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Contents
1 The Air Interface ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks .................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems ......................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems ....................................................................................................... 1-4 1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems ..................................................................................................... 1-5 1.2 3GPP Releases............................................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2.1 Pre-Release 99 ..................................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2.2 Release 99 ............................................................................................................................................ 1-7 1.2.3 Release 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.4 Release 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.5 Release 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.6 Release 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-8 1.2.7 Release 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 1-9 1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond ........................................................................................................................ 1-10 1.3 Radio Interface Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ................................................................................................. 1-10 1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access .......................................................................................................... 1-11 1.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access .......................................................................................................... 1-11 1.3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access .............................................................................. 1-12 1.4 Transmission Modes .................................................................................................................................... 1-12 1.4.1 Frequency Division Duplex ............................................................................................................... 1-13 1.4.2 Time Division Duplex ........................................................................................................................ 1-13 1.5 Spectrum Usage .......................................................................................................................................... 1-14 1.5.1 Frequency Bands ................................................................................................................................ 1-14 1.5.2 Existing Mobile Deployment ............................................................................................................. 1-16 1.5.3 LTE Release 8 Bands ......................................................................................................................... 1-17 1.6 Channel Coding in LTE ............................................................................................................................... 1-20 1.6.1 Transport Block CRC ......................................................................................................................... 1-20 1.6.2 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment ............................................................................... 1-21 1.6.3 Channel Coding ................................................................................................................................. 1-23 1.6.4 Rate Matching .................................................................................................................................... 1-28
Contents
LTE Air Interface Training Manual 1.6.5 Code Block Concatenation ................................................................................................................. 1-29
1.7 Principles of OFDM .................................................................................................................................... 1-30 1.7.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing ...................................................................................................... 1-30 1.7.1 OFDM Subcarriers ............................................................................................................................. 1-31 1.7.2 Fast Fourier Transforms ..................................................................................................................... 1-31 1.7.3 LTE FFT Sizes ................................................................................................................................... 1-32 1.7.4 OFDM Symbol Mapping ................................................................................................................... 1-32 1.7.5 Time Domain Interference ................................................................................................................. 1-33 1.7.6 OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages.............................................................................................. 1-35
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2.8.1 Cell Specific Reference Signals ......................................................................................................... 2-31 2.8.2 MBSFN Reference Signals ................................................................................................................ 2-33 2.8.3 UE Specific Reference Signals .......................................................................................................... 2-34 2.9 Downlink LTE Physical Channels............................................................................................................... 2-34 2.9.1 PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) ................................................................................................. 2-34 2.9.2 PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) ..................................................................... 2-35 2.9.3 PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) ................................................................................. 2-37 2.9.4 PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) ........................................................................... 2-40 2.9.5 PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) .................................................................................. 2-41 2.10 Downlink Control Signaling ..................................................................................................................... 2-42 2.10.1 DCI Format 0 ................................................................................................................................... 2-42 2.10.2 DCI Format 1 ................................................................................................................................... 2-43 2.10.3 DCI Format 1A ................................................................................................................................ 2-43 2.10.4 DCI Format 1B ................................................................................................................................ 2-44 2.10.5 DCI Format 1C ................................................................................................................................ 2-44 2.10.6 DCI Format 1D ................................................................................................................................ 2-45 2.10.7 DCI Format 2 ................................................................................................................................... 2-45 2.10.8 DCI Format 2A ................................................................................................................................ 2-46 2.10.9 DCI Format 3 ................................................................................................................................... 2-46 2.10.10 DCI Format 3A .............................................................................................................................. 2-46 2.11 LTE Cell Search Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 2-47 2.11.1 Cell Search ....................................................................................................................................... 2-47 2.11.2 PSS Correlation ................................................................................................................................ 2-48 2.11.3 SSS Correlation ................................................................................................................................ 2-49 2.11.4 Master Information Block ................................................................................................................ 2-50 2.11.5 System Information Messages ......................................................................................................... 2-50 2.11.6 PLMN Selection ............................................................................................................................... 2-55 2.11.7 Cell Selection ................................................................................................................................... 2-57 2.12 Uplink Transmission Technique ................................................................................................................ 2-58 2.12.1 SC-FDMA Signal Generation .......................................................................................................... 2-58 2.13 OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA....................................................................................................................... 2-61 2.14 Uplink LTE Physical Channels ................................................................................................................. 2-61 2.14.1 PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) .................................................................................. 2-62 2.14.2 PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) ..................................................................................... 2-66 2.14.3 PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) .................................................................................... 2-68 2.15 Timing Relationships................................................................................................................................. 2-69 2.16 Uplink Reference Signals .......................................................................................................................... 2-70 2.16.1 Demodulation Reference Signal ...................................................................................................... 2-71 2.16.2 Sounding Reference Signal .............................................................................................................. 2-72 2.17 Uplink Control Signaling .......................................................................................................................... 2-75 2.17.1 PUCCH Format 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2-75 2.17.2 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b ............................................................................................................... 2-76
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2.18 LTE Random Access Procedure ................................................................................................................ 2-78 2.18.1 RRC Connection .............................................................................................................................. 2-78 2.18.2 PRACH Preambles........................................................................................................................... 2-79 2.18.3 Random Access Procedure Initialization.......................................................................................... 2-80 2.18.4 Random Access Response Window ................................................................................................. 2-82 2.18.5 Random Access Response ................................................................................................................ 2-82 2.18.6 Uplink Transmission ........................................................................................................................ 2-83 2.19 Uplink Power Control ............................................................................................................................... 2-84 2.19.1 PUSCH Power Control .................................................................................................................... 2-84 2.19.2 PUCCH Power Control .................................................................................................................... 2-85 2.19.3 PRACH Power Control .................................................................................................................... 2-86 2.20 Paging Procedures ..................................................................................................................................... 2-86 2.20.1 Discontinuous Reception for Paging ................................................................................................ 2-86 2.20.2 Paging Frame ................................................................................................................................... 2-87 2.21 HARQ Operation ...................................................................................................................................... 2-88 2.21.1 Retransmission Types....................................................................................................................... 2-88 2.21.2 HARQ Methods ............................................................................................................................... 2-88 2.21.3 HARQ in LTE .................................................................................................................................. 2-90 2.21.4 HARQ In the Downlink ................................................................................................................... 2-91 2.21.5 HARQ In the Uplink ........................................................................................................................ 2-91 2.21.6 ACK NACK Timing......................................................................................................................... 2-92 2.22 Diversity Options ...................................................................................................................................... 2-94 2.22.1 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO ............................................................................................................. 2-94 2.22.2 MIMO and Transmission Options .................................................................................................... 2-94 2.22.3 MIMO Modes .................................................................................................................................. 2-95 2.22.4 Spatial Multiplexing in LTE ............................................................................................................. 2-96 2.22.5 Feedback Reporting ......................................................................................................................... 2-98
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3.3.2 Downlink Semi-persistent Scheduling ............................................................................................... 3-11 3.3.3 Uplink Semi-persistent Scheduling .................................................................................................... 3-12
Contents
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks ........................................................................................................ 1-2 Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................. 1-3 Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................... 1-5 Figure 1-4 Forth Generation Mobile System ...................................................................................................... 1-6 Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases .................................................................................................................................. 1-6 Figure 1-6 HSDPA ............................................................................................................................................. 1-7 Figure 1-7 HSUPA ............................................................................................................................................. 1-8 Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7) ........................................................................................................................... 1-9 Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE ............................................................................................................... 1-9 Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond ................................................................................................................... 1-10 Figure 1-11 Radio Interface Techniques ........................................................................................................... 1-10 Figure 1-12 Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................ 1-11 Figure 1-13 Time Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 1-11 Figure 1-14 Code Division Multiple Access .................................................................................................... 1-12 Figure 1-15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ......................................................................... 1-12 Figure 1-16 Frequency Division Duplex .......................................................................................................... 1-13 Figure 1-17 Time Division Duplex................................................................................................................... 1-13 Figure 1-18 GSM Deployments ....................................................................................................................... 1-16 Figure 1-19 Key UMTS Deployment Bands .................................................................................................... 1-17 Figure 1-20 EARFCN Calculation ................................................................................................................... 1-19 Figure 1-21 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation ................................................................................... 1-19 Figure 1-22 Summary of LTE Transport Channel Processing .......................................................................... 1-20 Figure 1-23 Cyclic Redundancy Check Concept .............................................................................................. 1-21 Figure 1-24 CRC Parity Bits ............................................................................................................................ 1-21 Figure 1-25 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment ......................................................................... 1-22 Figure 1-26 Example Calculation for Segmentation and Filler Bits................................................................. 1-22
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Figures
Figure 1-27 Repetition Coding of the HI.......................................................................................................... 1-24 Figure 1-28 Basic Rate Convolutional Coder ............................................................................................... 1-25 Figure 1-29 Convolutional Coding Trellis........................................................................................................ 1-25 Figure 1-30 Example of Viterbi Decoding ....................................................................................................... 1-26 Figure 1-31 Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional Coding .............................................................................. 1-27 Figure 1-32 LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting Convolutional Coding........................................................................... 1-27 Figure 1-33 LTE Turbo Coding ........................................................................................................................ 1-28 Figure 1-34 LTE Rate Matching ....................................................................................................................... 1-28 Figure 1-35 Code Block Concatenation ........................................................................................................... 1-29 Figure 1-36 Use of OFDM in LTE ................................................................................................................... 1-30 Figure 1-37 FDM Carriers ................................................................................................................................ 1-30 Figure 1-38 OFDM Subcarriers........................................................................................................................ 1-31 Figure 1-39 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform ..................................................................................................... 1-31 Figure 1-40 Fast Fourier Transform ................................................................................................................. 1-32 Figure 1-41 OFDM Symbol Mapping .............................................................................................................. 1-33 Figure 1-42 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) .............................................................................. 1-33 Figure 1-43 Delay Spread................................................................................................................................. 1-34 Figure 1-44 Inter Symbol Interference ............................................................................................................. 1-34 Figure 1-45 Cyclic Prefix ................................................................................................................................. 1-35 Figure 2-1 The LTE Air Interface ....................................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2 LTE Control Plane and User Plane ................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-3 E-UTRA Protocols ............................................................................................................................ 2-4 Figure 2-4 NAS Signaling .................................................................................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2-5 Main RRC Functions ........................................................................................................................ 2-7 Figure 2-6 PDCP Functions ................................................................................................................................ 2-8 Figure 2-7 RLC Modes and Functions ............................................................................................................... 2-8 Figure 2-8 Medium Access Control Functions ................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 2-9 Physical Layer Functions ................................................................................................................ 2-10 Figure 2-10 LTE Channels ............................................................................................................................... 2-10 Figure 2-11 Location of Channels .................................................................................................................... 2-10 Figure 2-12 BCCH and PCCH Logical Channels ............................................................................................ 2-11 Figure 2-13 CCCH and DCCH Signaling ........................................................................................................ 2-11 Figure 2-14 Dedicated Traffic Channel ............................................................................................................ 2-12
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Figure 2-15 LTE Release 8 Transport Channels ............................................................................................... 2-13 Figure 2-16 Radio Channel .............................................................................................................................. 2-14 Figure 2-17 Downlink Channel Mapping ......................................................................................................... 2-14 Figure 2-18 Uplink Channel Mapping.............................................................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2-19 LTE Frame Structure .................................................................................................................... 2-16 Figure 2-20 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix ............................................................................................. 2-16 Figure 2-21 Normal CP Configuration ............................................................................................................. 2-17 Figure 2-22 Type 2 TDD Radio Frame ............................................................................................................. 2-18 Figure 2-23 Downlink Physical Layer Processing ........................................................................................... 2-19 Figure 2-24 Codeword, Layer and Antenna Port Mapping .............................................................................. 2-19 Figure 2-25 Scrambling in LTE ........................................................................................................................ 2-20 Figure 2-26 LTE Scrambling Code Generation ................................................................................................ 2-20 Figure 2-27 BPSK, QPSK and 16QAM Modulation Mapper .......................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2-28 64QAM Modulation Mapper ........................................................................................................ 2-21 Figure 2-29 LTE Precoding Options................................................................................................................. 2-24 Figure 2-30 Example of the Downlink Signal Generation Equation ................................................................ 2-26 Figure 2-31 OFDMA in LTE ............................................................................................................................ 2-27 Figure 2-32 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element .......................................................................... 2-28 Figure 2-33 Downlink Cell ID ......................................................................................................................... 2-29 Figure 2-34 PSS and SSS Location for FDD.................................................................................................... 2-29 Figure 2-35 PSS and SSS Location for TDD ................................................................................................... 2-30 Figure 2-36 SSS Scrambling ............................................................................................................................ 2-31 Figure 2-37 Reference Signals - One Antenna Port .......................................................................................... 2-32 Figure 2-38 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset ..................................................................................... 2-32 Figure 2-39 Reference Signals - Two Antenna Ports (Normal CP) .................................................................. 2-32 Figure 2-40 Reference Signals - Four Antenna Ports (Normal CP).................................................................. 2-33 Figure 2-41 MBSFN Reference Signals ........................................................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2-42 UE Specific Reference Signals ..................................................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2-43 Broadcast Signaling ...................................................................................................................... 2-35 Figure 2-44 MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and Normal CP)........................................................................... 2-35 Figure 2-45 CFI to PCFICH Mapping.............................................................................................................. 2-36 Figure 2-46 FDD Downlink Control Region .................................................................................................... 2-37 Figure 2-47 REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping ............................................................................................. 2-38
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Figures
Figure 2-48 PDCCH to Control Region Mapping ............................................................................................ 2-38 Figure 2-49 CCE Allocation Levels ................................................................................................................. 2-39 Figure 2-50 Common and UE-Specific Search Spaces .................................................................................... 2-39 Figure 2-51 PHICH Mapping ........................................................................................................................... 2-40 Figure 2-52 Extended PHICH Example ........................................................................................................... 2-41 Figure 2-53 Generic PDSCH Mapping ............................................................................................................ 2-41 Figure 2-54 Initial Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 2-47 Figure 2-55 PSS and SSS for Cell Search (FDD Mode) .................................................................................. 2-47 Figure 2-56 Physical Cell Identities ................................................................................................................. 2-48 Figure 2-57 PSS Correlation ............................................................................................................................ 2-48 Figure 2-58 SSS Correlation Example ............................................................................................................. 2-49 Figure 2-59 PBCH and the Master Information Block ..................................................................................... 2-50 Figure 2-60 System Information Block Type 1 ................................................................................................ 2-51 Figure 2-61 Example of SI Mapping ................................................................................................................ 2-52 Figure 2-62 System Information Block Type 2 ................................................................................................ 2-53 Figure 2-63 System Information Block Type 3 ................................................................................................ 2-53 Figure 2-64 System Information Block Type 4 ................................................................................................ 2-53 Figure 2-65 System Information Block Type 5 ................................................................................................ 2-54 Figure 2-66 System Information Block Type 6 ................................................................................................ 2-54 Figure 2-67 System Information Block Type 7 ................................................................................................ 2-54 Figure 2-68 System Information Block Type 8 ................................................................................................ 2-55 Figure 2-69 System Information Block Type 9 ................................................................................................ 2-55 Figure 2-70 PLMN Selection ........................................................................................................................... 2-55 Figure 2-71 LTE Cell Selection ........................................................................................................................ 2-57 Figure 2-72 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept ...................................................................................... 2-59 Figure 2-73 SC-FDMA Signal Generation ....................................................................................................... 2-60 Figure 2-74 SC-FDMA and the eNB ................................................................................................................ 2-60 Figure 2-75 Example of the Uplink Signal Generation Equation ..................................................................... 2-61 Figure 2-76 Release 8 Uplink Physical Channels............................................................................................. 2-62 Figure 2-77 PRACH Preamble ......................................................................................................................... 2-62 Figure 2-78 PRACH Guard Period................................................................................................................... 2-63 Figure 2-79 PRACH FDD Formats .................................................................................................................. 2-64 Figure 2-80 PRACH Configuration.................................................................................................................. 2-64
Figures
Figure 2-81 PRACH Configuration and Preamble Sequences Per Cell ........................................................... 2-66 Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping .......................................................................................................................... 2-67 Figure 2-83 Multiplexing Control Signaling .................................................................................................... 2-67 Figure 2-84 Mapping to Physical Resource Blocks for PUCCH ...................................................................... 2-68 Figure 2-85 FDD Timing .................................................................................................................................. 2-69 Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2 ................................................................................................ 2-70 Figure 2-87 Uplink Reference Signals ............................................................................................................. 2-70 Figure 2-88 DRS Sequence Group Selection ................................................................................................... 2-71 Figure 2-89 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Normal CP).................................................................. 2-72 Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP) ............................................................... 2-72 Figure 2-91 Requirement for SRS .................................................................................................................... 2-73 Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping ........................................................................................... 2-73 Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation .............................................................................................................. 2-74 Figure 2-94 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b (Normal CP) ...................................................................................... 2-76 Figure 2-95 PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP) .................................................................................................... 2-77 Figure 2-96 PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP) ................................................................................................. 2-77 Figure 2-97 PUCCH Format 2a and 2b ACK/NACK Coding .......................................................................... 2-78 Figure 2-98 Overall Random Access Procedure ............................................................................................... 2-78 Figure 2-99 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure .................................................................................. 2-79 Figure 2-100 PRACH Probing ......................................................................................................................... 2-79 Figure 2-101 Allocating Preambles to Group A and Group B .......................................................................... 2-81 Figure 2-102 Random Access Response Window ............................................................................................ 2-82 Figure 2-103 MAC Random Access Response ................................................................................................ 2-82 Figure 2-104 Random Access - Assigned UL-SCH ......................................................................................... 2-83 Figure 2-105 MAC Contention Resolution ...................................................................................................... 2-84 Figure 2-106 Uplink Power Control ................................................................................................................. 2-84 Figure 2-107 Paging Issues .............................................................................................................................. 2-86 Figure 2-108 System with DRX Reception of Paging...................................................................................... 2-87 Figure 2-109 ARQ Verses HARQ .................................................................................................................... 2-88 Figure 2-110 Basic Concept of SAW................................................................................................................ 2-89 Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes ............................................................................................................ 2-89 Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods .......................................................................................................................... 2-89 Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits ......................................................................... 2-90
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Figures
Figure 2-114 FDD HARQ Processes ................................................................................................................ 2-91 Figure 2-115 Downlink FDD HARQ Timing ................................................................................................... 2-93 Figure 2-116 Uplink FDD HARQ Timing ........................................................................................................ 2-93 Figure 2-117 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO ........................................................................................................ 2-94 Figure 2-118 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO ....................................................................................................... 2-95 Figure 2-119 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues ..................................................................................... 2-95 Figure 2-120 MIMO Space Time Coding......................................................................................................... 2-96 Figure 2-121 AMS Concept.............................................................................................................................. 2-96 Figure 2-122 PDSCH Processing ..................................................................................................................... 2-97 Figure 2-123 Feedback Reporting .................................................................................................................... 2-98 Figure 2-124 4-bit CQI Table ........................................................................................................................... 2-98 Figure 3-1 IP Scheduling .................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3-2 Basic Scheduling in a Cell ................................................................................................................ 3-2 Figure 3-3 Packet Classifier and Packet Scheduler ............................................................................................ 3-3 Figure 3-4 Key Factors Influencing Scheduling ................................................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-5 Possible Scheduling Method ............................................................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-6 Type 0 Resource Allocation .............................................................................................................. 3-6 Figure 3-7 Type 1 Resource Allocation .............................................................................................................. 3-7 Figure 3-8 Type 2 Resource Allocation .............................................................................................................. 3-7 Figure 3-9 Using the TBS Size ........................................................................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3-10 Scheduler Interaction .................................................................................................................... 3-10 Figure 3-11 Dynamic Scheduling ..................................................................................................................... 3-11 Figure 3-12 Semi Persistent Scheduling ........................................................................................................... 3-12 Figure 4-1 Intra-LTE Mobility ........................................................................................................................... 4-2 Figure 4-2 Intra-Frequency and Inter-frequency ................................................................................................ 4-2 Figure 4-3 Sintrasearch Parameter ........................................................................................................................... 4-3 Figure 4-4 Impact to Treselection....................................................................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-5 Ranking Equation ............................................................................................................................. 4-4 Figure 4-6 Intra-LTE Mobility ........................................................................................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-7 LTE Handover Procedure ................................................................................................................. 4-5 Figure 4-8 Measurement Configuration Parameters........................................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-9 Report Configuration Parameters ..................................................................................................... 4-7 Figure 4-10 Periodic and Event Reporting ......................................................................................................... 4-8
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Figures
Figure 4-11 Non Gap Assisted............................................................................................................................ 4-8 Figure 4-12 Gap Assisted ................................................................................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-13 Gap Configuration .......................................................................................................................... 4-9
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Tables
Tables
Table 1-1 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems ................................................................................................ 1-3 Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features ..................................................................................................................... 1-5 Table 1-3 GSM Frequency Bands ..................................................................................................................... 1-14 Table 1-4 UMTS FDD Frequency Bands ......................................................................................................... 1-15 Table 1-5 UMTS TDD Frequency Bands ......................................................................................................... 1-15 Table 1-6 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands ...................................................................................................... 1-18 Table 1-7 Transport Channel Coding Options .................................................................................................. 1-23 Table 1-8 Control Information Coding Options................................................................................................ 1-23 Table 1-9 CFI Encoding.................................................................................................................................... 1-24 Table 1-10 Convolutional Coding Example ..................................................................................................... 1-25 Table 1-11 Standard Convolutional Coding Verses Tail Biting Convolutional Coding .................................... 1-27 Table 1-12 LTE Sub-block Interleaver.............................................................................................................. 1-29 Table 1-13 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes ........................................................................................................... 1-32 Table 2-1 NAS EMM and ESM Procedures ....................................................................................................... 2-5 Table 2-2 Downlink CP Parameters .................................................................................................................. 2-17 Table 2-3 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points.............................................................................................. 2-18 Table 2-4 Layer Mapper Configuration ............................................................................................................ 2-22 Table 2-5 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Spatial Multiplexing .................................................................... 2-22 Table 2-6 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity ....................................................................... 2-23 Table 2-7 Codebook for Transmission for Two Antenna Ports ......................................................................... 2-25 Table 2-8 Downlink PRB Parameters ............................................................................................................... 2-28 Table 2-9 Example of SSS Indices ................................................................................................................... 2-30 Table 2-10 CFI Mapping .................................................................................................................................. 2-36 Table 2-11 CFI Codewords ............................................................................................................................... 2-37 Table 2-12 DCI Formats ................................................................................................................................... 2-42 Table 2-13 DCI Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits ..................................................................................... 2-43
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Tables
LTE Air Interface Training Manual Table 2-14 Precoding Information Field for 4 Antenna Ports (Open Loop) ..................................................... 2-46 Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters ............................................................................................................... 2-57 Table 2-16 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA ............................................................................................................ 2-61 Table 2-17 Random Access Preamble Parameters ............................................................................................ 2-63 Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index ......................................................................................................... 2-65 Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations............................................................................................... 2-69 Table 2-20 PUCCH Formats ............................................................................................................................. 2-75 Table 2-21 Parameters for Random Access ...................................................................................................... 2-80 Table 2-22 FDD Subframe Patterns .................................................................................................................. 2-87 Table 2-23 TDD Subframe Patterns .................................................................................................................. 2-88 Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes ................................................................................................................... 2-91 Table 2-25 UL HARQ Operation ...................................................................................................................... 2-92 Table 2-26 Codebook Precoding....................................................................................................................... 2-97 Table 3-1 Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH..................................................................................... 3-7
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Objectives
1.1 Describe the evolution of cellular networks. 1.3 Describe radio interface techniques.
1.4 Explain the difference between FDD and TDD mode. 1.5 Describe flexible spectrum usage. 1.6 Explain the concepts of channel coding and FEC (Forward Error Correction). 1.7 Describe the principles for OFDM.
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1-1
1-2
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D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) - this is based on IS-136 (Interim Standard 136) and is effectively an enhancement to AMPS which provides a TDMA access technique. It has been primarily used on the North American continent, as well as in New Zealand and parts of Asia-Pacific. Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
In addition to being digital, as well as improving capacity and security, these 2G digital systems also offer enhanced services such as SMS (Short Message Service) and circuit switched data.
2.5G Systems
Most 2G systems are being evolved. For example, GSM was extended with GPRS (General Packet Radio System) to support efficient packet data services, as well as increasing the data rates. As this feature does not meet 3G requirements, GRPS is often referred to as 2.5G. A comparison between 2G and 2.5G systems is illustrated in Table 1-1.
2.75G Systems
GSM/GPRS systems also added EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution). This nearly quadruples the throughput of GPRS. The theoretical data rate of 473.6kbit/s enables service providers to efficiently offer multimedia services. Like GPRS, since it does not comply with all the features of a 3G system, EDGE is usually categorized as 2.75G.
Table 1-1 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems System 2G GSM Service Circuit Switched Data Service Theoretical Data Rate 9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s Typical Data Rate 9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s
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1-3
171.2kbit/s 473.6kbit/s
1-4
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1-5
GPRS 171.2kbit/s
UMTS 2Mbit/s
HSUPA 5.76Mbit/s
LTE +300Mbit/s
GSM 9.6kbit/s
EDGE 473.6kbit/s
HSDPA 14.4Mbit/s
3GPP Releases enhance various aspects, not just the radio interface. For example, Release 5 started the introduction of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) in the core network.
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99
Pre-Release 99 saw the introduction of GSM, as well as the addition of GPRS. The main GSM Phases and 3GPP Releases include: GSM Phase 1. GSM Phase 2. GSM Phase 2+ (Release 96). GSM Phase 2+ (Release 97).
1-6
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1.2.2 Release 99
3GPP Release 99 saw the introduction of UMTS, as well as the EDGE enhancement to GPRS. UMTS contains all features needed to meet the IMT-2000 requirements as defined by the ITU. It is able to support both CS (Circuit Switched) voice and video services, as well PS (Packet Switched) data services over common and dedicated bearers. Initial data rates for UMTS were 64kbit/s, 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s. Note that the theoretical maximum was 2Mbit/s.
1.2.3 Release 4
Release 4 included enhancements to the core network. The concept of All IP Networks was included and service providers were able to deploy Soft Switch based networks, i.e. the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) was replaced by MSC Servers and MGW (Media Gateways).
1.2.4 Release 5
Release 5 is the first major addition to the UMTS air interface. It adds HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) which improves capacity and spectral efficiency. Figure 1-6 illustrates some of the main features which include: Adaptive Modulation - In addition to the original UMTS modulation scheme, QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), HSDPA also includes support for 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Flexible Coding - Based on fast feedback from the mobile in the form of a CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) the UMTS base station, i.e. the Node B, is able to modify the effective coding rate and thus increase system efficiency. Fast Scheduling - HSDPA includes a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval), which enables the Node B scheduler to quickly and efficiently allocate resources to mobiles. HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - In the event a packet does not get through to the UE (User Equipment) successfully, the system employs HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request). This improves the retransmission timing, thus requiring less reliance on the RNC (Radio Network Controller). Figure 1-6 HSDPA
1.2.5 Release 6
Release 6 adds various features, with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) being of most interest to RAN development. Even though the term HSUPA is widespread, this 3GPP enhancement also goes under the term Enhanced Uplink. It is also worth noting that
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1-7
HSDPA and HSUPA work in tandem and thus the term HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is used. HSUPA, like HSDPA adds functionality to improve packet data. Figure 1-7 illustrates the three main enhancements which include: Flexible Coding - HSUPA has the ability to dynamically change the coding and therefore improve the efficiency of the system. Fast Power Scheduling - A key fact of HSUPA is that it provides a method to schedule the power from different mobiles. This scheduling can use either a 2ms or 10ms TTI. HARQ - Like HSDPA, HSUPA also utilizes HARQ. The main difference is the timing relationship for the retransmission. Figure 1-7 HSUPA
1.2.6 Release 7
The main RAN based feature of Release 7 is HSPA+. This, like HSDPA and HSUPA, provides various enhancements to improve packet switched data delivery. Figure 1-8 illustrates the main features which include: 64 QAM - This is added to the DL (Downlink) and enables HSPA+ to operate at a theoretical rate of 21.6Mbit/s. 16 QAM - This is added to the UL (Uplink) and enables the uplink to theoretically achieve 11.76Mbit/s. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Operation - this is added to HSPA+ Release 7 and offers various benefits including the ability to offer a theoretical 28.8Mbits/s in the downlink. Power Enhancements -Various enhancements such as CPC (Continuous Packet Connectivity) have been included. Thus enabling DTX (Discontinuous Transmission), DRX (Discontinuous Reception) and HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared Control Channel) Less Operation. Collectively these improve the mobiles battery consumption. Less Overhead - The downlink includes an enhancement to the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer which effectively means that fewer headers are required. This in turn improves the system efficiency.
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1.2.7 Release 8
There are many additions to the RAN functionality in Release 8, such as enhancements to HSPA+. However the main aspect is the inclusion of LTE (Long Term Evolution). Figure 1-9 illustrates some of the main features for Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE. Release 8 HSPA+ enables various key enhancements, these include: 64 QAM and MIMO - Release 8 enables the combination of 64 QAM and MIMO, thus quoting a theoretical rate of 42Mbit/s, i.e. 2 x 21.6Mbit/s. Dual Cell Operation - DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) is a Release 8 feature which is further enhanced in Release 9 and Release 10. It enables a mobile to effectively utilize two 5MHz UMTS carriers. Assuming both are using 64 QAM (21.6Mbit/s), the theoretical maximum is 42Mbps. Note that in Release 8 a mobile is not able to combine MIMO and DC-HSDPA. Less Uplink Overhead - In a similar way to Release 7 in the downlink, the Release 8 uplink has been enhanced to reduce overhead. Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE
64 QAM + MIMO (DL) Dual Cell Operation Less Overhead (UL) Iub
Enhanced Techniques Flexible Bandwidth Flexible Spectrum Options High Data Rates Very Fast Scheduling Improved Latency
LTE provides a new radio access technique, as well as enhancements in the E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). These enhancements are further discussed as part of this course.
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Release 10 includes the standardization of LTE Advanced, i.e. the 3GPPs 4G offering. As such it includes modification to the LTE system to facilitate 4G services.
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FDMA channels also suffer since they cannot be close together due to the energy from one transmission affecting the adjacent/neighboring channels. To combat this, additional guard bands between channels are required, which also reduces the systems spectral efficiency.
Devices must be allocated a timeslot; therefore it is usual to have one or more timeslots reserved for common control and system access. TDMA systems are normally digital and therefore offer additional features such as ciphering and integrity. In addition, they can employ enhanced error detection and correction schemes including FEC (Forward Error Correction). This enables the system to be more resilient to noise and interference and therefore they have a greater spectral efficiency when compared to FDMA systems.
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Figure 1-14 illustrates the basic concept of CDMA. The narrowband signals are spread with a wideband code and then transmitted. The receivers are designed to extract the encoded signal (with the correct code) and reject everything else as noise. Figure 1-14 Code Division Multiple Access
UMTS, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 all use CDMA. However the implementation of the codes and the bandwidths used is different. For example UMTS utilizes a 5MHz channel bandwidth, whereas cdmaOne uses only 1.25MHz.
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Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower frequency. This is done because higher frequencies suffer greater attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it enables the mobile to utilize lower transmit levels. Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two frequencies are utilized, however the mobile can only transmit or receive, i.e. not transmit and receive at the same time. This allows for reduced mobile complexity since no duplex filter is required.
Asymmetric Allocation
Uplink
Uplink
Time
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GSM Bands
Table 1-3 illustrates the main frequency bands defined for GSM. However, this does not guarantee that the spectrum is available since there may be regulatory issues, as well as limitations in some handsets and base stations. The initial GSM band was referred to as P-GSM (Primary GSM). This was mainly defined to replace the TACS system which was also in the 900MHz band. Other 900MHz bands which were added include E-GSM (Extended GSM) and R-GSM (Railways GSM) bands, providing more channels and support of a railway based variant. Finally, other bands away from the 900MHz band are also available; however the support for 450MHz and 480MHz is limited. The terms DCS (Digital Cellular Service) and PCS (Personal Communications Service) are typically used in Europe and North America respectively to identify the higher frequency deployment options. It was expected that these frequencies would offer a better re-use in built up areas and therefore provide additional capacity. Table 1-3 GSM Frequency Bands Operating Band GSM 400 GSM 400 GSM 850 GSM 900 (P-GSM) GSM 900 (E-GSM) GSM-R (R-GSM) DCS 1800 PCS 1900 Frequency Band 450 480 850 900 900 900 1800 1900 Uplink Frequency (MHz) 450.4 - 457.6 478.8 - 486.0 824.0 - 849.0 890.0 - 915.0 880.0 - 915.0 876.0 - 880.0 1710.0 - 1785.0 1850.0 - 1910.0 Downlink Frequency (MHz) 460.4 - 467.6 488.8 - 496.0 869.0 - 894.0 935.0 - 960.0 925.0 - 960.0 921.0 - 925.0 1805.0 - 1880.0 1930.0 - 1990.0
UMTS Bands
UMTS, like GSM, has a number of frequency bands defined. These are identified by an Operating Band number which is illustrated in Table 1-4, along with the associated Uplink and downlink frequency ranges.
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Table 1-4 UMTS FDD Frequency Bands Operating Band I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV Frequency Band 2100 1900 1800 1700 850 800 2600 900 1700 1700 1500 700 700 700 Uplink Frequency (MHz) 1920 - 1980 1850 - 1910 1710 - 1785 1710 - 1755 824 - 849 830 - 840 2500 - 2570 880 - 915 1749.9 - 1784.9 1710 - 1770 1427.9 - 1452.9 698 - 716 777 - 787 788 - 798 Downlink Frequency (MHz) 2110 - 2170 1930 - 1990 1805 - 1880 2110 - 2155 869 - 894 875 - 885 2620 - 2690 925 - 960 1844.9 - 1879.9 2110 - 2170 1475.9 - 1500.9 728 - 746 746 - 756 758 - 768
In addition to the previous UMTS FDD bands, various UMTS TDD bands are also defined. Table 1-5 illustrates the main TDD bands, however the majority of these have never been implemented. Table 1-5 UMTS TDD Frequency Bands Frequency Band 1900 - 1920 2010 - 2025 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 1910 - 1930 2570 - 2620
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GSM Deployments
Figure 1-18 summarizes the main GSM deployment bands. It can be seen that GSM 900 and GSM 1800 are used in most parts of the world, i.e. Europe, Middle East, Africa and most of Asia/Pacific. In contrast, GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are mainly used in North America and Canada, as well as many other locations. Finally, the lower frequency bands, i.e. GSM 400/450 has limited support. Figure 1-18 GSM Deployments
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Table 1-6 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands Band Duplex FDL_low (MHz) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD 2110 1930 1805 2110 869 875 2620 925 1844.9 2110 1475.9 728 746 758 FDL_high (MHz) 2170 1990 1880 2155 894 885 2690 960 1879.9 2170 1500.9 746 756 768 0 600 1200 1950 2400 2650 2750 3450 3800 4150 4750 5000 5180 5280 0-599 600-1199 1200-1949 1950-2399 2400-2649 2650-2749 2750-3449 3450-3799 3800-4149 4150-4749 4750-4999 5000-5179 5180-5279 5280-5379 NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low (MHz) 1920 1850 1710 1710 824 830 2500 880 1749.9 1710 1427.9 698 777 788 FUL_high (MHz) 1980 1910 1785 1755 849 840 2570 915 1784.9 1770 1452.9 716 787 798 18000 18600 19200 19950 20400 20650 20750 21450 21800 22150 22750 23000 23180 23280 18000-18599 18600-19199 19200-19949 19950-20399 20400-20649 20650-20749 20750-21449 21450-21799 21800-22149 22150-22749 22750-22999 23000-23179 23180-23279 23280-23379 NOffs-UL NUL
17
FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
36000-36199 1900 36200-36349 36350-36949 36950-37549 37550-37749 37750-38249 38250-38649 38650-39649 2010 1850 1930 1910 2570 1880 2300
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The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies close to the edges of the operating band are not used. This implies that the first 7, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 channel numbers at the lower operating band edge and the last 6, 14, 24, 49, 74 and 99 channel numbers at the upper operating band edge are not used for channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz respectively.
Example
It is possible to utilize the previous equations to calculate the frequency for a given EARFCN. In addition, it is possible to calculate the EARFCN for a given frequency. Figure 1-21 illustrates an example with a defined uplink and downlink frequency. The calculation shown in the figure translates a downlink frequency of 2127.4MHz to an EARFCN equal to 174. Figure 1-21 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation
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Transport Block
Transport Block CRC Attachment Code Block CRC Attachment and Segmentation Channel Coding
Rate Matching
The coding stages in Figure 1-22 are indicative of the LTE DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) and the PCH (Paging Channel). Other channels, such as the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel), BCH (Broadcast Channel) etc. are different but they can still utilize similar processes, e.g. they all have a channel coding stage.
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The LTE transport block is used to calculate the CRC parity bits. The size of the CRC is set to 24bits, 16bits or 8bits. This is typically indicated by higher layer signaling, i.e. RRC (Radio Resource Control). Figure 1-24 illustrates the CRC parity bits, where A is the size of the transport block and L is the number of parity bits. In addition, the lowest order information bit a0 is mapped to the most significant bit of the transport block. Figure 1-24 CRC Parity Bits
The parity bits are generated by one of the following cyclic generator polynomials: gCRC24A(D) = D24 + D23 + D18 + D17 + D14 +D11 + D10 + D7 + D6 + D5 + D4 + D3 + D + 1 gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1 gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
Parity Checking
The encoding is performed in a systematic form, which means that in GF(2) (Galois Field (2)), the polynomial: a0DA+23 + a1DA+22 ++ aA-1D24 + p0D23 + + p1D22+ p22D1 + p23 yields a remainder equal to 0 when divided by the corresponding 24bit CRC generator polynomial. Note that the 16bit and 8bit CRC generators each have a different polynomial which also yields a remainder equal to 0.
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The input bit sequence to the code block segmentation is denoted by b0 , b1 ,.bB1. Segmentation is performed if B is larger than the maximum code block size Z (6144bits). Finally, an additional CRC sequence of 24bits is attached to each code block.
Note that if B < 40, filler bits are added to the beginning of the code block.
The code block CRC is different to the one used by the transport blocks. The polynomial is: gCRC24B(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1 The verification polynomial is the same one used for the gCRC24A transport block which also yields a remainder equal to 0.
Example
Figure 1-26 illustrates an example for segmentation when B=8000. In this instance the initial segment size is 4200bits (including the 24bit transport block CRC) which gets a 24bit code block CRC. The remaining 3800bits also get a 24bit code block CRC, however an additional 16bits of filler is required to ensure that the segments meet a valid turbo coding code block size. Figure 1-26 Example Calculation for Segmentation and Filler Bits.
In this example the total number of bits sent is 8064bits, thus an extra 64bits are sent (24bits +24bits +16bits).
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Table 1-8 Control Information Coding Options Control Information DCI CFI HI UCI Coding Method Tail Biting Convolutional Coding Block Code Repetition Code Block Code Tail Biting Convolutional Coding Rate 1/3 1/16 1/3 Variable 1/3
Repetition Coding
Repetition coding is used for coding the HI (HARQ Indicator) bit. The HI bit set to 1 is termed an ACK (Acknowledgement) and the HI bit set to 0 is a NACK (Negative Acknowledgement). The process of repetition coding is applied to increase the channel robustness. As such, for one initial bit, three bits are generated. These three bits are then map to an orthogonal sequence. The use of the HI bit, as well as the orthogonal sequences, is discussed in Section 2.21 .
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Block Coding
The main utilization of block coding in LTE is for the CFI (Control Format Indicator). This parameter is used to convey vital information about the size of the downlink control region. Table 1-9 illustrates how the CFI values are encoded into a 32bit CFI codeword. Table 1-9 CFI Encoding CFI 1 2 3 4 (Reserved) CFI Codeword < b0, b1, , b31 >
The utilization of the CFI and the mapping to the Physical Channels is discussed in Section 2.9.2 .
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It can be seen in this simple coder that the output is dependent on the input and the state of the registers at any given time. What is also important is to understand how the output will change for any given input. For example, if the first input bit is 0 (bit A) and S1 and S2 are both at 0, both outputs will be 0. As the next bit arrives (bit B) it affects the output, such that G0 and G1 are both set to 1. Table 1-10 illustrates bit B (in bold) clocking through the shift registers, as well as the output for the given sequence. Table 1-10 Convolutional Coding Example Input 0 1 1 0 S1 0 0 1 1 S2 0 0 0 1 G0 0 1 0 0 G1 0 1 1 1
Using the example coder from Figure 1-28 there are two possible outputs from each state. Figure 1-29 illustrates these, as well as the relationship for an input of 0 or 1. Figure 1-29 Convolutional Coding Trellis
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In order for the Viterbi decoding trellis to work all possible states are considered for the sequence of bits. If errors did occur, it is the maximum-likelihood path which is chosen, i.e. the one with the least amount of errors.
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Table 1-11 Standard Convolutional Coding Verses Tail Biting Convolutional Coding Standard Convolutional Coding Initializes the shift register with zeros. Tail Biting Convolutional Coding Initializes the shift register with the last bits of the stream, i.e. zeros are not added for initialization. The shift register finishes, such that the last bits of input are the same as what was used to initialize the shift registers.
The initial value of the shift registers are set to the values corresponding to the last 6 information bits in the input stream as illustrated in Figure 1-31. This ensures that the initial and final states of the shift registers are the same for the decoding process. Figure 1-31 Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
The actual LTE tail biting convolutional coder is shown in Figure 1-32. There are six shift registers and hence 6bits are required to initialize the coder. The input bit stream is identified by ck, dk(0), dk(1) and dk(2) correspond to the first, second and third parity streams, respectively. Figure 1-32 LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
Turbo Coding
Turbo coding defines a high-performance FEC mechanism. The term Turbo coding can be used to describe many different types of encoders. For example, in LTE the turbo encoder is known as a PCCC (Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code) and it has two 8 state constituent encoders and one contention-free QPP (Quadratic Permutation Polynomial) turbo code internal interleaver. As previously mentioned, the coding rate of the LTE turbo encoder is 1/3, i.e. for each input bit, three bits are produced. The structure of a turbo encoder is illustrated in Figure 1-33.
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The LTE turbo encoder employs two recursive convolutional encoders connected in parallel, with the QPP turbo interleaver preceding the second encoder. The outputs of the constituent encoders are punctured and repeated to achieve the correct output. It can be seen that the turbo coder encodes the input block twice, i.e. with and without interleaving, to generate two distinct sets of parity bits.
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The sub-block interleaver is a row-column interleaver with 32 columns. Table 1-12 illustrates the column permutations. Table 1-12 LTE Sub-block Interleaver Number of Columns 32 Inter-column Permutation Pattern < 0, 16, 8, 24, 4, 20, 12, 28, 2, 18, 10, 26, 6, 22, 14, 30, 1, 17, 9, 25, 5, 21, 13, 29, 3, 19, 11, 27, 7, 23, 15, 31 >
The sub-block interlearver works by writing each stream of bits row-by-row into a matrix with 32 columns. In so doing, the number of rows is based on the stream size. In addition, padding is added to the front of each stream so that the matrix is complete. The output of the sub-block interleaver consists of the columns read out in the permutation order, i.e. 0, 16, 8 etc. The bit collection block provides a circular buffer which can be read during bit selection and pruning. The circular buffer is formed by concatenating the rearranged systematic bits with the two rearranged/interlaced parity bit streams. Finally, the bit selection and pruning block performs a very important function. It provides a rate matching output, ek, of the correct length and utilizing the correct RV (Redundancy Version). The redundancy version is identified by the parameter rvidx and can have the values 0, 1, 2 or 3. As such, this value impacts the HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) operation, enabling the system to select and prune different sets of bits.
Code Block CRC Attachment and Segmentation 3800bits 3840bits Channel Coding 4200bits 4224bits Channel Coding
Rate Matching
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The concept of OFDM is not new and is currently being used on various systems such as Wi-Fi and WiMAX. In addition, it was even considered for UMTS back in 1998. One of the main reasons why it was not chosen at the time was the handsets limited processing power and poor battery capabilities. LTE was able to choose OFDM based access due to the fact mobile handset processing capabilities and battery performance have both improved. In addition, there is continual pressure to produce more spectrally efficient systems.
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FDM systems are not that spectrally efficient (when compared to other systems) since multiple subcarrier guard bands are required.
The centre subcarrier, known as the DC (Direct Current) subcarrier, is not typically used in OFDM system due to its lack of orthogonality.
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At the receiver side, this signal is passed to the FFT which analyses the complex/combined waveform into the original streams. Figure 1-40 illustrates the FFT process. Figure 1-40 Fast Fourier Transform
The subcarrier spacing of 15kHz is also used in the calculation to identify the OFDM symbol duration.
subcarriers. The next 12 subcarriers are mapped to the next OFDM symbol period. In addition, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) is added between the symbols. Figure 1-41 OFDM Symbol Mapping
LTE allocates resources in groups of 12 subcarriers. This is known as a PRB (Physical Resource Block).
In the previous example 12 different modulated OFDM symbols are transmitted simultaneously. Figure 1-42 illustrates how the combined energy from this will result in either constructive peaks (when the symbols are the same) or destructive nulls (when the symbols are different). This means that OFDM systems have a high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). Figure 1-42 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
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ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) is typically reduced with equalizers. However, for the equalizer to be effective a known bit pattern or training sequence is required. However, this reduces the system capacity, as well as impacts processing on a device. Instead, OFDM systems employ a CP (Cyclic Prefix). Figure 1-44 Inter Symbol Interference
Delayed Signal
Interference Caused
Cyclic Prefix
A CP (Cyclic Prefix) is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It effectively provides a guard period for each OFDM symbol. Figure 1-45 illustrates the Cyclic Prefix and its location in the OFDM Symbol. Notice that the Cyclic Prefix is effectively a copy taken from the back of the original symbol which is then placed in front of the symbol to make the OFDM symbol (Ts). The size of the Cyclic Prefix relates to the maximum delay spread the system can tolerate. As such, systems designed for macro coverage, i.e. large cells, should have a large CP. This does however impact the system capacity since the number of symbols per second is reduced.
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Cyclic Prefix
T(g)
LTE has two defined Cyclic Prefix sizes, normal and extended. The extended Cyclic Prefix is designed for larger cells.
OFDM Disadvantages
OFDM also has some disadvantages: frequency errors and phase noise can cause issues. Doppler shift impacts subcarrier orthogonality. some OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR. required accurate frequency and time synchronization.
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2
Objectives
2.2 Detail the radio interface protocols.
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 2.1 Detail the channel structure of the radio interface.
2.3 Describe the physical signals in the UL and DL. 2.4 Detail the time-domain structure in the radio interface in the UL and DL for both FDD and TDD mode. 2.5 Have a good understanding of the OFDM principle, signal generation and processing. 2.6 Detail the DL transmission technique. 2.7 Detail the DL synchronization signals. 2.8 Detail the reference symbols in the DL. 2.9 Detail the DL physical Channels. 2.10 Detail the DL control signaling and formats. 2.11 Explain the cell search procedure. 2.12 Detail the UL transmission technique. 2.12 Have a good understanding of the SC-FDMA principle, signal generation and processing. 2.13 Explain the pros and cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA. 2.14 Detail the UL Physical Channels. 2.15 Explain the timing relationships between the UL and DL. 2.16 Detail the reference signals. 2.17 Detail the UL control signaling and formats. 2.18 Detail the random access procedure. 2.19 Describe the Power Control in the UL. 2.20 Detail the paging procedures. 2.21 Explain HARQ.
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2.22 Describe the concepts of layers, channel rank, spatial multiplexing, open and closed loop spatial multiplexing, TX diversity, beamforming, SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO.
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NAS Signaling
In terms of NAS signaling, messages pass between the User Equipment and the MME. This is illustrated in Figure 2-4. Figure 2-4 NAS Signaling
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Two categories of NAS signaling exist: EMM (EPS Mobility Management). ESM (EPS Session Management). Table 2-1 illustrates the main EMM and ESM LTE procedures. Table 2-1 NAS EMM and ESM Procedures EMM Procedures Attach Detach Tracking Area Update Service Request Extended Service Request GUTI Reallocation Authentication Identification Security Mode Control EMM Status EMM Information NAS Transport Paging ESM Procedures Default EPS Bearer Context Activation Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation EPS Bearer Context Modification EPS Bearer Context Deactivation UE Requested PDN Connectivity UE Requested PDN Disconnect UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification ESM Information Request ESM Status
EMM Procedures
The key EMM procedures include: Attach - this is used by the UE to attach to an EPC (Evolved Packet Core) for packet services in the EPS (Evolved Packet System). Note that it can be also used to attach to non-EPS services. Detach - this is used by the UE to detach from EPS services. In addition, it can also be used for other procedures such as disconnecting from non-EPS services. Tracking Area Updating - this procedure is always initiated by the UE and is used for the various purposes. The most common include normal and periodic tracking area updating. Service Request - this is used by the UE to get connected and establish the radio and S1 bearers when uplink user data or signaling is to be sent. Extended Service Request - this is used by the UE to initiate a Circuit Switched fallback call or respond to a mobile terminated Circuit Switched fallback request from the network. GUTI Reallocation - This is used to allocate a GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier) and optionally to provide a new TAI (Tracking Area Identity) list to a particular UE.
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Authentication - this is used for AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement) between the user and the network. Identification - this is used by the network to request a particular UE to provide specific identification parameters, e.g. the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) or the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Security mode control - this is used to take an EPS security context into use, and initialize and start NAS signaling security between the UE and the MME with the corresponding NAS keys and security algorithms. EMM Status - this is sent by the UE or by the network at any time to report certain error conditions. EMM Information - this allows the network to provide information to the UE. Transport of NAS messages - this is to carry SMS (Short Message Service) messages in an encapsulated form between the MME and the UE. Paging - this is used by the network to request the establishment of a NAS signaling connection to the UE. Is also includes the Circuit Switched Service Notification
EMM Procedures
The key ESM procedures include: Default EPS Bearer Context Activation - this is used to establish a default EPS bearer context between the UE and the EPC. Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation - this is to establish an EPS bearer context with specific QoS (Quality of Service) and TFT (Traffic Flow Template) between the UE and the EPC. The dedicated EPS bearer context activation procedure is initiated by the network, but may be requested by the UE by means of the UE requested bearer resource allocation procedure. EPS Bearer Context Modification - this is used to modify an EPS bearer context with a specific QoS and TFT. EPS Bearer Context Deactivation - this is used to deactivate an EPS bearer context or disconnect from a PDN by deactivating all EPS bearer contexts to the PDN. UE Requested PDN Connectivity - this is used by the UE to request the setup of a default EPS bearer to a PDN. UE Requested PDN Disconnect - this is used by the UE to request disconnection from one PDN. The UE can initiate this procedure to disconnect from any PDN as long as it is connected to at least one other PDN. UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation - this is used by the UE to request an allocation of bearer resources for a traffic flow aggregate. UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification - this is used by the UE to request a modification or release of bearer resources for a traffic flow aggregate or modification of a traffic flow aggregate by replacing a packet filter. ESM Information Request - this is used by the network to retrieve ESM information, i.e. protocol configuration options, APN (access Point Name), or both from the UE during the attach procedure. ESM Status - this is used to report at any time certain error conditions detected upon receipt of ESM protocol data.
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NAS User
The NAS user plane is based on IP (Internet Protocol). As such, IP datagrams are passed to the lower layers, i.e. PDCP, for processing.
2.2.3 RRC
The main air interface control protocol is RRC (Radio Resource Control). For RRC messages to be transferred between the UE and the eNB it uses the services of PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY. Figure 2-5 identifies the main RRC functions. In summary, RRC handles all the signaling between the UE and the E-UTRAN, with signaling between the UE and Core Network, i.e. NAS (Non Access Stratum) signaling, being carried by dedicated RRC messages. When carrying NAS signaling, RRC does not alter the information but instead, provides the delivery mechanism.
RRC provides the main configuration and parameters to the lower layers. As such, the PHY layer will get information from RRC on how to configure certain aspects of the Physical Layer.
2.2.4 PDCP
LTE implements PDCP in both the user plane and control plane. This is unlike UMTS, where PDCP was only found in the user plane. The main reason for the difference is that PDCP in LTE takes on the role of security, i.e. encryption and integrity. In addition, Figure 2-6 illustrates some of the other functions performed by PDCP.
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In the control plane, PDCP facilitates encryption and integrity checking of signaling messages, i.e. RRC and NAS. The user plane is slightly different since only encryption is performed. In addition, the user plane IP datagrams can also be subjected to IP header compression techniques in order to improve the systems performance and efficiency. Finally, PDCP also facilitates sequencing and duplication detection.
2.2.5 RLC
The RLC (Radio Link Control) protocol exists in the UE and the eNB. As its name suggests it provides radio link control, if required. In essence, RLC supports three delivery services to the higher layers: TM (Transparent Mode) - This is utilized for some of the air interface channels, e.g. broadcast and paging. It provides a connectionless service for signaling. UM (Unacknowledged Mode) - This is like Transparent Mode, in that it is a connectionless service; however it has the additional features of sequencing, segmentation and concatenation. AM (Acknowledged Mode) - This offers an ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) service. As such, retransmissions can be used. These modes, as well as the other RLC features are illustrated in Figure 2-7. In addition to ARQ, RLC offers segmentation, re-assembly and concatenation of information. Figure 2-7 RLC Modes and Functions
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2.2.6 MAC
MAC (Medium Access Control) provides the interface between the E-UTRA protocols and the E-UTRA Physical Layer. In doing this it provides the following services: Mapping - MAC maps the information received on the LTE Logical Channels into the LTE transport channels. These channels and their mapping are discussed further in Section 2.3 . Multiplexing - The information provided to MAC will come from a RB (Radio Bearer) or multiple Radio Bearers. The MAC layer is able to multiplex different bearers into the same TB (Transport Block), thus increasing efficiency. HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - MAC utilizes HARQ to provide error correction services across the air. HARQ is a feature which requires the MAC and Physical Layers to work closely together. This is discussed further in Section 2.21 . Radio Resource Allocation - QoS (Quality of Service) based scheduling of traffic and signaling to users is provided by MAC. There are various scheduling options, these are described further in Section 3 . In order to support these features the MAC and Physical layers need to pass various indications on the radio link quality, as well as the feedback from HARQ operation. Figure 2-8 Medium Access Control Functions
2.2.7 Physical
The PHY (Physical Layer) in LTE provides a new and flexible channel. It does however utilize features and mechanisms defined in earlier systems, i.e. UMTS. Figure 2-9 illustrates the main functions provided by the Physical Layer.
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Logical Channels
Radio Channel
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Logical channels are classified as either Control Logical Channels, which carry control data such as RRC signaling, or traffic Logical Channels which carry user plane data.
CCCH (Common Control Channel) - This is used to establish a RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection, also known as a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer). The SRB is discussed further in Section 2.18 . The SRB is also used for re-establishment procedures. SRB 0 maps to the CCCH. DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) - This provides a bidirectional channel for signaling. Logically there are two DCCH activated:
SRB 1 - This is used for RRC messages, as well as RRC messages carrying high priority NAS signaling. SRB 2 - This is used for RRC carrying low priority NAS signaling. Prior to its establishment low priority signaling is sent on SRB1.
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The DTCH is a bidirectional channel that can operate in either RLC AM or UM mode. This is configured by RRC and is based on the QoS (Quality of Service) of the E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer).
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ESM
EMM
IP
Ciphering Ciphering
TM
TM
TM
UM/AM
UM/AM
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
BCH
PCH
DL-SCH
PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PDSCH
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In order to facilitate the multiplexing from Logical Channels to Transport Channels, the MAC Layer typically adds a LCID (Logical Channel Identifier).
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The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios when the range of the cell needs to be extended, e.g. for planning purposes.
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Table 2-2 illustrates the sizes of the cyclic prefix for different configurations. It can be seen that the CP size can vary during a slot, such that the first CP is larger than the rest when the normal CP size is chosen. Table 2-2 Downlink CP Parameters Configuration Normal Cyclic Prefix Extended Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz CP Length (Ts) 160 for slot 0 144 for slot 1, 2, 6 f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz 512 for slot 0, 1, 5 1024 for 0, 1, 2 Time ~ 5.208s ~ 4.688s ~16.67s ~ 33.33 s Delay Spread ~ 1.562km ~ 1.406km ~ 5km ~ 10km
The 7.5kHz option is part of MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network) which is still in the Release 8 PHY specifications, however the MBMS feature which utilizes this has been delayed until Release 9. In addition, this option (7.5kHz) is only available in the downlink.
The symbol (Ts) consists of a guard period, i.e. the cyclic prefix, and the Tb data duration which is 2048 LTE time units for both the normal and extended 15kHz option. Figure 2-21 illustrates an example of the normal cyclic prefix configuration for a slot. Figure 2-21 Normal CP Configuration
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There are various frame configuration options supported for TDD. Table 2-3 illustrates the different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and 6 have a 5ms switching point and therefore require 2 special subframes, whereas the rest are based on a 10ms switching point. In the table, the letter D is reserved for downlink transmissions, U denotes subframes reserved for uplink transmissions and S denotes a special subframe with the three fields DwPTS, GP and UpPTS. Table 2-3 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points Configuration Switching Point Periodicity 5ms 5ms 5ms 10ms 10ms 10ms 5ms Subframe Number 0 D D D D D D D 1 S S S S S S S 2 U U U U U U U 3 U U D U U D U 4 U D D U D D U 5 D D D D D D D 6 S S S D D D S 7 U U U D D D U 8 U U D D D D U 9 U D D D D D D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The DwPTS and UpPTS in a special frame may carry information. For example the DwPTS can include scheduling information and the UpPTS can be configured to facilitate random access bursts.
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It is important to note that the number of modulation symbols on each layer needs to be the same. As such, when operating with three layers, the second codeword is twice as large as the first. This can be achieved due to the supported TB sizes and the other Physical Layer stages.
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2.5.2 Scrambling
The initial stage of the Physical Layer processing is scrambling. This stage is applied to the signal in order to provide interference rejection properties. Scrambling effectively randomizes interfering signals using a pseudo-random scrambling process. Figure 2-25 illustrates the concept of scrambling, showing a Physical Resource Block on each of the cells using the same frequency. The scrambling feature statistically improves the interference by scrambling the information with a scrambling code based on the physical cell ID and RNTI. Figure 2-25 Scrambling in LTE
Figure 2-26 illustrates the generation of the scrambling code which is applied to most of the Physical Channels. It is worth noting that scrambling is not used on the downlink PHICH and on certain parts of the uplink. Figure 2-26 LTE Scrambling Code Generation
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=1 =P
1 P
P =1 P 1 (2 or 4)
P 1 (2 or 4)
The complex-valued modulation symbols for each of the codewords to be transmitted are mapped onto one or several layers. Complex-valued modulation symbols (q) d ( q ) (0),..., d ( q ) ( M symb 1) for codeword q are mapped onto the layers
layer layer x(i ) = x ( 0) (i ) ... x ( 1) (i) , i = 0,1,..., M symb 1 where is the number of layers and M symb
Single Antenna
For transmission on a single antenna port, a single layer is used, = 1 , and the mapping is layer (0) defined by x ( 0) (i) = d ( 0) (i ) with M symb . = M symb
Spatial Multiplexing
For spatial multiplexing, the layer mapping is illustrated in Table 2-5. The number of layers is less than or equal to the number of antenna ports P used for transmission of the physical channel. The case of a single codeword mapped to two layers is only applicable when the number of antenna ports is 4. Table 2-5 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Spatial Multiplexing Number of Layers 1 2 Number of Codewords 1 2
layer Codeword to Layer Mapping i = 0,1,..., M symb 1
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Transmit Diversity
For transmit diversity there is only one codeword and the number of layers is equal to the number of antenna ports used for transmission of the physical channel. Table 2-6 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity Number of Layers 2 Number of Code words 1
layer Codeword to Layer Mapping i = 0,1,..., M symb 1
x ( 0 ) (i ) = d ( 0 ) ( 4 i ) x (1) (i ) = d ( 0) (4i + 1) x x
(2) ( 3)
(i ) = d (i ) = d
( 0) ( 0)
( 4i + 2 ) (4i + 3)
( 0) (0) 4 if M symb mod 4 = 0 M layer M symb = ( 0 )symb (0) M symb + 2 4 if M symb mod 4 0 (0) If M symb mod 4 0 two null symbols are
2.5.5 Precoding
The next stage is precoding the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission. Figure 2-29 illustrates the different precoding options: Single Antenna Port. Transmit Diversity. Spatial Multiplexing - This includes two options, i.e. with CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) and without.
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is a method whereby a delayed version of the same OFDM symbol is transmitted from multiple antennas. It provides a method for transforming spatial diversity into frequency diversity thus avoiding Inter Symbol Interference.
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Precoding Concept
The precoder takes as input a block of vectors x(i ) = x (0) (i ) ... x ( 1) (i) ,
layer i = 0,1,..., M symb 1 from the layer mapping and generates a block of vectors ap y (i) = ... y ( p ) (i ) ... , i = 0,1,..., M symb 1 to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna
y (0) (2i ) j 0 Re x ( 0) (i ) 1 0 (1) 0 1 0 j (1) y ( 2i) = 1 Re x (i) y ( 0) ( 2i + 1) 0 j Im x (0) (i ) 2 0 1 (1) (1) y (2i + 1) 1 0 j 0 Im x (i)
layer ap layer for i = 0,1,..., M symb . 1 with M symb = 2 M symb
( ( ( (
) ) ) )
It is worth noting that any two columns of the coding matrix are orthogonal. In addition, the precoding has facilitated space-frequency transmit diversity, i.e. coding in frequency domain.
ap layer The precoding for four antenna ports is similar, however typically M symb . = 4 M symb
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Note that the values of W (i) are selected among the precoder elements in the codebook configured in the eNodeB and the UE. For large-delay CDD, precoding for spatial multiplexing is defined by
y (0) (i) x ( 0) (i ) M = W (i) D (i )U M y ( P 1) (i ) x ( 1) (i )
ap ap layer where the precoding matrix W (i) is of size P and i = 0,1,..., M symb . 1 , M symb = M symb
Compared to none CDD precoding, D(i) provides the CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) diagonal matrix, whereas U uses a square matrix.
Table 2-7 Codebook for Transmission for Two Antenna Ports Codebook Index Number of layers 1
0 1 2 3
1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 j
2
1 1 0 2 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 j j
1 1 2 j
Note that for transmission on four antenna ports there are 16 codebook indexes to choose from.
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sl( p) (t ) =
k = NRB Nsc / 2
ak( (p)) ,l e DL RB
j 2kf t NCP,lTs
N DLN RB / 2 RB sc
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It is also worth noting that a device is typically allocated 1ms of time, i.e. a subframe, and not an individual PRB.
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NRBDL
NSCRB Subcarriers = 12
The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB are illustrated in Table 2-8.
NSCRB f = 15kHz
12
NSymbDL
7 6
f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz
24
The uplink PRB configuration is similar; however the 7.5kHz option is not available.
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In LTE there are two synchronization sequences, known as the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these is dependent on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the normal or extended cyclic prefix.
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m0
0 1 2 3
m1
1 2 3 4
N ID 34 35 36 37 . . 67
(1)
m0
4 5 6 7
m1
6 7 8 9
N ID 68 69 70 71 . .
(1)
m0
9 10 11 12
m1
12 13 14 15
(1)
m0
15 16 17 18
m1
19 20 21 22
(1)
m0
22 23 24 25
m1
27 28 29 30
11
101
14
18
135
21
26
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The secondary synchronization sequence is an interleaving of two length-31 sequences s0(m0) and s1(m1) scrambled with sequences c0 and c1, which are based on NID(2), as well as scrambled with a z sequence. Figure 2-36 illustrates the concept mapping the sequences to the 62 subcarriers in subframes 0 and 5.
Scrambling sequence z
s1(m1) s0(m0)
c0
c1 and z1(m0)
c0
c1 and z1(m1)
62 interleaved bits
The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary synchronization signal.
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This is used for a single TX (Transmit) antenna. The reference signals are transmitted during the first and fifth OFDM symbols of each slot when the normal CP is used and during the first and fourth OFDM symbols when the extended CP is used.
Cell ID Offset
It is worth noting that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the Physical Cell ID. As such, the system performs a calculation (Physical Cell ID mod 6) to determine the correct offset. Figure 2-38 illustrates two cells, each producing a different offset. Figure 2-38 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset
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Whilst Reference Symbols are transmitted on one antenna, the other antennas resource element is null. In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
0 1 2 3
x x x x
Antenna Port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna Port 3
Antenna port 2 and antenna port 3 both have a reduced number of reference symbols. This is to reduce the reference signal overhead. It does also have a negative impact on the system since the lack of reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This however can be offset by the fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low mobility scenarios. In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
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Extended CP
R
Antenna Port 5
Antenna Port 5
Since the device has no information on the beamforming attributes applied by the eNB it needs to estimate these as part of the channel estimation process.
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The coded BCH TB (Transport Block) is mapped into four subframes within a 40ms interval. This 40ms timing is blindly detected by the UE and the information within the subframe is assumed to be self decodable. This means that it is not dependent on information in subsequent transmissions of Transport Blocks on the PBCH. The PBCH is located in 4 symbols of slot 1 only (symbols 0, 1, 2 and 3). Figure 2-44 MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and Normal CP)
MIB
CRC Channel Coding Rate Matching Scrambling Modulation Layer Mapping Precoding Mapping to REs
PBCH
10ms Frame
Only the MIB is carried in the PBCH, other SIB (System Information Blocks) are sent using the PDSCH.
Section 2.11.4 discusses the LTE SI (System Information) messages and scheduling options.
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Table 2-10 CFI Mapping CFI Value Number of OFDM Symbols Assigned to PDCCH N RB > 10 1 2 3 1 2 3
DL
N RB 10 2 3 4
DL
The control area within a PRB is grouped into multiple REG (Resource Element Group), with one REG containing four Resource Elements. It is worth noting that the REG does not use Resource Elements assigned to Reference Signals. Figure 2-45 CFI to PCFICH Mapping
CFI k Channel Coding (Block1/16) Scrambling Modulation Layer Mapping Precoding Mapping to REs NRBDL
DL k = (NRB sc /2)(NID mod 2NRB) Cell
PCFICH
Reserved RSs
k=k
DL k = k + NRB )/2 NRB sc /2
DL
RB
The PCFICH requires four REGs, i.e. 16 Resource Elements, which are distributed over the channel bandwidth. The location of these varies depending on the system bandwidth (NSCRB) and the NIDcell. Figure 2-45 illustrates the processes involved in mapping the CFI (Control Format Indicator) to the correct REGs. In addition, the calculations required are also illustrated. Table 2-11 illustrates the CFI codewords which are mapped to the PCFICH. These can change every subframe, i.e. 1ms.
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Table 2-11 CFI Codewords CFI 1 2 3 4 (Reserved) CFI Codeword < b0, b1, , b31 > <0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1> <1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0> <1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1> <0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>
Since there are 2bits, i.e. four combinations, coded to 32bits the result is 1/16 Block Coding.
Frame - 10ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
In TDD the control regions are only available on the downlink subframes and the DwPTS.
The PDCCH is transmitted on an aggregation of one or several consecutive CCE (Control Channel Element), where a CCE corresponds to nine REGs. The number of REGs not assigned to PCFICH or PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) is NREG. The CCEs available in the system are numbered from 0 and NCCE -1, where NCCE = NREG / 9. The PDCCH supports multiple formats, these include: PDCCH Format 0 - This consist of one CCE. PDCCH Format 1 - This consist of two CCE. PDCCH Format 2 - This consist of four CCE.
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PDCCH Format 3 - This consist of eight CCE. Figure 2-47 illustrates the PDCCH mapping process. Figure 2-47 REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping
PDCCH Mapping
Figure 2-48 illustrates the concept of mapping the PDCCH to REGs. It assumes that the PCFICH indicated 2 symbols, as well as two antennas and one PHICH. The numbers in the control region relate to the grouping of REs into a REG. Figure 2-48 PDCCH to Control Region Mapping
Each control channel carries downlink or uplink scheduling information for one MAC identity, namely a C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identifier). This is implicitly encoded in the CRC.
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There are various rules governing when a PDCCH can start in a subframe. Effectively there is a tree based method to the aggregation of CCE, these include: 1 - CCE - these start on any CCE position (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...). 2 - CCE - these start every second location (0, 2, 4, 6, ...). 4 - CCE - these start on every fourth (0, 4, 8, ...). 8 - CCE - these start on every eighth position (0, 8, ...). Figure 2-49 illustrates how CCEs could be mapped. Figure 2-49 CCE Allocation Levels
Search Spaces
The set of PDCCH candidates to monitor are defined in terms of search spaces. The diagram illustrates the concept of search spaces and the relationship to the CCEs. Figure 2-50 Common and UE-Specific Search Spaces
There are two types of search spaces, namely common and UE specific. The common search space corresponds to CCEs 0-15 at two levels: 4-CCE - CCEs 0-3, 4-7, 8-11, 12-15. 8-CCE - CCEs 0-7, 8-15. These are monitored by all UEs in the cell and can be used for any PDCCH signaling. In addition, a UE must monitor one UE specific search space at each of the aggregation levels 1, 2, 4 and 8. This may overlap with the common control search space. The location of the UE-specific search space is based on the C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identity).
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The number of available CCEs in a cell is dependent on a number of attributes including: Bandwidth. Number of antenna ports. PHICH configuration. PCFICH value (1, 2 or 3).
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Normal PHICH
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The size of the DCI format depends on its function, as well as the system bandwidth. There are various rules associated with the formatting of the DCI messages. As such, padding is typically added to ensure the rules are met.
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Cyclic shift for DM RS. UL index - This field is present only for TDD operation with uplink-downlink configuration 0. DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) - This field is present only for TDD operation with uplink-downlink configurations 1-6. CQI Request.
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Otherwise, when used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword the following information is sent: Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and value 1 indicates format 1A. Localized/distributed VRB (Virtual Resource Block) assignment flag. Resource block assignment (localized VRB /distributed VRB). Modulation and coding scheme. HARQ process number. New data indicator. Redundancy version. TPC command for PUCCH. Downlink Assignment Index - This is present in TDD and is applicable to TDD configurations 1-6. Like format 0, various rules apply to the size of the message, such that zeros may need to be inserted. In addition, depending on the channel usage, i.e. the CRC is scrambled with random access, paging or system information RNTIs, certain fields may be reserved.
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Modulation and coding scheme. New data indicator. Redundancy version. Modulation and coding scheme. New data indicator. Redundancy version.
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits depending on the number of antenna ports.
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4 layers: Transmit diversity 2 layers: precoder cycling with large delay CDD Reserved Reserved
2 layers: precoder cycling with large delay CDD 3 layers: precoder cycling with large delay CDD 4 layers: precoder cycling with large delay CDD Reserved
The parameter Lformat 0 is equal to the payload size of format 0 before CRC attachment. A power control parameter, namely tpc-Index, is provided by higher layers. This is utilized by the mobile to determine the index to the TPC command for a given UE. Power control is discussed in Section 2.19 .
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the cell. It is then able to decode the System Information messages and perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and Cell Selection. Once this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
SSS PBCH
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In order for the UE to identify the cell and synchronize with the downlink transmission, the eNB sends synchronization signals over the centre 72 sub-carriers. For FDD mode (using a normal CP) this is in the first and sixth subframes of each downlink frame. These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). Together they enable the UE to become downlink synchronized and identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three cell identities (sectors). Figure 2-56 Physical Cell Identities
The Physical Cell ID is able to be reused based on the cell and frequency reuse mechanism employed.
At this stage the cell identity within the group is known. In addition, the location of the SSS is also known because it occupies the previous OFDM symbol (FDD mode). However, at this stage the frame synchronization is not known since subframe 0 and 5 both utilize the same PSS sequence.
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where 0 n 30 .
(1) The indices m 0 and m1 are derived from the Physical Layer cell identity group N ID and are shown in Table 2-9.
The two scrambling sequences c0 ( n ) and c1 (n) depend on the primary synchronization signal and are defined by two different cyclic shifts of the m-sequence ~ ( n) . c
( m0 ) ( m1 ) (n) and z1 The scrambling sequences z1 ( n) are defined by a cyclic shift of the ~ m-sequence z (n) .
Figure 2-58 illustrates the correlation of the SSS. Note that the device is monitoring/processing a number of different SSS possibilities, i.e. more than the two shown. Figure 2-58 SSS Correlation Example
Subframe
SSS SSS
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The MIB is always transmitted in subframe 0. The MIB carries three very important bits of information. It indicates the downlink bandwidth, i.e. 6, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100 Resource Blocks. This enables the device to know where it should be looking (subcarriers) for the downlink control information. In addition, the PHICH configuration parameter is included. This indicates that Ng is equal to 1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2 and whether Normal or Extended PHICH mode is being used. These are used by the device to determine the number of PHICH groups configured on the cell and their location. Finally, the SFN is also included. In addition, the PBCH is layer mapped and precoded. As such, the PBCH can employ transmit diversity over multiple antennas ports. Based on the MIB the UE is able to decode the PCFICH. This identifies the number of OFDM symbols assigned to the downlink control region in the subframe.
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The main information in SIB1 includes: PLMN Identity List - This is a list of PLMN identities. The first listed PLMN-Identity is the primary PLMN. Tracking Area Code - This is a TAC (Tracking Area Code) that is common for all the PLMNs listed. E-CGI - This is a 28bit cell identifier. Cell Barred Indication. Intra Frequency Reselection - This is used to control cell reselection to intra-frequency cells when the highest ranked cell is barred, or treated as barred by the UE. CSG Indication - if set to TRUE, the UE CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) identity needs to match. CSG Identity - This is the identity of the Closed Subscriber Group within the primary PLMN the cell belongs to. Qrxlevminoffset - This affects the minimum required Rx level in the cell. P-Max - This is part of the cell selection process.
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Frequency Band Indicator. SI Periodicity Mapping Information - This denotes a value in radio frames: rf8, rf16, rf32, rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512 and is used to calculate the occurrence of messages. SIB Window Length - This is a common SI scheduling window for all SIB and indicates 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 40ms. System Info Value Tag - Common for all SIBs other than MIB, SIB1, SIB10 and SIB11.
Acquisition of an SI Message
When acquiring an SI message, the UE performs various calculations to determine the start of the SI-window for the concerned SI message: For the concerned SI message, determine the number n which corresponds to the order of entry in the list of SI messages configured by schedulingInfoList in SystemInformationBlockType1. Determine the integer value x = (n 1)*w, where w is the si-WindowLength. The SI-window starts at the subframe #a, where a = x mod 10, in the radio frame for which SFN mod T = FLOOR(x/10), where T is the si-Periodicity of the concerned SI message. In order to identify the scheduling of SI messages the UE looks for the SI-RNTI (System Information - Radio Network Temporary Identifier) on the PDCCH. Figure 2-61 Example of SI Mapping
E-UTRAN should configure an SI-window of 1 ms only if all SIs are scheduled before subframe #5 in radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0.
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Once the UE NAS has selected a PLMN, the cell selection procedure can be performed in order to select a suitable cell of that PLMN to camp on.
Table 2-15 identifies the parameters used as part of the Cell Selection process. Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters Parameter Srxlev Qrxlevmeas Description Cell Selection RX level value (dB). Measured cell RX level value (RSRP), where RSRP is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm).
Qrxlevmin
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Qrxlevminoffset
Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a visited PLMN. max (PEMAX - PUMAX, 0), where PEMAX is the maximum allowed power configured by higher layers. RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class (this may vary depending on allowed tolerances).
Pcompensation
PUMAX
In terms of the radio channel, the UE measures the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power). The LTE downlink contains cell specific RS (Reference Signals) which are used for channel equalization and determining the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power). The device calculates the Qrxlevmeas for each cell. It then gathers the related Qrxlevmin and other parameters from the SI messages (each cell may provide different parameters). Once it has gathered all the information it is able to calculate Srxlev for each cell. All cells that return a value of Srxlev greater than zero are considered candidates for selection. The cell with the most positive value is selected and becomes the camped on cell.
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In Figure 2-72 the SC-FDMA signal generation process starts by creating a time domain waveform of the data symbols to be transmitted. This is then converted into the frequency domain, using a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). DFT length and sampling rate are chosen so that the signal is fully represented, as well as being spaced 15kHz apart. Each bin (subcarrier) will have its own fixed amplitude and phase for the duration of the SC-FDMA symbol. Next the signal is shifted to the desired place in the channel bandwidth using the zero insertion concept, i.e. subcarrier mapping. Finally, the signal is converted to a single carrier waveform using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) and other functions. Finally a cyclic prefix can be added. Note that additional functions such as S-P (Serial to Parallel) and P-S (Parallel to Serial) converters are also required as part of a detailed functional description. Figure 2-73 illustrates the concept of the DFT, such that a group of N symbols map to N subcarriers. However depending on the combination of N symbols into the DFT the output will vary. As such, the actual amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers is like a code word. For example the first combination represents the first set of symbols. Since the second set of symbols is different the amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers would then be different.
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N symbols sequence produces N subcarriers First N Symbols DFT Modulated and Coded Symbols Second N Symbols DFT
DFT Output
The process at the eNB receiver takes the N subcarriers and reverses the process. This is achieved using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) which effectively reproduces the original N symbols. Figure 2-74 illustrates the basic view of how the subcarriers received at the eNB are converted back into the original signals. Note that the SC-FDMA symbols have a constant amplitude and phase and like ODFMA, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) is still required. Figure 2-74 SC-FDMA and the eNB
Time IDFT
Second N Symbols
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sl (t ) =
UL RB k = N RB N sc / 2
a k ( ) ,l e
j 2 ( k +1 2 )f (t N CP ,lTs )
RB for 0 t < (N CP,l + N ) Ts where k ( ) = k + N UL RB N sc 2 , N = 2048 , f = 15 kHz and a k ,l is the content of resource element (k , l ) .
The SC-FDMA symbols in a slot are transmitted in increasing order of l , starting with l = 0 , where SC-FDMA symbol l > 0 starts at time
l 1 l=0
Table 2-16 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA Feature Low PAPR Performance Uplink MIMO SC-FDMA Y X X OFDMA X Y Y
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PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is used to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both signaling and user data, in addition to UCI. Figure 2-76 Release 8 Uplink Physical Channels
The Guard Period is required since the eNB does not know when the preambles will arrive. Figure 2-78 illustrates an example with two UEs. The first is next to the eNB therefore there is very little delay. In contrast UE B is some distance from the eNB, as such the initial access preamble is delayed, i.e. there is a round trip delay. The eNB must allocate a large enough window such that the preambles from UE at the edge of the cell dont arrive outside of this window.
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0 1 2 3 4 (TDD)
1 2 2 3 Special Frame
2976
96.875
Format 4 is only available for frame structure type 2 and special subframe configurations with UpPTS lengths 4384Ts and 5120Ts only.
For FDD format 0, 1 2 or 3 can be configured. Figure 2-79 visualizes the different formats. It is worth noting that they can occupy more than a subframe and in addition the guard period is not specified.
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The actual PRACH channel utilizes 6 PRBs, i.e. it occupies 1.4MHz of uplink channel capacity. For FDD the subcarrier spacing is 1.25kHz and there are 839 subcarriers, whilst TDD utilizes a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing and 139 carriers. As such for FDD the duration is 1/T = 1/1.25kHz = 0.8ms. Figure 2-80 PRACH Configuration
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The exact position of the PRACH is defined in the SI (System Information) messages by using the PRACH Configuration Index. This is based on a table and can vary from 0 to 63. Table 2-18 illustrates the first part of the table. Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index PRACH Configuration Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 . . 63 Preamble Format 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 3 System Frame Number Even Even Even Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Any Even . . Even Subframe Number 1 4 7 1 4 7 1, 6 2 ,7 3, 8 1, 4, 7 2, 5, 8 3, 6, 9 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 9 . . 9
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The random access preamble is generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences. These have key properties: Constant Amplitude - This improves the PARP and increases the amplifier efficiency. Autocorrelation - This enables the eNB to provide accurate timing. Cross Correlation - This enables different base sequence cyclic shifts to be used. Additional mechanisms are required when the cyclic shift is greater than the time expected for round trip propagation and signal delay spread. The set of 64 preamble sequences in a cell is found by including first, in the order of increasing cyclic shift, all the available cyclic shifts of a root Zadoff-Chu sequence with the logical index RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE, where RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE is broadcasted as part of the System Information. Additional preamble sequences, in case 64 preambles cannot be generated from a single root Zadoff-Chu sequence, are obtained from the root sequences with the consecutive logical indexes until all the 64 sequences are found. The relation between a logical root sequence index and physical root sequence index u is defined by various tables and calculations in the 3GPP 36.211 specification - Physical Channels and Modulation. The u th root Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined by:
xu (n ) = e
j
un ( n +1)
N ZC
, 0 n N ZC 1
where the length N ZC of the Zadoff-Chu sequence, e.g. 829 for Format 0. Various rules apply to identify the chosen set. In addition, the parameter Highspeed-flag is provided by higher layers and determines if unrestricted set or restricted set is used. The restricted set adds additional rules on the cyclic shifts that can be used as preambles, i.e. taking Doppler spread into account.
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the Resource Elements. Like the downlink, the uplink also has resource elements reserved for Reference Signals and control. Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping
Subframe
Additional Resource Elements are typically required to carry extra control signaling, e.g. CQI (Channel Quality Information), ACK/NACK, etc.
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Figure 2-83 illustrates an example of control signaling to the PUSCH. In this example, three additional types of signaling are added: ACK/NACK - These are part of the HARQ process and are located next to the RS. This ensures that they benefit from the best possible channel estimation. The information is punctured to make way for the ACK/NACK information. CQI/PMI - The CQI (Channel Quality Information) and PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) can also be multiplexed onto the PUSCH. These are rate matched with the UL-SCH. The mapping of these is sequential on one subcarrier before continuing on the next. RI - RI (Rank Indication) - These are placed next to the ACK/NACK. Various rules on the mapping and coding of control information exist. In addition, it is also possible to send control information on the PUSCH without data, i.e. not the UL-SCH.
The PUCCH resource blocks are located at both edges of the uplink bandwidth. It uses inter-slot hopping to improve frequency diversity. Note that a UE only uses the PUCCH when it does not have any data to transmit on the PUSCH, i.e. no allocated resources. There are various types of PUCCH formats associated with uplink control. Section 2.17 discusses these in detail.
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TDD Timing
For TDD the timing relationship is more complex. As such, it now depends on the UL/DL TDD configurations, namely 0 to 6. Table 2-19 illustrates the different K values for TDD. Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations TDD UL/DL Configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 4 K value for DL Subframe Number 0 4* 1 6* 6 4 4 2 3 4 5 4* 6 6* 6 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 7 8 9
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The UE, upon detection of a PDCCH with DCI format 0 and/or a PHICH transmission in subframe n intended for the UE, adjusts the corresponding PUSCH transmission in subframe n+k, with k given in Table 2-19. Figure 2-86 illustrates an example of frame configuration 2. In this configuration, K=4 in subframes 3 and 8. This relates to transmission being scheduled for subframes 7 and 2 respectively. Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2
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Base Sequences
Reference Signals are generated using Base Sequences, with the same set of base sequences used for demodulation and sounding Reference Signals. These sequences need to support different bandwidth options whilst at the same time having auto correlation and cross correlation properties. In addition, they need to have acceptable cubic metric values.
When using a fixed group, i.e. not group hopping, the same group is used for all slots. However, the group number to use is dependent on the channel type. As such, the PUCCH group number is based on the cell identity and the PUSCH group number is influenced by a higher layer parameter. If using group hopping, the group number changes with slots based on an equation. There are 17 different hopping patterns and 30 different sequence-shift patterns. As such, the PUCCH and PUSCH have the same hopping pattern but may have different sequence-shift patterns.
PUSCH DRS
The DRS varies in its location depending on a number of attributes, such as the use of a normal or extended cyclic prefix. Figure 2-89 illustrates the DRS location for the PUSCH and a normal CP. In this case the DRS is located on the 4th symbol in each slot and uses the same transmission bandwidth allocated to the UEs in the uplink. Reference Signals for different UEs are derived by different cyclic shifts from the same base sequence.
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In contrast, if the system is utilizing an extended CP then the DRS is located in a different OFDM symbol. Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP)
R R R R R R R R R R R R Slot Subframe
R R R R R R R R R R R R Slot
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The configuration of the sounding signal, e.g. bandwidth, duration and periodicity, are given by higher layers. The SRS is transmitted in the last symbol of the subframe. Figure 2-92 illustrates an example, whereby the eNB has configured the mobile to send SRS over a desired portion of the band. Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping
Since the SRS can be sent when the UE has no current PUSCH or PUCCH assignment, mechanisms must exist to stop the UE interfering with other users PUSCHs. This is done by making sure all UEs know when the SRS are transmitted, such that the last symbol of the subframe where SRS is transmitted is not used by any mobiles for their PUSCH.
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SRS Transmission
There are various Sounding Reference Symbol parameters defined. Most are UE semi-statically configurable by higher layers: Transmission comb. Starting physical resource block assignment. Duration of SRS transmission: single or indefinite (until disabled). SRS configuration index ISRS for SRS periodicity and SRS subframe offset Toffset . SRS bandwidth BSRS . Frequency hopping bandwidth, bhop .
cs Cyclic shift n SRS .
In addition, cell specific parameters, SRS transmission bandwidths ( C SRS ) and subframe transmission are configured by higher layers. Figure 2-93 illustrates an example of multiplexing the SRS from different users. Notice that multiple UEs can send the SRS at the same time, using different resources as well as a different cyclic shift. Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation
Note that the SRS may need to interact with ACK/NACK, CQI or SR information. If interacting with ACK/NACK the SRS may be dropped or the ACK/NACK punctured. In contrast, when interacting with the CQI and SR information, the SRS is dropped.
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Note that various rules apply to the sending of scheduling requests, especially if the UE is multiplexing it with CQI and/or ACK/NAK on PUCCH. In this case: CQI: Drop CQI when SR is transmitted. ACK/NAK: Support multiplexing of SR and ACK/NAK.
For an extended CP, there are six symbols and only two UL RS (Reference Signals).
Interference Issues
There should be no intra cell interference in a RB since the system is using the same base reference sequence with different cyclic shifts and orthogonal codes. However there may be inter cell interference. This is improved with the use of different cyclic shifts and orthogonal codes, as well as applying different hopping patterns (since these are cell specific too).
PUCCH Format 2
Format 2 is used when CQI/PMI is transmitted without ACK/NACK or when CQI/PMI and ACK/NACK are jointly coded for the case of the extended cyclic prefix. Format 2 is characterized as follows: It is bit scrambled by a UE specific scrambling sequence.
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The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is the same as that of the PUSCH. It contains CS (Cyclic Shift) based sequences. CS hopping is performed on a symbol basis. Figure 2-95 PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
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In this example the initial probe is below the noise/interference level and thus is not heard. The UE increases its power based on a step size until a response is heard on the PDCCH.
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sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA
messagePowerOffsetGroupB
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Group Utilization
For the first Msg3 (Higher Layer Message) the selection of group B is based on message size and pathloss attributes: Data size plus MAC and control is greater than messageSizeGroupA. Pathloss is less than (PCMAX preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower deltaPreambleMsg3 messagePowerOffsetGroupB). For retransmissions the UE uses the same group as was used for the initial preamble transmission attempt.
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The RA-RNTI is calculated using the formula: 1 + t_id+10*f_id, where t_id is the index of the first subframe of the specified PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) resource and f_id is the index of the specified PRACH resource within that subframe.
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The UL grant contains 20bits of information, including: Hopping flag - 1bit. Fixed size resource block assignment - 10bits. Truncated modulation and coding scheme - 4bits. TPC command for scheduled PUSCH - 3bits. UL delay - 1bit. CQI request - 1bit. The UE utilizes these parameters to access the resource.
The UE would postpone the PUSCH transmission to the next available UL subframe if the UL Delay field is set to 1.
If no random access response is received in the RA response window, the UE is able to transmit a new preamble sequence. This should happen no later than 4 subframes after the end of the RA response window. Figure 2-105 illustrates the MAC contention resolution process. This is achieved by the UE sending its identity to the eNB in the first UL-SCH message. Granted, this resource could be contention based, i.e. another UE sent the same access preambles in the same subframe. Consequently, each would include their own higher layer identity. The eNB then adds the UE identity in the MAC header. Other UEs with different identifiers realize that a collision has taken place and then re-access the system, i.e. they send a new preamble.
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Includes UE Identity UL-SCH RRC Connection Request MAC Responds with UE Identity MAC Contention Resolution
PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
M PUSCH (i ) - This is related to the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment expressed in number of resource blocks.
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PO_PUSCH ( j ) - This parameter is the sum of various cell and UE specific parameters. It is also based on retransmission and scheduling options.
- This is a 3bit cell specific parameter provided by higher layers (0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6,.1).
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter configurations. TF - This is a UE specific parameter which relates to the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) and TF (Transport Format), i.e. TBS (Transport Blok Size). F - This enables UE specific power control, i.e. TPC (Transmit Power Control). Different options can be configured, e.g. accumulation or current absolute power.
Power headroom
The LTE System also defines UE PH (Power Headroom) as:
A PHR (Power Headroom Report) is typically sent by the UE when the prohibitPHR-Timer expires, or when the power headroom reporting functionality is configured or re-configured.
Where:
PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
PO_PUCCH - This is a parameter is the sum of cell specific and UE specific parameters.
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter configurations.
h(n ) - This is a PUCCH format dependent value, where nCQI relates to the number of
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PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class. PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER - This is set to the preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER 1) * powerRampingStep. PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note pathloss is calculated based on the Reference Signal Power and other higher layer filter configurations.
To combat this, LTE supports DRX (Discontinuous Reception) of paging messages. Figure 2-108 illustrates the concept, whereby a UE looks at pre-determined times.
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The eNB may have to buffer the paging message until a UEs paging occasion occurs. The UE is given various parameters which enable it to identify a time when it should listen. This is termed a PO (Paging Occasion) and relates to a subframe. In addition, the DRX parameters also define a PF (Paging Frame), i.e. Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging Occasion(s). The system information messages provide the necessary DRX parameters to enable a UE to calculate listening times. Alternatively they can be sent to a specific UE as part of higher layer signaling.
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Table 2-23 illustrates the subframe patterns for TDD. Table 2-23 TDD Subframe Patterns Ns 0 2 4 PO when i_s=0 0 0 0 PO when i_s=1 N/A 5 1 PO when i_s=2 N/A N/A 5 PO when i_s=3 N/A N/A 6
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The mechanism for sending more packets between each transmission is relatively simple; have a number of HARQ processes that can run in parallel. Figure 2-111 illustrates the concept of the HARQ processes. In LTE there are various rules and options for how many HARQ processes are configured, i.e. it depends on downlink, uplink, FDD or TDD. This example illustrates the downlink FDD frame where 8 HARQ processes are used. It also highlights one of these processes, namely process 3, being sent by the eNB and initially acknowledged by the UE. Whilst the eNB is awaiting the ACK (Acknowledgement) for this, the additional processes can be utilized to ensure the UE can receive a stream of packets. Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes
If the mobile identified an error in the transmission it is able to send a NACK (Negative Acknowledgement) to the eNB. The eNB is then able to quickly re-schedule the data. There are two main concepts of HARQ, namely CC (Chase Combining) and IR (Incremental Redundancy). Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods
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Chase Combining
Chase Combining ensures that each retransmission is simply a replica of the data first transmitted. The decoder at the receiver combines these multiple copies (of the same information). This type of combining provides time diversity and soft combining gain at a low complexity cost and imposes the least demanding UE memory requirements of all H-ARQ methods.
Incremental Redundancy
The IR (Incremental Redundancy) method ensures that retransmissions include additional redundant information that is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the first attempt. This causes the effective coding rate to increase based on the number of retransmissions sent. Incremental Redundancy can be further classified in Partial IR and Full IR. Partial IR includes the systematic bits in every coded word, which implies that every retransmission is self-decodable, whereas Full IR only includes parity bits, and therefore its retransmissions are not self-decodable. Figure 2-113 illustrates an example showing how rate matching and redundancy versions are used for retransmission. In addition, it highlights the concept of the effective code rate. Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits
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The number of HARQ processes for TDD is related to the frame configuration and varies between 4 and 15. Table 2-24 illustrates the different TDD HARQ configurations. Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes TDD UL/DL Configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 Maximum Number of HARQ Processes 4 7 10 9 12 15
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HARQ operation in uplink is governed by the following principles: Regardless of the content of the HARQ feedback (ACK or NACK), when a PDCCH for the UE is correctly received, the UE follows what the PDCCH asks the UE to do i.e. perform a transmission or a retransmission (referred to as adaptive retransmission). When no PDCCH addressed to the C-RNTI of the UE is detected, the HARQ feedback dictates how the UE performs retransmissions:
NACK - the UE performs a non-adaptive retransmission i.e. a retransmission on the same uplink resource as previously used by the same process. ACK - the UE does not perform any uplink (re)transmission and keeps the data in the HARQ buffer. A PDCCH is then required to perform a retransmission i.e. a non-adaptive retransmission cannot follow.
Measurement gaps (part of the measurements for mobility) are of higher priority than HARQ retransmissions: whenever an HARQ retransmission collides with a measurement gap, the HARQ retransmission does not take place. The sequence of redundancy versions is 0, 2, 3, 1. Table 2-25 illustrates the UE behavior in various situations. Table 2-25 UL HARQ Operation HARQ feedback seen by the UE ACK or NACK ACK or NACK ACK PDCCH seen by the UE New Transmission Retransmission None UE behaviour New transmission according to PDCCH. Retransmission according to PDCCH (adaptive retransmission). No (re)transmission, keep data in HARQ buffer and a PDCCH is required to resume retransmissions. Non-adaptive retransmission.
NACK
None
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Figure 2-116 illustrates an ACK/NACK received on the PHICH assigned to a UE in subframe i, where the associated PUSCH was in transmission subframe i-4. Figure 2-116 Uplink FDD HARQ Timing
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Transmission Modes
In the downlink, the method of transmission is sent when a mobile is semi-statically configured via higher layer signaling to receive PDSCH data. LTE includes the following Transmission Modes: Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO. Mode 2 - Transmit diversity. Mode 3 - Transmit diversity or with Large Delays CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is used. Mode 4 - Transmit diversity or Closed-loop spatial multiplexing.
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Mode 5 - Transmit diversity or multi user MIMO (more than one UE is assigned to the same resource block). Mode 6 - Transmit diversity or closed loop precoding for rank=1 (i.e. no spatial multiplexing, but precoding is used). Mode 7 - Single-antenna port, port 5 (beamforming).
Spatial Multiplexing
The most common MIMO category is referred to as SM (Spatial Multiplexing). This allocates multiple modulation symbol streams to a single UE using the same time/frequency. The differentiation of signals is achieved by the different Reference Signals which were sent as part of the PRB (Physical Resource Block). Figure 2-118 illustrates the concept of Spatial Multiplexing using a 2x2 MIMO system. Figure 2-118 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
The main issue with Spatial Multiplexing in a cellular system is associated with high levels of interference, especially at the cell edge. Unfortunately, this can affect both spatial streams and, as such, twice as many errors could be introduced. Hence, SM is typically used close to the eNB, i.e. not at the cell edge. Figure 2-119 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues
Port 0
TB TB
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Other Techniques
In addition, the following techniques are supported in LTE: Code-book-based pre-coding. Rank adaptation with single rank feedback. Note: the eNB can override a rank report.
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In order for the signal to be spatially multiplexed onto the different antenna ports various mathematical processes are required. In addition, variances occur for 2 and 4 antenna configurations, as well as open and closed loop spatial multiplexing.
2
1 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 j j
For the closed-loop spatial multiplexing transmission mode, the codebook index 0 is not used when the number of layers is equal to 2.
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The system defines multiple types of CQI, whereby the term wideband CQI relates to the entire system bandwidth. In contrast, sub-band CQI relates to a value per sub-band. This is defined and configured by the higher layers and relates to the number of resource blocks. It is also worth noting that a CQI per codeword is reported for MIMO spatial multiplexing. Depending on the scheduling mode, Periodic and Aperiodic CQI reporting can be used. In Frequency Non-selective and Frequency selective mode the PUCCH is used to carry periodic CQI reports. In contrast, for Frequency selective mode, the PUSCH is used to carry aperiodic CQI reports.
RI (Rank Indication)
This indicates the number of useful transmission layers when spatial multiplexing is used. Thus, in case of transmit diversity, rank is equal to 1 (RI=1).
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3
Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 3.1 Describe UL and DL Scheduling principles and signaling 3.2 Explain how the scheduler interactions with other functions 3.3 Explain the concepts of dynamic and semi-persistent scheduling
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Since LTE is 100% packet based it makes the system design easier. This is because the eNB does not have to interwork its scheduling algorithms with dedicated functions. Figure 3-2 illustrates the basic scheduling concept. In this example three users, each with a defined QoS, have data to send. Figure 3-2 Basic Scheduling in a Cell
This is a simple example but it does highlight some of the fundamental concepts:
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Multiple users can have different amounts of data in the eNB buffers, as well as in their uplink buffers. UEs could be in different locations and hence features such as MIMO may or may not be available. Users and specifically the services (QoS) supported could have different priorities, thus requiring the eNB to prioritize traffic. In the previous example, User Bs data was scheduled, however User As data was delayed until the next subframe. This could have been based on the service, e.g. a guaranteed service. The eNB only has a finite amount of resources. This can vary based on a number of factors. One such factor is the location of users, whereby if they were all close to the eNB, the scheduler could allocate SM MIMO resources.
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Proportional Fair
This is a very common scheduling method. It effectively allocates the same amount of resources to all the users. In so doing, each user will get the resources they require (throughput demand) or they will get an equal share. This is effectively the total amount of resources divided by the total number of users.
MAX C/I
In order to achieve the best eNB throughput rates it makes sense to allocate resources to those users with the best signal, i.e. C/I (Carrier to Interference). In this way features such as MIMO SM and high order modulation schemes (64 QAM) can be used. In so doing this increases the systems spectral efficiency. Unfortunately, this means that users closer to the eNB continually get resources allocated up to their maximum demanded rate. At the same time, users at the cell edge will be limited to their minimum guaranteed rate. This could be detrimental to the marketing plan, since users of LTE will expect higher data rates.
DCI Format 2
This is used for scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in closed-loop SM (Spatial Multiplexing). The following information is sent as part of DCI format 2: Resource allocation header - This indicates resource allocation type 0 or type 1. These are detailed in Section 3.1.5 . Resource block assignment - This is for type 0 or 1 information. TPC command for PUCCH - Previous discussed under power control. HARQ process number. Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines the transport block to codeword mapping. However, if one of the transport blocks is disabled the mapping is different. For the first Transport Block:
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits depending on the number of antenna ports.
The first field is used to indicate the selected RBG subset among P RBG subsets. The second field with one bit is used to indicate a shift of the resource allocation span within a subset. A bit value of 1 indicates a shift is triggered. Otherwise a shift is not triggered. The third field includes a bitmap, where each bit of the bitmap addresses a single PRB in the selected RBG subset in such a way that MSB to LSB of the bitmap are mapped to the PRBs in the increasing frequency order.
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Modulation Order
Qm
2 2 2 2
4 6 6 6
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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 6
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Reserved
The modulation order parameter indicates whether the scheduled transmission is QPSK (2 bits), 16QAM (4bits) or 64QAM (6bits). The UE is able to use this information, in conjunction with the physical number of Resource Blocks, i.e. symbols, to receive all the bits. Figure 3-9 illustrates an example of a scheduled message. As previously mentioned the resource allocation, modulation order and precoding information enables the UE to determine the number and location of the physical bits. The TBS (Transport Block Set) parameter in the previous table enables the UE to identify the size of the transport block(s) using a mixture of a table and equation. Since the coding is all predefined, the UE is able to replicate the number of coded bits (pre puncturing) and therefore, using the RV (Redundancy Version) parameter, identify which bits the eNB would have punctured/rate matched. Using this it can now attempt to decoded the transport block and verify the CRC. Figure 3-9 Using the TBS Size
TBS size
Physical Bits
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In order to correctly schedule resources, various layer 1 and layer 2 indications and configurations are required. The link adaptation function manages the current MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) based on feedback from both layer 1 in the eNB and the UE. In addition, SRS (Sounding Reference Signals) provide intelligence about the channel. Other reports from the eNB Layer 1, as well as UCI (Uplink Control Information) from the UE, can be collated to provide an up-to-date representation of the channel. The scheduler also needs to interact closely with HARQ, since layer 1 NACKs and subsequent retransmissions impact resources. Additional functionality which monitors the relationship between retransmissions, the choice of MSC and power control is also vital, enabling the system to adapt to the channel conditions.
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Objectives
4.3 Describe the mobility measurements.
On completion of this section the participants will be able to: 4.1 Describe intra-LTE mobility in ECM-CONNECTED and ECM-IDLE mode. 4.2 Explain the concept of event triggered periodical reporting.
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A UE in the Idle State has previously registered on the network and is performing two main procedures, namely cell reselection and listening to paging messages.
Intra-Frequency Measurements
Criteria to perform intra-frequency measurements are as follows. If Squal > Sintrasearch - the UE may choose not to perform intra-frequency measurements. If Squal <= Sintrasearch - the UE performs intra-frequency measurements. If Sintrasearch is not sent for the serving cell then the UE performs intra-frequency measurements. Figure 4-3 illustrates the basic concept of Sintresearch.
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Inter-frequency Measurements
E-UTRA includes a cell priority mechanism; as such, an inter-frequency cell may have a higher or lower priority. The decision to monitor these cells is based on their priority, as well as the presence of and the relationship to the Snonintrasearch parameter.
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Ranking of Cells
The cell reselection evaluation process is known as R (Cell Ranking). The calculations for the Rs (serving cell) and Rn (neighbouring cells) are illustrated in Figure 4-5. Figure 4-5 Ranking Equation
Where: Qmeas - This is the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) measurement quantity used in cell reselections. QHyst - This the hysteresis to apply to the servingcell. It may have had some scaling applied due to mobility. Qoffset - For intra-frequency cells this is equal to the Qoffsets,n parameter (if sent). For inter-frequency cells this equals Qoffsets,n + Qoffsetfrequency.
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Initially the measurement reports need to be configured. This could be a mixture of fixed configuration triggers, as well as some triggers which are dynamically provisioned.
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In the standard handover, the mobile is configured to send MR (Measurement Reports) based on the measurement configuration information in RRC signaling. These measurement reports (discussed later in the section) form the basis for most handovers. The actual handover process is initiated by the source eNB when it sends the Handover Request message to the target eNB (assuming the X2 interface is present). This message provides the target eNB with the necessary information, e.g. the target cell ID, security keys, UE and RRC Context information, including the E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer) information and associated QoS. The target eNB may then perform Admission Control based on the QoS requirements. Assuming that the handover can be supported the target eNB allocates a C-RNTI and optionally a RACH preamble. These are sent back in the Handover Request Acknowledge message to the source eNB. The UE receives a RRC Connection Reconfiguration message (with handover information) from the source eNB. Using the information included it is then able to access the new cell and complete the procedure. Like UMTS, various timers are used in the event that the UE cannot access the target eNB.
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reportConfigToRemoveList - This is a list of measurement reporting configurations to remove. reportConfigId - This is used to identify a measurement reporting configuration. reportConfig - This specifies measurement reporting configurations for E-UTRA, UTRA, GERAN, or CDMA2000 measurements. measIdToRemoveList - This is a list of measurement identities to remove. measGapConfig - This is used to setup and release measurement gaps. s-Measure - This identifies the Serving cell quality threshold and controls whether or not the UE is required to perform measurements of intrafrequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT neighboring cells. Value 0 indicates to disable s-Measure. timeToTrigger-SF - This is the timeToTrigger which is multiplied with the scaling factor applicable for the UEs speed state.
Figure 4-10 illustrates the difference between a periodic and event based reporting mechanism.
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Two Gap Patterns, with associated TGRP (Transmission Gap Repetition Period), are defined. These indicate either 40ms or 80ms.
4.3.3 UE Measurements
There are various intra and inter system UE measurements.
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Numerics 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 2G (Second Generation) 3G (Third Generation) 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) 4G (Fourth Generation) A ACK (Acknowledgement) AM (Acknowledged Mode) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) AMS (Adaptive MIMO Switching) APN (access Point Name) ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) AS (Access Stratum) AWS (Advanced Wireless Services) B BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) BCH (Broadcast Channel) C CATT (China Academy of Telecommunications Technology) CC (Chase Combining) CCCH (Common Control Channel) CCE (Control Channel Element) CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CFI (Control Format Indicator) CP (Cyclic Prefix) CPC (Continuous Packet Connectivity)
Issue 01 (2010-05-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Glossary
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identifier) CS (Circuit Switched) CS (Cyclic Shift) CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) D DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) DC (Direct Current) DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) DCI (Downlink Control Information) DCS (Digital Cellular Service) DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) DL (Downlink) DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer) DRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) DRX (Discontinuous Reception) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel) DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot)
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5 Glossary
E EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) E-GSM (Extended GSM) EMM (EPS Mobility Management) eNB (Evolved Node B) EPC (Evolved Packet Core) EPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN) EPS (Evolved Packet System) E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer) ESM (EPS Session Management) ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) F FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) FEC (Forward Error Correction) FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) FM (Frequency Modulation) FSTD (Frequency Shift Time Diversity) G GF(2) (Galois Field (2)) GP (Guard Period) GPRS (General Packet Radio System) GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) GSMA (GSM Association)
GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier) H HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) HeNB (Home eNB) HI (HARQ Indicator) HPLMN (Home PLMN) HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared Control Channel) HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) I IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) IMT Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) IMT2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications - 2000) IP (Internet Protocol) IR (Incremental Redundancy) IS-136 (Interim Standard 136) ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) L LCID (Logical Channel Identifier) LCR (Low Chip Rate) LTE (Long Term Evolution) M MAC (Medium Access Control) MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network)
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MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) MGW (Media Gateways) MIB (Master Information Block) MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) MME (Mobility Management Entity) MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) Msg3 (Higher Layer Message) MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO) N NACK (Negative Acknowledgement) NAS (Non Access Stratum) NDI (New Data Indicator) O OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) P PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) PCCH (Paging Control Channel) PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) PCH (Paging Channel) PCS (Personal Communications Service) PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) PDN-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel), PF (Paging Frame) P-GSM (Primary GSM) PH (Power Headroom), PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) PHR (Power Headroom Report), 2-85 PHY (Physical Layer) PL (Pathloss) PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) PO (Paging Occasion) PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) PRB (Physical Resource Block) PS (Packet Switched) P-S (Parallel to Serial) PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) PTP (Point-To-Point) PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) Q QoS (Quality of Service) QPP (Quadratic Permutation Polynomial) QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) R R (Cell Ranking) RA (Random Access) RACH (Random Access Channel) RAN (Radio Access Network) RAPID (Random Access Preamble Identifier) RA-RNTI (Random Access RNTI) RB (Radio Bearer) RB (Resource Block) RBG (Resource Block Groups) RE (Resource Element) REG (Resource Element Group) R-GSM (Railways GSM) RI (Rank Indication) RIV (Resource Indication Value) RLC (Radio Link Control) RNC (Radio Network Controller) RRC (Radio Resource Control) RS (Reference Signals) RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) RV (Redundancy Version) S S (Cell Selection)
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SAW (Stop And Wait) SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) SFBC (Space Frequency Block Coding) SFN (System Frame Number), S-GW (Serving Gateway) SI (System Information) SIB (System Information Block) SIB 1 (System Information Block Type1) SI-RNTI (System Information Radio Network Temporary Identifier) SM (Spatial Multiplexing) SMS (Short Message Service) S-P (Serial to Parallel) SR (Scheduling Request) SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer) SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal) STC (Space Time Coding) SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO) T TA (Timing Alignment) TAC (Tracking Area Code) TACS (Total Access Communications System) TAI (Tracking Area Identity) TB (Transport Block) TBS (Transport Block Set) TBS (Transport Blok Size) TD (Transmit Diversity) TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) TDD (Time Division Duplex) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) TF (Transport Format) TFT (Traffic Flow Template) TM (Transparent Mode) TPC (Transmit Power Control) TPMI (Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator) TTI (Time Transmission Interval) TX (Transmit) U UCI (Uplink Control Information)
UE (User Equipment) UL (Uplink) UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) UM (Unacknowledged Mode) UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) V VRB (Virtual Resource Block) W WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) Z ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
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