CC2417 Human Biology

      

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1. Do online learning activities:

The Appendicular Skeleton :

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13404

The Axial Skeleton :http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP12904

The Vertebral Column http:

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP12104

2. Do Learning Objective Question on the textbook Page 125.

Level 1 Questions

Section A True or False Questions

1. Yellow marrow functions in the formation of blood cells.

2. Volkmann's canals form transverse channels in bone tissue.

3. Osteoclasts are large cells that cause the breakdown of osseous tissue.

4. If the supply of blood cells is deficient, yellow marrow may change into red
marrow.

5. The tarsal bones form the wrist.

6. The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head,
neck, and trunk.

7. The parietal bones meet the frontal bone along the sagittal suture.

8. Vitamin D is needed for the proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

9. Growth hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland.

10. The importance of fontanels in the infant's skull are to permit some movement of
bones, thereby enabling the infant to pass more easily though the birth canal.

11. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.

12. Osteonic canals carry blood up and down through a bone providing blood to
osteocytes, whereas communicating canals interconnect with them bringing
blood from the surface of the bone.

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13. A bone can increase in thickness strictly by the resorbing activity of the
osteoclasts.

14. The epiphyseal disk is composed of many immature osteoblasts that are activated
to start secreting bony matrix by the growth hormone.

15. Osteocytes become osteoblasts when they are completely surrounded by bony
matrix.

Part B Fills in the blanks

16. The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin cellular layer called
______.

17. The tough, fibrous tissue that encloses a long bone is called the ______.

18. Acromegaly is caused by the excessive secretion of ______ ______.

19. The cartilagenous parts that separate the vertebrae are called ______ ______.

20. The membranous soft spots of a newborn's skull are called ______.

21. The bones of the wrist together form the ______.

22. The joint created by the two pubic bones is the ______ ______.

23. Bone-forming cells are called ______.

24. The xiphoid process is part of the ______.

Level 2 Review Exercises

1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from each
group.

2. Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages.

3. Distinguish between spongy and compact bone.

4. Explain how central canals and perforating canals are related.

13. Describe the effects of thyroid and sex hormones on bone development.

15. Provide several examples to illustrate how bones support and protect body parts.

16. Describe the functions of red and yellow bone marrow.

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Level 3 Critical Thinking Questions

6. Why are women more likely than men to develop osteoporosis? What steps can
reduce the risk of developing this condition?

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CC2417 Human Biology

Joints
A. Match the movements in column I with the descriptions in column II.
I II
1. Rotation A. Turning palm upward
2. Supination B. Decreasing angle between parts
C. Moving part forward
3. Extension D. Moving part around an axis
E. Turning sole of foot outward
4. Eversion F. Increasing angle between parts
5. Protraction H. Turning palm downward
G. Lowering a part
6. Flexion I. Moving part away from midline
7. Pronation
8. Abduction
9. Depression

B. True or false

1. The hip joint allows a greater freedom of movement than the shoulder joint.

2. The synovial membrane reabsorbs fluid and may help remove substances from
an infected joint cavity.

3. A meniscus functions to cushion articulating surfaces of bones.

4. The patellar ligament connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial
condyle of the tibia.

5. Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces within a

joint.

6. The symphysis pubis is an example of a fibrous joint.

7. A condyloid joint allows only up-and-down motion in one plane.

8. The elbow joint includes a hinge joint and a gliding joint.

9. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.

10. The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension.

11. The movement of a limb away from the midline is ______.

12. The movement of a limb around an axis is ______.

13. The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by ______ ______ that act as
shock absorbers.

14. Moving a part backward is called ______.

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15. A joint with articulating surfaces that are nearly flat is a ______ ______.

16. Straightening the leg at the knee is a type of movement called ______.

17. The ______ ______ within the knee joint help prevent displacement of the
articulating surfaces.

18. Joint capsules may be reinforced by bundles of strong, tough collagenous

fibers called ______.

19. Closed, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions are called ______.

20. The type of synovial joint in which only rotation may occur is a ______
______.

Level 2 Review Exercises

2. Explain how joints are classified.

14. List six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.

24. Explain why there is less freedom of movement in the hip joint than in the
shoulder joint.

Level 3 Critical Thinking Questions

6. How would you explain to a person with a dislocated shoulder that the shoulder is
likely to become more easily dislocated in the future?

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Answers

! !
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Level 1 Parts A and B

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. TRUE
11. TRUE
12. TRUE
13. TRUE
14. FALSE
15. FALSE
16. endosteum
17. periosteum
18. growth hormone
19. intervertebral disks
20. fontanels
21. carpus
22. symphysis pubis
23. osteoblasts
24. sternum

Level 2 Review Exercises

1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from
each group.
a. Long bones—femur and humerus
b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals
c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull
d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many facial bones

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2. Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, and articular cartilages.
See figure 7.2, page 183.

3. Distinguish between spongy and compact bone.

Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant
to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular
interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the
bone.

4. Explain how central canals and perforating canals are related.

Central canals (Haversian canals) contain one or two small blood vessels and a
nerve, surrounded by loose connective tissue. These vessels provide nourishment for
the bone cells associated with the osteonic canals.
The osteonic canals run longitudinally. Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals) run
transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves by which the vessels and
nerves in osteonic canals communicate with the surface of the bone and the medullary
cavity.

13. Describe the effects of thyroid and sex hormones on bone development.
Thyroid hormone stimulates the replacement of cartilage in the epiphyseal disks of
long bones with bone tissue. Thyroid hormone can halt bone growth by causing
premature ossification of the epiphyseal disks. A deficiency in thyroid hormone may
stunt growth as the pituitary gland depends upon thyroid hormone to stimulate the
secretion of growth hormone. Sex hormones promote the formation of bone tissue.
Female sex hormones have a slightly stronger effect than male sex hormones,
allowing females to reach their maximum heights at an earlier age than males.

15. Provide several examples to illustrate how bones support and protect body
parts.
Bones of the feet, legs, pelvis, and backbone support the weight of the body. The
bones of the skull protect the brain. The rib cage and shoulder girdle protect the heart
and lungs.

16. Describe the functions of red and yellow bone marrow.

Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and
blood platelets. Its red color is derived from the oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin.
Yellow marrow functions in fat storage and is inactive in blood cell production.

Level 3 Critical Thinking Questions

6. Why are women more likely than men to develop osteoporosis? What steps can
reduce the risk of developing this condition?
Women have less bone mass than men, and lose bone mass at a faster rate and at an
earlier age than men.
Postmenopausal women have decreased blood concentrations of female sex hormones,
resulting in further loss of bone mass and mineral content. The risk of developing
osteoporosis may be reduced by increasing dietary calcium intake or taking a calcium
supplement, regular exercise, abstaining from alcohol and smoking, and, in some
postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy.

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Answers for tutorial: Joints

Matching : 1D, 2A, 3F, 4E, 5C, 6B, 7H, 8I, 9G
B. True or false
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. TRUE
10. TRUE
11. abduction
12. rotation
13. intervertebral disks
14. retraction
15. gliding joint
16. extension
17. cruciate ligaments
18. ligaments
19. bursae
20. pivot joint

Level 2 Review Exercises

2. Explain how joints are classified.

The type of tissue that binds the bones together at each junction can classify
joints. They can also be classified according to the degree of movement possible
at the bony junctions.
14. List six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.
Type Example
Ball-and-Socket Hip joint, shoulder joint
Condyloid Joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Gliding Joints between the various bones of the wrist and ankle
Hinge Elbow joint, knee joint
Pivot Joint between the proximal end of the radius and ulna
Saddle Joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
24. Explain why there is less freedom of movement in the hip joint than in the
shoulder joint.
Muscles surround the joint capsule of the hip. The articulating parts of the hip are
held more closely together than those of the shoulder, allowing considerably less
freedom of movement.
Level 3 Critical Thinking Questions
6. How would you explain to a person with a dislocated shoulder that the shoulder is
likely to become more easily dislocated in the future?

Answer: Ligaments holding the articulating surfaces of the shoulder together are
rather weak. Dislocating the shoulder would stretch or strain these ligaments, further
weakening them, making future dislocations more likely.

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