3.1 The rotor of Fig.3.25 is similar to that of Fig.3.2 (EX3.

1) except that it has two

coils instead of one. The rotor is nonmagnetic and is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude
0
B . The coil sides are of radius R and are uniformly spaced
around the rotor surface. The first coil is carrying a current
1
I and the second coil
is carrying a current
2
I . Assuming that the rotor is 0.3m long , R=0.13m , and
0
B =0.85 T , find the u -directed torque as a function of rotor position o for (a)
1
I = 0 A and
2
I = 5 A , (b)
1
I = 5 A and
2
I = 0 A , (c)
1
I = 8 A and
2
I = 8 A .

Fig.3 two-coil rotor for problem 3.1
Sol:




m N I I . ] cos sin [ 10 63 . 6
2 1
2
o o + =

o cos 53 . 0 ) ( = T a
o sin 53 . 0 ) ( = T b
] cos sin [ 2
2 1 0
o o I I Rl B T + =
(a) = 0 A and = 5 A , (b) = 5 A and = 0 A , (c) = 8 A and = 8 A .
] cos 8 sin 8 [ 53 . 0 ) ( o o + = T c
3.2 The winding current of the rotor of Problem 3.1 are controlled as a function of
rotor angle o such that o sin 8
1
= I A and o sin 8
2
= I A .Write an expression
for the rotor torque as a function of the rotor position o .

Sol




3.3 Calculate the magnetic stored energy in the magnetic circuit of Example 1.2.
Sol:
1.2 | =0.13(wb),I=10(A)

) ( 13
10
13 . 0 1000
H
I
N
L =

= =
|

1.47
) ( 650
2
10 13
2
1
2
2
J LI W

= =











o o cos 8 sin 8
2 1
= = I and I
m N I I . ] cos sin [ 10 63 . 6
2 1
2
o o + =

m N
m N
. 5204 . 0
. ] cos 8 sin 8 [ 10 63 . 6
2 2 2
=
+ =

o o
] cos sin [ 2
2 1 0
o o I I Rl B T + =
3.4 An inductor has an inductance which is found experimentally to be of form
0
0
1
2
x x
L
L
+
=
where
0
L =30mH,
0
x =0.87mm,and x is the displacement of moveable
element.
Its winding resistance is measured and found to equal 110m.
a. The displacement x is held constant at 0.9mm, and the current is increased from 0
to 6.0A. Find the resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor.
b. The current is then held constant at 6.0A, and the displacement is increased to
1.80mm.Find the corresponding change in magnetic stored energy.

Sol:
For mm x 9 . 0 =

) ( 5 . 29
87 . 0
9 . 0
1
30 2
mH L =
+

=

1.47
) ( 531 . 0 6 10 5 . 29
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
J LI W = = =


For mm x 8 . 1 =

) ( 6 . 19
87 . 0
8 . 1
1
30 2
mH L =
+

=


) ( 352 . 0 6 10 6 . 19
2
1
2 3
J W = =


) ( 179 . 0 531 . 0 352 . 0 J W = = A








3.5 Repeat Problem 3.4, assuming that the inductor is connected to a voltage source
which increases from 0 to 0.4V (part | | a ) and then is held constant at 0.4 V
(part | | b ). For both calculations, assume that all electric transients can be ignored.


Sol:
For a coil voltage of 0.4V, so coil current will equal A I 7 . 3
11 . 0
4 . 0
= =
(a.)
If mH L 5 . 29 = :
( ) Joule LI W
fld
202 . 0 7 . 3 10 5 . 29
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
= = =


If mH L 6 . 19 = :
( ) Joules LI W
fld
134 . 0 7 . 3 10 6 . 19
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
= = =


(b.)
) ( 068 . 0 202 . 0 134 . 0 Joules W
fld
= = A



3.6 The inductor of Problem 3.4 is driven by a sinusoidal current source of the form
( ) t I t i e sin
0
= Where A I 5 . 5
0
= and ( ) Hz 50 100t e = . With the displacement
held fixed at
0
x x = , calculate (a) the time-averaged magnetic stored energy (
fld
W )
in the inductor and (b) the time averaged power dissipated in the winding
resistance.

Sol:
For mH L L x x 30 ,
0 0
= = = . The rms. current is equal A I
rms
89 . 3
2
5 . 5
= =
(a.)
( ) Joules LI W
fld
227 . 0 89 . 3 10 30
2
1
2
1
2 3 2
= = =


(b.)
( ) W R I P
rms diss
63 . 1 11 . 0 89 . 3
2 2
= = =

3.11 The inductance of a phase winding of a three-phase salient-pole motor is
measured to be of the form


m m
L L L u u 2 c o s ) (
2 0
+ =

where
m
u is the angular position of the rotor.
a. How many poles are on the rotor of this motor?
b. Assuming that all other winding currents zero and that this phase is excited
by a constant current I
0
, find the torque T
fld
() acting on the rotor.

Sol:
(a): 2

(b):
2
2 22 2 1 12
2
1 11 fld
i L
2
1
i i L i L
2
1
W + + = '

m 2
2
0 m 2 0
2
m
ld
f
fld
2 sin L I ) 2 cos L L (
2
Ia
d
d
W
T u u
u u
=
(

+ =
c
' c
=





















3.13 Consider the plunger actuator of Fig. 3.29. Assume that the plunger is
initially fully opened(g = 2.25 cm) and that a battery is used to supply a
current of 2.5 A to the winding.
a. If the plunger is constrained to move very slowly (i.e., slowly compared
to the electrical time constant of the actuator), reducing the gap g from
2.25 to 0.20 cm, how much mechanical work in joules will be supplied
to the plunger.
b. For the conditions of part(a), how much energy will be supplied by the
battery(in excess of the power dissipated in the coil)?

Figure 3.29 Plunger actuator for Problem 3.12.

Sol:
(a): Work = W
fld
(g = 0.2 cm) W
fld
(g = 2.25 cm) = 46.7 Joules


(b):












3.14

As shown in Fig.3.30 an N-turn electromagnet is to be used to lift a slab of iron of
mass M. The surface roughness of the iron is such that when the iron and the
electromagnet are in contact there is a minimum air gap of g
min
=0.18mm in each
leg .the electromagnet cross-sectional area Ac=32cm and coil resistance is
2.8 .Calculate the minimum coil voltage which must be used to lift a slab of
mass 95kg against the force of gravity. Neglect the reluctance of the iron.

Sol:
9.895Kg
: g Ac N L 2 /
2
0
=
N N 450
Ffid=
2
2
2
0
2
)
4
(
2
i
g
Ac N
dg
dL i
= g=9.8m/
2
sec
931N
Ffid i
min
: mA
Ac
Ff id
N
g
i 385 )
2
(
0
min
min
= =

Vmin =385mA2.8=1.08V


Iron slab mass M
g g
Electromagnet
cross-sectional
Area Ac
N-turn winding

3.16 An inductor id made up of a 525-turn coil on a core of 14cm
2
cross - sectional
area and gap length 0.16mm the coil is connected directly to a 120-V 60-Hz
voltage source. Neglect the coil resistance and leakage inductance .Assuming
the coil reluctance to be negligible ,calculate the time-averaged force acting on
the core tending to close the air gap .How would this force very if the air-gap
length were doubled?

Sol:

g
Ac N
L
2
0

=
g
L i
dg
dL i
Ff id
2 2
2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Irms=Vrms/wL
N
Ac N
rms V
L g
I
Ffld
rms
115
0 2 2
2 2 2
= = =
e e

























3.17 Fig. 3.31 shows the general nature of the slot-leakage flux produced by current I
in a rectangular conductor embedded in a rectangular slot in iron. Assume that
the iron reluctance is negligible and that the slot leakage flux goes straight
across the slot in the region between the top of the conductor and the top of the
slot.



(a)Derive an expression for the flux density Bs in the region between the top of
the conductor and the top of the slot.(b) Derive an expression for the
slot-leakage sits crossing the slot above the conductor, in terms of the height x
of the slot above the conductor, the slot width s, and the embedded length l
perpendicular to the paper.(c) Derive an expression for the force f created by
this magnetic field on a conductor of length l. In what direction does this force
act on the conductor?(d) When the conductor current is 850 A, compute the
force per meter on a conductor in a slot 2.5cm wide.

Sol:

part(a)




part(b)


NA A
B
|
= =
s
i
B
S
0

=
s
xl
xl B A B
s s s
0

| = = =


partc(c)




part(d)






























s
li
dx
dW
f
2
2
0
'

= =
s
li
dx
dW
f
2
2
0
'

= =
( )
m
N
f 1 . 18 =

3.18 A long, thin solenoid of radius r and height h is shown in Fig. 3.32. The magnetic
field inside such a solenoid is axially directed, essentially uniform and equal to
H=Ni/h. The magnetic field outside the solenoid can be shown to be negligible.
Calculate the radial pressure in newtons per square meter acting on the sides of
the solenoid for constant coil current i=Io.



Sol:

















2
2 2
0 0
2
0 '
2 2
i
h
N r
Coil
H
W
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
2
0
2
0 0
0
'
I
h
N r
dr
dW
f
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
t
2
0
2
2
0
0
2 2
I
h
N
h r
f
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

t

3.22 The two-winding magnetic circuit of Fig.3.36 has a winding on a fixed yoke and
a second winding on a moveable element .The moveable element is constrained
to motion such that the length of both air gaps remain equal.
a. Find the self-inductances of winding 1 and 2 in terms of the core dimension and
the number of turns
b. find the mutual inductance between the two winding.
c. Calculate the coenergy Wfld(i1,i2)
d. Find an expression for the force acting on the movable element as a function of
the
winding currents.
i1
i2
Winding 1,N1 turns
Cross-sectional
area A
Winding 2, N2 turns
Moveable element
+
_
+
_
Yoke
g0
g0
u
u
2

SOL:
(a)
( )
0
0
2 1 12
12
0
0
2
1 11
11
2 12 1 11 1
2
0
0
2 1 1
0
0
2
1 1 1
0
0
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2
2 1
2

2 2
2
g
A u
N N L
L
g
A u
N L
L
i L i L
i
g
A u
N N i
g
A u
N N
g
A u
i N i N
R
i N
i N i N i N F
=
=
+ =
+ = =

+ =

=
+ = =

1

|
|

0
0
2
2 22
22
1 21 2 22 2
1
0
0
2 1 2
0
0
2
2 2 2
2

2 2
2
g
A u
N L
L
i L i L
i
g
A u
N N i
g
A u
N N
=
+ =
+ = =
2

|

(b)
2
0
0
2 1 12
2
i
g
A u
N N L =
(c)
( )
2
2 2 1 1
0
0
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
2 1 2 1 0 2
2
0
2
2 0 2
1
0
2
1 0
2 1 12
2
2 22
2
1 11
'
4
) 2 (
4
4
2
4 4 2
1
2
1
i N i N
g
A u
i i N N i N i N
g
A u
g
i i N N u
i
g
A N u
i
g
A N u
i i L i L i L W fld
+ =
+ + =
+ + = + + =




(d)
( )
( )
2
2 2 1 1
2
0
0
2
0
2
2 2 1 1 0 0
2 1
0
'
'
4
) 4 (
4 0 ) 4 (
,
i N i N
g
A u
g
i N i N A u g
i i
g
W
W
fld
fld
+ =
+
=
c
c
=

































3.24 Two windings, one mounted on a stator and the other on a rotor,have self-and
mutual inductances of
L11=4.5H L22=2.5H L12=2.8cos H u
where u is the angle between the axes of the windings. The resistances of the
windings may be neglected. Winding 2 is short-circuited, and the current in
winding 1 as a function of time is i1=10sinwt A.
a. Derive an expression for the numerical value in newton-meters of the
instantaneous torque on the rotor in terms of the angleu .
b. Compute the time-averaged torque in newton-meters where
0
45 = u
c. If the rotor is allowed to move ,will it rotate continuously or will it tend to cone to
rest ? If the latter, at what value of
0
u
(1) m N ) sin(2 cos(2wt)) - 78.5(1
cos 2sin sin2 ,
2
cos2 - 1
wt sin
cos sin ) ( sin 314 cos sin 14 . 3
, sin 10
cos 12 . 1 )
5 . 2
cos 8 . 2
( ) (
0
2
sin 8 . 2
2
1
2
1
) (
:
2
2 2
1
1
1 1 1
22
12
2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 1
'
2 1 12
2
2 22
2
1 11
'
=
= =
= =
=
= = =
= + =
=
c
c
=
+ + =
u
u u u
u u u u
u
u

u
u
fld
fld
fld
fld
fld
T
wt
wt i T
wt i
i i
H
H
i
L
L
i
i L i L
m N i i
W
T
i i L i L i L W
a
sol




m N T
b
fld
=
=
5 . 78
) 1 ( 45
) (
0
u

0 0
fld
fld
270 or 90
0
d
T d
and 0 T
, ) (
= =
= =
u u
u
u

c



3.25

Fig 3.37
A loudspeaker is made of a magnetic core of infinite permeability and circular
symmetryas shown in Fig 3.37a and b. The air-gap length g is much less than the radius
0
r of the central core. The voice coil is constrained to move only in the x direction and is
attached to the speaker conewhich is not shown in the figure. A constant radial magnetic
field is produced in the air gap by a direct current in coil 1
1 1
I i = . An audio-frequency
signal t I i e cos
2 2
= is then applied to the voice coil. Assume the voice coil to be of
negligible thickness and composed of N2 turns uniformly distributed over its height h.
Also assume that its displacement is such that it remains in the air gap h l x s s 0
aCalculate the force on the voice coilusing the Lorentz Force LawEq.3.1
bcalculate the self-inductance of each coil.
ccalculate the mutual inductance between the coils. (HintAssume that current is
applied to the voice coiland calculate the flux linkages of coil 1. Note that these
flux linkages very with the displacement x)
dcalculate the force on the voice coil from the coenergy
'
fid
W .

Sol:
ag << r0

1
1 0
r , 1
g
N
A

= = B
B l i f =
2 1
2 1 0 0
2 1 , 2 0
2
2 i i
g
N N r
i B N r f
r z
t
t = =

b
g
A N
A
g
N
R
N
L
g
g
0
2
0
2 2

= = =
g
N l r
L
2
1 0 0
11
2 t
=

)
3
2
(
2
2
2 0 0
22
h
x l
g
N r
L =
t


c
)
2
(
2
2 1 0 0
12
l
h
x
g
N N r
L + =
t


d
2 1
2 1 0 0 2
2
2
2 0 0
2 1 12
2
2 22
2
1 11
2
2
1
2
1
i i
g
N N r
i
g
N r
i i L i L i L
dx
d
w
fld
t t
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

t I i I i e cos ,
2 2 1 1
= =

t I I
g
N N r
t I
g
N r
w
fld
e
t
e
t
cos
2
cos
2 1
2 1 0 0 2 2
2
2
2 0 0
+ =
















3.29

Fig 3.40

Figure 3.40 shows a circularly symmetric system in which a moveable plunger
constrained to move only in the vertical directionis supported by a spring of spring
constant K=5.28 N/m. The system is excited by a samarium-cobalt permanent-magnet
in the shape of a washer of outer radius R3inner radius R2and thickness tm. The
system dimension are
R1=2.1cm R2=4cm R3=4.5cm h=1cm g=1mm tm=3mm
The equilibrium position of the plunger is observed to be x=1.0mm
aFind the magnetic flux density Bg in the fixed gap and Bx in the variable gap
bCalculate the x-directed magnetic force pulling down on the plunger
cThe spring force is of the form ( ) x X K f
spring
=
0
. Find
0
X
Sol
a
g g
H B
0
=
x x
H B
0
= ) (
c m R m
H H B =

0
05 . 1 =
R

m
KA
H
c
712
'
=
T
R R
ht R
gR hx
t H R
B
R
m
m c
g
0562
) (
2
2
) (
2
2
2
3
2
1 0
1
1 0
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

T B
R
h
B
g x
5 3 5 . 0
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

b
NAB =
( ) i L i
R R
ht R
gR hx
N hR
B h R N
R
m
g
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +
= =
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1 0
1
2 2
1 0
1

t
t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N
R R
ht R
gR hx
t H hR
R R
ht R
gR hx
Ni hR
dX
dL i
f
R
m
m c
R
m
fld
0158 . 0
) (
2
2
2
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1 0
1
2 2
1 0
2
2
2
2
3
2
1 0
1
2 2
1 0
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

= =

t

c
( ) x X K f =
0

mm
K
f
x X 2
0
= + =


















3.30 The plunger of a solenoid is connected to a spring. The spring force is given by
( ) x a K f = 9 . 0
0
,where x is the air-gap length. The inductance of the solenoid is
of the form ( ) a x L L / 1
0
= , and its winding resistance is R.
The plunger is initially stationary at position a x 9 . 0 = when a dc voltage of
magnitude V
0
is applied to the solenoid.
a. Find an expression for the force as a function of time required to hold the
plunger at position 2 / a
b. If the plunger is then released and allowed to come to equilibrium, find the
equilibrium position X
0
. You may assume that this position falls in the range
a X s s
0
0 .

Sol :

part (a):
a x 9 . 0 = ( )
0 0
1 . 0 / 1 L a x L L = =

t /
0
) (
t
e
R
V
t i

=
, R L/ = t


( ) ( )
t
t
t
/ 2
2
0 0
0
2
/ 0
0
2
/ 0
2
2
2
/ 1
2
2
t
t
t
fld
e
R
V
a
L
a
L
e
R
V
dx
a x L d
e
R
V
dx
dL i
f

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
=

part (b):
X0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
9 . 0 9 . 0 |
.
|

\
|
= + =
R
V
aK
L
a
K
f
a X





3.31 Consider the solenoid system of Problem 3.30. Assume the following parameter
values:
cm N K R cm a mH L / 5 . 3 5 . 1 2 . 2 0 . 4
0 0
= O = = =
The plunger has mess Kg M 2 . 0 = . Assume the coil to be connected to a dc
source of magnitude 4A. Neglect any effects of gravity.
a. Find the equilibrium displacement X
0
.
b. Write the dynamic equations of motion for the system.
c. Linearize these dynamic equations for incremental motion of the system
around its equilibrium position.
d. If the plunger is displaced by an incremental distance e from its
equilibrium position X
0
and released with zero velocity at time 0 = t , find (i)
The resultant motion of the plunger as a function of time, and (ii) The
corresponding time-varying component of current induced across the coil
terminals.
Sol :

part (a):
A I i 4
0
= =
N
a
L i
f 45 . 1
10 2 . 2 2
10 4 16
2
2
3
0
2
=


= =

cm
K
f
a X 56 . 1
5 . 3
45 . 1
2 . 2 9 . 0 9 . 0
0
0
= = + =
part (b):

( )
( ) N x x
dt
x d
x a K f
dt
x d
M
5 . 3 48 . 5 2 . 2 9 . 0 5 . 3 45 . 1 2 . 0
9 . 0
2
2
0
2
2
= + =
+ =

dt
dx
v
dt
dx
a
L
R I
dt
dL
I R I v
182 . 0 6
0
0 0 0
=
= + =

part (c):
) (
0
t x X x ' + = , ) (
0
t x V v ' + =


x
dt
x d
x
dt
x d
' =
'

=
5 . 17
5 . 3 48 . 5 2 . 0
2
2
2
2

dt
x d
v
dt
dx
v
'
= '
=
182 . 0
182 . 0 6

part (d)
m t t x e c o s ) ( =e '
sec / 18 . 4 5 . 17 rad = e= V t t v e sin 76 . 0 ) ( e = '






























3.32 The solenoid of Problem 3.31 is now connected to a dc voltage source of
magnitude 6V.
a. Find the equilibrium displacement
0
X .
b. Write the dynamic equations of motion for the system.
c. Linearize these dynamic equations for incremental motion of the system
around its equilibrium position.
Sol:
(a)
A
R
V
I 4
0
0
= =
3.31 cm . X 56 1
0
= .
(b)

dt
d
iR V

+ =
0

flux linkage i L(x = )
dynamic equation:

dt
dx
)i
a
L
(
dt
di
)
a
x
( L iR
dt
dx
dx
dL
i
dt
di
)
a
x
( L iR
dt
dx
dx
dL
i
dt
di
L iR
dt
dL
i
dt
di
L iR
(Li)
dt
d
iR V
0
0
0
0
1
1
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

or

dt
dx
i .
dt
di
x) . ( i .
dt
dx
)i
.
(
dt
di
)
.
x
( i .
182 0 455 0 1 10 4 5 1
2 2
10 4
2 2
1 10 4 5 1 6
3
3
3
+ =

+ + =

(40 )
and

x) a . ( K
a
L i
x) a . ( K f
dt
x d
M
x) a . ( K
dt
x d
M f

=
=
+ =
9 0
2
9 0
9 0
0
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2

or

x . . .
dt
x d
.
x) . . ( .
.
i
dt
x d
.
5 3 93 6 10 9091 0 2 0
2 2 9 0 5 3
2 2 2
10 4
2 0
3
2
2
3 2
2
2
+ =

(c)
The equation can be linearized by letting ( ) t x X x
'
+ =
0
and ( ) t i I i
'
+ =
0
.
The result is

dt
dx
I
a
L
dt
di
a
X
L R i
'
'
0
0 0
0
1 0 |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
or

dt
dx
.
dt
di
. i .
'
'
728 0 10 5 1 5 1 0
3
+ =


and

' '
'
x K i
a
L I
d t
x d
M
0
0 0
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
or

' '
'
x i
dt
x d
350 727 . 0 2 . 0
2
2
=








()
()
3.33 Consider the single-coil rotor of Example 3.1. Assume the rotor winding to be
carrying a constant current of A I 8 = and the rotor to
. have a moment of inertia
2
0125 0 m kg . J =
a. Find the equilibrium position of the rotor. Is it stable?
b. Writer the dynamic equations for the system.
c. find the natural frequency in hertz for incremental rotor motion around this
equilibrium position.
Sol:
(a)
Rotor current =8A
Torque o sin
0
T T =
m N . . . . Rl IB T = = = 0048 0 3 0 05 0 02 0 8 2 2
0 0

The stable equilibrium position will be at 0 = o .

(b)
T
dt
d
J sin
0
2
2
=

(c)
The incremental equation of motion is
T
dt
d
J
0
2
2
=
and the natural frequency is
s c e r a d
J
T
/ 62 . 0
0125 . 0
0048 . 0
0
~ = = e
Corresponding to a frequency of

Hz f
f
099 . 0
2
62 . 0
2
2
~ = =
=
t t
e
t e