Effective System Grounding

Effective System Grounding Presenter: John DeDad
Todays Agenda
Why the Concern over Ground Faults?
Electrical Grounding Options Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded
Application of Resistance Grounding

Advances in High Resistance Grounding
The Concerns with Solidly Grounded Systems Controlling Time and Current to Minimize Hazard

40 Industrial 35 30 25 20 15 10 Commercial
Losses related to ground faults:

Commercial locations such as hotels, universities and shopping malls = 72 incidents Manufacturing locations = 156 incidents
Total occurrences = 228

Industrial Losses: $ 120,000,000 total $ 769,230 average $ 120,000,000 total Commercial losses: $ 60,000,000 total $ 833.300 average
5
0 0-99 100-199 200-299 300-399 400-499 500-599 1m - 1.9m over 2m
All figures correspond to losses associated with electrical ground faults that occurred over a seven year period and were reported by one leading US based Insurance Company .
Total losses (industial and commercial) $ 180,000,000

Business Interruption Costs Automotive Food and Beverage Plastic and Moulding Machinery and Equipment Metals / Mining Ticket Reservations Property and Equipment Damage Property Damage from NFPA Equipment Average Medical Costs and Miscellaneous Employee Lost Time OSHA Fines Range of Losses Minor incident Major incident $ 50,000 $ 3,000,000 $ 85,200 $ 20,000 - $100,000 $10,000 to $ 2,000,000 $ 46,720 Cost / Hour $15,000 $ 16,420 $ 7,600 $ 24,700 $ 24,300 $ 72,000 12 Hours $ 180,000 $ 197,040 $ 91,200 $ 296,400 $ 291,600 $ 864,000

Risk Control of Ground Faults and Arc Faults
Least Effective
Most Effective
Protection Personal Protection Wearing of PPE Administration Electrical Safety Training
Prevention Engineering Controls Arc Resistant Switchgear

Substitution Reduction of Time or Fault Current Available
Webinar Focus
Awareness
Hazard Category Labels
Elimination High Resistance Grounding
Todays Agenda
Electrical Grounding Options

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded


Industrial Power System Grounding Three Methods
Ungrounded Solidly Grounded Resistance Grounded

Ungrounded Systems Popular for LV systems to 1950s No intentional connection to ground Less than 2A ground fault current =>no shutdown
Feeders must be de-energized to locate ground fault Susceptible to voltage buildup 6-9 times above ground on intermittent arcing faults

System Charging Current Definition No ground fault:
A 277 V line-to-ground
B C IC0 IC0 IC0
277 V line-to-ground 277 V line-to-ground
GND

Voltage Rise on Ground Fault
Neutral rises above ground to rated L-N voltage (277V) Unfaulted phases rise above ground to rated L-L voltage (480V)
VA-G = 480 V VB-G = 0 V VC-G = 480 V VN-G = 277 V
VA-G = 277 V VB-G = 277 V VC-G = 277 V VN-G = 0 V 120 N
C A
VA-G = 367 V VB-G = 138 V VC-G = 367 V VN-G = 138 V
C A
N 82 60 G B Full Ground Fault on Phase B B Partial (50%) Ground Fault on Phase B
B No Ground Fault

System Charging Current Definition With bolted ground fault: Current of 3IC0 flows into fault from un-faulted phases 3IC0 defined as the System Charging Current
480 V line-to-line A 480 V line-to-ground
B C 3 IC0 3 IC0
0 V line-to-ground 480 V line-to-ground
IF = 3IC0

System Charging Current
Vc N Ia=3Ico
30 30
Va
Vcb = Vcg
Vab = Vag
60 Vb Vca
60 Ib = Ia Ic = 3Ico System Charging Current
Ic=3Ico
Vbc

Transient Voltage Escalation on Ungrounded Systems
Current chopping from intermittent arcing ground fault can build up voltage of system capacitance 6-9 times (2000V) Ref. Donald Beeman, Industrial Power Systems Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1955, pp. 337-338 and 286-289.
A
B C IC0 IC0 IC0
GND

Transient Voltage Escalation on Ungrounded Systems
Photos courtesy of Job Garcia IEEE

Least Effective Most Effective
Protection
Personal Protection Wearing of PPE Administration
Prevention
Engineering Controls Arc Resistant Switchgear
Electrical Safety Training

Awareness Hazard Category Labels

What is System Grounding?
Grounding
System grounding the connection of earth ground to the neutral points of current carrying conductors such as the neutral point of a circuit, a transformer, rotating machinery, or a system, either solidly or with a current limiting device. Equipment grounding the connection of earth ground to non current carrying conductive materials such as conduit, cable trays, junction boxes, enclosures and motor frames.

Why Consider Grounding your System?
IEEE Std 142-1991 (Green Book)
1.4.3. The reasons for limiting the current by resistance grounding may be one or more of the following. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. to reduce burning and melting effects in faulted electric equipment, such as switchgear, transformers, cables and rotating machines to reduce mechanical stresses in circuits and apparatus carrying fault currents to reduce electric-shock hazards to personnel caused by stray ground fault currents in the ground return path to reduce arc blast or flash hazard to personnel who may have accidentally caused or who happen to be in close proximity to the fault current to reduce the momentary line-voltage dip occasioned by the occurrence and clearing of a ground fault
Todays Agenda
Why the Concern over Ground Faults? Electrical Grounding Options


High Resistance Grounding IEEE Color Books
IEEE Std 242-2001 (Buff Book)
8.2.4. High-resistance grounding helps ensure a ground-fault of known magnitude, helpful for relaying purposes. This makes it possible to identify the faulted feeder with sensitive ground-fault relays.
IEEE Std 141-1993 (Red Book)

7.2.2. High-resistance grounding provides the same advantages as ungrounded systems yet limits the steady state and severe transient over-voltages associated with ungrounded systems. There is no arc flash hazard [for LV ground faults], as there is with a solidly grounded system, since the fault current is limited to approximately 5A.
IEE Std 242-1986 Recommended Practice for the Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
7.2.5 Ungrounded systems offer no advantage over high-resistance grounded systems in terms of continuity of service and have the disadvantages of transient overvoltages, locating the first fault and burndowns from a second ground fault. For these reasons, they are being used less frequently today than high-resistance grounded systems

High Resistance Grounding
Resistor limits the ground fault to 10 amps or less Arc flash hazard on ground faults reduced
Faulted feeder remains in service Ground fault pulse locating provides valuable troubleshooting tool To prevent voltage escalation on the phase-to-ground capacitance during intermittent arcing ground faults, the resistor current must exceed system charging current, IR 3IC0

Step 1 Requirements for Sizing the Neutral Grounding Resistor Step 2 Determining the System Charging Current Step 3 Locate and Install the Neutral Grounding Resistor

What are the Requirements for Sizing the Resistor?
The line-to-ground capacitance associated with system components determines the magnitude of zero-sequence charging current.
The resistor must be sized to ensure that the ground fault current limit is greater than the system's total capacitance-to-ground charging current. If not, then transient over-voltages can occur. The charging current of a system can be calculated by summing the zero-sequence capacitance or determining capacitive reactance of all the cable and equipment connected to the system.
IEEE-32 Clause 2.2
The resistor must be built with a low coefficient of resistance/Temperature to ensure that it carries the rated current during a ground fault condition

Determining System Charging Current 1. 1. Calculation
See Application Guide High Res. Grounding <2A 27A < 20 A 1 A / 2000 kVA 1 A / 1500 kVA 1 A / 1000 kVA 480 V and 600 V 2.4 kV and 4.16 kV 13.8 kV 480 V and 600 V 2400 V 4160 V and higher
2. 2. Experience
3. 3. Rule of Thumb (Conservative)
4. 4. Measurement

Measuring the System Capacitive Charging Current.
It is preferable to measure the magnitude of the charging current on existing power systems for correct grounding equipment selection. The measured values must be adjusted, to obtain the maximum current, if not all system components were in operation during the tests.

Locating the Resistor
Once we have determined the size requirement for the resistor the next step typically would be to connect the current limiting resistor into the system. On a wye-connected system the neutral grounding resistor is connected between the wye-point of the transformer and ground as shown below.
A RNGR B Neutral Grounding Resistor(NGR) C RNGR E Ohms 3I G X C0 3 Ohms Amperes
I G 3I C 0
2 WNGR I G RNGR Watts
Where IG = Maximum Ground Current (A)

Locating the Resistor
On a delta-connected system, an artificial neutral is required since no star point exists this can be achieved by use of a zig-zag transformer as shown
A
VA EI G
C
VA
R NG R
B
E 3IG X C0 3
Ohms Ohms Amperes Watts
R NG R
IG 3IC 0
N ZIG-ZAG Transformer RNGR
2 W NG R I G R NG R
Todays Agenda


High Resistance Grounding When to Choose
Where service continuity is vital and where an orderly shutdown is essential Where arc flash hazard reduction desired Where Line to Neutral loads can be separated from balanced phase to phase loads with isolation transformers. Where Maintenance personnel proactively locate and repair ground faults

High Resistance Grounding - Low Voltage
System charging current less than resistor current rating.
Rule of thumb charging current 0.5A/1000kVA

Choose 5A continuous-duty resistor, tapped 2.5/5A or 5A/10A for ground fault pulse locating
Alarm pick-up level typically 50% resistor let-thru current

Optional individual motor feeder alarm relays set at 10% pre-alarm setting (monitor winding insulation)

High Resistance Grounding - Medium Voltage
Typically in 5kV and below, but available for systems up to 13.8 kV.
To avoid ground fault escalation into a phase-to-phase fault, system charging current should be 5.5A (J.R. Dunki-Jacobs) 5A-10A resistor typical (IR 3IC0)
Alarm pick-up level typically 50% resistor let-through current Optional individual motor feeder alarm relays set at 10% prealarm setting (monitor winding insulation)

NEMA Std MG 1 Motors and Generators
32.13
A synchronous generator shall be capable of withstanding, without damage, a 30second, three-phase short circuit at its terminals The neutral of a generator should not be solidly grounded unless the generator has been specifically designed for such operation. With the neutral solidly grounded, the maximum line-to-ground fault current may be excessive, and in parallel systems excessive circulating harmonic currents may be present in the neutrals.
32.34

Generator Grounding IEEE Color Books
IEEE Std 242-2001 (Buff Book)
Page 452: Solid grounding of a generator neutral is not recommended because this practice can result in high mechanical stresses and excessive fault damage to the machines.
IEEE Std 142-1991 (Green Book)

1.8.1. Generators have low zero sequence impedance compared to transformers. Thus a generator will have higher ground fault current than 3-phase fault current if solidly grounded.

Low Resistance Grounding of Parallel Generators
GENERATORS 4160V
51G
5A 1 min
51G
5A 1 min
51G
5A 1 min
G
87GD
G
87GD
G
87GD
87G 52
87G 52
87G 52
20A 0.6 sec
51N
40A
52
10A 51N 0.25 sec

52
51G
40A 1 Sec
100A 10 sec

High Resistance Grounding of Parallel Generators
Must not solidly parallel the neutrals of generators otherwise excessive triplen harmonic circulating currents Use zig-zag grounding transformer
GENERATORS 600V
600V
To DCS 15-20A, 3P 100 kAIC
VOLTAGE SE NSING
MULTI-FEEDER ALARM RELAY
To DCS
5A
Todays Agenda
Why the Concern over Ground Faults? Electrical Grounding Options Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded


Safety Concerns with Traditional HRG Systems
Unable to locate the ground fault in a timely manner resulting in excessive damage
Arc Flash hazard when opening the main switchboard to trace the fault
Second ground fault resulting in destructive phase-to-phase faults Loss of the Neutral Path resulting in loss of protection Closing a main-tie onto a ground fault Intermittent Faults

Unable to locate the ground fault in a timely manner resulting in excessive damage.
Phase Indication
TRIP DSP HRG ZSCT
TRIP ZSCT
MODBUS . . . Several Feeders . . .
Motor
Motor

Unable to locate the ground fault in a timely manner resulting in excessive damage.
Feeder Identification
TRIP DSP HRG ZSCT
TRIP ZSCT
Motor
Motor

Second ground fault resulting in destructive phase-to-phase faults
Options for Faulted Feeder:
1) Alarm Only (No Trip) OR
TRIP DSP HRG ZSCT TRIP ZSCT
2) Trip with Time Delay
Motor
Motor

Photos courtesy of Schneider Electric Chile

2nd Ground Fault: Prioritize Feeders Trips least important, maintaining operation on most important Up to 50 Feeders
TRIP DSP HRG ZSCT
TRIP ZSCT
Motor
Motor

Loss of the Neutral Path resulting in loss of protection
System Ground Monitor: Continually monitors circuit from Neutral to Ground Alarms if OPEN circuit Alarms if SHORT circuit
Motor
Motor

Intermittent Faults
Remote Monitoring:
Tie into Internet Monitor plant anywhere in world Notify maintenance or local qualified electrical contractor to locate ground fault
Motor
Motor
Todays Agenda
Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded Application of Resistance Grounding

The Concerns with Solidly Grounded Systems

Controlling Time and Current to Minimize Hazard

Solidly Grounded Systems
High fault current quickly trips breaker
277V
Bolted Fault -low impedance at point of fault
Low impedance bonding system

Popular for 3-wire LV systems since 1950s Solved overvoltage problem
System intentionally grounded (usually neutral) Faults easy to locate

Permits line-to-neutral lighting loads

Solidly Grounded Systems Fault path has two parts: 1. Impedance of the fault, between the live conductor and bonding system (unpredictable) 2. Impedance of the bonding system (low) BOLTED FAULTS (low impedance) quickly isolate faulted circuit ARCING FAULTS (high impedance) do not quickly trip the breaker

Potential for severe damage at point of fault due to intense heat energy of the arc Arcing ground faults are more common than bolted faults
Switchboard of a solidly grounded system at an amusement park in Ontario Canada

Solidly Grounded Systems Low level arcing ground faults not detected by phase relays or fuses, until fault escalates Sustained arcing faults can release intense heat and mechanical energy, causing severe damage and injury
Switchboard of a solidly grounded system at an amusement park in Ontario Canada

Arcing Fault Damage IG = Amperes Va = 100V t cycles 2000 10,000 KWC Acceptable
A) 100 Kilowatt Cycles Fault location identifiable at close inspection - spit marks on metal and some smoke marks. 2000 Kilowatt Cycles Equipment can usually be restored by painting smoke marks and repairing punctures in insulation.
B)

Arcing Fault Damage
C) 6000 Kilowatt Cycles Minimal amount of damage, but fault more easily located.
D) 10,000 Kilowatt Cycles Fault probably contained by the metal enclosure. E) 20,000 Kilowatt Cycles Fault probably burns through single thickness enclosure and spreads to other sections. F) Over 20,000 Kilowatt Cycles Considerable destruction.

IEEE Color Books Arcing Faults
IEEE Std 242-2001 (Buff Book) 8.2.2. One disadvantage of the solidly grounded system involves the high magnitude of destructive, arcing ground-fault currents that can occur. IEEE Std 141-1993 (Red Book) 7.2.4. The solidly grounded system has the high probability of escalating into a phase-tophase or three-phase arcing fault, particularly for the 480V and 600V systems. The danger of sustained arcing for phase-to-ground faultis also high for the 480V and 600V systems, and low or near zero for the 208V system.

Protection
Prevention

Todays Agenda



Mitigating Factors
Limit the fault current
Limit the time
NGRs limit the fault magnitude.
Ground fault relays trip breakers and limit how long a fault lasts

Low Resistance Grounding Low Resistance Grounding: 2.4kV 25kV

Low Resistance Grounding on MV
2.4kV to 25kV When system charging current is high and requires high current rated resistor not suitable for continuous operaion. Limits ground fault current to safe level Faulted feeder trips in 0.25 1 sec Resistor sized 50A to 200A Provides sufficient ground fault current to selectively trip ground fault relays
Arc flash hazard on ground faults reduced

Low Resistance Grounding IEEE Color Books
IEEE Std 142-1991 (Green Book) 1.4.3. The reasons for limiting the current by resistance grounding may be one or more of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
to reduce burning and melting effects in faulted electric equipment, such as switchgear, transformers, cables and rotating machines to reduce mechanical stresses in circuits and apparatus carrying fault currents to reduce electric-shock hazards to personnel caused by stray ground fault currents in the ground return path to reduce arc blast or flash hazard to personnel who may have accidentally caused or who happen to be in close proximity to the fault current to reduce the momentary line-voltage dip occasioned by the occurrence and clearing of a ground fault

Low Resistance Grounding: Relay Trip Settings
For ground fault coordination: Trip settings range from 10% - 40% of resistor let-thru current Time delay settings range from 0.2 1 sec with 0.3 sec coordination interval Minimum trip setting (10%) must exceed the system charging current to avoid sympathetic tripping of unfaulted feeders

Codes and Standards for Neutral Grounding Devices
Designed and tested to IEEE Standard 32 CSA approved for Canadian applications UL listed for US applications Installed in Canada to CEC rules 10-1100 thru 10-1108 Installed in the US to NEC articles 250.36, 250.186, and 450.5(B)
Resistors rated for : Line-to-neutral voltage, let-thru current, allowable on time Grounding transformers rated for : Line-to-line voltage, let-thru current, allowable on time
Todays Agenda



Protection
Prevention


Arc Detection and Mitigation
Total Clearing Time is Critical
Reduce the Time, Reduce the Damage, Reduce the Incident Energy
-35 ms:
no significant damage to persons or Switchgear, which can often be returned to use after checking the insulation resistances
small damage, requires cleaning and possibly some minor repair likely large damage both for persons and the switchgear, which must be partly replaced.
1.27 Cal /cm2
- 100ms:
3.23 Cal/cm2
- 500ms:
18.1 Cal/cm2
The arc burning time is the sum of the time to detect the arc and the time to open the correct breaker.
*Based on 50kA maximum bolted fault current on a 480 volt solidly grounded system.

Arc damage curve showing arc current versus arc time
9
8 7 Current kA 6 5 4 3 2 1 o
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
An arc is developed within milliseconds and leads to the discharge of enormous amounts of destructive energy. The energy in the arc is directly proportional to the square of the short-circuit current and the time the arc takes to develop. Reduce the Time, Reduce the Damage,
Reduce the Incident Energy.

Coordination on Solidly Grounded Systems
Coordination for ground faults difficult unless branch breakers have ground fault relays
1200 A PICKUP 1 SECOND DELAY
RELAY
ZERO SEQUENCE CT NEUTRAL PHASES
175 A
400 A
OVERLOAD
GROUND FAULT
FEEDER TRIPS ON OVERLOAD
MAIN BREAKER TRIPS ON GROUND FAULT!

Examples of Coordinated Relay Settings
4.16 kV
51G
40 A 1 sec
13.8 kV
51G
100 A 10 sec
200 A 10 sec
80 A 1 sec
52 51N 40 A 1 sec
52 51N 80 A 1 sec
52 51N 20 A 0.6 sec
52 51N 40 A 0.6 sec
52 51N 10 A 0.25 sec
52 51N 20 A 0.25 sec
System Charging Current 5 A
System Charging Current 10 A

Zone Selective Interlocking (ZSI),
ZSI offers an excellent solution to this problem. It improves arc flash safety upstream in the plant distribution system without affecting service continuity. ZSI is applied both to phase overcurrent devices (on the short-time protection function), and to ground fault protective devices. It is available on electronic trip units and relays of circuit breakers. With ZSI, a breaker that senses a fault will trip with no intentional time delay unless it receives a restraint signal from the breaker immediately downstream. If so restrained, the breaker will wait to time out before tripping. The downstream breaker only sends a restraint signal upstream if it also senses the fault, i.e. only for faults located downstream of both breakers. For the fault at point Y, the Sub-Feeder breaker will restrain the Feeder breaker; and the Feeder breaker will restrain the Main breaker. Hence the Main and Feeder will wait to time out. In the meantime, the Sub-Feeder breaker will clear the fault.

Arc Detection Technology
The final option for solidly grounded systems is to employ arc detection technology.
An arc is accompanied by radiation in the form of light, sound, and heat. Therefore, the presence of an arc can be detected by analyzing visible light, sound waves, and temperature change.
To avoid erroneous trips, it is normal to use a short-circuit current detector along with one of the aforementioned arc indicators. The most common pairing in North America is current and light.

Arcing is accompanied by radiation in the form of light, sound, heat and electromagnetic waves as well as an associated pressure wave.

Two Direct Detection Methods Pressure Arc Detector
Detecting the pressure wave generated by the arc
Detection time 8ms
Light Arc Detector

Detecting the arc flash through optical arc detection Detection time 1ms

Arc Detection and Mitigation Current and Light Schematic

Optical Sensor Schematic

Ground Fault, ZSIP and Arc Detection Example
Ground Fault Protection, Zone Interlocking Protection (ZSIP) Remote Monitoring and Arc Flash Mitigation all in one relay

Hazard Prevention and Protection
The combined use of high resistance grounding for protection from ground faults and its ability to prohibit the escalation of the fault, the use ZSI to eliminate the delays associated with time and current coordination, and arc mitigation technology including pressure sensors and optical arc detection for phaseto-phase and three-phase arcing faults is an effective engineering approach to minimizing the impact of ground faults and the arc-flash hazard and to establish an effective and safe electrical grounding system.
Arc Flash Mitigation

Prevent - HRG Technology 20%
80%
Protect - ZSIP and Optical Detection

Protection Type Clearance Time Incident Energy

MCGG Over-Current MCGG Instantaneous Pressure sensor Optical Arc Detection 3.1 seconds 0.45 seconds 0.058 seconds 0.051 seconds 37 Cal / cm2 5.4 Cal / cm2 1.3 Cal / cm2 1.2 Cal / cm2
Assumes circuit breaker interrupting time of 0.05 seconds
Grounding System Summary

System Type
Productivity Impact
Ungrounded System
Severe Unknown High Possible but not recommended
Solidly Grounded System

None Severe Reasonable Not Possible
Low Resistance Grounded System

Limited Minimal Reasonable Not Possible
High Resistance Grounded System

Limited None Low Ideal
Overvoltages
Equipment Damage
Overcurrent-Damage at fault point Maintenance Costs Continuous Operation with Ground Fault
Downtime
Relay Co-ordination (Appropriate equipment Tripped, Ease of Fault Location Safety to Personnel
Difficult
Difficult
Good
Excellent
Personnel
Poor
Poor
Good
Excellent
Effective System Grounding

What type of grounding system do you employ? Ungrounded Solidly Grounded
Resistance Grounded
Substitute Risk Eliminate Risk Eliminate Risk

High Low
High Resistance Grounded
Eliminate Risk
Upgrade to HRG with first fault time delay, second fault trip and feeder identification
Upgrade to relay with ZSIP and Arc Detection
Add Optical Arc Detection Relay
High Resistance Grounded
Add NGR Monitoring Relay
Effective System Grounding

Got a question, then Ask the Expert http://www.i-gard.com/showBlog.asp?blogCategoryId=2 Want to calculate the financial risk, then use the ROI calculator at http://www.i-gard.com/roi.asp Want to view our entire product range, then go to http://www.i-gard.com/showPage.asp?id=6 Want to read more on Effective System Grounding, then download the White Paper at http://ecmweb.com/whitepapers/effective-system-grounding/
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Effective System Grounding Presenter: John DeDad

Application of Resistance Grounding

Why the Concern over Ground Faults?

Why the Concern over Ground Faults?

Losses related to ground faults:

Total occurrences = 228

Total losses (industial and commercial) $ 180,000,000

Why the Concern over Ground Faults?

Why the Concern over Ground Faults?

Protection Personal Protection Wearing of PPE Administration Electrical Safety Training

Prevention Engineering Controls Arc Resistant Switchgear

Elimination High Resistance Grounding

Electrical Grounding Options

Application of Resistance Grounding

Electrical Grounding Options

Ungrounded Solidly Grounded Resistance Grounded

Electrical Grounding Options

Electrical Grounding Options

B C IC0 IC0 IC0

277 V line-to-ground 277 V line-to-ground

Electrical Grounding Options

VA-G = 277 V VB-G = 277 V VC-G = 277 V VN-G = 0 V 120 N

VA-G = 367 V VB-G = 138 V VC-G = 367 V VN-G = 138 V

N 82 60 G B Full Ground Fault on Phase B B Partial (50%) Ground Fault on Phase B

Electrical Grounding Options

0 V line-to-ground 480 V line-to-ground

Electrical Grounding Options

60 Ib = Ia Ic = 3Ico System Charging Current

Electrical Grounding Options

B C IC0 IC0 IC0

Electrical Grounding Options

Photos courtesy of Job Garcia IEEE

Electrical Grounding Options

Electrical Safety Training

Elimination High Resistance Grounding

Electrical Grounding Options

Electrical Grounding Options

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

IEEE Std 141-1993 (Red Book)

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

3. 3. Rule of Thumb (Conservative)

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

A RNGR B Neutral Grounding Resistor(NGR) C RNGR E Ohms 3I G X C0 3 Ohms Amperes

2 WNGR I G RNGR Watts

Where IG = Maximum Ground Current (A)

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Ohms Ohms Amperes Watts

Upgrading from Ungrounded to High Resistance Grounded

Application of Resistance Grounding

Application of Resistance Grounding

Application of Resistance Grounding

Rule of thumb charging current 0.5A/1000kVA

Alarm pick-up level typically 50% resistor let-thru current

Application of Resistance Grounding

Application of Resistance Grounding

Application of Resistance Grounding

IEEE Std 142-1991 (Green Book)

Application of Resistance Grounding