LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no.

Lecture no. 1 GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB PERSON a grammatical category that e !re""e" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the "&$'ect a#( it" )er$ a#( i#(icate" %hether the !er"o# i" "!ea*i#g a$o&t it"el+ ,- "t !er"o#./ %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# to ,0#( !er"o#./ or %hether the !er"o# i" $ei#g "!o*e# a$o&t ,1 r( !er"o#2 N3MBER a grammatical category that e !re""e" co&#t (i"ti#ctio#"2 There are t%o #&m$er" i# E#gli"h4 "i#g&lar a#( !l&ral MOO5 the grammatical category $y %hich mo(ality i" e !re""e(/ re+lecti#g the attit&(e o+ the "!ea*er to%ar(" the actio# or "tate e !re""e( $y the )er$2 There are +o&r +i#ite moo("4 I#(icati)e/ Co#(itio#al/ S&$'&#cti)e/ Im!erati)e6 a#( three #o#7+i#ite moo("4 I#+i#iti)e/ Ger&#(/ Partici!le2 TENSE re!re"e#t" the corre"!o#(e#ce $et%ee# the +orm o+ the )er$ a#( o&r co#ce!t o+ time ,time a" a &#i)er"al #o#7li#g&i"tic co#ce!t %ith three (i)i"io#"4 !a"t/ !re"e#t/ +&t&re. There are three $a"ic ty!e" o+ Present4 timele"" ,Sim!le Pre"e#t./ limite( ,Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&". a#( i#"ta#ta#eo&" ,"im!le or coti#&o&" Pre"e#t. A# actio# i# the Past may $e "ee# a" ha)i#g ta*e# !lace4
at a !artic&lar !oi#t i# time o)er a !erio( o+ time e te#(i#g &! to the !re"e#t relati#g o#ly to the !a"t e te#(i#g &! to the !a"t re+ere#ce com!lete( #ot com!lete( com!lete( #ot com!lete( Pa"t Sim!le Pre"e#t Per+ect Pa"t Sim!le Pa"t Co#ti#&o&" Pa"t Per+ect Pa"t Per+ect Co#ti#&o&"

o)er a !erio( o+ time

A# actio# i# the Future i" re#(ere( $y mea#" o+ mo(al a& iliarie" or "emi7a iiarie" $y the "im!le !re"e#t or !re"e#t co#ti#&o&"2 ASPECT ,Grammatical a"!ect. i" the )er$al +orm %hich e !re""e" the (&ratio# o+ the actio# or "tate ,i#(e+i#ite (&ratio#/ "hort (&ratio#/ lo#g (&ratio#6 +re8&e#tati)e actio#" or "tate". -2 Sim!le 9 I#(e+i#ite A"!ect 02 Progre""i)e 9 Co#ti#&o&" A"!ect 12 Fre8&e#tati)e A"!ect :2 Per+ecti)e A"!ect VOICE grammatical category %hich "ho%" the relatio#"hi! $et%ee# the grammatical "&$'ect a#( the actio#2 There are t%o )oice"4 Acti)e Voice a#( Pa""i)e Voice2 FO3R BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB E#gli"h )er$" ha)e +o&r $a"ic +orm" %hich hel! o#e to co#'&gate them more "y"tematically4 the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e ,V-./ the !a"t te#"e i#(icati)e moo( ,the !reterite. ,V 0./ the !a"t !artici!le ,V1./ the i#(e+i#ite !artici!le ,Vi#g.2 MAIN A3;ILIARIES Do &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ a )er$ i# the "im!le !re"e#t or "im!le !a"t ,5I5./ i#terrogati)e a#( #egati)e +orm"6 +ollo%e( $y the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i# the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e2 Have &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Per+ect a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i" i# the !a"t !artici!le2 Be 7 &"e( i# the co#'&gatio# o+ the )er$" i# the Co#ti#&o&" a"!ect6 the )er$ to $e co#'&gate( i" i# the !re"e#t !artici!le2

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

THE INDICATIVE MOOD THE PRESENT TENSES There are t%o te#"e" re+erri#g "trictly to the !re"e#t i# E#gli"h4 the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&"4 I am working2 a#( the Sim!le Pre"e#t4 I work2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Form Rule2 The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" te#"e i" +orme( %ith the !re"e#t te#"e o+ the a& iliary )er$ be < the !re"e#t !artici!le o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2 F&ll +orm"
Form number "i#g&lar per on -"t 0#( 1r( -"t 0#( 1r( Affirmative I am %or*i#g yo& are %or*i#g he9"he9it i" %or*i#g %e are %or*i#g yo& are %or*i#g they are %or*i#g Negative I am #ot %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g he9"he9it i" #ot %or*i#g %e are #ot %or*i#g yo& are #ot %or*i#g they are #ot %or*i#g Interrogative am I %or*i#g= are yo& %or*i#g= i" he9"he9it %or*i#g= are %e %or*i#g= are yo& %or*i#g= are they %or*i#g= Negative interrogative am I #ot %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g= i" he9"he9it #ot %or*i#g= are %e #ot %or*i#g= are yo& #ot %or*i#g= are they #ot %or*i#g=

!l&ral

Co#tracte( +orm"
Form number "i#g&lar per on -"t 0#( 1r( !l&ral -"t 0#( 1r( Affirmative I>m %or*i#g yo&>re %or*i#g he>" %or*i#g "he>" %or*i#g it>" %or*i#g %e>re %or*i#g yo&>re %or*i#g they>re %or*i#g Negative I>m #ot %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g yo& are#>t %or*i#g he>"9 "he>" 9 it>" #ot %or*i#g he 9 "he 9 it i"#>t %or*i#g %e>re #ot %or*i#g %e are#>t %or*i#g yo&>re #ot %or*i#g yo& are#>t %or*i#g they>re #ot %or*i#g they are#>t %or*i#g Interrogative Negative interrogative are#>t I %or*i#g= are#>t yo& %or*i#g= i" he9"he9it #ot %or*i#g= are#>t %e %or*i#g= are#>t yo& %or*i#g= are#>t they %or*i#g=

,%here.>re yo& %or*i#g= ,%hy.>" he %or*i#g= ,%here.>re %e %or*i#g= ,%here.>re yo& %or*i#g= ,%here.>re they %or*i#g=

Rule -2 ?he# a )er$ e#(" i# a "i#gle e/ thi" e i" (ro!!e( $e+ore ing

The "!elli#g o+ the !re"e#t !artici!le E!ample E!"eption argue # arguing the )er$" age, dye a#( singe $ate % love # )er$" e#(i#g i# ee $it# run # top # a&mit # begin # Ver$" o+ t%o or more "ylla$le" %ho"e la"t "ylla$le co#tai#" o#ly o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a "i#gle co#"o#a#t (o #ot (o&$le thi" co#"o#a#t &#le"" the "tre"" +all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2

02 a2 ?he# a o#e7"ylla$le )er$ ha" o#e )o%el a#( e#(" i# a "i#gle co#"o#a#t/ thi" co#"o#a#t i" (o&$le( $e+ore ing2 $2 Ver$" o+ t%o or more "ylla$le" %ho"e la"t "ylla$le co#tai#" o#ly o#e )o%el a#(

E!ample age % ageing &'e % inge # agree % ee # bu&get # enter #

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

e#(" i# a "i#gle co#"o#a#t (o&$le thi" co#"o#a#t i+ the "tre"" +all" o# the la"t "ylla$le2 c2 O#e +i#al l a+ter a "i#gle )o%el i"/ ho%e)er/ al%ay" (o&$le( i# Briti"h E#gli"h2 12 Ing i" a((e( to a )er$ e#(i#g i# y %itho&t a++ecti#g the "!elli#g o+ the )er$2

prefer # ignal # travel # "arr' # en(o' # $urr' # tr' # 7 7

3SES OF THE PRESENT CONTIN3O3S TENSE Mai# &"e" Ue E!ample -2 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g #o% 9 at the mome#t o+ It i raining) "!ea*i#g I am not wearing a "oat a it i n*t "ol&) +$' are 'ou itting at m' &e k, +$at* t$e bab' &oing, - He* tearing up a ./ note) 02 A# actio# ha!!e#i#g a$o&t thi" time $&t #ot I am rea&ing a pla' b' S$aw) #ece""arily at the mome#t o+ "!ea*i#g2 He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek) Rule2 ?he# t%o co#ti#&o&" te#"e" ha)i#g the "ame He i tea"$ing Fren"$ an& learning 0reek) "&$'ect are 'oi#e( $y an&/ the a& iliary may $e S$e wa knitting an& li tening to t$e ra&io) (ro!!e( $e+ore the "eco#( )er$2 Thi" a!!lie" to all !air" o+ com!o&#( te#"e"2 12 A (e+i#ite arra#geme#t i# the #ear +&t&re ,the I*m meeting Peter tonig$t) He i taking me to t$e mo"t &"&al %ay o+ e !re""i#g o#e>" imme(iate t$eatre) !la#".2 The time o+ the actio# m&"t al%ay" $e Are 'ou &oing an't$ing tomorrow afternoon, me#tio#e(/ a" other%i"e there might $e co#+&"io# 1e 2 I*m pla'ing tenni wit$ Ann) $et%ee# !re"e#t a#( +&t&re mea#i#g"6 "ome a#( go/ ho%e)er/ ca# $e &"e( i# thi" %ay %itho&t a time e !re""io#2 Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Co#ti#&o&" Ue E!ample -2 ?ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the "im!le At i! I am bat$ing t$e bab') ,I "tart $athi#g him !re"e#t to i#(icate a# actio# %hich $egi#" $e+ore "i 2. $e+ore thi" !oi#t a#( !ro$a$ly co#ti#&e" a+ter T$e' are fl'ing over t$e &e ert w$en one of t$e engine it2 fail )
The !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" i" rarely &"e( i# thi" %ay e ce!t i# (e"cri!tio#" o+ (aily ro&ti#e a#( i# (ramatic #arrati)e/ $&t the !a"t co#ti#&o&" i" o+te# com$i#e( %ith a !oi#t i# time or a )er$ i# the "im!le !a"t2

02 ?ith always, chie+ly i# the a++irmati)e/ +or a +re8&e#tly re!eate( actio#/ &"&ally %he# the +re8&e#cy a##oy" the "!ea*er or "eem" &#rea"o#a$le to him2

The +ir"t !er"o# i" al"o !o""i$le here2 The re!eate( actio# the# i" &"&ally acci(e#tal2

He i alwa' lo ing $i ke' ) Tom i alwa' going awa' for weeken& im!lie" that he goe" a%ay )ery o+te#/ !ro$a$ly too o+te# i# the "!ea*er>" o!i#io#2 B&t it (oe" #ot #ece""arily mea# that he goe" a%ay e)ery %ee*e#(2 It i" #ot a literal "tateme#t2 7 Tom alwa' goe awa' at weeken& 3 Tom goe awa' ever' weeken&) ,a literal "tateme#t. I*m alwa' making t$at mi take)

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

?ith always, it al"o e !re""e" a# actio# %hich a!!ear" to $e co#ti#&o&"2 Thi" "ort o+ actio# 8&ite o+te# a##oy" the "!ea*er $&t (oe"#>t #ece""arily (o "o2 The +ir"t !er"o# co&l( $e &"e( here too2 The actio# the# i" &"&ally (eli$erate2

He* alwa' working 3 He work t$e w$ole time) He* alwa' rea&ing co&l( im!ly that he "!e#(" too m&ch time rea(i#g/ $&t co&l( al"o $e "ai( i# a to#e o+ a!!ro)al2 I*m alwa' "leaning t$e win&ow at t$e weeken&)

VERBS NOT NORMALL@ 3SE5 IN THE CONTIN3O3S TENSES The co#ti#&o&" te#"e" are chie+ly &"e( +or (eli$erate actio#"2 Some )er$" are/ there+ore/ #ot #ormally &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" a#( ha)e o#ly o#e !re"e#t te#"e/ the "im!le !re"e#t2 The"e )er$" ca# $e gro&!e( a" +ollo%"4 -2 Ver$" o+ the "e#"e" ,i#)ol&#tary actio#". eel, !ear, see, s"ell6 notice, o#serve ,A #otice. eel/ loo$/ taste &"e( a" li#* )er$"2 E ce!tio#B Ver$" "&ch a" ga%e, listen, loo$ ,at./ o#serve ,A %atch./ stare a#( watc! im!ly (eli$erate &"e o+ the "e#"e"/ a#( ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" te#"e"2 ad"ire ,A re"!ect./ adore, a&&reciate ,A )al&e./ care or ,A li*e./ desire, detest, disli$e, ear, !ate, li$e, loat!e, love, "ind ,A care./ res&ect, value, want, wis!2 E ce!tio#B The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith ad"ire A Cloo* at %ith a(miratio#>/ a&&reciate A Ci#crea"e i# )al&e>/ care or ACloo* a+ter>/ long or A Cloo* a+ter> "ind A Cco#cer# o#e"el+ %ith>/ value A Ce"timate the +i#a#cial %orth o+/ en'oy/ li$e(love ACe#'oy>/ !ate A C#ot e#'oy> BBB it i" "a+er to &"e the "im!le te#"e" %ith li$e/ love a#( !ate2 agree, a&&reciate ,A &#(er"ta#(./ assu"e, #elieve, e)&ect ,A thi#*./ eel ,A thi#*./ eel sure(certain, orget, $now, "ean, &erceive, reali%e, recall, recogni%e, recollect, re"e"#er, see ,A &#(er"ta#(./ see t!roug! so"eone ,A !e#etrate hi" attem!t to (ecei)e./ su&&ose, t!in$ ,A ha)e a# o!i#io#./ trust ,A $elie)e9ha)e co#+i(e#ce i#./ understand2 E ce!tio#B The co#ti#&o&" ca# $e &"e( %ith a&&reciate A Cto i#crea"e i# )al&e>2 #elong, owe, own, &ossess +at"$4 - I am wat"$ing but I &on*t ee an't$ing unu ual) He i li tening to a tape2 but $e* wearing earp$one o nobo&' el e $ear it) He $ate touri t pla"e an& $e &oe n*t min& t$e "ol&)

02 Ver$" e !re""i#g +eeli#g" a#( emotio#"2

He* en(o'ing $i $oli&a' in t$e Ar"ti") I*m min&ing m' own bu ine ) How are 'ou liking56o 'ou like 'our new (ob, - I*m $ating it5I $ate it) I (u t &on*t like work2 'ou ee)

12 Ver$" o+ me#tal acti)ity

:2 Ver$" o+ !o""e""io#

How mu"$ &o I owe 'ou,

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

D2 The a& iliarie"/ e ce!t #e a#( !ave i# certai# &"e"

a&&ear ,A "eem./ concern, consist, contain, !old ,A co#tai#./ $ee& ,A co#ti#&e./ "atter, see", signi y, sound ,A "eem9a!!ear.2 E ce!tio#B a&&ear A Cto come $e+ore the !&$lic> ca# $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&"2

It "on"ern u all) T$i bo! "ontain e!plo ive ) 1ou are being ru&e4 S$e i $aving a $ower)

FEEL #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect eel < a# a('ecti)e i#(icati#g the "&$'ect>" emotio#" or hi" !hy"ical or me#tal co#(itio#/ e2g2 angr' 5 plea e&2 $app' 5 a&2 $ot 5 "ol&2 ten e 5 rela!e&2 nervou 5 "onfi&ent How &o 'ou feel5are 'ou feeling, - I feel5am feeling better) eel A Cto&ch> ,&"&ally i# or(er to lear# "omethi#g. T$e &o"tor wa feeling $er pul e) eel or A Ctry to +i#( "omethi#g $y to&chi#g> He wa feeling for t$e ke'$ole in t$e &ark) L,,#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect loo$ .at/ loo$ or(in(into(out He i looking for $i gla e ) I*m looking out for a better (ob) loo$ on ,A %atch.

only *i"&le +s&ect eel %he# it mea#" C"e#"e>/ 6on*t 'ou feel t$e $ou e $aking,

Cthi#*> I feel 'ou are wrong %he# it i" &"e( a" a li#* )er$ T$e water feel "ol&)

only *i"&le +s&ect loo$ &"e( a" a li#* )er$ T$at "ake look goo&) Cloo$ on ,A co#"i(er. loo$ u& to ,A re"!ect. loo$ down on ,A (e"!i"e.

*0ELL #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect "mell A C"#i++ at>4 6oe it mell our,

only *i"&le +s&ect s"ell A C!ercei)e a "ce#t9a# o(o&r> I mell ga ) s"ell &"e( a" a li#* )er$ T$i "ake mell &eli"iou 2 only *i"&le +s&ect taste a" a li#* )er$ T$i "offee ta te bitter2 ,ha" a $itter ta"te.

1+*1E #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect ta"te mea#i#g Cto te"t the +la)o&r o+ S$e wa ta ting t$e pu&&ing to ee if it wa weet enoug$)

*EE #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect see A Cmeet $y a!!oi#tme#t> ,&"&ally +or $&"i#e""./ Ci#ter)ie%> T$e &ire"tor i eeing t$e appli"ant t$i morning) I am eeing m' oli"itor tomorrow) ) see A C)i"it> ,&"&ally a" a to&ri"t. Tom i eeing t$e town5t$e ig$t ) "ee i# the +ollo%i#g com$i#atio#" see a#out A ma*e arra#geme#t" or e#8&irie"4

only *i"&le +s&ect see A C!recei)e thro&gh the eye">/ 6o 'ou ee an' bir& in t$e k',

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

+e are eeing about a work permit5or 'ou) ,tryi#g to arra#ge thi". see to A arra#ge/ !&t right/ (eal %ith4 T$e plumber i $ere) He i eeing to t$e leak in our tank) see "ome$o(y out A e"cort him9her to the (oor2 see "ome$o(y !o"e A e"cort him9her home2 see "ome$o(y to < !lace A e"cort him9her to < !lace4 ANN 7 I 8ill eeing 'ou $ome after t$e part', 9AR17 No2 $e* (u t eeing me to m' bu ) see "omeo#e o A "ay goo($ye to a (e!arti#g tra)eller at the "tarti#g !oi#t o+ hi" 'o&r#ey ,&"&ally the "tatio#/ air!ort etc2.4 +e*re leaving tomorrow) 8ill i eeing u off at t$e airport) HE+R #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect hear A Cli"te# +ormally to> ,com!lai#t"9e)i(e#ce etc2. T$e "ourt i $earing evi&en"e t$i afternoon) !ear A Crecei)e #e%" or letter">/ o#ly i# the !re"e#t !er+ect a#( +&t&re co#ti#&o&" I*ve been $earing all about 'our a""i&ent) 1ou:ll be $earing about t$e new "$eme at our ne!t meeting) 1HI2#ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect %he# #o o!i#io# i" gi)e# or a"*e( +or +$at are 'ou t$inking about, - I*m t$inking about t$e pla' we aw la t nig$t)

only *i"&le +s&ect

only *i"&le +s&ect %he# t!in$ re+er" to gi)i#g or a"i#g +or o!i#io# +$at &o 'ou t$ink of it, ,o!i#io# a"*e( +or. - I &on*t t$ink mu"$ of it) ,o!i#io# gi)e#. Tom i t$inking of emigrating) +$at &o 'ou t$ink of t$e i&ea, - I t$ink it i a tupi& i&ea) He $oul& ta' w$ere $e i ) +**30E #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect a""&me A Cacce!t a" a "tarti#g !oi#t> I*m a uming t$at 'ou $ave time to &o a lot of re ear"$) assu"e !o%er9co#trol o+ a co&#try or orga#i"atio# T$e new government i a uming power at on"e) E4PEC1 #ot! *i"&le and Continuous +s&ect e !ect A Ca%ait> I*m e!pe"ting a letter) S$e* e!pe"ting a bab' in 9a') only *i"&le +s&ect

only *i"&le +s&ect

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

THE SI9P;E PRESENT TENSE Form R&le2 I# the a++irmati)e/ the "im!le !re"e#t ha" the "ame +orm a" the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e $&t a((" a# s +or the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2 I# the other +orm" ,#egati)e/ i#terrogati)e./ the "im!le !re"e#t i" +orme( %ith the hel! o+ the a& iliary &o <&oe i# the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar. a#( the "hort i#(e+i#ite i#+i#iti)e o+ the )er$ to $e co#'&gate(2 F&ll +orm"
Form number "i#g&lar Affirmative per on -"t 0#( 1r( -"t 0#( 1r( I %or* yo& %or* he9"he9it %or*" %e %or* yo& %or* they %or* Negative I (o #ot %or* yo& (o #ot %or* he9"he9it (oe" #ot %or* %e (o #ot %or* yo& (o #ot %or* they (o #ot %or* Interrogative (o I %or*= (o yo& %or*= (oe" he9"he9it %or*= (o %e %or*= (o yo& %or*= (o they %or*= Negative interrogative (o I #ot %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*= (oe" he9"he9it #ot %or*= (o %e #ot %or*= (o yo& #ot %or*= (o they #ot %or*=

!l&ral

Co#tracte( +orm"
Form number "i#g&lar Affirmative per on -"t 0#( 1r( -"t 0#( 1r( 7 7 7 7 7 7 Negative I (o#>t %or* yo& (o#>t %or* he9"he9it (oe"#>t %or* %e (o#>t %or* yo& (o#>t %or* they (o#>t %or* Interrogative 7 7 7 7 7 7 Negative interrogative (o#>t I %or*= (o#>t yo& %or*= (oe"#>t he9"he9it %or*= (o#>t %e %or*= (o#>t yo& %or*= (o#>t they %or*=

!l&ral

S!elli#g #ote" -2 Ver$" e#(i#g i# ss, s!, c!, ) a#( o a(( es/ i#"tea( I ki # $e ki e o+ s alo#e/ to +orm the thir( !er"o# "i#g&lar2 I ru $ # $e I wat"$ % $e 02 ?he# y +ollo%" a co#"o#a#t %e cha#ge the y i#to I "arr' # $e "arrie i a#( a(( es I tr' # $e E)ce&tion5 Ver$" e#(i#g i# y +ollo%i#g a )o%el o$ey the &"&al obe' # $e obe' r&le2

I bo! # $e I &o # $e I go # $e I "op' # $e I a' # $e a'

3SES OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE Mai# &"e Ue E!ample -2 Ha$it&al actio#"2 He moke ) 6og bark) Cat &rink milk) o+te# &"e( %ith a()er$" or a()er$ !hra"e" "&ch a"4 How often &o 'ou wa $ 'our $air, alwa' 2 never2 o""a ionall'2 often2 ometime 2 I go to "$ur"$ on Sun&a' u uall'2 ever' week2 on 9on&a' 2 twi"e a 'ear etc2 It rain in winter) or %ith time cla&"e" e !re""i#g ro&ti#e or ha$it&al +$enever it rain t$e roof teak ) actio#"4 w!enever a#( w!en ,A %he#e)er. are +$en 'ou open t$e &oor a lig$t goe on) !artic&larly &"e+&l2 Other !o""i$le &"e" o+ the Pre"e#t Sim!le Ue E!ample -2 ?ith the )er$ say a#( other )er$" o+ +$at &oe t$at noti"e a', - It a' 2 :No parking)* comm&#icatio#/ %he# a"*i#g a$o&t or 8&oti#g +$at &oe t$e book a', - It a' 2 :Cook ver' lowl')* +rom $oo*"/ #otice" or )ery rece#tly recei)e( I ee 'ou*ve got a letter from Ann) +$at &oe $e a',

LEC II, s. 2, Lecture no. 1

letter"2

02 I# #e%"!a!er hea(li#e"2 12 For (ramatic #arrati)e4 %he# (e"cri$i#g the actio# o+ a !lay/ o!era etc26 &"e( $y ra(io comme#tator" at "!ort" e)e#t"/ !&$lic +&#ctio#" etc2 :2 A !la##e( +&t&re actio# or "erie" o+ actio#"/ !artic&larly %he# they re+er to a 'o&r#ey2 ,&"e( $y tra)el age#t". D2 I#"tea( o+ the !re"e#t co#ti#&o&" %ith )er$" %hich ca##ot $e &"e( i# the co#ti#&o&" +orm2 F2 I# co#(itio#al "e#te#ce"/ ty!e -2 G2 I# time cla&"e" ,a. %he# there i" a# i(ea o+ ro&ti#e ,$. %he# the mai# )er$ i" i# a +&t&re +orm

- S$e a' $e i "oming to ;on&on ne!t week) S$ake peare a' 2 :Neit$er a borrower nor a len&er be)* S$ake peare a&vi e u not to borrow or len&) A noti"e at t$e en& of t$e roa& warn people not to go an' furt$er) MASS M3R5ERER ESCAPES6 PEACE TALES FAIL +$en t$e "urtain ri e 2 =uliet i writing at $er &e k) Su&&enl' t$e win&ow open an& a ma ke& man enter ) +e leave ;on&on at >?)?? ne!t Tue &a' an& arrive in Pari at >@)??) +e pen& two $our in Pari an& leave again at >/)??) +e arrive in Rome at >A)@?2 pen& four $our in Rome et") I love 'ou $&t #ot I am loving 'ou If I ee Ann I*ll a k $er) Unle 'ou take t$e brake off t$e "ar won*t move) A oon a $e earn an' mone' $e pen& it) S$e take t$e bo' to "$ool before $e goe to work) It will top raining oon) T$en we*ll go out) 3 +$en it top raining we:ll go out)