INTRODUCTION

CALCULATION PARAMETERS
DETERMINATION OF SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTORS
DETERMINING THE RESISTANCE OF THE GROUND CIRCUIT
DETERMINATION OF GRID CURRENT
CALCULATION OF TOLERABLE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE
GROUND POTENTIAL RISE(GPR).
CALCULATION OF ATTAINABLE STEP VOLTAGE AND TOUCH VOLTAGE
CONCLUSION
ANNEXURE I - OVERALL LAYOUT-MAINMAT AREA
ANNEXURE II - AVERAGE SOIL RESISTIVITY
ANNEXURE III - IEEE 80 FLOW CHART FOR DESIGNING THE
EARTHING FOR THE SUBSTATION
1) INTRODUCTION:
8
9
11 10
2
2
4
Description Page No
3
Sl. No
3
CONTENTS
1
5
5
2
6
4
4 5
6
7
8
10
9
11 12
Page 1 of 8
1.1) General
1.2) Grounding Circuit
1.3) Reference
2) CALCULATION PARAMETERS:
2.1) Input Parameters
0.34 + j 0.15
2.2) Particulars of Earthing Conductors
Type of Conductor
Size of Ground Conductor
Specification Part III
Specification Part IV - 1
0.1

n
a
3000
Description
1
1
Surface Area of the ground circuit. 11132
Reference
Specification Part IV - 1
Cl 16.2.2, IEEE80-2000
Annexure I
92
120
Short Circuit Current
Duration of Fault current
The implementation of earthing system is done for the outdoor 60/30kV Iflisen SS, which has 4 nos of 60kV line bays, 2 nos of 60/30kV
40 MVA transformer bays, 1 no of bus coupler bay, 16 nos of 30kV outgoing line bays, 2 nos of capacitor bays and 2 nos of 30kV TSA bays.
IEEE Std 80-2000 - IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
Notation Value Unit
I 31.5
Length of the Substation
The implementation of earth network for the entire surface of both 60kV and 30kV bays is done by using bare copper wire buried at a depth of 1
m.
Real time fault clearing
Installation depth of grounding conductors
121
t
c
t
s
h
Soil resistivity (measured on site)
Ambient Temperature
Resistivity of the surface material (gravel)
Thickness of the surface layer (gravel)
T
a
Number of 60 kV line feeders
Approximate Equivalent impedances of transmission line
overhead shield wires
Value
Z
eq
Unit Description Notation
Annexure I
Annexure I
Cl 445.2.2. KDL Fasc 3
Table 7, IEEE 80-2000
m
Remarks
Stranded bare Copper Conductor
mm
2
Anenxure-II
IFL 600
Table C.1- IEEE 80-2000
Specification Part IV - 1
Specification Part IV - 1
L
x
m A
h
s
L
y

C
m
m

s
kA
s
nos
s
m
Cl 12.5, IEEE 80-2000
Width of the Substation
m
m
1
46.50
50
4
Page 2 of 8
Diameter of Ground Conductor
Type of electrode
Each conductor length
Total number of electrodes
Total Length of ground rods
Temperature coefficient of resistivity
Resistivity of Earthing Material
Thermal Capacity Factor
Maximum allowable temperature for welded joints
Reference temperature
Decrement Factor
Distance between two parallel conductors
Reference depth
3) DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTORS:
The minimum size of the ground conductor is given by the following formula,
Where,
Conductor cross section in mm
2
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of the conductor at 20C
= (1 /
r
) T
r
= ( 1 / 0.00393) - 20 = 234
Therefore,
3.42 x 10
-4
234 + 1083
234 + 50
4) DETEREMINATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF THE GROUND CIRCUIT:
Ground Resistance of the grid ,
R
g
Ground Resistance of the Grid in
L
T
Total effective length of grounding system conductor in meters
L
T
= L
C
+ L
R
= 3655 + 120 = m
J/cm / C
/ cm
L
r
Cl 16.5.1, IEEE 80-2000
T
m
T
r
m
ho
Table 1- IEEE 80-2000
ln
T
CAP
C
31.5
( As per Equation 40, Clause
11.3.1.1, Page 41 of IEEE Std 80 -
2000 )
=
m
/ C
(As per Equation 52, Clause 14.2,
Page 65 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
Table 1- IEEE 80-2000
Cl 15.10, IEEE 80-2000
x
3775
D
f
1
1
1 x 0.00393 x 1.72
L
R
40
m 3
Where,
n
r
d
20mm Copper bonded
Table 1- IEEE 80-2000
nos
m
Table 1- IEEE 80-2000 1.72
r
A
mm
2
3.42

r
1083
20
0.014
0.00393
120
K
o
K
o
A
mm
2
mm
2
113.11
m 6
1
D
=
A
mm
2
Table 1- IEEE 80-2000
C
(

\
|
+
+ + =
A h A L
R
T
g
/ 20 1
1
1
20
1 1

Page 3 of 8
L
C
Total Length of grid conductor in meters
Therefore,
1
3775 1 + 1
R
g
= <1 Condition Checked, Hence Safe
5) DETERMINATION OF GRID CURRENT:
5.1) Fault Current Division Factor
Where,
Z
eq
= = 0.37
Therefore,
S
f
=
5.2) Determination of Maximum Grid Current
Where,
D
f
Decrement Factor = 1
S
f
Fault Current Division Factor = 0.64
I
f
= I Symmetrical Earth Fault Current = 31.5 kA
Therefore,
I
G
= 1 x 0.64 x 31.5
I
G
= A
6) CALCULATION OF TOLERABLE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE:
6.1) Tolerable Step Voltage
Tolerable step voltage for a person of weight 50kg is given by
Where,
C
s
is Surface Layer derating factor
Surface Layer derating factor,
20161.221
(As per Equation 64 & 65, Clause
15.1.4, Page 73 of IEEE Std 80 -
2000 )
D
f
x

S
f
x

I
f
20 / 11132
0.640
0.372
0.372 + 0.209
( As per Equation 29, Clause 8.3,
Page 27 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
0.34 + j 0.15
20 x 11132
=
( As per Equation 27, Clause 7.4,
Page 23 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
=
+
1
0.209
I
G
= S
f
1 +
1
R
g
46.5
( )
s
s s step
t
C E
116 . 0
6 1000 + =
09 . 0 2
1 09 . 0
1
+
|
|

\
|

=
s
s
s
h
C

Page 4 of 8
2 x 0.1 + 0.09
C
s
=
Therefore,
E
step
= V
6.2) Tolerable Touch Voltage
Tolerable Touch volatge for a person of weight 50kg is given by
E
touch
= V
7) GROUND POTENTIAL RISE (GPR):
Ground Potential Rise is given by
= x
GPR = V > E
touch
8) CALCULATION OF ATTAINABLE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE:
8.1) The effective number of parallel conductors in a grid
Where,
3655
426
Where,
L
c
Total length of the conductor ( m )
3655 m
L
p
Peripheral length of the grid ( m )
426 m
17.160 =
R
g
x I
G
( As per Equation 32, Clause 8.3,
Page 27 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
478.268
=
-
1000
0.209
-
x
4213.6952
1
3000
2
(As per Appendix B ,Equation B12,
Page 133 of IEEE 20-2000)
0.09
+ 0.694 x 3000
0.116
46.5
1.5 x
0.694
0.116
1
GPR
E
touch
( As per Equation 84, Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
1565.072
=
0.694 x 3000
20161.2212
1
E
step
1
C
s
=
= 1000 + 6 x
=
( As per Equation 85, Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
p
c
a
L
L
n
. 2
=
d c b a
n n n n n . . . =
s
( )
s
s s touch
t
C E
116 . 0
5 . 1 1000 + =
Page 5 of 8
4
0.7
121 x 92
121 x 92
n
d
=
Therefore,
n = 17.1596 x 1.005 x 1 x 1
n =
8.2) Spacing factor for touch voltage
Where,
K
ii
Corrective weighting factor that adjust the effects of inner conductors on the corner mesh
K
ii
= ( for grids with ground rods in the grid corners )
K
h
Corrective weighting factor that emphasis the effects of grid depth
1 6
2 2
- 1
2
K
m
=
8.3) Spacing factor for step voltage
1 1 1 (17.24-2)
2x1 6
8.4) Correction factor for grid geometry
K
i
= 0.64 +
K
i
= 0.64 + =
8.5) Effective burried length
Effective length for touch voltage
x 11132
( As per Equation 84, Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
( As per Equation 87, Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
0.258
16x1x0.014
8
(2 x 17.24 - 1 )
(As per Equation 81,Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80-2000)
1.41
(6 + 2 x 1)
8x6x0.014
+
4x0.014
1
17.240
Ln
1x1.41
K
m
=
=
(6+1)
) (1-0.5 +
1
1
Ln
K
h
+
17.240
=
11132
11132
1
1.005
3.196
=
426
K
s
=
0.148 x
( As per Equation 86, Clause 16.5.1,
Page 93 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
0.148 x
(As per Equation 94,Clause 16.5.2,
Page 94 of IEEE Std 80-2000)
( As per Equation 89 Clause 16.5.1,
Page 94 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
n
0.581
( As per Equation 91 Clause 16.5.1,
+
= 1.000 =
( )
( )
( )
(

+
+
+ =
2
5 . 0 1
1 1
2
1 1
n
s
D h D h
K

= + =
o
h
h
1
A
L
n
p
b
. 4
=
r
L
L
L L
(
(

|
|
|

|
+ + = 22 . 1 55 . 1
Y X
L L
A
Y X
c
A
L L
n
.
. 7 . 0
.
(

=
( )
( )
)

|
|

\
|
(

+
(

+
+ =
1 2
8
4 8
2
16 2
1
2 2
n
Ln
Kh
Kii
d
h
Dd
h D
hd
D
Ln K
m

Page 6 of 8
( 121
2
+ 92
2
)
L
m
= 3844 m
Effective length for step voltage
= 0.75 x 3655 + 0.85 x 120
L
s
= 2843 m
8.6) Attainable Step Voltage
46.5 x x x
= V
8.7) Attainable Touch Voltage
46.5 x x x
= V
9) CONCLUSION:
Tolerable(50kg)
1) Step Voltage = V V
2) Touch Voltage = V V
3) Ground Potential Rise = V
4) Ground Resistance of the grid (Rg) =
5) Size of earthing Conductor (A
mm2
) = mm
2
120 mm
2
(Selected)
The attainable E
touch
& E
step
is well below the tolerable limit. Hence the earthmat design is safe.
(As per Equation 80,Clause 16.5.1,
Page 91 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
= 3655 + 1.55
452.81
1565.072
0.581 3.196
271.50
+
Attainable
1.22
478.268
452.81
Condition
E
touch
E
step
E
step
Hence Safe
Result
E
step(Attain)
< E
step(Toler)
E
touch
Hence Safe
> E
Touch
E
touch(Attain)
< E
touch(Toler)
< 1
3
2843.25
( As per Equation 93 Clause 16.5.2,
Page 94 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
=
20161.221
=
0.258 3.196 20161.22
3844
271.50
120
Page 94 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
(As per Equation 92,Clause 16.5.2,
Page 94 of IEEE Std 80 - 2000 )
Hence Safe
4213.70
0.209
113.11
Hence Safe
Hence Safe
m
G i m
touch
L
I K K
E
. . .
=
s
G i s
step
L
I K K
E
. . .
=
R
y x
r
c m
L
L L
L L
(
(

|
|
|

\
+
+ + =
2 2
22 . 1 55 . 1
R c s
L L L 85 . 0 75 . 0 + =
Page 7 of 8
Page 8 of 8