JJ 108 ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMER

TABLE OF CONTENT ITEMS

INTRODUCTION APPARATUS & EQUIPMENT PROCEDURE RESULTS & DATA DISCUSSION CONCLUSION LIST OF REFFERENCE

PAGE NUMBER 2 3 3 3 4 6 6

This experiments is to understand the working principle of a step down transformer, therefore indentifying the maximum output current of a transformer and indentifying the relationship of the transformer ratio.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Transformer is one of the most used of electrical components in our daily life. Since the power source in our home give out a constant amount of power but our appliances uses different amount of electrical power to operate properly, transformer is therefore very useful in ensuring that all the appliances can work properly on the same power outlet.

Definition
a transformer works on faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. A transformer consists of magnetic core, and it contains two windings. When one of the windings is connected to an alternating current supply, an alternating flux links with the other winding (secondary windings) inducing electromotive force (e.m.f.) in this winding at the same frequency as that of the power supply. This is known as mutual induction.

Theory
The voltage on the coil of the transformer is directly proportional to the number of turns on the coils. This relationship is expressed by the formula = Where VP = voltage on primary coil VS = voltage on secondary coil NP = number of turns on primary coils NS = number of coils on secondary coils.

Objectives:
1. To indentify the maximum output current of a transformer 2. To indentify the relationship of the transformer ratio

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2.0 Apparatus/Equipment
Transformer . AC Voltmeter Multimeter. Cable. Bench Power Supply.. 1 1 1 1 1

3.0 Procedure
1. The input transformer is set. 2. The secondary voltage is then checked 3. The data are then read and recorded.

4.0 Calculations

Question 1.
an iron core transformer operating from 120 V line has 500 turns in the primary and 100 turns in the secondary. Find the secondary voltage.

Answer: Given VP = 120 V, NP = 500, NS = 100 120/VS = 500/100 120/VS = 5 VS = 5/120 =0.042 V

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Question 2. A power transformer has a turns ratio of 1:5 the secondary coil if the secondary coil has 1000 turns and the secondary voltage is 30 V, find the voltage, primary voltage and the number of primary turns.
= =

5.0 Discussion
The data collected during experiments in electrical circuit are often different from the theoretical data. This is mostly due to the varying quality of its components, i.e., newer battery give out more current than older battery.

Application of Transformers in daily life Power is supplied in every houses in developed nation. The power from the Grid can be as high as 765 000 v. it is then stepped down to 72 000 v in a community substation. From here, it is stepped down to 220V at a transformer in the utility pole. The initial high voltage is crucial in ensuring that the current can travel a great distance. By using a transformer, it will be stepped down so many times so that it can be used at homes safely, without endangering the houses tenants or damaging electrical appliances.

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Certain appliances such as air conditioner and heater uses great amount of energy, sometimes as high as 220 v, but some are not. Such smaller appliances which require smaller amount of electricity need to have a step down transformer installed before such high voltage can be applied to them. Examples of household appliances which uses transformer: 1. 2. 3. 4. Water heater. Battery charger. Television set. Speaker.

Precaution
Always make sure that the equipment used are in good condition since this can effect the data obtained. For example, a broken multi tester may give an inaccurate reading. Make sure all connection in the circuit are connected properly before taking the reading.

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6.0 Conclusion
Transformer works on two principles first that an electric current can produce a magnetic field, and second; a change in the magnetic field within the coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the oil (electromagnetic induction). The change in the current in the primary coil also changes the magnetic flux. This change then induces a voltage in the secondary coils. Based on this, the current passing through the primary creates a magnetic field. For a common cell phone charger, the maximum output current is 5V, stepped down from 250V.

List of reference: Physics forum http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=63072 Introduction to circuit http://www.asee.org/conferences-and-events/conferences/k-12workshop/2012/Introduction_to_Circuits.pdf physics lab 4. http://www.andrews.edu/phys/wiki/PhysLab/doku.php?id=lab4#data8_and_results6 difference between series and parallel circuit http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/ physics tutorial http://www.physics247.com/physics-tutorial/parallel-circuits.shtml Mack, James E.; Shoemaker, Thomas (2006). Chapter 15 Distribution Transformers. The Linemans and Cablemans Handbook.

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