IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT

Objectives: Programming Tools for interactive systems provide : - a means of effectively translating abstract designs and usability principles into an executable form - different level of services for the programmer Windowing Systems : - central environment for the programmer and the user - allowing a single workstation to support separate user-system threads of action simultaneously Interaction Toolkits : - allowing the programmer to describe behaviors of objects at a level similar to how the user perceives them User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) : - the final level of programming support tools - allowing the designer and the programmer to control the relationship between the presentation objects of a toolkit with their functional semantics in the actual application Elements of Windowing Systems Two features : Device Independence konsep abstract terminal Resource Sharing multiple application control Abstract Terminal : makes the programming task easier makes portability of application programs possible Device Driver (translation program) :
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 needs to be written for a particular hardware device and then any application program can access it. Contoh Abstract Terminal : Pixels Graphical Kernel System (GKS) Programmers Hierarchical Interface to Graphics (PHIGS) PostScript

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Application program

Application program

Application program

Windowing System

Multiple Application Control Device Independence

Mouse

Win. 2

Win. 1 Win. n Keyboard

Fig. 01. The Roles of Windowing System

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Architectures of Windowing Systems Clients Client Application 1 Abstract Terminal 1 Server Resource Manager Client Application 2 Abstract Terminal 2 Client Application n Abstract Terminal n

...

...

Device Driver Devices

Mouse

Win. 2

Win. 1 Win. n Keyboard

Fig. 02. The Client Server Architecture

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Programming The Application Programming Paradigm : Read-Evaluation Loop Notification Based

Client Aplication Start

Read input

Server

Device

Process input

Quit?

End

Fig. 03. The Read-Evaluation Loop Paradigm

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Application Start

Notifier

Register callbacks with notifier

Call notifier Read input End Send to appropriate callback

Process event

Callback Request Quit ?

no

yes

Fig. 04. The Notification Based Programming Paradigm

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User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) The main concerns of a UIMS: A conceptual architecture for the structure of an interactive system which concentrates on a separation between application semantics and presentation Techniques for implementing a separated application and presentation Support techniques for managing, implementing and evaluating a run time interaction environment The Logical Components of a UIMS : Presentation Dialogue control Application interface Lexical Intended Presentation User Component Syntactic
Dialogue Control

Semantic
App. Intr. Model

Intended App.

Fig. 05. The Seeheim model of the logical components of a UIMS

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View Display Model Mouse Controller Keyboard Fig. 06. The Model-View-Controller triad in Smalltalk User

Abstraction

Presentation

User

Control

Fig. 07. The Presentation-Abstraction-Control model of Coutaz

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