6002 l8

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS
Dependent Sources and Amplifiers
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8
Review

Nonlinear circuits can use the node method Small signal trick resulted in linear response
Today

Dependent sources Amplifiers
Reading: Chapter 7.1, 7.2
Dependent sources
Seen previously Resistor Independent Current source + i +
i
i=
R v
I
v R
i=I
2-terminal 1-port devices New type of device: Dependent source iI i

O
+ control port
vI
f ( vI )
vO
output port
2-port device
E.g., Voltage Controlled Current Source

Current at output port is a function of voltage at the input port
Dependent Sources: Examples
Example 1: Find V + R V
independent current source
I = I0
V = I0R

Example 2: Find V voltage controled current source + R V
K I = f (V ) = V
iI +
+ R V
K f (vI ) = vI
iO
+
vI
vO

Example 2: Find V voltage controled current source
+ R V
K I = f (V ) = V
e.g. K = 10-3 AmpVolt R = 1k
K V = IR = R V or V 2 = KR or V = KR = 10 3 10 3 = 1 Volt
Another dependent source example
RL
iIN
iD
VS +
vI +
+
vIN
+
vO
e.g.
iD = f (vIN ) iD = f (vIN ) K 2 = (vIN 1) for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise
Find vO as a function of vI .

VS
RL
iIN
iD
vI +
+
vIN
+
vO
iD = f (vIN )
e.g.
iD = f (vIN ) K 2 = (vIN 1) for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise

VS
RL vI vI
vO K (vIN 1)2 for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise iD =

VS
RL vI vI
KVL
VS + iD RL + vO = 0 vO = VS iD RL K 2 vO = VS (vI 1) RL 2 vO = VS
Hold that thought
for vI 1 for vI < 1
Next, Amplifiers
Why amplify?
Signal amplification key to both analog and digital processing. Analog: AMP
IN OUT
Input Port
Output Port
Besides the obvious advantages of being heard farther away, amplification is key to noise tolerance during communcation
Why amplify?
Amplification is key to noise tolerance during communcation No amplification
e nois
10 mV
useful signal
1 mV
huh?
Try amplification
e nois
AMP
not bad!
Why amplify?
Digital: Valid region
5V 5V
VIH IN VIL
0V
OUT
Digital System
0V
VOH VOL
5V
VIH VIL
IN
V OH V OL
5V
OUT
0V
0V
Why amplify?
Digital:
Static discipline requires amplification! Minimum amplification needed:

VIH VIL
VOH VOL
VOH VOL VIH VIL
An amplifier is a 3-ported device, actually Power port Input port

iI
+v I
Amplifier
+ v Output O port
iO
We often dont show the power port. Also, for convenience we commonly observe the common ground discipline. In other words, all ports often share a common reference point called ground.
POWER IN OUT
How do we build one?

Remember?
VS
RL vI vI
KVL
VS + iD RL + vO = 0 vO = VS iD RL K 2 vO = VS (vI 1) RL 2 vO = VS
Claim: This is an amplifier
for vI 1 for vI < 1
So, wheres the amplification?

Lets look at the vO versus vI curve. mA e.g. VS = 10V , K = 2 2 , RL = 5 k V K 2 vO = VS RL (vI 1) 2 2 2 = 10 10 3 5 103 (vI 1) 2
vO = 10 5 (vI 1) vO VS
2
vO
1 vO >1 v I
vI
vI
amplification
Plot vO versus vI
vO = 10 5 (vI 1)
2
vI
0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
vO
10.00 10.00 8.75 5.00 4.00 2.80 1.50 ~ 0.00
0.1 change in vI
1V change in vO
Gain!
Demo
Measure vO .
One nit
vO
What happens here? 1
vI
Mathematically, K 2 vO = VS RL (vI 1) 2 So is mathematically predicted behavior
One nit
vO K 2 vO = VS RL (vI 1) 2
What happens here? 1 However, from
vI
iD =
K (vI 1)2 2 VS
RL vO
for vI 1
VCCS
iD
For vO>0, VCCS consumes power: vO iD For vO<0, VCCS must supply power!
If VCCS is a device that can source power, then the mathematically predicted behavior will be observed
vO
K 2 i.e. vO = VS RL (vI 1) 2
vI
where vO goes -ve
If VCCS is a passive device, then it cannot source power, so vO cannot go -ve. So, something must give! Turns out, our model breaks down.
K 2 iD = (vI 1) 2 will no longer be valid when vO 0 . e.g. iD saturates (stops increasing) and we observe:
Commonly
vO
vI

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6.

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Dependent Sources and Amplifiers

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Dependent sources Amplifiers

Reading: Chapter 7.1, 7.2

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

2-terminal 1-port devices New type of device: Dependent source iI i

E.g., Voltage Controlled Current Source

Dependent Sources: Examples

independent current source

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Dependent Sources: Examples

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Dependent Sources: Examples

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Another dependent source example

iD = f (vIN ) iD = f (vIN ) K 2 = (vIN 1) for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Another dependent source example

iD = f (vIN ) K 2 = (vIN 1) for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Another dependent source example

vO K (vIN 1)2 for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise iD =

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Another dependent source example

vO K (vIN 1)2 for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise iD =

for vI 1 for vI < 1

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Static discipline requires amplification! Minimum amplification needed:

VOH VOL VIH VIL

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

An amplifier is a 3-ported device, actually Power port Input port

How do we build one?

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

vO K (vIN 1)2 for vIN 1 2 iD = 0 otherwise iD =

for vI 1 for vI < 1

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

So, wheres the amplification?

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

Mathematically, K 2 vO = VS RL (vI 1) 2 So is mathematically predicted behavior

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

where vO goes -ve

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

6.002 Fall 2002: Lecture 8

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