Design 1: Design of conventional hairpin filter

Hairpin line filters are compact structures. By folding the parallel coupled half wavelength resonators in to u shape hairpin resonator is obtained. To allow for bending a sliding factor is introduced. This makes the design compact. Consider an example: A band pass filter is designed to have a fractional bandwidth of .!" at a centre fre#uency of !.$ %H&. A $ pole chebyshev low pass prototype with a pass band ripple of .' db is used. The element values are g (g)('. * g'(g$('.'+)"* g!(g+( '.,-'! and g,('..-$ . These low pass element values are used to determine the design parameters of band pass filters such as coupling coefficient and external #uality factor. The band pass filter parameters can be calculated by /e'(g g'01B2 /en(gn gn3'01B2 4i5 ( 1B20gigi3' for i( ' to n6'
2here 4i53' are the coupling coefficients between the ad5acent resonators and / e'and /en are the external #uality factors at the input and output.

Fig: 7ayout of conventional $ pole microstrip

Bandpass filter

1ig:

8imulated response of conventional B.9.1

The low pass prototype element values and 1B2 are substituted in to the e#uations :'; < :,; to obtain the design parameters for the filter. The results are /e'(/e$(+. .$4'!(4+$( .!!, 4!,(4,+( .'The overall response of the band pass filter is determined by the coupling between the resonators. 8o the coupling coefficient is related to the spacing between the resonators. The coupling coefficient can be varied by varying the spacing between the resonators by using the formula =(:f! 6f' ;0:f! 3f' ;
! ! ! !

The spacing for the re#uired #uality factor can be determined by using the above formula where f 'and f! are the two peak resonances. These resonance fre#uencies are obtained from the simulated response 8 !' for two resonators. The band pass filter is designed to have tapped line input and output. The tap distance affects the overall bandwidth performance of the filter and therefore the #uality factor is affected. The tapping location t is obtained as )mm. The characteristic impedance of the tapped line is obtained such that it matches to the $ > terminating impedance. 1or the proposed filter characteristic impedance of tapped line is )".+> and the width is '."mm.

Different methodology adapted for Desigining Hairpin microstrip bandpass filter '. ?esign of Hairpin Band 9ass 1ilters for 86Band Application

4icrostrip filters play an important role in many @1 applications. As technologies advances* more stringent re#uirements of filters are re#uired. Ane of the re#uirements is the compactness of filters. Bandpass filters are essential building blocks for communication systems. They can reduce the harmonic and spurious emissions for transmitters* and may improve the re5ection of interferences for receivers. To ensure an easy integration between band pass filters and other active devices* many previous works on designing planar filter were reported. Among various types of planar filters* the parallel6coupled band pass filter based on half6wavelength* B0! resonators exhibits the merits of simple synthesis procedure* good repetition* and a wider range of reali&able fraction in bandwidth. However* the conventional microstrip parallel coupled band pass filter suffers from the spurious response at twice the center fre#uency* !fo* making the re5ection of the upper stop band worse than the lower stop band. This was due to une#ual even and odd mode propagation constants for microstrip coupled6line sections. 4any works have been reported to overcome this issue by e#uali&ing the effective dielectric constants or electrical lengths of the even and odd modes. However* these techni#ues either rely on complex design0optimi&ation procedures or limit the filter to specific circuit configurations. 8ome methods that are used the capacitive coupled gap and the B0+ open stubs were adopted in the circuit to create two transmission &eros* such that the selectivity of parallel coupled band pass filter can be improved. An the other hand* microstrip band pass filters based on B0+ resonators may feature more compact circuit si&e as well as better stopband re5ection with no spurious response at !fo. .