SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

Some Scientific Instruments

AltimeterAn instrument used for measuring altitudes in aircraft. AmmeterAn instrument for measuring electrical currents in amperes. AnemometerAn instrument for measuring the force and velocity of wind. AudiometerAn instrument for measuring the intensity of sound. AudiophoneAn instrument for improving imperfect sense of hearing. BarometerAn apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pressure. It is of 2 typesAneroid and Fortin's Barometer.. CalorimeterAn instrument used for measuring quantities of heat. CarburettorAn apparatus used in an internal combustion engine for charging air with petrol vapour. CardiographA medical instrument for tracing heart movements. ChronometerAn instrument kept on board ships for measuring accurate time. CinematographyIt contains a series of lenses arranged to throw on screen an enlarged image of photographs. CrescographIt was invented by J.C. Bose. It is used for measuring growth in plants. Dip CircleAn instrument for determining the angle between the direction of the resultant intensity of earth's field and the horizontal component at a plane. This particular angle is known as the dip of that place. Drinker's ApparatusAn instrument used to help breathing in infantile paralysis. DynamoThe origin of electricity in a dynamo is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy. ElectrometerIt is an instrument for measuring electricity. EudiometerA glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases.

EvaporimeterCumulative Pan Evaporimeter used to measure water evaporation through sunlights. GalvanometerAn instrument for measuring electric currents of small magnitude. HygroscopeAn instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating bodies; a type of spinning wheel fixed to the axle. HydrometerAn instrument used for measuring the specific gravity ot liquids. HydrophoneAn instrument for recording sound under water. HygrometerAn instrument for measuring humidity in air. LactometerIt is used for testing the purity of milk. ManometerAn instrument for determining the pressure of a gas. Mariner's compassAn apparatus used by sailors to tell them the direction. The needle always points north south. MicrophoneAn instrument for converting sound waves into electrical vibrations and thus to magnify the sound. MicroscopeAn instrument used for mangifying minute objects by a lens system. OdometerAn instrument by which the distance covered by wheeled vehicles is measured. PhonographAn instrument for reproducing sound. PhotometerIt is an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a device for comparing the luminous intensity of sources of light. PolarimeterAn instrument used for measuring optical activity. Potentiometer It is used for comapring electromotive force (e.ml.) of cells measurement of the thermal e.m.f. large potential differences and currents. PyrometerAn instrument for recording high temperatures from a great distance. RadarIt is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range. It is used for detecting the direction and range of an approaching plane by means of radio microwaves. __-" Rain GaugeAn apparatus for recording rainfall at a particular place. RadiometerAn instrument for measuring the emission of radiant energy. RefractometerAn instrument to measure refractive indexes. SaccharimeterAn instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. It is used in breweries.

Seismometer or SeismographAn instrument for recording earthquake shocks. SextantAn instrument invented by John Hadley used for measuring the altitude of the sun and other heavenly bodies. SpectrometerAn instrument for measuring the energy distribution of a particular type of radiation. SpeedometerAn instrument which indicates the speed at which a vehicle is moving. SpherometerAn instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces. StethoscopeAn instrument used by physicians to hear and analyse movements of heart and lungs. StroboscopeAn instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest. Sunshine RecorderIt is used to record sunshine duration (hrs/day) for growth of crops/plants. TachometerAn instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and motor-boats. TeleprinterAn instrument which prints automatically messages sent from one place to another on telegraph lines. TelstarIt is a space communication satellite developed by Bell for overseas communications. It was launched on July 10, 1962 from Cape Canaveral (U.S.A.). Besides telephone calls, Telstar enables television microwave transmission to be made from and to any country with a transmitting and receiving station. TelescopeIt is an apparatus used for observing distant objects. Theodollite-An instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. ThermocoupleAn instrument based on thermoelectricity used for measuring temperatures. ThermometerAn apparatus used for measuring temperature (maxi. and mini.) Thermometer (Dry and Wet Bulb)It is used to measure atmospheric humidity. ThermostatAn instrument used to regulate temperature to a particular degree. ViscometerAn instrument to measure viscosity. Wind VaneAn instrument for measuring wind direction, indicated with NJS E.W directions.

SCIENTIFIC TERMS EXPLAINED

Absolute ZeroOn the temperature scale is the lowest temperature theoretically possible. The theoretical point is equivalent to 459-6F or 273-16 at which all molecular motion stops. AcupunctureIt is an ancient technique, very much in vogue in China, of deadening pain. It is claimed that by the use of acupuncture major surgical operations can be performed without anaesthesia. The underlying principle is that there are several points in the body at which if needles are struck, a numbing effect is produced. AllometryIt denotes the relationship between die growth rates of an individual plant part/or an organ/or organism. AllotropyExistence of a chemical element in two or more forms differing in physical properties but giving rise to identical chemical compounds. AllelopathyAlso known as antibiosis of allelochemical inter-action, which has direct or indirect inhibitory influence of one plant species or others and V/s. AnabolismBuilding up of complex substances from simple ones in living tissues. It is a part of the process of metabolism. AnaestheticsDrugs causing unconsciousness such as chloroform. AntibioticsThese are the drugs which are produced by bacte-ria and which act against other strains of bacteria e.v. Penicillin, Streptomycin, Teramycin, Chloromycetin etc. AstigmatismIt is an aberration of an optical system that causes lines in some directions to be focussed less sharply than lines in other directions. To the eyei^causes defective vision. Atomic EnergyIt is produced due to the splitting up of atoms of certain radio-active elements. The energy produced in this manner can be used for constructive or destructive purposes. Atomic numberThe number of electrons, or what is equivalent, die positive charge on the nucleus, of an atom. Black boxIt is an apparatus which records the flight data of an aeroplane and is also a voice recorder.

BacteriaAre minute organisms appearing under a microscopic observation as a group of rods or spheres. Some are harmful bacteria for they help in the spread of disease, some are useful for making soil fertile. Bioeco compassA unique device developed by Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow, which can give reliable forewarning of natural calamities like floods and droughts. Blood groupDr. Costello and later Dr. Moss classified blood into various groups viz. AB, A and O according to the viscosity of blood. Patients are administered blood of their own group. Blood TransfusionThis is process of transfusing blood of one person into the blood stream of another person. CalorieThe amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 C. Centripetal ForceThe force which tends to pull whirling objects towards the centre of rotation. Centrifugal ForceThe force with which a body revolving round the centre tends to fly off. CatalystA substance which aids or speeds up a chemical process, without itself undergoing any change. ChemotherapyTreatment of diseases by means of a chemical compound having a specific bactericidal effect. ChlorophyllThe green pigment contained in the leaves of plants. It enables the plants to manufacture food with the help of sun light. It was first discovered by PJ. Pelletier (1778-1892) and J.B. Caventon (1715-1887) in 1818. Colour BlindnessIt is an inborn condition in some people of not being able to distinguish between certain colours. Deficiency diseases These are the diseases which are caused due to the deficiency in the body of certain vitamins. DialysisIt is a machine used for blood purification when the kidneys malfunction. The process is also known as dialysis. Dry IceIt is solid carbon dioxide. EfflorescenceThe property possessed by certain crystalline substances of losing their water of crystallization when exposed to the air and becoming amorphous. Examplewashing soda. Electric MotorIt is a device to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy.

ElectrolysisIt is the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte with subsequent migration of ions to the electrodes. EcologyIt is the study of the balance of nature, how different living beings and inanimate objects function together as a harmonious whole. EndemicA disease which becomes prevalent in a particular area on account of its sorrounding conditions. EnzymesThese are organic catalysts which actually accelerate the chemical reactions occurring in the living organism. For example lipase accelerates the hydrolysis of fats; diastase helps the conversion of starch to glucose; zymase quickens fermentation of sugar to alcohol. EpidemicA disease which attacks many people in a particular area at one time. Escape VelocityIt is the minimum speed which a space craft must have to escape the earth's "Gravitational Pull". It is 11-2 km/ sec. from the earth. ExbiologyThe new science which deals with life or possibilities of life existing beyond the earth i.e. on other planets. FossilsThe remains or forms of a plant or animal which are found deposited at a particular place over a long period of time in the form of rocks. Fly ashA waste product from thermal power stations using coal. The strategic metal., germanium can be extracted from fly ash. FungiA class of plants which have no chlorophyll. GeneAn elementary unit of heredity. It occurs along the length of the chromosomes which surround the nuclei. Genetic CodeThe code of life by which inherited characteristics are handed ctownjxom one generation to another. The code bearing material is...D.N.A. (deoxyribonucleic acid) a biological matter which makes transmission of characteristics possible. Green House (Glass House)Heating influence by solar radiation reaching ground surface, allowed by C02, ozone, dust, water, vapours, atmosphere etc. HaemoglobinThe red pigment present in the blood functioning as an oxygen carrier. HibernationCondition of sleep during certain parts of the year. HormonesThese are chemical substances produced by ductless or endocrine glands.

Heavy waterThe usual chemical formula for water is H20. This signifies that two atoms of hydrogen are linked with one atom of oxygen to form one molecule of water. The formula for heavy water is DzO. HydrophobiaIt is usually caused by the bite of a mad dog. It is an incurable disease. Once it develops, the patient dies of it. It can be prevented by injections discovered by Pasteur. Injections are known as ARV (Antirabic venom). HydroponicsIt is the process of growing plants by feeding them on nutrients without using soil. ImplosionIt is a technique for detonating underground nuclear devices. IonisationIt is the process of splitting up of a molecule into ions. Iron LungA mechanical device consisting of a chamber in which alternate pulsations of high and low pressure of the thorax of a patient produce normal lung movements. It is used in cases in which respiration muscles are paralysed, e.g. in poliomylitis. IsotopesAtoms of the same element with the same atomic number but with different atomic mass number are known as Isotopes of that element. They contain different number of neutrons. Kinetic energyIt is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its motion. Laser Beam'Laser' is the abbreviated form of 'Light, Amplification, by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is a device for producing concentrated, powerful monochromatic and coherent beam of light. It is used in medicine, warfare etc. Light YearAn astronomical measure of distance; the distance traveUed by light in vacuum in one year. The velocity of light is, 3 x 10s m/s (1 light year = 9-46 x 1015 m) , MesonA new particle which holds the protons and neutrons of/ the atomic nucleus discovered by a Japanese scientist Yukawa. { ' MetabolismIt is a chemical process concerned with the burning and regeneration of tissues occurring in living organisms. MyopiaShort-sightedness. A myopic man cannot see distant objects clearly while he can see near objects quite clearly. Nitrogen FixationNitrogen has the property of reacting under special conditions to form a number of useful products. Owing to this property die free atmospheric nitrogen is converted into so many nitrogenous compounds.
I

NeutralizationAddition of acid to alkali or vice-versa, so that the solution is neutralized, the properties of the compounds disappear. Neutron BombDeveloped by the United States, the bomb causes negligible damage to buildings and other installations, but kills people instantly through radiation. Nuclear FissionIt is the process of breaking apart of the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear FuelIt is a substance which undergoes nuclear fission in a nuclear reactor. OsmosisIn the process of a solution being separated from its pure solvent by a semi-porous membrane, the molecules of the solvent begin to travel across the membrane and reach the solution to dilute it. The process goes on till concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. This phenomenon is known as Osmosis. Outer spaceThe part of the universe which lies beyond the earth's atmosphere where the density of matter is very low. OxidationIt is a process of addition of oxygen. PhotosynthesisIt is the process by which green plants manufacture food in the form of carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight. PolymerizationChemical union of two or more molecules of the same compound to form larger molecules. The process results in the formation of a new compound of the same empirical formula but greater molecular weight. Potential energyIt is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position or shape. ProtoplasmIt is the living matter present in the cells of animal and vegetable life. Psychedelic drugsThese are the drugs which produce a mental state of great calm. RadiationThe process of transmission of heat in straight lines without heating the intervening medium. Radio activityIt is a characteristic of substances like uranium, thorium, radium and actinium to emit radiation which can penetrate opaque substances, affect a photographic plate in the dark and ionize gases etc. RefractionWhen a ray of light enters from a rare medium to a denser medium, it is bent or refracted towards the normal. Mirage is formed by refraction. RocketA type of vehicle driven by the engine which does not depend upon air as medium. It is therefore capable of working in outer space.

Relativity theoryTheory associated with Albert Einstein based on the principle that all motions are relative and that time and space are mutually inseparable. 'RRR' BombThe U.S. Government has begun secret exploratory research on a new nuclear 'fast bomb' known as RRR bomb (Reduced Residual Radiation bomb) for the military, that would produce increased heat and blast but reduced radioactive fall out. Specific gravityRelative weight of any kind of matter expressed by the ratio of given volume to the same volume of water (for liquid or solid matter) and of air (for gas). SpectrumWhen a narrow beam of light passes through a prism, it disperses into seven colours. The coloured image is known as spectrum. Sterilisation(a) Removing the power of procreation by means of operation, (b) disinfecting instruments and other materials before performing a surgical operation. TelexMeans Teleprinter Exchange. It enables subscribers to have their own teleprinter communication direct with any other subscriber having the same facility. T.N.T.Tri-nitro-toluene, highly explosive substance. It is manufactured by the action of concentrated nitric acid on toluene. Torricellian VacuumThe vacant space above the level of mercury in the barometer is known as Torricellian Vacuum. It is so called because of its being discovered by Torricelli. / Ultra Violet RaysThe sunlight is composed of several colour such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. In the spectrum below this colour there exist other rays known as ultra violet rays. These rays possess a short wave length but high frequency. Ultra sonicIt means frequency in excess of about 20,000 cycles per second. VirusSmall microscopic agents containing nucleic acid capable of multiplying in an organism and causing many types of diseases such as plague, small-pox, mumps, measles, typhus, Poliomytatin etc. VitaminsThese are minute organic compounds present in food products and are important for maintenance of health. Deficiency of these in food causes deficiency diseases. The most important vitamins are five in number; A, B, C, D and E. XerographyIt is a new process of graphic reproduction and photography recently developed in India by National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.

Working Principle of Some Scientific Instruments

Diesel Engine
It is a low cost internal combustion engine with high efficiency. It consists of a cylinder with air-tight piston and provided with two valves. As the piston compresses the mixture of air and diesel, the temperature increases to 600C leading to its ignition. The gases formed by ignition expand and push the piston out with a great force. It is connected with the gear which in turn is connected with the wheels which are set in motion. Finally die piston forces the inner gases out through another valve. This cycle is repeated again and again.

Davy's Safety Lamp

It was invented by Sir Humphrey Davy to save die lives of the miners working in the mines. It consists of an ordinary lamp surrounded by a cylinder of wire gauze instead of glass chimney. The inflammable gases from the mine enter the gauze and burn inside the lamp with a blue flame. The gauze conducts the heat so well mat the temperature outside and near die gauze never reaches the ignition point.

Dynamo
It is a device which transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical energy needed is obtained generally from a water turbine. It consists of a rectangular coil of wire called armature which rotates in a strong magnetic field created by electro magnet. As the coil rotates a current is induced in the coil.

Heart Lung Machine

This is a newly invented machine which promises a revo-lutionary advance in heart surgery. The patient's circulation is temporarily exteriorised through the machinery by passing the heart which is left empty and idle, enabling the surgeon to work deliberately by direct vision without risk of severe haemorrhage. The heart lung machine, besides artificially circulating and oxygenating the patients' blood can also cool it if hypothermia is necessary.

Lightning Conductor
When heavily charged cloud comes over the building, it induces an opposite charge on the upper end of the pointed rod of the lightning conductor and similar kind of charge is repelled into the earth. If the cloud is

positively charged, the pointed end becomes negatively charged. From the pointed ends charge begins to leak setting up an electric wind which neutralises some of the charge of the cloud, thus decreasing the potential difference. Thus lightning will not strike the building.

Periscope
It is a device used by crew in submarines to see the surface of the water. The head of the instrument is visible over the surface of water. Light from an object is twice or thrice reflected through a rectangular pipe in which mirrors are fixed and reaches the eye-piece in which the image is seen.

Radar
It is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range. It is an instrument used to detect the direction and distance of distant invisible objects. A narrow beam of high frequency radio-waves is sent in all directions from the instrument. The invisible object in the space reflects these waves back. Radar receives these waves and by the time taken by them determines the distance and direction of the invisible object.

.Refrigerator ,;

,|

ft is a machine used for keeping temperature sufficiently low so as to preveM? foodstuffs ^$a* getting hpdhy prevented the growth of bacteria or mould* n mem. ^#| modem t$faaa8iom atojjjfcm liq^effe^ iider|ugh presMBc at the b^ggst. The liquid fises in the Mgjper portion, where foodstuffs are kept. Theif it evaporates and since etaj^ation produces cooling effect the temperate of the place goes downi **hfe process goes oa and foodstuffs are prevented from becoming bad.

Rocket
The underlying principle of the flight of a rocket is Newton's Third law of Motion viz., to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It is a self-propelled vehicle which depends upon the force provided by a fuel carried alongwith it. As the fuel burns, products of combustion are forced out at terrific speed at the rear of the vehicle and reaction imparts motion to it in the forward direction. It has its own oxygen supply for burning the fuel and therefore, there is no dependence on air for combustion or propulsion.

Steam Engine
The motive power in a steam engine is provided by superheated steam. This, steam under high pressure enters the cylinders at one end. It pushes the piston out and pppies in when escaping out from the other end of the cylinders. This process drives the piston back and forth. This piston is

connected wiui the driving rods to the wheels of the engine and they are made to work.

Television
With the help of this Instrument we transmit images from one place to another. The object to be televised is illuminated strongly and then the light waves are by a curious mechanism converted into electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are converted back into light rays giving visual image.

HYGIENE AND PHYSIOLOGY

[Questions and Answers]
Q. 1. Amino-acids are transported from cytoplasm to the site for protein synthesis by (a) w-RNA (b) r-RNA (c) t-RNA (d) DNA Ans. (c) Q. 2. The enzymes needed for TCA cycle in respiration are present in (a) Endoplasmic reticulum (b) Inner mitochondrial membrane (c) Outer mitochondrial membrane (d) Lysosomes Ans. (b) Q. 3. With what parts or organs of the human body are the following diseases associated (a) Cataract 1 (b) Pneumonia (c) Jaundice I (d) Pyorrhoea Ans. (a) eyes (b) lungs (c) liver (d) gums. Q. 4. Which of the following is not a symptom of heart attack ? (a) Nausea and Sweating (b) Numbness and achinfe of arms (c) Squeezy feeling in chest (d) Pain in legs Ans. (d) ! |

Q. 5. Which of the following is known as female germ cell ? (a) Ovum | (b) Neuron (c) Leukocyte i (d) Erythrocyte Ans. (a) Q. 6. What is Bacteria ? Ans. These are very tiny living organisms, which belong to vegetable kingdom. They can be seen with the help of microscope.

Q. 7. Give the names of five ductless glands present in the human body? Ans. Thyroid, Pituitary, suprarenal, pancreas, testis. Q. 8. Liver receives blood from the alimentary Canal through. (a) Hepatic artery (b) Hepatic vein (c) Hepatic Portal vein (d) None of the above Ans. (c) Diseases Cataract Diptheria Jaundice Pneumonia Pleurisy Trachoma Tuberculosis

Part of the body affected

Eyes Throat Liver Lungs Lining of the chest Wall Eyes Lungs, Intestines

Diseases Diabetes Goitre Meningitis Pyrrhoea Rheumatism Typhoid

Part of the body affected Pancreas Thyroid gland Spinal cord and Brain Gums Joints Intestines

Some Medical Terms

AbscessA painful swelling in which pus is present on any part of the body. AcidityPresence of excessive acid in the stomach. AllergyHypersensivity to a particular substance. AntibioticsDrugs which completely destroy bacteria. Anti-bodySubstances in blood which neutralize and counteract the activities and the poisons produced by bacteria and viruses responsible for various diseases. Anti-dotesSubstances which neutralize the effect of poison. Balanced dietDiet with the quantity and variety of food needed for good health. Balanced diet contains all the following substances in proper proportionFats, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Vitamins. B.C.G.Bacillus Calmette Guerin, a drug which is a mild strain of tubercle bacilli; is now being used to strengthen resistance to the infection of the T.B. bacillus. Blood SugarBlood sugar is the amount of glucose in the circulating blood. Caesarean operationOperation named after Julius Caesar who was born this way. The abdomen of the mother is opened to take out the child

since delivery in the natural way is impossible. The operation is no longer considered to be serious. ChemotherapyControl of infection by chemicals. DermatologyBranch of medicine dealing with skin diseases. GermicideA germ killing substance. HaemorrhageEscape of blood due to the rupture of blood vessels inside the body. ImmunityA state of the body to resist the development of disease. NarcoticDrug that dulls the nervous system. OpthaimiaInflammation of the eyes. PasteurizationMethod of treating foods, specially milk to make these free from disease causing bacteria. Milk is heated to 60-70 centigrade for 30 minutes and then rapidly cooled and sealed. This is called pasteurized milk. PubertyAge of sexual maturation. SepticBlood poisoning. UkerBreach in the continuity of a surface. VaccinationInoculation with vaccine to prevent diseases. Amrit KalashA new herbal wonder drug to cure heart ailments.

Systems of the Human Body

(1) The digestive system, (2) The circulatory system, (3) The respiratory system, (4) The excretory system, (5) The nervous system, (6) The skeleton, (7) The muscular system, (8) The reproductive system.

SCIENCE DEALING WITH DIFFERENT SUBJECTS )

Q. 1. The branch of science that deals with tumors is known as (a) Serology (b) Oncology (c) Chromology (d) Urology Ans. (b) Q. 2. Epidemiology is the study of (a) Dermis diseases (b) Epidermis diseases (c) Diseases of dermis and epidermis (d) Epidemic diseases Ans. (d) AgricultureQilrure of aft cultures. ,,'.' ,, AgrmwwqrAgros = tfm + noraoas * cultivate* u! Mtt of growing { crops. , / |*; t Atrauiwiu-SciCTceofftghitcrfaefoplanes. , ;' ffi;4"'", \ "'. Awrtau^-StnKtureofbumMbody. ' ^ ;, ]****" ' ' ArWicuttweCultivation of tees and vegetalies. u , Aatrouwuj Study of heavenly bodies. * BiologyScience of living bodies. BotanyScience of plant life. ChemistryComposition and properties of various elements in nature. CryptographySecret writing. CyrogenksConcerned with the production, control and application of very low temperatures. CytogeneticsCell formation. CytologyDealing with cells. EntomologyInsects study. J:'. ExbMogyScience de#|| with life or possibilities jof life existing beyond the earth. FloricultureFlowers cultivation. GeologyCondition artdsttucture of me earth. ''*' Horticulture-Art of i

&

(Hortus = garden; + cluture = cultivation or coleure). Hydroponics Culture of plants without soil, with the help of chemical solution containing nutrients. IconographyTeaching by pictures and models. JurisprudenceScience of law. LexicographyCompiling of dictionary. MeteorologyAtmospheric phenomenon. MycologyThe study of fungi. NeurologyThe study of nerves. NumismaticsCoins and medals. ObstetricsBranch of medicine dealing with pregnancy. OdontograpyScience and study of Teeth. * OlericultureVegetables growing. OrnithologyStudy of birds. OsteologyThe study of bones. PalaeontologyStudy of animal fossils. Pathology(Pathos = disease + logus-knowledge) Study of diseaes. PedagogyEducation. PhrenologySkull and brain. PhilatelyStamp collecting. PhilologyStudy of language. PhoneticsConcerning the sounds of a spoken language. PhysiographyNatural phenomenon. PhytogenyOrigin and growth of plants. PomologyFruits study. PsychologyStudy of mind. SeisomologyStudy of earthquakes. SericultureSilk-worm breeding. SociologySocial problems and human progress. TelepathyCommunication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thought and feeling. TherapeuticsHealing of diseases and laws of health. TribiologyThe study of increasing surfaces in relative motion. VirologyStudy of viruses. ZoologyScience of Animal life.

Units of Measurement
AmpereUnit of electric current. AngstromThe unit of wavelength of light. BarIt is the unit of atmospheric pressure; one bar is equal to a pressure of 1013 x 105 N/m2. CalorieThe unit of heat. CoulombPractical unit of quantity of electricity is called a Coulomb, 1C=1 A.s. DecibelThe commonly known unit of loudness of sound. DyneC.G.S. unit of force. ErgThe unit of work or energy in C.G.S. system of units. FaradThe unit of the capacity of a condenser is farad. Foot CandleThe unit of brightness of light is called a Footcandle. Horse PowerThe practical unit of power. 1 HP. = 746 watts. JouleIt is the unit of work or energy in SI system. It is equal to 10 7 ergs. KnotIt is a measure to know the speed of a ship. Light yearIt is the distance which the light covers in vacuum in one year. (1 Light year = 9-46 x 1015m) Nautical MileA unit of distance used in navigation-one minute of longitude measured along the Equator. It comes approximately to 6,080 feet. NewtonUnit (written as newton) of force in the meter-kilogramsecond (MKS) system. OhmUnit (written as ohm) of electrical resistance of a conductor. QuintalMetric measure of weight, 1 quintal100 kg. VoltThe unit (written as volt) of potential difference. WattUnit (written as watt) of power.

GEOGRAPHY
[Questions and Answers]
Q. 1. Which of the following rivers has the largest drainage basin ? (a) Amazon (b) Congo (c) Mississippi (d) Nile Ans. (a) Q. 2. At the equator, the duration of day is (a) 10 hours (b) 12 hours (c) 14 hours (d) 16 hours Ans.(b)

Q. 4. fo which states sMutod? (i) Ajanta, (ii) Aurovile, (iii) Hampi, (iv) Kaziranga, (v) Nalanda, (vi) Obra. Ans. (i) Maharashtra, (ii) Puducherry, (iii) Karnataka, (iv) Assam, (v) Bihar, (vi) Uttar Pradesh. Q. 5. Where are the following located and what are they associated with? (i) Dalai Street, (ii) Pentagon, (iii) Writers Building, (iv) Chequers, (v) Shantivan. An. (i) Dalai Street hi Mumbai, is associated with the Stock Exchange market. <*'' : ''" (ii) Pentagon in Washington, is the building which houses the U.S. Defence Headquarters. (iii) Writers BuMdHtg in Kolkata, is, the West Bengal Government Secretariat.

(iv) ChequersProperty chequers court, country house in Buckinghamshire, England, 50 km north-west of London, the official country residence of British Prune Ministers. (v) ShantivanOn the bank of the Yamuna off Ring Road in Delhi is the place where Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru was cremated in 1964. Q. 6. Kushinagar is known for (a) Old capital of Kushan Empire (b) Fast growing city (c) Largest Sugar factory in India (d) Place where Lord Buddha breathed his last Ans. (d) Q. 7. The shape of earth is (a) A sphere (b) An oblate spheroid (c) A tetrahedron (d) A circular disc Ans. (b) Q.8.The Indian Standard Time is the local time of a place situated i at 82i E longitude near (a) Allahabad (b) Delhi (c) Chennai (d) Ujjain Ans. (a) Q. 9. What are the following places important for and in which states are they situated ? (i) Perambur, (ii) Sriharikota, (iii) Konark, (iv) Thumba, (v) Mount Abu. Ans. (i) PeramburIntegral Coach Factory is situated here near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. (ii) ShriharikotaIt is India's Satellite launching centre and is situated in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. (iii) KonarkFamous for its Sun Temple and Black Pagoda. It is situated in Puri district of Odisha. (iv) ThumbaKnown as rocket launching station, it is situated in Kerala State. (v) Mount AbuIt is famous for Dilwara temple. It is situated in Rajasthan.

Indian Towns, Architectures, Monuments and Buildings

Abu Mt. (Rajasthan)It is famous for Dilwara temples. It is centre of Jain Worshippers too. Adam's BridgeIt is a part of sand and Rock Bank touching at two points with Indian soil at two places between Mannar Peninsula and Dhanuskoti. Aga Khan PalaceIn Pune where Mahatma Gandhi was kept interned with his wife Kasturba Gandhi. Kasturba died in this palace. Agra (ILP.)The Taj Mahal, beautiful monument stands near the bank of Jamuna river at Agra. Indo-Pak Summit was held here on July 15,2001. Ajmer(Rajasthan)Pilgrim centre for the Muslims; tomb of Khwaja Muin-uddin Chisti. AjantaLocated near Jalgaon in Maharashtra is known for Buddhist cave temples which are finely ornamented with sculpture and caved with colourful paintings. AloorA tiny village in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh, from where the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh launched the National FoodFor-Work Programme on Nov. 14,2004, for generating employment to feed the poor. AmarnathIn Jammu and Kashmir, situated at a height of about 4054 metre in Kashmir state. A centre of pilgrimage for Hindus. AmbernathIn Maharashtra near Mumbai, Machine Tools Prototype factory is situated here. AmberA fort situated near Jaipur. It is famous for the finest specimens of Rajput architecture. AmritsarIn Punjab, famous for the Golden Temple; Jallianwala Bagh tragedy took place here on April, 13,1919. AnandLocated in Gujarat, it is famous for co-operative milk dairy which produces AMUL butter, milk powder etc. Anand BhawanOne time residence of Pt. Mod Lai Nehru in Allahabad, now it has been dedicated to the Indian National Congress. Late Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was born at this place. AngarpotaAngarpota and Dahagram are two enclaves given by India to Bangladesh in exchange for Berubari enclave under the Indo-Bangladesh Border Demarcation Agreement signed on May 16,1974.

Angia BankIs an offshore area, 121 km. off Maharashtra's Ratnagiri coast where Sagar Samrat moved from Bombay High area in Feb. 1977 to explore a new oil be a ring structure of the Ratnagiri coast, outside the established fields of Bombay High. AnkleswarLocated in Gujarat, it is famous for oil fields. ArviA place near Pune in Maharashtra, India's first T.V. reception centre is being established here. AurangabadOne of the important towns of Maharashtra State; tombs of Aurangzeb and his wife; Ellora and Ajanta Caves. AurovUIeAn international township being constructed with the help of UNESCO 8 kms away from Puducherry. AvadiIn Tamil Nadu is known for heavy vehicles factory. BadrinathA place of pilgrimage for Hindus near Gangotri Glacier in Himalayan rocks. BelladelhaA place in Chhattisgarh, is known for Belladelha Iron Ore Project. Banaras (Varanasi) (ILP.)An ancient city of Northern India famous for Vishwanath Temple, Sarnath, Locomotive Factory. BengaluruCapital of Karnataka, Hindustan Aircraft Factor}-. Telephone industries and Machine Tools Factories are located here. BardoliAssociated with late Sardar Patel; it is in Gujarat state. The famous non-payment of taxes campaign by peasants of Bardoli was started at this place by Sardar Patel. BarauniIt situated in Bihar and famous for a big oil refinery. BenaulimA beach side resort in Goa where PM Atal Behari Vajpayee spent five days in celebration of New Year 2003. It is for the first time that an Indian PM visited Goa for New Year celebrations. BijapurFamous for historic remains, mosques, tombs and palaces. BhopalCapital of Madhya Pradesh; Heavy Electricals Factory. BhubaneshwarThe new capital of Odisha, famous for Lingraja Temple. The resolution on socialism and democracy was adopted here by the AJ.C.C. in it session of Jan. 1964. BelurIn Karnataka state; famous for Cheena Kesava temple of the Hoysala period. Belur MathIt is a monastery near Kolkata founded by Swami Vivekanand. There is a beautiful temple dedicated to Sri Ram Krishna Paramhansa.

BokaroIs located in Jharkhand State known for the 4th steel plant set up in public sector with the help of U.S.S.R. BongaigaonIs a place in Assam where the Government of India has established a refinery and petro-chemical complex at a cost of Rs. 197 crores. Buland DarwajaGateway of Fatehpur Sikri built by Akbar. This is the highest and the greatest gateway in India. It was erected to commemorate Akbar's victorious campaign in the Deccan. Cambay BasinPlace near Baroda where oil fields have been discovered and production has commenced. Cape ComorinSouthern most place of India in Tamil Nadu where Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal meet the Indian Ocean. It is known for Vivekanand Rock Memorial and the temple of Kanyakumari. It is a picturesque spot for the visitors to enjoy the Sun Rise and Sun Set. ChandigarhCapital of Punjab. It was designed by Le Corbusier. Cherapunji (Meghalaya)The place of heavy rainfall 426 inches yearly. ChidambaramIt is a Town in South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu 244 Kms from Chennai city. It is famous for its great Hindu Shiva Temple, dedicated to Natraja of Shiva in his aspect of cosmic dance. Chittorgarh (Rajas than)The ancient capital and fortress of Udaipur, known for Tower of Victory and Mira Bai's Temple. ChitranjanIn West Bengal, famous for Locomotive Works. ChilkaA lake on the East Coast of India on the Kolkata- Chennai line, about 90 kms from Bhubneshwar by rail. It is an excellent place for fishing and duck shooting. CoimbatoreIs situated in Tamil Nadu and known for Cotton Industrial centre; Govt, of India Forest College; Air Force Administrative College. CyberabadThe city of Hyderabad of Andhra Pradesh acquired the name of Cyberabad with giants like Oracle and Microsoft setting up offices there. A 'Silicon Valley' is being developed there. Damodar Valley (Jharkhand and W. Bengal)Known for Damodar Valley Project meant for power transmission and irrigation. DandiFamous for Salt Satyagrah (Dandi March) by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930. DakshineswarAbout 8 kms from Kolkata where Swami Vivekanand was initiated into religious life by Swami Ram Krishna Paramhansa.

Dalai StreetStock Exchange Market in Bombay. Daudhan (Madhya Pradesh)A dam is proposed to be cons-tructed in Daudhan (MP.) on river Ken through which surplus water in Ken river basin will be diverted to water deficit Betwa Basin by a 231 km link canal. Daulatpur, Nasirabad (Haryana)During his visit to India former President Carter of the U.SA. accompanied with his wife went into this village on the eve of their departure for Riyadh for a glimpse of the rural India in January 1978. Dhanbad (Jharkhand)Famous for coal mines and the Indian School of Mines. National Fuel Research Institute is also situated here. Dhariwal (Punjab)It is known for woollen textiles. Digboi (Asom)Known for rich oil fields and oil refinery. Dilwara TemplesNear Mount Abu (Rajasthan) there are Jain & Hindu Temples constructed, between 11th and 13th centuries A.D. Dum Dam (W. Bengal)At Kolkata famous for International Air Port and Government Arsenal. Durgapar~-Is located in W. Bengal. It is famous for the Steel Plant set Bp in public WK^wimlne help of UX. -' Ait island & Bombay harbour is famous for rock cat ^fcmples. ^ "' -' EBor~-Is situated in Aurang*bad, Maharashtra.' It Is famous for wonderful Qptjtoltist cave tempos and architecture. KaSash Temple is **'locatedhere. | * > . ;u " Farakka DamConstructed over Ganga in West Bengal. The proposed barrage is the only effective way of freeing the Hoogly of its salinity, and improving Kolkata's water supply and preventing harbour Kolkata from silting. Previously Pakistan, now Bangladesh objected to the construction of the dam. Both the countries, however, reached an agreement over the Farakka issue in September, 1977. Fatehpur Sikri35 Kms from Agra built by Emperor Akbar in 1569 in commemoration of his victory in the Deccan. .,. Fateh Sagar Lake (Udaipur, Rajasthan)A Rs. 14 lakh solar observatory being set up on an island in mis lake. It will be the first of its kind in

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FirozabadAn industrial town in Agra Division, it is famous for glassbangles industry. Gateway ^IadiaIn Mumhai harbour, erected in 1911 on George V's yisit to India. ;

GayaIn Bihar, the place where Lord Buddha got enlightenment; famous for pilgrimage. GilgitNorth West Province of Kashmir lying on the southern slopes of Hindukush, includes Chitral and Swat now under illegal occupation of Pakistan. GolkundaA ruined city of India located at about 11 km. west of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. Formerly there was a diamond mine. GwaliorAn industrial town in Madhya Pradesh, is famous for pottery and textile industry; tomb of Tansen; Laxmi Bai's Chhatri and a great fort of Gwalior. Gomteshwara (Karnataka)Famous for the 2000 years old statue of the Jain Sage carved out of a single stone. Golden TempleIn Amritsar (Punjab) sacred temple of Sikhs. HaldighatiA pass in Rajasthan where in 1576 a battle was fought between Rana Pratap's and Akbar's forces. HallargiHallargi is a place 37 kilometre from Belgaum (Karnataka) where India's first Special Economic Zone dedicated to Aerospace industry was inaugurated on November 14, 2009 by Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Praful Patel. HarsudA town in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh which is being abandoned by residents as it is on the verge of submersion by waters from the India Sagar Dam during this (2004) monsoon. HilkakaA 100 square kilometer Enclave near Surankot in Doda district of J & K which remained under the control of terrorists till April 21, 2003 when Indian Army's Romeo Force recaptured it under the Operation Sarp Vinash. HirakudA multipurpose project at Mahanadi in Sambalpur district of Odisha. It is the longest dam (4801-2 metres) in the world. Infosys CityInfosys the leading IT Company of India has developed the Infosys city near Bangalore, which is the largest campus in the world among IT services companies. JadugodaA place in Jharkhand where a famous Uranium Ore Mill is situated. Jalahalli (Karnataka)Near Bangalore; known for Technical Training College and Machine Tools Factory. | Jalianwala BaghA garden in Amritsar (Punjab); scene of massacre of f innocent Indians by the British on April 13,1919. f JamshedpurSituated in Jharkhand a centre of Iron and Steel. Tata j Iron and Steel Factory is located here. } Jantar MantarIn Delhi, it is an observatory constructed in 1724 during the days of Maharaja Jai Singh II of Amber.

JealgoreIn Jharkhand, famous for Central Fuel Research Institute. Jwala MukhiLocated in Himachal Pradesh (in Kangra Valley) where search, exploitation and digging operation for oil are in progress. Jama MasjidBuilt by Shah Jahan, India's biggest mosque in Delhi. KadavallurA tiny village 35 km north of Thrissur (Kerala), which has experienced the unique phenomenon of having pairs of twins rising year after year. Presently, it is home to more than 70 pairs of twins. KandlaAn important port in the State of Gujarat. Kangla FortThe historic fort in Imphal, which remained seat for Manipur kings for 200 years and has been the focal point of social unrest in the State ever since the British occupation in April 1891, and later by the Army and Assam Rifles, was handed over to the Manipur Chief Minister by the Director General of Assam Rifles, on Nov. 20,2004. KhadakvaslaA centre of National Defence Academy is situated at Pune. Kailash TempleRock-out temple in Ellora Caves. Kali BangaIs situated in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan where excavation conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. It revealed that the site could be a pre Harappan said to be different from that of the succeeding Harappans. Kanshiram NagarIt is the 71st district of Uttar Pradesh which is created in the year 2008. KanpurIs located on the bank of the Ganga in U.P. It is an industrial centre known for sugar mills, cotton mills, woollen mills, soap, iron, leather, tent and hosiery factories. Kanya KumariA famous temple of the Virgin Goddess is situated at Cape Comorin on the extreme southern tip of India where the Bay of Bengal, Arbian sea and the Indian ocean meet. KargUKargil is a district of Jammu & Kashmir State. India launched 'Operation Vijay' to oust the Pakistan backed intruders who had taken possession of the main hilly heights in this sector of the State. Katchal Island (Port Blair)It was believed that the site located off Campbell bay, South of Port Blair in India, would see the first sun-rise of January, 2000 according to the Royal Greenwich Observatory. But later on the astronomers claimed that Dong in Arunachal Pradesh and not Andmans would see the first sun-rise of Jan. 2000. KhajurahoIs in Madhya Pradesh famous for mediaeval Hindu temples; a tourist centre.

Three Indian Sites in World Heritage List The ruins of Champaner-Pavagadh (Gujarat), the Victoria Terminus (Mumbai) and Chola Temples of Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) have made it to UNESCO World Heritage List. KochiKochi in Kerala will have Asia's first sky city, for which decks have already been cleared. The project, an eight and a half km hi-tech flyover flanked by a full-fledged township, will be operational in three years's time. The FICCI had recently rated Kochi as one of the fastest growing cities of the country. Kodai KanaiIs a town and a hill station in Tamil Nadu famous for its observatory for the study of Solar Physics. KolapakkamThe Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle, has discovered three feet tall Buddha sculptures in Kolapakkam village, 20 km from Chennai. The ASI also found five inscriptions in Tamil, two of which were issued by Raja Raja Chola (AD 985-AD 1014). KonarkIs located 16 kms north to Puri (Odisha), is famous for Black Pagoda and Sun Temple. KorbaIt is situated in Chhattisgarh. A huge aluminium plant BALCO is situated here. KotabalAn ancient urban settlement discovered in Anantnag district in South Kashmir where a team of Jammu & Kashmir Arch-aeology Deptt. has found an ancient civilization spread over several hectares of land. KoyaliIs situated in Gujarat and is famous for Petro-chemical Complex. KoyanaIs in Maharastra and is famous for the hydel power station. LothalAncient town, situated on the sea-plain of former Saurashtra (Gujarat), 720 kms south-east to Mohein-Jodro. The excavations made here reveal the extension of Indus-Valley-civilization upto this and beyond. LumbiniBirth place of Lord Buddha in Nepal. The Second World Buddhist Summit was held here from Nov. 30 to Dec. 2,2004. LunejOil wells found in Cambay Basin.

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MaduraiIs situated in Tamil Nadu and is famous for Minakshi Temple ' dedicated to Lord Shiva. i MahabalipuramIs located in Tamil Nadu and is known as a religious * place. '/

MandiIt is a village in Mujaffarnagar district of UP. where gold jewellery of the times of Harappan civilization was found following casual farming operation by the farmer. Archaeological Survey of India is now doing follow up research and further excavations. MadhurAn important pre-historical site dating back to 10,000 years in Dharampuri district of Tamil Nadu where a large collection of Neolithic stones dating back to 3,000 BC has been excavated throwing light on a Neolithic habitation there. MarungurMarungur, 17 km from Vadalur in Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu came into news when three potsherds with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions were discovered in an urn from a burial site there. MaturA village in Karnataka 10 km from Shimoga has the distinction of being the only place in India where the entire local population transcending all age groups, converses only in Sanskrit. The village is now popularly known as Sanskrit gram. Mirzapur (UP.)It is a district city in UP. famous for carpets, brassware and lac-industries. MoradabadIt is located on the bank of Ram Ganga; is famous for brassware, enamel and cutlery industries. NagpurFormer capital of Madhya Pradesh and now in Maharashtra State, textile mills, oranges; Central Environment Engineering Institute is situated here. NangalIt is situated in Punjab and famous for heavy water factory and fertilizer factory. NaylaIt is a village in Rajasthan, which U.S. President Bill Clinton visited during his Indian visit in March 2000. NepanagarIt is situated in Madhya Pradesh and is known for government owned newsprint factory. NeyveliNeyveli Lignite Project in Tamil Nadu; a Thermal Power Station is also situated here. Nirmal HridayaThe home for destitutes in Kalighat (Kolkata). It is run by Mother Teresa's Missionaries of charity. PaparpattiA place in Dharamawaram district of Tamil Nadu where the notorious sandal wood smuggle, Veerappan was killed by Special Task Force of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. PeramburSituated in Tamil Nadu is famous for the Integral Coach Factory where Passenger coaches are manufactured. ParadeepIs located near Cuttack in Odisha is a major port in deepsea was a scene of destruction following its being bit by a cyclonic storm in October 1999.

PimpriAn industrial centre in Maharashtra is known for penicillin factory. PokhranA place in Rajasthan where the first underground nuclear experiment was made by India on May 18,1974. It also witnessed five more nuclear explosions in May 1999. PorbunderIn Kathiawar (Gujarat) is the birth place of Mahatma Gandhi. Port BlairThe capital of Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal-a Union Territory of India. Prabuddha NagarIt is a newly formed district. Its headquarter is at Shamli. The name Prabuddha Nagar has been decided by Ms. Mayawati, the Chief Minister of U. P. on 28 Sept., 2011. PuriLocated in Odisha a Hindu pilgrim centre is known for Jagannath Temple; it is also the summer capital of Odisha. Raj GhatOn the Bank of the Jamuna in Delhi; is known for the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi. RajgirLocated in Bihar is a Place of pilgrimage for the Buddhists. During the Mahaparinirvana celebrations Buddhists from foreign countries visit this place. India's 40th Ordnance factory is being constructed here which is expected to be completed by 2005. President Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam visited this factory (Under construction May 2003) RameshwaramLocated in Tamil Nadu is a holy place of pilgrimage of the Hindus. RanchiJharkhand is known as a hill station and Lac Research Institute is situated here. RaniganjLocated in West Bangal; is known for rich coal fields. Rana Pratap SagarLocated in Rajasthan is known for Hydroelectric Power on Chambal Project. Atomic Power Plant has also erected near it. Red FortRed Stone Fort built by Shahjahan in Delhi near the Jamuna. SabarmatiLocated near Ahmedabad. Site of Gandhiji's Sabarmati Ashram from where he began his Dandi March. SarnathLocated in Varanasi (UJP.) is famous as a centre of Buddhist pilgrimage in India where Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining Enlightenment. Sevagram AshramA village near Wardha where Mahatma Gandhi lived and worked in this Ashram for many years. I ShantivanLocated on the bank of Yamuna in Delhi where late Pt. j Jawahar Lai Nehru was cremated in 1964. J

ShantinikctanXlso known as Vishwa Bharati is located near Kolkata, is famous University founded by Rabindra Nath Tagore. ShillongIs the capital of Meghalaya. SindriLocated in Jharkhand, is known for Fertilizer Factory. SomnathTemple in the extreme south of Kathiawar in Gujarat sacked by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in 1025 A.D. A new temple is being constructed on the same site. Sarilachak (Bihar)A village in the historic Nalanda area where idols of Mahatma Buddha and his two disciples including his chief disciple, Sariputra have recently been discovered during excavation. SriharikotaIn the Nellore district on the Andhra coast is India's satellite launching centre. The Shriharikota range comprises many plants concerned with rocketry and space research. SunderbanIs a tract of forests and swamps fringing the delta of the Ganga. Taj MahalThe white marble mausoleum built by Shahjahan at Agra in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal. Tanjorc (Tamil Nadu)It (Brihdeswara temple) especially. is famous for museums, temples

TenmalaThe first butterfly park of India will come up in Tenmala near Kollam in Kerala. This will be Asia's second such park, the first one being in Malaysia. Terminal 3 of IGIAPrime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated the new Terminal 3 of the Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) in New Delhi in July 2010. It is the state-of-the-art integrated terminal called T-3 of IGIA and is the world's third largest. Thein DamIt is now renamed Ranjit Sagar Dam. This multiple project in Punjab has been constructed on Ravi river dedicated to the nation on March 4,2000. Thumba Is situated near Trivendrum in Kerala; it is India's first rocket launching centre. UjjainAn old city in Madhya Pradesh famous for temples, especially Mahakaleshwar. Vikram University is located here. Veer BhumiLocated on the bank of Yamuna where late Rajiv Gandhi was cremated. VishakhapattnamA big harbour on the eastern coast of Andhra Pradesh in India is known for Hindustan Shipyards Building factor.

ZojilaA pass in the way from Srinagar (Kashmir) to Leh and then to Yarkand in Tibet. Places in Recent News, PattanamPattanam situated 25 km north of Kochi (Kerala) came into news when largest assemblage of Roman amphorae (transport containers of wine, oil and fish sauce) in India were found in the excavations carried out by the Kerala Council for Historical Research.

Foreign Towns, Architectures, Monuments etc.

AbadanFamous for oil fields in Iran. Abu SimbelFamous ancient mosque cut out of rock is located in Egypt-AlexandriaA famous city and sea-port of Egypt, in Mediterranean sea. Alice SpringsAre situated in Central Australia. These are famous springs with medical properties. AlmatyKazakhistan, where a conference of the Asian countries was held in June 2002 for discussing ways and means for confidence building in the region and curbing international terrorism. AbujaThe new capital of Nigeria, where the 36th Conference of Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) was held in December 2003. Angkor VatA ruined city in Cambodia where fine specimens of ancient Indian art and culture are found. AmsterdamFormer Capital of Holland. Now, the chief port of Netherlands, famous for diamond cutting industry. AstanaCapital of Kazakhistan, where India attended the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit in July, 2005. AthensCapital of Greece, noted for the ancient Greek ruins. Aswan DamA dam has been constructed across the river Nile in Egypt with the collaboration of the Soviet Union. BaghdadThe capital of Iraq, fell to the U.S. led coalition forces on April 9-10,2003 during Gulf War-H. BakuAn area of oil field and oil refinery of Russia in Azerbajan. { BalkansThe politically important areas of S.E. Europe consisting of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Turkey, Greece etc. j BamA town in Iran, which witnessed over 50,000 people dead and several thousands injured in a severe earthquake on December 26,2003. j
i

Banda AcehCapital of Aceh province in Sumatra Island in Indonesia, 257 km off the epicentre of recent earthquake leading to Tsunami disaster in South East Asia on December 26,2004. BandungIndonesia, venue of Afro-Asian conference in April 1955. BangkokCapital of Thailand, called the Venice of the East, lies at the mouth of Menam. 10th conference of UNCTAD was held here in February 2000. BastilleIt was a jail in Paris destroyed by revolutionaries during French revolution (1789). BarrancasA small township in north-western Mexico is becoming the world's first urban settlement to be exclusively powered by solar energy. BelizeThe little Central American State became independent on Sept. 21, 1981. It is situated in Carribbean sea coastline and has Mexico to its north and Gautemala to the west. It was formely known as British Honduras. It was admitted as 156th member of United Nations on 25 Sept., 1981. BerberaThe port town of Somalia. It came in limelight in Dec. 1979 when it was reported that the Somali Govt, had offered the United States access to the former Soviet naval and air base at this place in the Indian Ocean. BerlinFormer capital of undivided Germany. It has been agreed to make it the capital of Germany again after unification of East and West Germanies on 3rd Oct., 1990. BeslanA town in North Ossetia Russian Republic bordering the break-away Republic of Chechnya, where terrorists seized a school taking over 1,100 people as hostages (including school children) on Sept. 1,2004. In the explosions and firing which erupted all of a sudden about 380 children and women were killed and about 400 wounded. The Russian commanded killed 30 terrorists out of 32 and captured the remaining two alive. Bethlehem (Israel)The birth place of Jesus Christ. Big BenThe name given to the big clock on the tower of the British Parliament building. BillingsgateFish Market in London; a term denoting foul language. BrisbaneCapital and the Chief port of Queensland in (Australia); exports sugarcane, maize, leather, wood and meat. Bogor PalaceThe summer palace of the President of Indonesia, situated nearly 40 miles south of Jakarta. Bond StreetFamous tailoring and jewellery street in London.

BoddamAn island in the neighbourhood of Diego Garcia (a U.S. military base in India Ocean) is being developed by the British into Naval port where nuclear sub-marines and ships will be stationed. India will be within striking distance from the new base as it is from Diego Garcia, where U.S. B-1 bombers with nuclear warheads are ever ready on a maze of runways. Brandenburg GateIt was used to be the main gate between East and West Berlin during Berlin wall days and Germany was divided between East and West Germany. BroadwayIt is in a New York, famous for the broadest street in the world, theatres and cinema halls. BrusselsCapital of Belgium; known for lace, carpets, silk and cotton cloth, H.Q. of NATO. Beunos AiresCapital of Argentina; the largest city and port of S. America; wheat, maize and linseed are exported. CairoCapital of Egypt, an excellent airport; non-aligned nations meeting held here in 1964. Caldor HallCaldor hall named after the world famed American sculptor, Alexander Stirling Caldor, is a famous Art Gallery in Philadelphia (U.S.A.). CalgoorlieWell known gold mines in West Australia. Camp DavidIt is the mountain retreat of the U.S. President in Maryland (U.S.A.). It was the venue of the 13-day summit held here in September, 1979 participated by President Jimmi Carter of the U.S.A. President Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel Red negotia. Cape KennedyA rocket launching centre and headquarters of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is situated in Florida (U.S.A.). It has been named after John F. Kennedy, the former President of the U.S.A. CantonLies at the mouth of the Sinkiang, the largest port of South China. Cape TrafalgarIn spain, where the famous Battle of Trafalgar was fought in 1805. CaracasIt is the capital of Venezuela. It was the venue of the 12th G15 summit conference in Feb. 2004. ChicagoIs situated on the Lake Michigan in the U.S.A., a great railway centre, the largest grain and meat market in the world.

ChittagongBiggest harbour of Bangladesh, exports raw jute, hides etc; a scene of bitter fighting in 1971 between Pakistani occupation forces and freedom fighters. CologneCity and port of Germany is famous for the manufacture ol Eau de Cologne; violently bombed by British air-force during World Wai II. G-8 25th Summit was held here in June 1999. ColomboCapital of Sri Lanka and fine natural harbour; Colombt Plan was drawn here in 1950; Colombo proposals were formulated in 1962 to resolve the Sino-Indian dispute. Colosseum of RomeOne of the most magnificent ruins of the world and name of the amphitheatre in Rome. CopenhagenUN Climate Change Convention, named the 15tb Conference of the Parties (COP15) was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009. CotopaxiA volcanic mountain in the Andes in South America. It is the highest volcano in the world (5897 metres) and it emits lava. CroydonOne of the world's largest airports in England. CuricoCurico is a town in Chile founded in 1743 it is situated in a picturesque and wine producing area. The town was flattered by a powerful earthquake which hit chile in February 2010. DaccaCapital of Bangla Desh; known for the production of jute. DardanellesStraits between Europe and Turkey in the Black Sea. DenverDenver is a place in the U.S A. where historic convention of Democratic Party of the U.S.A. was held in which Barack Obama, an African-American black Negro accepted his historic nomination for U.S. Presidency on August 29,2008 DetroitThe biggest car-manufacturing town (U.S .A.) in the world. DohaThe capital of Qatar. A five-day (June 12-16,2005) 2nd summit of 132 member Group of 77 (G-77) was held here. The fifteenth Asiad will also be held at Doha in 2006. It has also hosted a WTO conference. 10 Downing StreetOfficial residence of the Prime Minister of England. DundeeChief centre of jute industry and an important fish market in Scotland (U.K.). DusseldrofAn industrial centre of Germany is famous for manufacturing of hardware. DublinCapital of Ireland, famous for brewing and poplin industry. Eiffel TowerBuilt in 1887-89, by Gaustav Eiffel. 300 metres high, now used as a wireless station. ElbaAn island in the Mediterranean sea, where Napoleon was exiled for the first time.

GenevaAn important City in Switzerland is famous for manu- j factoring of watches; Headquarters of Red Cross Society, International j Labour Organisation, World Health Organisation. EX. ArishA town in Sinai which on May 25, 1979 marked the first transfer of territory under the Egypt-Israel peace treaty. Empire State Building (UJS.A.)One of the loftiest structures of the world having 102 storeys. Fleet StreetA street in London. This (with adjoining streets) houses the offices and printing establishments of many of the leading British newspapers and press agencies. Flushing MeadowsOn Long Island, New York (U.S.A.) famous as U.N.O. meeting place. GenoaA port city of Italy where G-8 summit was held in July 2001. GreenwichSituated on the river Thames near London (England). It is situated on the zero meridian, well known for its astronomical observatory. International Standard Time is calculated from here. Great Wall of ChinaThe total length of the wall is about 2,240 Kms. Its structure was started by the Chinese Emperor Shih Hawang. GroznyThe Chechen Capital, which has been reduced to rubble after six months of bombing by the Russian forces. No house was left intact. The HagueThe seat of the Court, Government and Parliament of Netherlands and also seat of International Court of Justice. HamburgA great entrepot and warehouse port of Germany situated on the Elbe; imports raw materials and exports manufactured good. HavanaCapital of Cuba, known as cigar manufacturing centre. St.HelenaBritish island in the South Atlantic, where Napoleon was exiled for the second time; he died there in 1821. HelsinkiCapital of Finland : the venue of 1952 Olympic games. SALT talks were held here in 1970-71. HiroshimaAn industrial centre of Japan which was destroyed by an atom bomb dropped on 6th August, 1945. Hong KongFormer British Colony transferred to China in 1997, was the venue of the Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) from December 13-18,2005. HollywoodA place in California, U.S A. is known for film industry. Independence HallA hall in Philadelphia (U.S.A.) wherein Philadelphia the independence of U.S A. was declared on 4th July, 1776. IstanbulA sea-port of Turkey, stands on the Straits of Bosphorus : formerly known as Constantinople; centre of trade between Asia and Europe.

JohannesburgIt is a city of South Africa where 19th edition of World Cup Football was organised in June-July 2010 in which Spain emerged the Champion. JerusalemHoly city of the Jews and sacred for the Christians, Jews and Muslims. After the Arab-Israel war of June 1967, the city is under the occupation of Israel, at present a scene of voilence between terrorists of PLO and Israeli forces. JiuquanChina successfully launched its Shenzhou-7 manned spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in Gansu province on Sept. 25,2008. KilinochchiThe name of a district in Sri Lanka, which has been under the control of LTTE for the last seven years. The Government of India sent a consignment medicine to the district hospital in Nov. 2005. It may be recalled that owing to incessant heavy rains, the population of the city is hard hit by lack of medicines in the hospital. KimberleyThe biggest diamond market in the world is situated on the east of Kalahari desert in South Africa. KirkukA city in Iraq which was seized by U. S. forces in its gulf warn in April 2003. KourouThe place in French Guyana where a Space Station is situated for launching artificial satellites. India's Insat-3B was launched from here in March 2000. KremlinLarge fortified citadel in Moscow, now the secretariat of Russian Government. A Hot Line teleprinter link was established between Kremlin and the White House. A twenty-year Treaty of Friendship and cooperation was signed by Russia and China here on July 16,2001. KurilesA group of small islands in the North Pacific, now occupied by Russia. Relations between Russia and Japan find these islands on obstacle to be normalized. Lake SuperiorThe largest fresh water lake on the border of U.S.A. and Canada. LeedsEngland; cotton and chemical industries. LeningradFormerly known as Petersburg, it is the most important sea port of Russia; ship-building is an important industry. It is situated at one of the Gulfs of Finland. Lop NorA place in the Sinkiang desert of China where China's nuclear installations are located. It is also China's site for atom and hydrogen-bomb text explosions. LouvreFormerly the place of the kings, now an art-gallery in Paris OFrance).

LisbonCapital of Portugal and magnificent harbour, exports cock and wine. Liver poolLies on the river Messey in England and is famous for ship-building and soap-making industries. LondonCapital of England; situated on the river Thames; a great industrial and commercial centre. Los AngelesA port of California; the famous film industry of Hollywood is established here; known as the cinema city of the world. The 1984 Olympics were held here. LusakaCapital of Zambia; The non-aligned Summit was held here in September 1970. Commonwealth Prime Ministers met here in 1979. MacauA Portuguese colony, off South China coast, reverted back to China in December 1999. MadridCapital of Spain; a railway centre; produces wine. ManchesterA well known cotton manufacturing centre in England, it is one of the world's largest superior cloth manufacturing centres. MandalayThe old capital of Burmese King, has the jail where Indian freedom fighter like Lala Laj Pat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were interned by the British during the freedom movement. MarseilleIt is a place in France where 9th Indian-European Union Summit was held in the last week of Sept. 2008. MeccaSacred place for the Muslims, is situated in Saudi Arabia, known as the birth place of Prophet Mohammad. MeenaSacred place for the Muslims, near Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It was a scene of stampede in Feb. 2004 among the Haj pilgrims, in which hundreds of pilgrims were killed. MonacoA tiny state under Prince Rainer on the border of France; famous gambling centre. MontrealSituated at the mouth of St. Lawrence, noted for iron and steel works and for motor cars, vehicles, 21st Olympic Games were held here in July/Aug. 1976. Mururoa AtollIt is in South Pacific where France had exploded its third nuclear explosion on Aug. 19,1973. j

j j

j f

NagasakiThe second city of Japan which was destroyed by atom j bomb in World War II. ! NaplesThe most beautiful and the largest city of Italy. It is also a sea- ! port exporting silk. ;
*

New CastleAn important port on the Tyne in England; famous for the mining and export of coal, and also ship building and iron industries. New YorkThe largest port of the U.S.A., U.N. Headquarters, Headquarters of World Bank, International Monetary Fund; exports mostly manufactured goods of the U .S A. New OrleansIt is the greatest cotton and wheat exporting centre of U.S.A. in the world. A powerful Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on August 29,2005 killing thousands of persons. Niche Pyramid, theWhich is the most famous building of El Tajin is an ancient town in the Mexican State of Veracruz. Between 600 and 700 B.C., it was a flourishing town and centre of one of the civilizations of America with the highest stage of development. It is still being explored. Notre DameAn ancient Church in Paris is famous for Gothic architecture. OgadenThe disputed region of Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa in the desert region. OkinawaThe largest and the most important of the Ryukyu islands of Japan. During World War II the islands were occupied by American forces. They were returned to Japan in Mar. 1972. G-8 Nations 26th Summit was held here in July 2000. OlympiaThe birth place of the ancient Olympic games in a valley about 17 Kms. from Pyrgos a town known for folk art. All the buildings of Olympia were used either for worship or for games. OsloCapital of Norway, is known for the export of fish. Palomar MountIn California (U.SA.), famous for world's largest telescope set up here. Pearl HarbourIt was a U.S. naval base in Hawain islands. It was the scene of Japanese attack on December 7,1941. PentagonIt is an enormous building in Washington of the Ministry of Defence of the U.S.A. It came into the news on Sept. 11, 2001, when the terrorists damaged it by crashing a hijacked plane against it on this day. Hundreds of people were killed. Pillars of HerculesThe mountains on both sides of the entrance to the Mediterranean sea, supposed to have been divided by the arm of Hercules. PisaA town in Italy famous for the leaning tower of Pisa one of the seven wonders of the medieval world. PittsburgIt is the biggest iron and steel manufacturing centre of U.S.A. in the world, also known for milk, glass and petroleum industries.

Potsdam (Germany)A post Second World War conference among President Truman, Stalin and W. Churchil took place in East Germany in 1945; famous for the Potsdam treaty among the allies; deliberations at Potsdam led to the creation of the U.N. PyinmanaMyanmar proposes to shift its capital from the present Yangon to another city Pyinmana. This city is located in Mandalay division, which is situated in the centre of the country, while Yangon is situated in southern part of Myanmar. QingdaoA place in China, South of Chinese capital, Beijing where the third Asia Co-operation Dialogue (ACD) meeting was held in June, 2004. RuhrAn Iron and Steel manufacturing centre in Germany known for its rich coal and iron ore fields. SaarRich iron ore and coal fields on the border of France and Germany. In 1935, Saarland was handed over to Germany after a plebiscite. SattahipA high security naval base in Thailand about 160 km southeast of Bangkok, where three-day (Sept. 16-18,2002) peace talks brokened by Norway were held between Sri Lankan Government and LTTE aimed at resolving the Island's two decade old ethnic conflict. Scotland YardHeadquarters of Metropolitan Police i n London and also of the Criminal Investigation Department. SeattleMajor industrial hub of USA, Seattle was hit by a 6-8 magnitude earthquake on March 1, 2001. WTO conference was also held here in 2000. SeychellesA small island in the Indian ocean; previously a British colony now independent admitted to the UJM.O. in September 1976. ShanghaiThe financial capital of China, Shanghai, was the venue for the fifth summit of SCO (Shanghai Co-operation Organization) on June 1516,2006. Shat-al-ArabIt forms the boundary line between Iraq and Iran. SheffieldAn industrial centre in England known for cutlery, steel rails and armour plates for ships. SicilyAn island under Italy which is to be connected with the mainland by the construction of a bridge. St. LuciaIt is the small Caribbean island which achieved its independence from Britain on Feb. 21,1979 after 195 years of British rule.

St. PetersburgThis, the cultural capital of Russia was built by Tsar Peter, the Great on May 27, 1703. The tercentenary celebrations were held on May 31,2003 in which India's Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee also participated along with other SO Heads of State and Government. Built on more than 100 islands and connected by 500 bridges and hence named 'Venice of North', Petersburg is one of the great cities of Europe. The G-8 summit was held in St. Petersburg in July 2006. SalinaA city in Kansas (USA) where the millionaire American adventurer-aviator, Mr. Steve Fossett, completed his solo, round- die-world, non-stop trip on March 4,2005, thus becoming the first person to accomplish this feat. Sao PauloIn Brazil, the venue of the 11th conference of the UNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development in June 2004. Taipei-101 It is a 101 storeyed structure built in Taipei (Taiwan) having a height of 508 meter. It is now the highest structure of the world replacing the Petronas towers of Malaysia. Tora BoraIt is a rough mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan. The terrorist mafia Osama-bin-Laden was suspected to be hiding in the Tora Bora hills. The USA bombed the place intensively. TrincomaleeA port on the east cost of Sri Lanka. It is reported that China has designs of establishing a naval base here. VaticanThe name given to the official residence of the Pope at Rome; The smallest country in the world. Wailing WallIt is the western wall of a Jewish temple which had been built in Jerusalem 200 years before Christ. The temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D. The wailing wall is the only extent sign of the temple. Wall StreetStock Exchange market in New York (U.S.A.). Walvis BayA tiny Atlantic island which was annexed by the British in 1878. It has been ruled by the South African administration all this time. WeimarIt is the regional capital in the district of Erfurt (Germany). It was the venue of the world Sanskrit Conference in May 1979. Places in Recent News, Port-Au-PrinceIt is the capital of a Caribbean state Haiti. A powerful earthquake hit the Haitian capital, Port-AuPrince on January 12, 2010, killing thousands of people and flattening schools, hospitals and other government buildings. Porto AlegrePorto Alegre is in Brazil where in January 2010 the World Social Forum meet was held.

Westminster Abbey (London)It contains tombs of many sovereigns, unknown warriors and other great persons. Yellow Stone ParkThe oldest and largest park in U.S.A. known for 3,000 geysers and hot springs. The spectacular falls and impressive canyons of the yellow stone river are the major attractions of this place. Yogyakarta (Indonesia)A massive earthquake measuring 6-2 on the Richter scale struck Yogyakarta in the Java Island of Indonesia on May 27, 2006. More than 6,000 lives were lost in the earthquake.

Important Residences of the World

Bogor PalaceSummer palace of the President of Indonesia. Buckingham Palace (London)King/Queen of England. 10Downing Street (London)Prime Minister of U.K. Elysee Palace (Paris)French President. Rashtrapati Bhawan (New Delhi) Indian President. Vatican City (Rome)Pope. White House U.S. President.

Indian Towns Associated with Industries or Factories

Agra (UJP.)Marble, learner, carpets, stoneware. Ahmedabad (Gujarat)Cotton Textiles. Aligarh (UP.)Locks, cutlery and dairy industry. Ambernath (Maharashtra)Machine Tools Prototype Factory. Ankleshwar (Gujarat)Oil fields. Bangaluru (Karnataka)Cotton textiles, Hindustan Aircraft, Telephone and Machine tools. Batanagar (W.B.)Shoes Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)Steel. Bokaro (Jharkhand)Steel plant. MiimbaiCotton textiles, cinema, woollen goods etc. Kolkata (W.B.)Jute, Electric bulbs and lamps. toys, carpets, motors,

Bareilly (UP.)Resin industry, Bamboo wood work, Match Factory.

Chitranjan (W .B.)Locomotive. Chhindwara (M. P.)Coal, Lime-stone. Churk (U .P.)Cement. Cochin (Kerala)Ship-building, coffee, coconut, oil, coirmat rubber. Cyberabad (Andhra Pradesh)Electronics Computer etc. Information Technology. Dalmianagar (Jharkhand)Cement. DelhiD .D.T., Textiles and Housing. Dhariwal (Punjab)Woollen goods. DigboiPetroleum. Durgapur (WB.)- Steel. Firozabad (U .P.)Glass. Guntur (AP.)Cotton manufacture. Gwalior (MP.)Pottery. Jaipur (Raj.)Embroidery, pottery, brassware. JalahalliMachine Tools Factory and Electronics. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)Iron and Steel goods. Jharia (Jharkhand)Coal. Katni (MP.)-Cement. Kalamassery (Kerala)Hindustan Machine Tools. Khetri (Rajasthan)Copper. Ludhiana (Punjab)Hosiery. Moradabad (UP.)Utensils, Calico-printing. Mysore (Karnataka)Silk. Narora (UP.)Atomic Power Unit. Nangal (Punjab)Fertilizers. Nepanagar (MP.)Newsprint. NeyveliLignite. NunamatiOil-refining. Perambur (Tamil Nadu)Integral Coach Factory. Pimpri (Maharashtra)Penicillin Factory. Pinjore (Haryana)Hindustan Machine Tools. Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)Hydro Power Plant. Rawatbhata (Raj.)Atomic Power Plant near Kota.

Raniganj (W3.)-Coal mines. Renukoote (UP.)Hindustan Aluminium works. Rourkela (Odisha)Steel, Fertilizers. Rupnarainpur (WU.)Cables. Saharanpur (UP.)Mangoes, Cigarette factory, paper mill. Sindri (Jharkhand)Fertilizers. Singareni (Andhra Pradesh)Coal. Singhbhum (Jharkhand)Copper. Srinagar (Kashmir)Woollen Shawls, silks, wood work embroidery. Surajpur (Haryana)Cement factory. Surat (Gujarat)Textiles. Sbolapur (Maharashtra)Cotton textiles. Tarapur (Maharashtra)Atomic Power Plant. Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)Cigar. Titagarh (WJ.)- Paper and Jute. Trombay (Maharashtra)Atomic Reactors, Fertilizers, oil refineries, Uranium Thorium Factory. Vyaypur (MP.)Fertilizers. Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)Ship building, Iron and Steel and Oil refinery. Zainkot (J & K)Hindustan Machine Tools (Watches).

Foreign Towns Associated with Industries

Baku (Azerbaijan)Petroleum. Bangkok (Thailand)Ship building, Teak wood. Belfast (Ireland)Linen goods, Ship building. Buenos Aires (Argentina)Dairy Products, meat. Cadiz (Portugal)Coork. Chicago (U.S.A.)Agricultural implements, grain and meat, automobiles. Cologne (West Germany)On river Rhine, Eau-de-Cologne, cotton and woollen industries. Dacca (Bangladesh)Jute, Famous for muslin in olden days.

Detroit (U.S A.)Motor cars. Dresden (East Germany)Optical and photographic apparatus. Essen (W. Germany)Engineering works, Krupps Iron and Steel Works, coal mining. Glasgow (Scotland)Machinery, Textile. Havana (Cuba)Tobacco, cigars, sugar. Hollywood (U.S A.)Film industry. Johanesburg (S. Africa)Gold mines. Kimbeiiey (S. Africa)Diamond mining. Leeds (England)Woollen goods. Los Angeles (U.S A.)Film production, oil mines. Lyons (France)Silk industries. Mauritius (Indian Ocean)Sugar. Milan (Italy)-Silk. Morocco (North Africa)Leather. Multan (Pakistan)Pottery, dates, durries. Munich (W. Germany)Lenses. New Orleans (U^ A.)Cotton. Pittsburg (UJS A.)Iron and Steel, coal petroleum. Plymouth (England)Ship-building. Sheffield (England)Cudery. Sylhet (Bangladesh)Tea, shell carving. Venice (Italy)Glass manufacture. Vienna (Austria)Glass manufacture. Wellington (New Zealand)Dairy products. Yenganyaung (Burma)Petroleum.

Countries Associated with Industries

AfghanistanCarpets, wool, dry and fresh fruits. AustraliaWheat, wool, meat, dairy products. AustriaMachinery, textile, learner goods. BelgiumGlass, textiles.

BrazilCoffee. CanadaWheat, machinery, newsprint. ChileCopper. ChinaRice, tea, silk, iron and steel, oil refining. CubaSugar, Tobacco. Denmark Dairy products. EnglandTextiles, machinery, medicines, motor cars. FinlandTextiles, paper. FranceTextiles, silk, wine. GermanyMachinery, iron and steel goods, equipment and transport equipment, chemical products, refrigerators, television, washing machines, lenses, radio etc. GhanaGold, manganese, coffee. IndiaSugar, hides and skins, mica, manganese, tea, lac, jute, textiles. IndonesiaSugar, spices, rice, oil, rubber, cinchona. IranPetroleum, dry fruits, carpet. IraqPetroleum, dates. ItalyTextiles, mercury. JapanAutomobiles, machinery, textiles, toys, silk, hosiery electronics. KuwaitPetroleum. MalaysiaTin, rubber. MexicoSilver, petroleum. NetherlandsMachinery, electrical goods, aircraft. RussiaHeavy machinery, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals. Saudi ArabiaOil and dates. SpainLead. SwedenMatches, timber. SwitzerlandWatches, electrical equipment. TaiwanRice, Camphor. South AfricaGold and diamond mining. UJSA.Automobiles, machinery, coal, wheat, petroleum. VietnamTin, cinchona, rubber, rice and teak. West IndiesSugar, tobacco.

Mineralswhere found (India)

AluminiumKetala, UP. and MP. AntimonyPunjab and Kamataka. AsbestosBihar, Kamataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. BantoniteRajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir. BauxiteBihar, Odisha, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. BerylliumRajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir and Bihar. CarborundumAssam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kamataka and Kashmir. CementMadhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana. China ClayKerala, Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum district of Bihar. ChromiteSinghbhum (Jharkhand), Bhagalpur (Bihar); Ratnagiri (Maharashtra); Salem (Tamil Nadu); Shimoga and Chitradurg (Kamataka); Keonjhar (Odisha); Ladakh (Kashmir). CoalRaniganj (W. Bengal); Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpur (Jharkhand); Panch Valley and Chanda (MP.); Singareni (Andhra) and Mukum (Assam). CobaltRajasthan and Kerala. CopperSinghbhum and Hazaribagh (Jharkhand); Khetri (Rajasthan) and Balaghat (MP.). DiamondPanna, Chhatarpur and Satna districts of Madhya Pradesh and Kernool (A.P.). FelsparRewa (MP.); Burdwan (W. Bengal); Alwar and Ajmer (Rajasthan); Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu). Fuller's EarthRajasthan, MP. and Kamataka. GoldKolar and Hatti gold-fields (Kamataka) and AP. GraphiteRajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Kamataka, Odisha and Kerala. GypsumBikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Heavy WaterTalcher (Odisha), Kota (Rajasthan), Baroda (Gujarat), Tuticorn (Tamil Nadu). DlemeniteBihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Iron OreSinghbhum (Jharkhand), Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj (Odisha), Durg, Belladila (Chhattisgarh) and Kamataka. LimestoneBihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu.

LeadMP., A.P., UP. and Gujarat. 1 ManganeseMadhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka. MicaKodarma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh), Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Tirunal Valley (Tamil Nadu). Monazite sandsTravancore coast (Kerala). PetroleumDigboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Asom; Jwalamukhi (HP.); Cambay, Ankleshwar (Gujarat), Bombay High. SaltSambhar Lake (Rajasthan) Rann of Kutch (Gujarat). Salt petrePunjab, UP. and Bihar. SilmaniteAssam, MP. SilverChitradurg, Balari (Karnataka); Singhbhum, Santhal Pargana (Jharkhand), Zawar (Rajasthan) and Cudappah (A.P.). TinHazaribagh (Jharkhand). ThoriumTravancore (Kerala). TungstenRajasthan, WJ3., Maharashtra and Karnataka. TurmericKerala, Andhra Pradesh. UraniumBihar and Rajasthan. ZincZawar and Angucha mines in Udaipur and Bhilwara districts of Rajasthan. ZirconOccurs in the beach sands of Kerala and Cape Comorin (Tamil Nadu).

Minerals, Crops and Other Products where Found

AluminiumU.S A., Canada, Norway, Switzerland, France and India. CarpetsIran and India. CheeseUSA., England, Netherlands and Australia. CoalU.S A., England, Germany, Russia, Australia and India. CocaGhana, S. America and West Indies. CoffeeBrazil, Columbia, Indonesia, Ethiopia. CopperChile, U.S A. CottonU.S.A., Uzbekistan, Egypt, India, Brazil, Argentina and Pakistan. Electric BulbsU.S A., England, India. GoldS. Africa, Australia, Canada, S. America, India. GrapesFrance, Italy, Portugal, California (USA.).

IlmeniteIndia. Iron OreU.S A., Russia, UK., France, Germany, India. JuteBangladesh, India. ManganeseRussia, India. MicaIndia. MonaziteIndia. PetroleumU.S A., Venezuela, Russia, Middle East Countries, Iran and Indonesia. Plastic GoodsEngland, U.S A., Japan. RkeChina, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan and Burma. RubberMalaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, China and India. SilkChina, U.SA.,France, India and Japan. SilverMexico, U.S A., Peru and India. SteelU .S A., Germany, Russia, England and Japan. TeaIndia, China, Sri Lanka, Japan and Indonesia. TinMalaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, China and Thailand. WheatChina,U.S A.,India, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. WoolAustralia, Argentina,New Zealand and S. Africa.

Plants of Chief Industries in India

Iron and SteelJamshedpur, Bokaro (Jharkhand), Bhadravati (Kamataka), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Rouikela (Odisha), Durgapur, Kulti, Hirapur (W. Bengal), Visakhapatnam (AP.), Salem (Tamil Nadu). Ship-buildingVishakhapatnam, Cochin, Mazgoan, Bombay. Cotton Industry Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Sholapur, Coimbatore, Nagpur, Madurai, Kanpur, Delhi, Bengaluru, Ludhiana, Indore, Koikata etc. Petroleum RefiningDigboi, Trombay, Vishakhapatnam, Barauni, Nunamati, Koyali, Mathura. AircraftBengaluru, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Nasik, Koraput. Cement IndustryLakheri (Raj.) Okha, Gwalior, Churk, Katni, Surajpur, Bhadravati, Kaimor (MP.). Coal MiningRaniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpur (Jharkhand), Singareni (Andhra Pradesh), Kukum (Assam).

Crops of India
Rabi cropsThese are winter crops sown in October/November and ^eaped in March/April. These are wheat, barley, gram, linseeds, mustard etc. Kharif cropsThese are the crops raised in rainy season. They are own in June/July and harvested in September/October. These are maize, ice, cotton, millets etc. Zaid (Summer) cropsLike Cucurbits Lauki, Khera, Bhindi, Torai etc. sown in February/March and harvested in May/June. Cash cropsCrops which are produced for trading purposes and not for consumption by the farmer and his family for subsistence are known as cash crops; e.g., cotton, jute, oil seeds, tobacco, maize (Cobbs) etc.

Chief Crops and the State Producing Them

BarleyUP., Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. CardamomKerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. CashewnutKerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Odisha. CoffeeKarnataka, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) and Kerala. CottonGujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, U.P., Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh. Gram and PulsesU.P., Maharashtra and Karnataka. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,

Ground nutAndhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. JuteAssam, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. MaizeU.P., Bihar, Punjab and Rajasthan. RiceWest Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, UP. and Odisha. RubberKerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andman & Nicobar. SaffronJammu & Kashmir State. SugarcaneUP., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab and Gujarat. TobaccoAndhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP., West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. WheatUttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra.

SOME CURIOS The Largest, Longest, Biggest, Highest, Smallest in the World
Archipelago, Largest Largest Railway Bridge Bird, largest Bird, smallest Building, Tallest Longest Irrigational Canal Canal, longest (Joining two oceans) City, largest population City, biggest in area City, highest City, most expensive Capital, highest Highest, Aerodrome Continent, biggest Continent, smallest Country, biggest Region, highest Delta, largest Desert, biggest Dam, World's highest gravity Dam largest Diamond, largest Electorate, largest Epic, biggest Indonesia Herey P. Long Bridge, Lovisiana, U.S.A. (7 km.) Ostrich Humming bird Burj Khalifa, Dubai (828 metre high with 168 storeys) Thekalakumsky Canal (1200 km) Suez Canal (168 km) Tokyo (Japan) Mount Isa (40,978 sq. km.) (Queens Land-Australia) Van Chuan (China), (5,100 metres high) Tokyo La Paz (Bolivia) (3,632 metres high) La Paz (Bolivia) (4,080 m) Asia (4,40,00,000 sq. kms) Australia (80,60,000 sq. kms) Russia (1,70,75,400 sq. kms) Tibet (4,875 metres) Sunderban (India) The Great Sahara Rogunskaya (Tadzhikistan) (84,00,000 sq. kms) Grand Coulee Dam (U.S.A.) The Cullinan (over 1 ^ lb.) India (About 60 crores) Mahabharat

Leonardo-da-Vinci painter sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist etc. Highest airfield Daulat Beg Oldi (Laddakh, 16,800 ft) Irrigation scheme, World's Lloyd Barrage, Sukkhur biggest (Pakistan) Greenland Island, biggest in the World Island Sea, largest Mediterranean Sea Mountain Peak, world's highest Mount Everest (Nepal) 8,848 metres Lake, deepest Baikal (Russia, 1940 metres) Museum, World's biggest British museum (London) Ocean, biggest The Pacific The Times of India The Paper with the largest circulation in the world Yellow Stone National Park (USA) Park, biggest Peninsula, Arabia (32,50,000 sq. tans) largest Plane, World's largest Palace, biggest Planet, largest Superjumbo Airbus A 380 (France) Vatican (Italy) Planet, smallest Plateau, Jupiter highest Population, largest Pluto Railway Platform, longest Pamir River, world's longest Region, world's coldest Stamp, world's China [127-5 crore (2001)] first Tallest Building in the East Storvik (Sweden) Nile (6648 Kms) Tallest Building in the world Verkhoyansk (Siberia) Telescope, Largest Radio Penny Black (British) The richest country in the wor "Sunshine 60" in Tokyo (in terms of Gross National product per inhabitant) Burj Khalifa (UAE) Tramway, world's first New Mexico (U.S A.) Tunnel, longest Thoroughfare, Switzerland (21,330 UJS. Dollar Per capita) world's largest Volcano, highest Yellow Stone National Park (USA) Arabia (32,50,000 sq. kms) Superjumbo Airbus A 380 (France) Vatican (Italy) Jupiter Pluto Pamir China [127-5 crore (2001)] Storvik (Sweden) Nile (6648 Kms) Verkhoyansk (Siberia) Penny Black (British) "Sunshine 60" in Tokyo Burj Khalifa (UAE) New Mexico (U.S A.)

Genius, World's greatest

Switzerland (21,330 UJS. Dollar Per capita) New York, 1832. Laerdal Tunnel (Norway) (24-5 km) Broadway (New York) Cotopaxi (Andes, Equador)

Volcano, largest Watt, world's largest * Waterfall, world's highest Water, Lowest body of Zoo, largest in the world An observatory situated at the highest place in the world

Mauna Lea (Hawai) The Great Wall of China In Venezuela (Angel Falls) (979 metres) Dead Sea (around 1300 feet below sea-level) Kruger National Park, South Africa Indian Astronomical observatory, situated at Hanle, Laddakh

Largest, Smallest, Highest and Longest in India

Biggest Hotel Highest Mountain Peak Largest Populated CUy Longest River (Flow in India) Highest Waterfall Largest Lake Longest Electric Railway Line Largest State (area) Largest State (population) Longest River Bridge Highest Gateway Wettest place or heaviest rainfall Tallest Statue Largest Tunnel Oberai-Sheraton on the shore of the Arabian Sea in South Bombay. K2 (8,611 metres) Mumbai Ganga (2510 km) Gersoppa Waterfall, Karnataka, (830 ft.) Wular Lake, Kashmir Kolkata to Delhi Rajasthan (4,43,446 sq. kms) Uttar Pradesh (166,197,921>-2001 census Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna (5-75 km. Long) Buland Darwaja 54 metres (Fatehpur Sikari, Agra) Masinram (Meghalaya) Statue of Gomateshwar, Karnataka (47 metres high) Jawahar Tunnel (J & K State), 1 j km., Banihal Pass)

Largest Museum Densest population Largest Zoo Largest Forest State Largest Road Largest Delta Largest Cave Temple Highest Tower Largest Dome Largest Mosque Highest Straight Gravity Dam Smallest State (area) Smallest State (population) Largest Desert Largest man-made lake Largest Corridor Largest Animal Fair

Indian Museum, Kolkata West Bengal (904 persons per sq. kms; Zoological Gardens, Alipur, Kolkata Asom Grand Trunk Road (2,400 kms) Sunderban Delta (12,872 sq. kms) Ellora (Kailash Temples, Maharashtra) Qutub Minar, Delhi Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur (Karnataka) Jama Masjid, Delhi Bhakra Dam Goa Sikkim Thar (Rajasthan) Govind Sagar (Bhakra) Rameshwaram Temple Corridor (121 metres long) Sonepur Fair, Bihar.

Largest Cantilever Span Bridge Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)

Geographical Surnames
Blue Mountain Bengal's Sorrow City of palaces China's Sorrow City of Seven Hills City of Skyscrapers City of Eternal Springs Cockpit of Europe Dark Continent Empire City Emerald Island Eternal City Nilgiri hills Damodar river Kolkata Hwang Ho Rome New York Quito (S. America) Belgium Africa New York Ireland Rome

Forbidden City Gift of the Nile Gateway of India Gate of Tears George Cross Islands Granite City Garden Province of S. Africa Holy Land Hermit Kingdom Island of Cloves Key to Mediterranean Land of the Midnight Sun Land of the Rising Sun Land of the Thousand Lakes Land of the Golden Pagoda Land of Morning Calm Land of Maple Leaf Land of Thousand Elephants Land of White Elephants Land of five rivers Land of Thunderbolt Manchester of the Orient Pillars of Hercules Playground of Europe Queen of the Adriatic Rose Pink City Roof of the World Sugar Bowl of the World Venice of the North Windi City Whiteman's Grave World's Loneliest Island Yellow River

Lhasa Egypt Mumbai Bab-el-mondab Malta Aberdeen (Scotland) Natal Jerusalem Korea Zanzibar Gibraltar Norway Japan Finland Burma Korea Canada Laos Thailand Punjab Bhutan Osaka (Japan) Straits of Gibraltar Switzerland Venice Jaipur The Pamirs in Central Asia Cuba Stockholm Chicago Guinea (West Coast Africa) Tristan De Cunha (mid-Atlantic) Hawang-Ho (China)

Wonders of the World

Ancient 1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon; 2. Temple of Diana al Ephesus (Rome); 3. Statue of Jupiter at Olympia; 4. Mausoleum of Mausolus (Ruler of Halicarnassus); 5. Pyramids of Egypt; 6. Light House at Alexandria; 7. Colossus of Rhodes 912 ft. statue of Helos, the sun God, stands at one side of the harbour.

Medieval World
1. Colosseum of Rome; 2. Great Wall of China; 3. Porcelain Tower of Nanking; 4. Stonehange of England; 5. Mosque at St. Sophia (Constantinople); 6. Catacombs of Alexandria; 7.- Leaning Tower of Pisa; 8. Taj Mahal (Agra).

Deserts
Atacama (North Chile), Colorado (California, U.S.A.) Great Arabian (most of Arabia); Gobi (Mangolia); Great Australia (Western portion of Australia); Kalahari (S. Africa); Kara Kum (Turkmenistan); Kyzylkum (Uzbekistan); Libyan (East Sahara); Mohave (SE. California); Nubian (East Africa); Sahara (North Africa); Takala Makan (South Sinkiang, China); Thar (N.W. India); Great Victoria (Australia).