ulating in=lu;es the hy)othesis o8 turbulent vis=osity, the si&)le vis=osity 8a=tor
is re)la=e; in the trans8er relations by the e88e=tive vis=osity 8a=tor

,
+
l t
. 2*"4
Kor 8lows o8 air o8 about # &Ds, we use; a =onstant 8a=tor o8 turbulent vis=osity o8 +,C, as in L#M.
In our =o&)utation we ;ivi;e; the range o8 integration by a nor&al line. .ne o8 the )arts
=ontaine; 3 horiAontal layers in the volu&e o8 water, an; was inten;e; 8or the evaluation o8 the
geo&etry o8 the shoreline an; the ;e)th. 7he other )art 2=ontaine; 3 horiAontal layers in the volu&e o8
air =overe; over%water 8lows o8 air an; lan;4, that is velo=ity, ;ire=tion an; 8or=e o8 the win; with
in8luen=e o8 the nearest relie8. 7he )ara&eters o8 the )on;, o8 the hot%water )lu&e an; o8 the =ool
water return &ust be as =lose as )ossible to the a=tual values. In our stu;y we use; the 8low%rate o8 the
hot%water ;is=harge.
Je )resent an analysis o8 the e88e=t o8 a weak win; 2" %# &Ds4 on the hy;rother&al behavior
in the )on;, 8or ne>t values o8 turbulen=e in the air'
loc t
U !G ,'
2*,4
an; &i>ing in the water a==or;ing L!, GM.
/. 01O23-C$ settin"s
All settings are &a;e using a F, 8ile with =alls to the IR.5/? subroutine 8or all non%stan;ar;
=o&)utation. E>tra=ts 8ro& both the F, 8ile an; IRA5/? subroutine a))ear in A))en;i=es , an; *.
4. .esults and consideration
7here8ore a variable%ste) gri; was =onstru=te;, Kig ,. It =overs only a =ertain )art o8 the
sur8a=e an; the range o8 integration with res)e=t to the nor&al =overs a ," & layer o8 water an; a ,""
& layer o8 air in=lu;ing nearest relie8 2with blo=king =ells4.
In this =ase we evaluate; the e88e=t o8 the win; on the hy;rother&al behavior o8 the lake,
whi=h =o&e into the )lay by in8luen=e on the ;istribution o8 isother&s. 7he te=hni:ue o8 testing was
a))lie; 8ro& L*M. 7here were evaluate; the te&)erature ;e)en;en=e o8 water ;ensity, the water%air
heat =on;u=tion, an; the resistan=e 8a=tor o8 the water.
A nu&eri=al si&ulation o8 !! > *! > ,H gri; syste& =onsu&es a lot o8 =o&)uter ti&e,
there8ore the =o&)utation was sus)en;e;, whenever a s)e=i8i= e88e=t o8 win; be=a&e evi;ent, or
si&ilar to &easure; ;ata at the hot%water ;is=harge. A =loser agree&ent was 8oun; 8or the =ase o8 no
win;. 7he Kig.*a )resents the si&ulate; results.
a b

29
28
27 26
25
24 23
22
26
25
24
!i" 2. 7e&)erature ;istribution on the water sur8a=e o8 the lake ?ruksiai 8or win; velo=ity % " &Ds4' a %
&easure; isother&s L*M, b % )re;i=te; isother&s
a b
!i" /. 7e&)erature ;istribution on the sur8a=e o8 the lake ?ruksiai 8or average southeastern win;
velo=ity o8 ,." &Ds' a % &easure; isother&s L*M, b % )re;i=te; isother&s. 7he air te&)erature is *!.3
"
0.
a b
!i" 4. Move&ent o8 8lui;s at 1outh%East &ean win; velo=ity , &Ds' a % horiAontal ve=tors 8iel; in the
air area ".*# & above the water sur8a=e 2ve=tors re8eren=e s=ale % # &Ds4, b % water sur8a=e velo=ity
ve=tors 2re8eren=e s=ale B ".* &Ds4
7he Kig.! )resents the )re;i=te; isother&s 8or a , &Ds southwest win;. But these )re;i=tions
;isagree with Kig.*, be=ause o8 the ine>a=t =hoi=e o8 hy;ro;yna&i= =on;itions on the inlet. 7he Kig.Ga
an; Gb shows the water sur8a=e velo=ity ve=tors ;istribution an; win; velo=ity ve=tors 8iel; un;er the
water sur8a=e res)e=tively.
Pre;i=ting the e88e=t o8 win; to the water sur8a=e, we use; a =onstant water heat trans8er
=oe88i=ient. Mi>ing o8 the hot an; =ool water in the lake is a =o&)li=ate; )ro=ess, an; the win; &akes

30
29
28
27
26
25

it even &ore su=h, as it intro;u=es waves an; variable ;e)ths. 7he )re;i=tions =annot be in a goo;
agree&ent with the &easure; results, be=ause the win; blowing ;ire=tions are variable an; the a=tual
hy;rother&al state o8 a )on; is a =ontinuously varying behavior. 7his is a reason 8or variable water
heat trans8er =oe88i=ient to intro;u=e into the 8uture )re;i=tions.
5. Conclusions
,. 7he earlier =o;e o8 nu&eri=al elli)ti= e:uations was use; to =onstru=t a )ri&ary
nu&eri=al &o;el o8 hy;rother&al ;yna&i=s in lake ?ruksiai. 7he 0K? =o;es were a))lie; 8or the
nu&eri=al solution o8 two%)hase !? &athe&ati=al &o;el o8 the 8low. 7he solutions =an evaluate the
e88e=t o8 win;, o8 te&)erature%;e)en;ent water ;ensity, o8 water%air heat =on;u=tion, o8 air turbulen=e
an; o8 the groun; geo&etry.
*. 0o&)utational )ro=e;ure in=lu;e ;ire=t an; ;i88usive solar ra;iation, ra;iative
e>=hange between at&os)here an; water, eva)oration =ooling 8un=tion 8a=tor, but its in8luen=e on heat
balan=e nu&eri=ally not establishe;.
!. An analysis o8 the nu&eri=al solutions 8or the hy;rother&al )ro=esses in lake
?ruksiai, an; their =o&)arison with the test )oints suggest an in8luen=e o8 the win;, o8 the water%air
heat =on;u=tivity, o8 the variable ;ensity o8 water, o8 water &i>ing, an; )artially o8 the geo&etry o8
the shore%line on the results o8 si&ulation, whi=h are :ualitatively si&ilar to the test )oints. 7o
a))roa=h the )re;i=tion to the a=tual state, the )ossible ti&e%;e)en;ent set e:uations an; boun;ary
=on;itions shoul; be use;.
6. 3omenclature
r
i
% volu&e )art o8 )hase iT
i
% ;ensity o8 )hase i, kgD&
!
T

i
% ;e)en;ent variable o8 )hase i' , 8or =ontinuity e:., 5, V, J i&)ulse in ;ire=tions >, y an; A
res)e=tively, &Ds, - enthal)y 2te&)erature4T

V
i
% velo=ity ve=tor o8 )hase iT

% e>=hange =oe88i=ient o8 variable T

.

% sour=e ter& in the 8low 8or variable T

) % )ressure /D&
*
T
5
o
% in8low velo=ity, &DsT
uV % longitu;inal =o&)onent o8 8lu=tuating velo=ity, &DsT
>, y, A % 0artesian =o%or;inates, &T
% kine&ati= vis=osity 2
l
B la&inar,
t
% turbulent4, &
*
Ds
7. 8iterature .eferences
,. ?riAius M. R. -y;rother&i=s o8 =ooling )on;s. Vilnius. Mokslas. ,3H#. ,"C ).
*. E=osyste& o8 the =ooling )on; o8 the Ignalina /PP in the initial )erio; o8 its o)eration. 7. ,". ?.
,. Vilnius. Aka;e&ia. ,33*. *G+ ).
!. Montenegro -. 1., 0hou=ino M. A. 7her&al ;issi)ation in natural Basin 7he P-.E/I01 Sournal
o8 0o&)utational Klui; ?yna&i=s W its a))li=ations, Vol.C, /o. !, ,33G. P.,GB!+.
G. P. Vaitieknas, S. PetkeviienX, V. $atinas. A /u&eri=al 1i&ulation o8 7hree%?i&ensional
-y;rother&al Pro=esses in a 0ooling Pon;. 7he P-.E/I01 Sournal o8 0o&)utational Klui;
?yna&i=s W its a))li=ations, Vol. ,,, /r. !, ,33H. P. !GH%!#G.
#. P.Vaitiekunas, S.Petkevi=ienX, V.$atinas. /u&eri=al si&ulation o8 hy;rother&al )ro=esses in lake
?ruksiai. 0o&)utational )ro=e;ure. I11/ "*!#%C*"H. Energetika, /r.G, *""". P. G*%#*.