INFORMATION PAPER International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No.

5, May 2009

Computer Simulation Study of Exhaust Gas Characters in a Diesel Engine Operating with Blended Fuels
Dr. H. K. Shivanand1, Putta BoreGowda1, S. Rajanna 2, and H.G.Hanumantha Raju 2
UVCE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, India Email: shivanand.uvce@gmail.com 1 MSRIT, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, India. Email: first.author@hostname1.org 2 SJCIT, Department of Mechanical, Engineering, Chickballapur, India. Email: rajanna_sjcit@rediff mail.com 2 UVCE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, India greatly depending on energy supply. The growing dependency on large quantities of energy has greatly influences lifestyle and human values. Both in developed as well as developing countries, thus have been continued effort in the recent years to improver the economics of diesel engine performance, especially since the fossil fuels are depleting rapidly. The fact that improvement in diesel engines performance including exhaust emissions and noise has a closed relation to the rate of pressurization and cyclic variation has lead to various studies in these directions. Recent recession has significantly altered consumerbuying behavior in several key markets. The total cost of ownership which includes the initial vehicle purchase price as well as operating & maintenance, is being recognized by the consumer as the more important parameter.. In addition the overall awareness of environment or green issues is adding to the financial consideration, which makes fuel economy a key product differentiator. Blending of vegetable oils with diesel has received recognition in recent times and many Boi-fuel units are being set up in the country. At the same time, research is in progress to improve engine performance by various methods like design change, better ignition techniques, improved transmission system & more complete combustion. Vegetable oil has better ignition qualities for diesel engines than light alcohols, their cetane number being over 80. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Vegetable oil fuels (biodiesel) have become more attractive alternative renewable fuel for diesel engines. More than one hundred years ago, Rudolf diesel tested vegetable oil as the fuel for his engine. With the advent of cheap petroleum, appropriate crude oil fractions were refined to serve as fuel and diesel fuel and diesel engines evolved together. in the 1930s and 1940s vegetable oils were used as diesel fuel from time to time, but usually only in emergency situations. Recently, there has been a renewed focus on vegetable oils and biodiesel fuel. different kinds of vegetable oils and biodiesel have been 156
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Abstract : The performance of a 4-S, single cylinder aircooled Kirloskar diesel engine operating with different blends of diesel-honge oil combinations has been studied. The study is focused on the exhaust gas parameters like temperature and percentage of carbon in the emissions. Based on the preliminary experiments and available literature on engines using pure diesel, a mathematical model adoptable for computer simulation has been formulated for calculation of output characteristic parameters like exhaust temperature, w% carbon in exhaust and speed of the engine as well as the break power generated by the engine from input parameters of load on the engine and the fraction of honge oil in the diesel-honge oil blend. The computer simulation model has been found to be able to predict the actual behaviour of the diesel engine with blended fuels with within 5% accuracy in the whole range of blending from 0.0 to 1.0, The computer simulation model can be adopted for different blends in engines working on Diesel or Otto cycles using combinations of petrol, diesel, Jetrropha, Honge or other oils, and is expected to facilitate use of bio-fuels in transport and other industries with minimum experimentation Index Terms engines, diesel, mathematical simulation, model, bio-fuels, experimentation.

1.INTRODUCTION The conventional sources of energy have been used extensively by the mankind for several decades. These sources have found application in almost all fields and walks of our day-to-day life viz, transportation, cooking, power generation, industries, etc. Along with increased usage and consumption of fossil fuels, there has been severe depletion of such conventional source of energy. However, mankind has have reached a stage where we can not change our life style to adjust to this shortages of fossil fuels, it has become imperative to discover alternate source of energy. The oil crisis 1973 in particular, triggered numerous studies on natural oils and fats all over the world and we have seen in the last decade the development of tremendous interest in improved techniques for better utilization of the existing fuels and for innovative techniques for blending the fossil fuels with vegetable oils. The energy problems of the world are manifested in larger range of activities & modern economics system is

INFORMATION PAPER International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 2009 tested in diesel engines, its reducing characteristic for greenhouse gas emissions, its help on reducing a countrys reliance on crude oil imports, its supportive characteristic on agriculture by providing a new market for domestic crops, its effective lubricating property that eliminates the need of any lubricate additive and its wide acceptance by vehicle manufacturers can be listed as the most important advantages of the fuel [4]. There are more than 350 oil-bearing crops identified, among which only sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed and peanut oils are considered as potential alternative fuels for diesel engines. Attention in India is towards honge and jatropha oils. Fig1 shows A Kirloskar diesel engine having the following specifications was selected for the study: Engine: 4-S, single cylinder, air cooled Diesel Engine Position : Vertical BHP : 3.5 RPM : 2000 Cubic Capacity : 300 cc engine cannot run on 100% pure vegetable oil without conversion. Vegetable oil is too thick and gloopy to get through the fuel pump and injectors. Instead vegetable oil can be mixed with diesel in different percentages, i.e. vegetable oil-diesel blends or convert it into Bio-Diesel, thus can be directly used on a diesel engine without any major modifications in the engine. Temperature Higher temperatures (around 350*C to 400*C) at higher loads are observed in the performance test of the engine with honge as a blend and optimal temperature at 75% of the loading conditions which increases the performance of engine. Efficiency Higher and optimal efficiencies are observed at 50% of the total capacity of the engine is also tested in the performance test of the engine with different blends. Exhaust Emission Study on weight % of carbon with pure diesel and also with different blends are collected on the filter paper and stored for the further analysis. 3 COMPUTER MODELING Theory A modeling is a simplified representation of the real entity in order to increase our understanding of that entity. Modeling is the process of making the model, various modeling techniques and methodologies have been introduced and applied to real world applications in isolated communities, such as computer graphics and computer aided design (CAD), computer simulation, and information technology. In computer graphics & CAD, researches focus on geometric modeling methods, while the computer simulation community is interested in system behavioral modeling approaches, & the information technology community focuses on information modeling approaches, even though researchers in diverse areas have their own distinct modeling perspectives under different environment (inter focus) with different storage systems. The modeling process the real world could be expressed in diverse model types, such as a geometry model, a dynamic model, mathematical model or an information modeling. Mathematical model & numerical procedures The normal equation is selected for two variables as inputs My/ X 1,X 2 = Bo + B1 X1 +B2 X2 nbo + b1 x1 +b2x2 =y bo x1+ b1 x1(2) + b2 x1 x2 = x1 bo x2 + b1 x1 x2 + b2 x2(2)= x2y Notations X1 = h input as honge oil % BP = Break power X2 = l input as load in kg SFC = Specific fuel consumption Te =out put temperature of exhaust gas N = speed in RPM n = total number of reading 157
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PRESENT WORK The aim of this work was to study the effect of different percentage of pongamia -oil diesel blends and pongamia oil fueling on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of the engine has been made with respect to diesel fuel and both the non-conventional fuels. 4 strokes, direct injection diesel engine was run under variable speed and load conditions. Six blends were tested on the engine: pure diesel, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, & 100 pongamia oil /diesel ratios by volume and pongamia oil. Performance and emission parameters were obtained in all cases. Honge oil is selected as the blend with diesel in different ratios and studied the problems associated with blends are

Starting Problem Vegetable oil can be used as diesel fuel just as it is, without being converted to Bio-Diesel. The downside is that straight vegetable oil (SVO) is much more viscous (thicker) than conventional diesel fuel or Bio-Diesel, and it doesn't burn the same in the engine. An ordinary diesel

INFORMATION PAPER International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 2009 %C= carbon % in exhaust gas Input parameters used in generating function BP out put results of the engine Te exhausts gas temperature in C used in solving the equation N different speed for different loads WC weight % of carbon in gms Equations obtained after solving by determents method Equation for exhaust gas temperature Te Te = 102.3 + 8.34l -44.4h Equation for speed N N = 1893.98-15.3l 256.42h Equation for W% C W% C = 0.10056 + 0.003467l 0.1036h And other general equations for BP, IP, SFC are considered. Computer Modeling is carried out in MATLAB
TABLE1. Results of Computer Modeling
lo ad
8
8
8
8
8

Fig 2b: Dependence of various parameters on % Honge Oil and Load.

0.45 0.4 0.35
BP ,IP ,% h

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 8 8 8 load 8 8

BP
IP
% of honge

Fig 2c: Dependence of various parameters on % Honge Oil and Load

2000 1800 1600 1400

Temp,RPM

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.4 0.35 0.3 % honge 0.25 0.2

temp

RPM

% of honge
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2

Temp
424.7
426.9
429
431
433.6

Spee d
1669
1681
1694
1707
1720

W % Carbon
0.0868
0.092
0.097
0.102
0.107

BP
0.2
0.211
0.212
0.214
0.21

IP
0.262
0.264
0.266
0.268
0.27

Fig 2a: Dependence of various parameters on % Honge Oil and Load.

0.3 0.25 WC,BP,IP 0.2
W % Carbon

0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 % honge

BP

IP

.4. CONCLUSIONS From the above discussions on graphs and chart we conclude the following: 1. Computer modeling can be applied to performance evaluation of diesel engines operating on blended fuels with a high degree of accuracy. 2. The trends are linear in the ranges considered. However, non-linear modeling can be worked out and is not difficult. 3. Diesel-Honge blends with up to 20% Honge oil can be used effectively in diesel engines at 60-80% maximum loads optimally. 4. Extension of range up to 100% Honge oil is possible with the computer modeling.

5. REFERENCES 1. Bosch Automotive Handbook, 5th Ed. 2000, P 533,563.

2. Michael P.Walsh, Global Trends in Diesel Emissions Control - A 1999 Update, SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0107. 3. Shay, E.G., 1993. Diesel fuel from vegetable oils: status and opportunities. Biomass and Bioenergy 4, 227-242. 4. Fangrui Ma, Biodiesel production: a review, Bioresource Technology 70 (1999) 1-15. 5. Clarke LJ, Crawshaw EH, Lilley LC, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) as Diesel blend component. Presented at 9th Annual Fuels and Lubes Asia Conference and Exhibition. January 2003. Singapore, PR China. 6. Goering E, Schwab W, Daugherty J, Pryde H, Heakin J. Fuel properties of eleven vegetable oils. Trans ASAE 1982; 25:1472-83.

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