CRUELTY Jose Rizal It is an ungrateful task to intervene in a dispute and defend persons who are neither armless nor

paralytic or whose pen is kept down or who do not need defenders. For that reason we hesitate to answer the article of Bachelor Manuel de Veras, published in the satirical magazine Manililla of Manila, 1 June 1889. Moreover, there are other reasons. The character of Manililla (a weekly, illustrated, comical, and humorous) explains the kind of attack and precludes very serious reply. The author, despite his apparent evil intention, his irritation, and his coarse jokes, does more harm to himself than to the illustrious Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, and his attacks are personal rather than arguments and reasons. But there are certain considerations that oblige us to defend him or to simulate a defense, if one who does not feel really attacked can need defense. Mr. Blumentritt, because of his love for Spain and the Philippines, is now the target of some childish Spaniards and gross insults and it seems that it is the duty of the Spaniards and Filipinos to defend him, at least for the purpose of protesting against those attacks and to prove that we know what is justice and what is gratitude. Because, if not, the worthy Austrian professor could curse the hour he began to advocate for the rights of Spain, to learn her language, to study her history, to wish the welfare of her colonies, devoting to that nation his time and his life, only to encounter later insults instead of considerations. Ingrates instead of grateful men! No; under pain that Bachelor Manuel de Veras himself might laugh at our candour for taking seriously hi sallies against our learned Austrian professor, we are going to make a defense proportional to the attack, for we prefer to be taken as naive rather than ingrates and ill-bred. There is a certain irritation against Blumentritt for dealing with Spanish...

LA SOLIDARIDAD

On February 15, 1889, the first issue of La Solidaridad came out and its editorial expressed its aim: Our aspirations are modest, very modest. Our program, aside from being simple, is clear: to

The desire to form a purely Filipino organization was fulfilled with the establishment in Barcelona on December 13, 1888 ifLa Solidaridad. This organization was a sort of rival of Morayta's Madrid group although the two organizations

combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to extol and adopt liberal ideas, to defend progress; in a word, to be a propagandist, above all, of democratic ideas in order to make these supreme in all nations here and across the seas. The aims, therefore, of La Solidaridad are described as to collect, to gather, libertarian ideas which are manifested daily in the field of politics, science, art, literature, commerce, agriculture and industry. We shall also discuss all problems relating to the general interest of the nation and seek solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic manner. ***

joined together in a petition addressed to the Minister of the Colonies asking for representation in the Cortes, abolition of censorship of the press, and prohibition of the practice of deporting citizens merely through administrative orders. The president of La Solidaridad was Rizal's cousin, Galicano Apacible. Among the other officers were Graciano Lopez-Jaena, vicepresident, and Mariano Ponce, treasurer. Rizal, in London at the time, was named Honorary President. Unfortunately, Apacible could not hold the wrangling reformists together. It took the prestige of Rizal and the political wisdom of del Pilar to unite the Filipinos in Spain and to coordinate their efforts.

But finally, in February 15, 1889, the Filipino With regard to the Philippines, since she needs propagandists were able to get together behind a new publication which they called La the most help, not being represented in the Cortes, we shall pay particular attention to the Solidaridad, and which for its more than five years of its existence became the principal organ defense of her democratic rights, the accomplishment of which is our patriotic duty. of the propaganda movement. It was founded on February 15, 1889 and existed up to November 15, 1895. Its first editor was Graciano LopezThat nation of eight million souls should not, Jaena but he was soon succeeded by Marcelo H. must not be the exclusive preserve of del Pilar. La Solidaridad was a political theocracy and traditionalism. propaganda paper with a liberal, reformist orientation dedicated to the task of fighting History of the Filipino People. Teodoro A. reaction in all its forms. Agoncillo Certainly an important factor limiting the influence of the propagandists was the fact that they wrote in Spanish, a language virtually unknown to the masses. Furthermore, censorship seriously limited the inflow of such reading matter and made possession of it very risky. But despite all the foregoing, the influence of the

The contributors of the La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos, such as Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel) Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon Laan) Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulo, Tigbalang)

Antonio Luna (Taga Ilog) Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa) Dr. Pedro Paterno Antonio Ma. Regidor Isabelo delos Reyes Eduardo de Lete Jose Alejandrino

Some friends of the Propaganda Movement also contributed, notably Professor Blumentritt ( Austrian ethnologist ) and Dr. Morayta ( Spanish Historian, university professor and statesman ). If readership was small, seepage of information to other groups certainly occurred. And because what the propagandists wrote were accurate reflections of reality, a feeling of empathy In the last issue of La Solidaridad (November 15, developed wherever news of their work was 1895), M.H. del Pilar wrote his farewell editorial heard. The articulation of their own feelings of saying : oppression heightened the ferment of the people and herein lay the continuity between reformism We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too and revolution despite their diametrically little to win the rights and the liberty of a opposed means and goals. nation that is oppressed by slavery. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. Dr. Sonia M. Zaide

Propaganda on the revolution cannot be discounted. True, La Solidaridaditself, Rizal's novels, and other propaganda material had limited circulation, but these reached the local ilustrados who in most instances came to lead the revolutionary forces in their provinces. The fund-raising efforts of local committees and masonic lodges and the clandestine attempts to distribute these materials involved more individuals in the campaign for reforms. The very attempts of the government to stop the entry of La Solidaridad and prevent its distribution highlighted the lack of freedoms that the propagandists were condemning.

Experience of rizal in hong kong

After six months of stay in Calamba many of the relatives and friends including the Governor General advised them to leave the country. So in February 3, 1988 he left Manila for Hong Kong , where he stayed at Victoria Hotel which was welcomed by the Filipinos. In Hong Kong, he studied the Chinese way of life including the language, drama, customs, social occasions, festivities and their religion. He also visited Macao for two days where he toured the famous places such as pagodas, grotto, casino, theatre, and churches.

After two weeks in Hong Kong, he proceeded to Japan which he arrived in Yokohama and registered at Grand Hotel in February 28,1888 then the next day stayed at Tokyo Hotel. In his sojourn in Japan from February 28 to April 13,1888 was enchanted by the flowers, the trees, and the inhabitants. His impression about the place was peaceful, courteous and pleasant.

When he was in Tokyo he decided to study Japanese language including Japanese drama and selfdefense. As usual activities in his tour he visited art galleries, museums, libraries, shrines and parks. The most colorful life in his memoirs in Japan was his romance with O-Sei-San as he wrote in his diary O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a happy golden month; I do not know if I can have another one like that in all my life The nostalgic romance to O-Sei-San made him sad to depart Japan but his strong conviction to continue quest for the liberty and freedom of his fatherland. In his trans-Pacific to the United Sates, he befriended Techo Suehiro who later acted as the interpreter from their sojourn to United States.

In United States, he visited California, Utah, Nebraska, Chicago and New York. From his visit across the American continent, he was impressed by the beautiful landscape including the majestic mountains, rock and rivers. He also noticed the high standard of living in America which was like in the Europe with lot of opportunities for employment in factories and agricultural production throughout America. However, he observed that there was racial discrimination of the Asians and Negroes which remained to be dominant in the workplace and employment to the contemporary time.

After six months of stay in Calamba many of the relatives and friends including the Governor General advised them to leave the country. The Noli me Tangere awakened the spirits of the Filipino illustrados, however, Rizal had to accept the consequences in the publication of this novel. Although the governor general had known that the novel was not seditious and rebellious but the Spanish friars particularly the Dominicans were insulted by the image of Padre Damaso in the novel. It was really a direct attack as to their corrupt ideas and practices to exploit the ignorance of the Filipinos. In his letter to Blumeritt he expressed his frustrations and disappointments in his stay in his hometown:

At last I can write freely. At last I can express my thoughts without fear of censorship from the chief! They forced me to leave my country. Half sick I left the house. Oh, dear Blumentritt, you have no idea of my minor odyssey. Without the aid of my friend Lietutenat Taviel de Andrade, what would become of me! Without the sympathies of the Governor General, the directors of the city administration and civil government, I would now be in some dungeon.

All the provincials and the archbishop went daily to the Governor General to complain against me. The Syndic of the Dominicans wrote a denunciation to the alcalde that at night they saw me hold secret meetings with men and women on top of a hill. It is true I went walking at dawn to a hill accompanied by many men, women, and children, for the purpose of enjoying the coolness of the morning, but always escorted by the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil who knows Tagalog. Who is the conspirator of secret sessions that will hold them in the open air among women and children? I allowed the accusation to reach the Governor General so he could see what kind of enemies I have. My countrymen offered me money to leave the islands. They asked me to do so not only for my own interest but also theirs, because I have many friends and acquaintances whom they would have deported with me to Balabag or the Marianas Islands. Thus, half sick, Ibade a hasty farewell to my family. I am returning to Europe by way of Japan and the United States. Wes should see each other again. I love so much to tell you.

So in February 3, 1983 he left Manila for Hong Kong, where he stayed at Victoria Hotel which was welcomed by the Filipinos. In Hong Kong, he studied the Chinese way of life including the language, drama, customs, social occasions, festivities and their religion. He also visited Macao for two days where he toured the famous places such as pagodas, grotto, casino, theatre, and churches.

These were the experiences of Rizal as he wrote in his diary (Rizal, Reminiscences and Travel:144) about the :Chinese new year celebration Noisy celebration of the Chinese New York which lasted from February 11the ( Saturday) to 13th ( Monday);Chinese theatre, the Dominican order who engaged in business; and cemeteries in Hongkong belonging to all religious sectors.

With little delay, the journey was continued to Japan, where Doctor Rizal was surprised by an invitation to make his home in the Spanish consulate. There he was hospitably entertained, and a like courtesy was shown him in the Spanish minister's home in Tokyo. The latter even offered him a position, as a sort of interpreter, probably, should he care to remain in the country. This offer, however, was declined. Rizal made considerable investigation into the condition of the various Japanese classes and acquired such facility in the use of the language that with it and his appearance, for he was "very Japanese," the natives found it difficult to believe that he was not one of themselves. These were his impressions on the Japanese Life and Culture: (Lanuza and Zaide,1961:24-25)

1.The beauty of the country- its flowers, mountains, streams, and scenic panorama. 2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people. 3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women.

4.There were very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night, and in the hotel room one could safely leave money on the table. 5. Beggar were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.

After two weeks in Hong Kong, he proceeded to Japan which he arrived in Yokohama and registered at Grand Hotel in February 28,1888 then the next day stayed at Tokyo Hotel. In his sojourn in Japan from February 28 to April 13,1888 was enchanted by the flowers, the trees, and the inhabitants. His impression about the place was peaceful, courteous and pleasant.

When he was in Tokyo he decided to study Japanese language including Japanese drama and selfdefense. As usual activities in his tour he visited art galleries, museums, libraries, shrines and parks. The most colorful life in his memoirs in Japan was his romance with O-Sei-San . Rizal was attracted to a beautiful woman when he stayed at the Spanish Legation in the Azabu district of Tokyo.

He never knew the woman but Rizal was so interested to know the lady so he inquired among the employees of the place he stayed in Spanish legation. He was able to learn the lady to a Japanese gardener. He gave the information until one afternoon he decided to meet her. The Japanese gardener was the one who introduced Rizal. The problem was Rizal was not fluent in Japanese language so with the assistance of the Japanese gardener introduced him as a physician in Manila and a guest in the Spanish Legation.

The name of the lady was O-Sien-San, who was amused by the personality of Rizal to be introduced by the Japanese gardener. She observed that Rizal was gentleman, polite and compassionate. Surprisingly, Seiko-son was also well educated as she spoke in English and French. The story turned bright by the well educated Seiko-son they later on met and visit tourist spots of the city such as the universities, Botanical Garden, Imperial Library and other beautiful shrines. In their long meetings, O-Sie-San assisted Rizal not only in giving information about the tourist spots but also helped her to learn the Japanese Language, Nippongo.

At that time, Rizal was very matured at the age of 27 years old while O- Sie-San was the only daughter with the age of 23 years old. Both of them fell the trap on the ecstasy of true love. Rizal observed the actions of O-Sei-San with a ideal quality of a woman as intelligent, charming and beautiful . A could no longer asked for more about the personal character of O-Sei-San. The reciprocity of love was also with Rizal as she observed the man as intelligent, compassionate, gallant, with integrity and dignity in character that made her attracted and fell the spell of love.

They later on became sweetheart and taught her many things about the language, culture and life in Japan.

O-Sei-Sans beauty and affection would put Rizal to a commitment to settle down and have to raise family in Japan. He had no problem about a good job because he was offered to work at the Spanish Legation. However he decide to leave again for the sake of his country and people. On the eve of his departure, he wrote his diary:

Japan has enchanted me. The beautiful scenery, the flowers, the trees, and the trees, and the inhabitants-so peaceful, so courteous, and so pleasant. O Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a happy golden month; I do not know if I can have another one that in all my life . Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honors-these have not been wanting. To think that I am leaving this life for the uncertain, the unknown. There I was offered an easy way to live, beloved and esteemed To you I dedicate the final chapter of these memoirs of my youth. No woman, like you, has ever sacrificed for me. Like the flower of the chodji that falls from the stem fresh and whole without falling leaves or without withering-with poetry still despite its fall-this you fewll. Neither have you lost your purity nor have the delicate petals of your innocence faded-Sayonara, Sayonara! You shall never return to know that I have once more thought of you and that your image lives in my memory; and undoubtedly, I am always thinking of you. Your name lives in the sight of my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts. When shall I return to pass another divine afternoon like that in the temple of Meguro? When shall the sweet hours. I spend with your return? When shall I find them sweeter, more tranquil, more pleasing? You the color of the camellia ,its freshness ,its elegance Ah! Last descendant of a noble family, faithful to an unfortunate vengeance, you are lovely likeeverything has ended! Sayonara, Sayonara!

In United States, he visited California, Utah, Nebraska, Chicago and New York. From his visit across the American continent, he was impressed by the beautiful landscape including the majestic mountains, rock and rivers. He also noticed the high standard of living in America which was like in the Europe with lot of opportunities for employment in factories and agricultural production throughout America. However, he observed that there was racial discrimination of the Asians and Negroes which remained to be dominant in the workplace and employment to the contemporary time. These the interesting account of Rizal's journey across America in his diary:

May 4,1888 May 4, at 3 P. M. the quarantine was lifted. I stayed in the Palace Hotel, $4 a day with bath and all. Stockton Street 312. I saw the Golden Gate. On Sunday the stores are not open. The best street in San Francisco is Market Street. Took a walk. [Leland] Stanford is the richest man. We left S. Francisco Sunday the 6th at 4:30 P. M. Ferry to Oakland. Railroad train. Another ferry from Port Costa to Benicia. Fields, and cattle, but neither huts nor herdsmen. A country store. Ate in Sacramento 75. We slept in the coach. We got out for an hour at Reno where we had breakfast at 7:35.

May 7, 1888 ( Monday)

I saw an Indian who was dressed half European, half Indian, leaning against a wall. Wide arid deserts with few plants, and without trees or shrubs. Desolate. Solitary. Mountains bare. Sandy. A wide stretch of white ground which looks like gypsum. In the distance, beyond this sandy desert, blue mountains are visible. It is hot, yet there is snow on the tops of some mountains.

May 8, 1888 ( Tuesday)

We are near Ogden. I think with irrigation and a good system of canals it would be possible to make these fields fertile. The prairie is strewn with horses, cows and trees. There are cabins in the distance. From Ogden to Denver. We put our watch ahead one hour. Yellow flowers begin to appear by the roadside. The shores of Salt Lake are lovely compared to what we have just seen. The asses are very large. Three little Mormon girls in Farmington. They are few people here excepting Mormons. Dainty houses among the trees, poplars, straight streets, flowers, houses very low. The children speak to us in Salt Lake City. Women are the ones who wait on the tables. We travelled between the mountains through a narrow canyon. Rocks on one side, on other, the river rushing excitedly, giving life to the dead landscape. We got off in Colorado, the fourth state through which we passed. At ten thirty we will climb to the heights where we can get snow along the roadside. Many pine trees. The snow on the mountain is a dazzling, resplendent white. We pass through some wooden tunnels built to protect the road from the snow. The drops of ice in the tunnel spread brilliant reflections from the sun's rays and are like waterfalls of diamonds, magical in their effect. The porter of the Pullman Car, an American, looks like a highwayman.

May 10,1888 ( Thursday)

Nebraska is a level territory. At four in the afternoon we reached Omaha, the biggest city I have seen since we left San Francisco. The Missouri river is twice as wide as the Pasig is at the widest point. It is muddy; its banks are not pretty. Two and one half minutes to pass over the bridge that spans the Missouri; the train goes slowly. We are in Illinois.

May 11,1888 ( Friday)

What I observe about Chicago is that every tobacco store has an Indian, and everyone is different. 2775 Washington Street, Boston, Miss C. G. Smith (Rizal made her acquaintance on the train.)

May 12, 1888 ( Saturday)

In a good Wagner [eating] Car we ate our breakfast. The country is beautiful and thickly populated. In the afternoon we reached English territory (Canada), and soon we saw the Niagara Falls. We stood several hours to examine the most beautiful points. We went under the waterfall itself. I stood among the rocks, and certainly it was the grandest cascade I have ever seen. Not as pretty nor mysteriously lovely as the Falls at Los Baos (Pagsanjan Falls), but its grandeur is more gigantic and imposing, and baffles all comparison. There is a mysterious sound, an echo pervading everywhere.

May 13, 1888 ( Sunday)

We got out near Albany, which is a big city. The Hudson River, which flows past it, carries a variety of ships. The landscape is beautiful and might make the best in Europe envious. The banks of the Hudson are very beautiful although solitary compared to the Pasig (River). Masses of granite rock have been cut to give passage to the railway. In some places the rocks are immense. There are lovely homes among the trees. Our great transcontinental journey will end at ten minutes past eleven tomorrow. When he reached New York he stayed there for three days the he departed from America on May 16, 1888.

Hymn to Labor

Chorus: For the Motherland in war, For the Motherland in peace, Will the Filipino keep watch, He will live until life will cease! MEN: Now the East is glowing with light, Go! To the field to till the land, For the labour of man sustains Famly, home and Motherland. Hard the land may turn to be, Scorching the rays of the sun above For the country, wife and children All will be easy to our love. Chorus: WIVES: Go to work with spirits high, For the wife keeps home faithfully, Inculcates love in her children For virtue, knowledge and country. When the evening brings repose, On returning joy awaits you, And if fate is adverse, the wife, Shall know the task to continue. Chorus: MAIDENS: H ail! Hail! Praise to labour, Of the country wealth and vigor! For it brow serenes exalted, Its her blood, life, and ardor. If some youth would show his love Labor his faith will sustain : Only a man who struggles and works

Will his offspring know to maintain. Chorus: CHILDREN: Teac h, us ye the laborious work To pursue your footsteps we wish, For tomorrow when country calls us We may be able your task to finish. And on seeing us the elders will say: Look, theyre worthy f their sires of yore! Incense does not honor the dead As does a son with glory and valor.

Noli Me Tangere

Si Crisostomo Ibarra ay isang binatang Pilipino na pinag-aral ng kanyang ama sa Europa. Pagkatapos ng pitong taong pamamalagi roon ay nagbalik ito sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa kanyang pagdating ay naghandog si Kapitan Tiyago ng isang salo-salo kung saan ito ay dinaluhan nina Padre Damaso, Padre Sibyla, Tinyente Guevarra, Donya Victorina at ilang matataas na tao, sa lipunan Kastila. Sa hapunang iyon ay hiniya ni Padre Damaso na siyang dating kura ng San Diego, ang binata ngunit ito'y hindi na lamang niya pinansin at magalang na nagpaalam at nagdahilang may mahalagang lalakarin. Si Ibarra ay kasintahan ni Maria Clara. Siya kilala bilang anak-anakan ni Kapitan Tiyago, isang mayamang taga-Binundok. Ang binata ay dumalaw sa dalaga kinabukasan at sa kanilang pag-uulayaw ay di nakaligtaang gunitain ang kanilang pagmamahalan simula pa sa kanilang pagkabata. Di nakaligtaang basahing muli ni Maria Clara ang mga liham ng binata sa kanya bago pa man ito magaral sa Europa. Bago tumungo si Ibarra sa San Diego ay ipinagtapat sa kanya ni Tinyente Guevarra ng Guardia Sibil ang tungkol sa pagkamatay nga kanyang amang si Don Rafael, ang mayamang asendero sa bayang yaon. Ayon sa Tinyente, si Don Rafael ay pinaratangan ni Padre Damaso, na Erehe at Pilibustero, gawa ng di nito pagsisimba at pangungumpisal. Nadagdagan pa ng isang pangyayari ang paratang na ito. Minsan ay may isang maniningil ng buwis na nakaaway ng isang batang mag-aaral, nakita ito ni Don Rafael at tinulungan ang bata, nagalit ang kubrador at sila ang nagpanlaban, sa kasamaang palad ay tumama ang ulo ng kastila sa isang bato na kanyang ikinamatay. Ibinintang ang pagkamatay na ito ng kubrador kay Don Rafael, pinag-usig siya, nagsulputan ang kanyang mga lihim na kaaway at nagharap ng iba-ibang sakdal. Siya ay nabilanggo at ng malapit nang malutas ang usapin ay nagkasakit ang matanda at namatay sa bilangguan. Di pa rin nasiyahan si Padre Damaso sa pangyayaring iyon. Inutusan niya ng tagapaglibing na hukayin ang bangkay ni Don Rafael sa kinalilibingan nitong sementeryo para sa katoliko at ibaon sa libingan ng mga Intsik at dahil umuulan noon at sa kabigatan ng bangkay ay ipinasya ng tagapaglibing na itapon na lamang ito sa lawa. Hindi binalak ni Ibarra ang maghiganti sa ginawang kabuktutang ito ni Padre Damaso at sa halip ay ipinagpatuloy ang balak ng kanyang ama na magpatayo ng paaralan. Sa pagdiriwang ng paglalagay ng unang bato ng paaralan ay kamuntik nang mapatay si Ibarra kung hindi siya nailigtas ni Elias. Sa paglagpak ng bato habang ito'y inihuhugos ay hindi si Ibarra ang

nasawi kundi ang taong binayaran ng lihim na kaaway ng binata. Sa pananghaliang inihandog ni Ibarra pagkatapos ng pagbabasbas ay muling pinasaringan ni Padre Damaso ang binata, hindi na lamang niya sana ito papansinin subalit nang hamakin ang alaala ng kanyang ama ay hindi na siya nakapagpigil at tinangkang saksakin ang pari, salamat na lamang at napigilan ito ni Maria Clara. Dahil sa pangyayaring ito ay itiniwalag o ineskomonyon si Ibarra ng Arsobispo ng simbahang Katoliko Romano. Sinamantala ito ni Padre Damaso upang utusan si Kapitan Tiyago na sirain ang kasunduan sa pagpapakasal nina Ibarra at Maria Clara. Nais ng pari na ang mapangasawa ng dalaga ay si Linares na isang binatang kastila na bagong dating sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagkasindak sa gumuhong bato noong araw ng pagdiriwang si Maria Clara'y nagkasakit at naglubha. Dahil sa ipinadalang gamot ni Ibarra na siya namang ipinainom ni Sinang gumaling agad ang dalaga. Sa tulong ng Kapitan Heneral ay napawalang-bisa ang pagkakaeskomulgado ni Ibarra at ipinasya ng arsobispo na muli siyang tanggapin sa simbahang Katoliko. Ngunit, nagkataon noong sinalakay ng mga taong pinag-uusig ang kwartel ng sibil at ang napagbintangang may kagagawan ay si Ibarra kaya siya ay dinakip at ibinilanggo. Wala talagang kinalaman dito ang binata sapagkat nang kausapin siya ni Elias upang pamunuan ang mga pinag-uusig ay tahasan siyang tumanggi at sinabing kailanman ay hindi siya maaring mamuno sa mga taong kumakatawan sa bayan. Napawalang-bisa ang bintang kay Ibarra sapagkat sa paglilitis na ginawa ay walang sino mang makapagsabi na siya'y kasabwat sa kaguluhang naganap. Subalit ang sulat niya kay Maria Clara na napasakamay ng hukuman ang siyang ginawang sangkapan upang siya'y mapahamak. Nagkaroon ng handaan sa bahay nina Kapitan Tiyago upang ipahayag ang kasunduan sa pagpapakasal ni Maria Clara kay Linares at samantalang nagaganap ito ay nakatakas ni Ibarra sa bilangguan sa tulong ni Elias. Bago tuluyang tumakas ay nagkaroong ng pagkakataon si Ibarrang magkausap sila ng lihim ni Maria Clara,. Anya'y ipinagkaloob na niya rito ang kalayaan at sana'y lumigaya siya at matahimik na ang kalooban. Ipinaliwanag ni Maria Clara na ang liham na kanyang iniingatan at siyang ginamit sa hukuman ay nakuha sa kanya sa pamamagitan ng pagbabanta t pananakot. Ippinalit sa mga liham na ito ang dalawang liham na isinulat ng kanyang ina bago siya ipanganak na nakuha ni Padre Salvi sa kumbento at dito nasasaad na ang tunay niyang ama ay si Padre Damaso. Sinabi niya kay Ibarra na kaya siya pakakasal kay Linares ay upang ipagtanggol ang karangalan ng kanyang ina subalit ang pag-iibig niya saa binata ay di magbabago kailanman. Samantala, tumakas na si Ibarra sa tulong ni Elias. Sumakay sila ng bangka, pinahiga si Ibarra at tinabunan ng damo at pagkatapos ay tinunton ang ilog Pasig hanggang makarating sa Lawa ng Bay. Ngunit naabutan sila ng mga tumutugis sa kanila. Inisip ni Elias na iligaw ang mga ito kaya naisipan niyang lumundag sa tubig kung saan inakalang si Ibarra ang tumalon kaya hinabol at pinaputukan siya ng mga sibil hanggang mahawi ang bakas ng pagkakalangoy at magkulay-dugo ang tubig. Nakarating sa kaalaman ni Maria Clara na si Ibarra'y napatay ng mga Sibil sa kanyang pagtakas. Ang dalaga'y nalungkot at nawalan ng pag-asa kaya't hiniling niya kay Padre Damaso na siya'y ipasok sa kumbento ng Santa Clara upang magmadre. Napilitang pumayag ang pare sapagkat tiyakang sinabi ng dalaga na siya'y magpapakamatay kapag hindi pinagmadre. Noche Buena nang makarating si Elias sa maalamat na gubat ng mga Ibarra, sugatan at nanghihina na doon niya nakatagpo si Basilio at ina nitong wala nang buhay. Bago siya nalagutan ng hininga ay sinabing, namatay siyang hindi nakikita ang pagbubukangliwayway ng kanyang bayan at makakikita ay huwag sanang kalilimutan ang mga nangamatay dahil sa pagtatanggol sa bayan.

Repleksyon:

nalaman ko na ang noli me tangere ay hango sa totoong buhay ni Rizal at ito rin ay nakatuon tungkol sa pangaapi ng mga kastila sa mga pilipino na kagaya ni Rizal na nilabanan niya ang mga kastila.Parehas din sila na naapi ang mga mahal sa buhay masaya ako dahil kaya ni Rizal na pamulatin ang mga pilipino laban sa mga kastila gamit ang nobelang Noli Me Tangere.

Uncle Toms Cabin

By James Tackach So youre the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war! President Abraham Lincoln reportedly said to Harriet Beecher Stowe when he met her at a White House reception on December 2, 1862. Lincolns hyperbole held a degree of truth. Stowes blockbuster novel, Uncle Toms Cabin, serialized in The National Era in 1851 and 1852 and published in book form shortly thereafter, had so highlighted the issue of slavery that, a decade later, Americas young men were willing to slaughter each other in unimaginable numbers to preserve or destroy that peculiar institution. Ironically, one of the casualties of the war that Uncle Toms Cabin helped to ignite was Frederick William Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowes fourth child. A veteran of some of the Army of the Potomacs bloodiest engagements, Frederick Stowe became an official war casualty at Gettysburg when he was hit in the head by a shell, fired during the artillery barrage before Picketts Charge. But the war alone was not responsible for the ruination of Harriet Beecher Stowes son. Frederick Stowe was already a casualty long before the Confederate guns began firing upon Fort Sumter to some degree a casualty of his mothers fame. Mrs. Stowes writings might have helped free Americas slaves, but her literary fame and the demands it placed upon her complicated Fredericks upbringing, perhaps creating problems that worsened as a result of his wartime service. Harriet Beecher Stowe and her husband, Calvin, were New Englanders. Harriet had moved to Ohio in 1832 with her father, Lyman Beecher, who had taken a teaching post at Lane Seminary. Calvin Stowe and his first wife, Eliza, had also left the East for Ohio so that he could teach at the seminary. Seventeen months after Eliza died in a cholera epidemic that swept through Cincinnati during the summer of 1834, Calvin married Harriet. Twin girls, Hatty and Eliza, were born to the couple in September 1836, and Henry Ellis Stowe was born 16 months later. Frederick William Stowe was born in Walnut Hills, Ohio, near Cincinnati, on May 6, 1840.

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Harriet Stowe was bedridden for two months after the birth of her fourth child, so Frederick was sent to live with a wet nurse in Cincinnatithe first of many separations from his mother that Frederick endured

during the first 15 years of his life. Calvin, too, was often away from home, lecturing and raising funds to keep the ever-troubled Lane Seminary financially solvent. The Stowe family suffered through numerous personal and family tragedies. In the summer of 1843, when Frederick was 3, Harriets brother George shocked the family by committing suicide. During the next three years, Harriet suffered two miscarriages and became ill with cholera. Tragedy struck again two years later, when the Stowes third son, Samuel Charles, born in January 1848, died of cholera at the age of 18 months. Less than a year after the boys death, the Stowe household was again disrupted. Calvin accepted a teaching position at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, and in April 1850 Harriet and her three older childrenthe twins and Henry Ellisheaded east to set up household there. In Maine, Harriet began writing the novel that would make her famous, completing weekly installments of Uncle Toms Cabin forThe National Era from June 5, 1851, through April 1, 1852. The novel made Harriet an overnight celebrity. Public speaking engagements followed, and in the spring of 1853 she sailed to Great Britain to spread the anti-slavery doctrine there. While Harriet was writing Uncle Toms Cabin and carrying its message across the United States and abroad, Calvin Stowe was struggling with his own career. He taught for a semester at Bowdoin, then returned to Lane Seminary in Ohio for a term. At the same time, Calvin was offered an attractive position at Andover Theological Seminary in Andover, Mass., which he decided to accept. For a period of two years he became a traveling professor, teaching at three schools and commuting incredible distances to honor the commitments he had made to each institution. As she was arranging for the publication of her first book of short stories in 1842, Harriet had questioned whether her professional efforts would negatively affect her children. Our children are just coming to the age when everything depends on my efforts, she wrote. They are delicate in health, and nervous and excitable, and need a mothers whole attention. Can I lawfully divide my attention by literary efforts? Biographers disagree to what extent her career negatively affected her children. Certainly, there were factors out of her control, such as young Samuel Charles dying of cholera and Henry Ellis drowning when he was 19 years old. Fredericks sister Georgiana May, born in 1843, beca me addicted to morphine and died in her 40s. As for Frederick himself, his problem was alcohol, a common enough vice in the mid-19th century. By the age of 16, he was a full-blown alcoholic. While his mother was touring Europe in 1856 and 1857, Fredericks father sent him to his uncle, Thomas Beecher, to dry out. The Rev. Thomas Beecher operated a storefront church in Elmira, N.Y., and he had firsthand experience and success working with alcoholics, prostitutes and derelicts. Beecher committed Frederick to a nearby facility that specialized in the water cure, a mid-19th-century form of therapy that was used to cure depression, alcoholism and various physical maladies. Water cure patients bathed frequently, drank large quantities of fresh spring water and were wrapped daily in dampened blankets in an effort to purify their bodies of harmful substances.

Just as it seemed that Frederick was on the road to recovery, the Stowe family experienced another devastating tragedy when Henry Ellis drowned while he and several of his Dartmouth College classmates were swimming in the Connecticut River. At the very moment when Frederick needed his parents most to support his recovery, they were distracted by yet another family catastrophe. Nonetheless, Frederick was determined to set his life straight. In August 1859, he joined part of the Stowe family for a European tour. He hoped that vigorous hiking would help cure him of his craving for alcohol. On March 31, 1860, Frederick wrote to his father from Rome, admitting that he had been a very troublesome thingfor a long while and expressing hope that, when he returned to America, he would be a comfort to him. He claimed to have changed a great deal while traveling. Frederick returned to the United States and enrolled at Harvard Medical School for the fall 1860 semester. Many of his uncles had entered the ministry, but he thought that a physicians career was one that would also bring the family great honor. In the spring of Fredericks first year at Harvard, the Civil War abruptly interrupted his plans for a medical career. After President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteer troops to put down the rebellion, Frederick joined Company A of the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, which was formed in May 1861. For three weeks, the regiment headquartered at Bostons Faneuil Hall and drilled before patriotic spectators on Boston Common. While Frederick trained, his mother wrote letters in which she fretted about the temptations and dangers of the camp that her son might confront and about his being prisoner among barbarians, or wounded and helpless. In mid-June, the new troops boarded a ship for Washington, D.C., making a stop in Jersey City. While Fredericks boat was docked there, his mother was visiting her brother in New York City. Hearing that her soldier son was nearby, Harriet boarded the Fulton Ferry and traveled to New Jersey to meet him. In a letter to her husband the next day, she described the young soldier as bristling with knapsack and haversack, and looking like an assortment of packages. He was in high spirits, and Harriet stuffed his pockets with fresh oranges. Frederick saw his first action a month later. On July 16, 1861, Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led 35,000 Union soldiers toward Confederate troops massed at a railroad junction near Manassas, Va. En route, men from the 1st Massachusetts looted stores in Vienna and burned houses in Germantown. They got their first taste of battle on July 18 as they approached Bull Run Creek, near Blackburns Ford. There, Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler, Stowes divisional commander, sent men from the 1st Massachusetts and 12th New York regiments against Rebel troops stationed on the opposite bank of Bull Run. The Confederates beat back the Federal assault, killing 13 men in Stowes regiment and wounding 20 others. Three days later, the First Battle of Bull Run was fought. After that catastrophic Union defeat, Stowe was truly a veteran soldier, and he received a promotion to sergeant when his regiment regrouped in Washington.

For the next two years, Stowe saw little action. The 1st Massachusetts remained encamped near Washington for several months. In January 1862, he was transferred to the 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, which was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Runyon and other nearby forts southwest of Washington. The presence of a celebritys son in the regiment thrilled Fredericks new comrades, prompting the regimental historian to note his arrival in his journal and comment that he had considerable social prestige. Stowe was soon promoted to second lieutenant. Garrison duty was monotonous; days were filled with endless drills and guard duty. For Stowe, who was still drying himself out, the temptation to drink came often, despite nightly temperance meetings in Union camps. On September 17, 1862, Stowe wrote to his mother and complained about the dreariness of camp life: My regt will neaver [sic] go into action and so long as I remain here I shall neaver be advanced. Harriet quickly acted on her sons complaint. She traveled to Washington in late November, stopping at Fort Runyon to see Frederick before meeting with President Lincoln to discuss the forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation. While in Washington, she spoke with an old friend, Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr, a divisional commander in the Army of the Potomacs XI Corps, about her sons problem, and he agreed to appoint the young lieutenant to his personal staff as assistant adjutant general, with a promotion to captain. As a generals aide-de-camp, Stowe was exempt from combat duty. He delivered messages and filed reports for his commanding officer, usually performing his duties a fair distance away from the fighting. But that changed when the Union army moved onto the field at Gettysburg. The XI Corps was one of the first to arrive and clash with the Confederates at Gettysburg. At 1 p.m. on July 1, 1863, Maj. Gen. Oliver Howard followed Brig. Gen. John Bufords cavalry onto the high ground outside the town. Howard sent part of his corps to meet the Confederate troops already sweeping through Gettysburg, and posted his remaining forces on Cemetery Hill. Frederick spent the duration of the Battle of Gettysburg on Cemetery Hill. His corps took heavy casualties during the battle for the hill on July 2, the second day of the conflict. The next day the men waited nervously for the inevitable final push that would determine the outcome of the battle. At about 2:30 p.m., a monstrous Rebel artillery barrage began on Cemetery Ridge to soften the Federal lines in preparation for Maj. Gen. George Picketts doomed charge. During the shelling, according to General von Steinwehrs official report, Capt. F.W. Stowe, assistant adjutant-general of this division, wasseverely wounded in the head by a piece of shell. As word spread of the terrible battle at Gettysburg, the Stowes, like so many other Americans on the home front, waited anxiously for news. The family learned of Fredericks wound almost two weeks later, via a letter from a Union chaplain.

Addressed to Harriet, the letter stated that among the thousands of wounded and dying men on this warscarred field was her son, who had been struck by a fragment of a shell, which entered his right-ear. The chaplain added that young Frederick was quietand cheerful, longs to see some member of his family, and is, above all, anxious that they should hear from him as soon as possible. When the makeshift hospitals on the Gettysburg battlefield were closed, Stowe was sent to New York City for extended care and recovery. In the fall of 1863, when it became apparent that his condition would not allow him to return to combat, he was honorably discharged from the Army of the Potomac. Soon after his discharge, Frederick moved to his parents new home in Hartford and began drinking again, often disappearing for days at a time. When sober, he struggled hard to break his addiction. He joined the Episcopal Church, hoping that a new spiritual life would help dissuade him from the temptations of the flesh. His parents, thinking that a warm climate might help their wayward son, leased a cotton plantation and later purchased a citrus farm in Florida for Frederick to manage. But he continued drinking and failed miserably as a plantation overseer. In 1867, the Stowes paid for their sons stay at an alcoholic treatment center in Binghamton, N.Y., but he was still unable to kick his habit. Stowes problems were a great embarrassment to his family, yet his mother stuck by his side. Harriet implored her daughters to understand their wayward brother. Fred was no weaker, no more unsuccessful against his besetting sin than you against yours only the consequences to him are more fatal and dreadful, she wrote. In another letter, Harriet asserted: Fred will not fall away so as to finally perish, and I have strong faith in his final recovery.God will hear my prayers and open some way of escape. Harriets prayers were not answered. During the summer of 1871, Frederick boarded a ship in Florida bound for the West Coast. He arrived safely in San Francisco after the long journey around Cape Horn. From there, he intended to go to sea, in hopes of breaking his alcohol addiction. But Frederick disappeared before boarding any ship. He was never heard from again. His parents hired private investigators, but no trace of their missing son was ever discovered. What happened to Frederick Stowe? Suicide is one possibility. A few months before disappearing, he wrote to his mother, [D]id I only think of my own confort [sic] I would kill myself and end it all, but I know that you and all the family would feel the disgrace such an end would bring upon you and the talk and scandle [sic] it would give rise to. Other explanations for Stowes disappearance are also plausible. Perhaps he met some gruesome end while touring the rough and rowdy waterfront taverns along San Franciscos wharf. Perhaps he was shanghaied and pressed into involuntary servitude aboard a sailing vessel for the rest of his life. Or he might simply have changed his identity and cut himself off from his family to avoid causing the Stowes further embarrassment. Whatever the case, his disappearance devastated his mother. She lived another 25 years, longing daily for her lost son, often checking the mail for a missive from Fred in some far-off port. Once, when she was elderly and her memory was failing, Harriet embraced a total stranger on a Hartford street, thinking he

was Frederick. But by then her son was long gone, another casualty of the war her famous book had helped to start.

Jose Rizal as Traveler

In 1885, the 24-year old Rizal went to Paris, France to pursue his career as an ophthalmologist. He tried his skills in music and studied solfeggio, piano and voice culture for a month and a half. He worked as an assistant to the renowned ophthalmologist, Dr. Louis de Weckert, and left for Heidelberg after a year. He settled in the house of a Lutheran, Karl Ullmer and worked in the clinics of famous Polish and German ophthalmologists, Dr. Javier Galezowsky and Dr. Otto Becker, respectively. In Heidelberg, he was astound with the flowers along the Neckar River, especially the forget-me-nots, which made him compose the poem, A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg), on April 22, 1886. It was also in this German city where the long-distance friendship between Jose Rizal and Ferdinand Blumentritt began. Rizal traveled to Leipzig and attended some lectures at its local university. After which he went to Berlin to further study ophthalmology and other languages, to get familiar with the scenic Germany, to be part of the scientific community, and to finish his novel, Noli Me Tangere. However, he was struck by financial problem in Berlin as he was short of allowance from Calamba.

Second Travel
Realizing that his family's and friends' safety were at risked; and that his fight against the Spaniards have better chance of winning if he'd stay abroad, Rizal, six months after, finally decided to sail back to Europe. Before his departure, a friend from Lipa City, Batangas asked of him a poem dedicated to the industrious workers in their town. Privileged, Rizal wrote the Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor).

A glance of East Asia

On February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal sailed to Hongkong as a frustrated being who wanted the utmost reform in his native land. Terreros former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varranda, followed Rizal in the said British colony, and was believed to be commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on the hero. After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Oceanic, he left Hongkong and sailed to Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation. His instinct told him that it was a bait a way for the Spanish officials to keep track of his activities. And since it was economical to stay at the legation and he believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it. Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly observed the life, customs and culture of the people. He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to its women, particularly with the 23-year old O-SeiSan (a.k.a. Usui Seiko).

Sail to the West

Rizal was almost tempted to settle in Japan with O-Sei-San, but on April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the English steamer, Belgic bound for the United States, reaching the land on April 28. He visited San Francisco, left it on the second day for Oklahoma, then to Sacramento, then to Reno, and finally to New York. On May 16, 1888 the ship, City of Rome sailed for Liverpool and where he decided to stay in

London until March 1899. Rizal chose to stay in London so that he could improve his English skills, study and do an annotation of Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas and because he believed that the said English city was a safe place for him to carry on the reforms he wanted for the Philippines. He stayed at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor's home and boarded at the Beckett family where he fell in love with Gertrude.

In Great Britain
In London, Rizal received both good news and bad news from home. The good news was that Rev. Vicente Garcia was defending his Noli from the attacks of the friars. On the other hand, the bad news were that the Filipino signatories of the Petition of 1888 and the tenants of the Calamba agrarian trouble were facing persecution; that his brothers-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo and Mariano Herbosa, were exiled to Bohol and was denied Christian burial, respectively; and his friend, Laureano Viado, a UST medical student, was imprisoned for possessing a copy of his Noli. During his stay in this country, Rizal also made used of his time in writing essays and articles for the La Solidaridad. On June 12, 1889, with Filipino and Spanish friends, they founded the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino which aimed for union and reforms. After ten months, Rizal left London and departed for Paris.

In France
In Paris, Rizal continued his study on various languages and practiced his artistic skills, and finished two statues - The Beggar and The Maid With A Basket. He organized a social club called Kidlat Club which brought together young Filipinos residing in France. Soon, the members of the said club founded a new Filipino society the Indios Bravos, an organization which envisioned Filipinos being recognized by Spain for being excellent in various fields of knowledge. By January 1890, Rizal's annotation of the Sucesos was finally printed and publihed by the Garnier Freres.

In Belgium
With his roommate, Jose Albert, Rizal celebrated Christmas in Paris. Shortly after New Year, he visited London for the last time and on January 28, 1890, left Paris for Brussels. With Albert, they left the extravagant and gay social life in Paris and stayed in a boarding house owned by the Jacoby sisters in Brussels. Rizal continued contributing for La Solidaridad under the pseudonyms Dimas Alang andLaong Laan. From Calamba, Rizal received letters telling that the agrarian trouble in the province was getting worse, and as such, he decided to go home. But instead of going home, a letter from Pacianotold him that they already lost the case against the Dominicans and they were in need of a lawyer who would defend their family and the families in Calamba from Madrid. Rizal traveled to Madrid to seek justice but in vain he could not find the right person and he heard that his family was already evicted from their land in Calamba and other family members were banished to Mindoro and Manila.

In Spain
Rizal had many misadventures in Madrid. For one, he challenged Antonio Luna and Wenceslao Retana in a duel. With Luna, it was about the latter's frustration with his unsuccessful love affair with Nellie Boustead, and so gave negative remarks on the lady which Rizal did not tolerated. The other encounter was with Retana who had insulted Rizal and his family by writing in La Epoca, an anti-Filipino newspaper, that the Rizal family in Calamba was ejected from their lands because they did not pay their rents. It is also from this city where Rizal heard the news of Leonor Rivera's marriage with Henry Kipping, an Englishman, which terrible broke his heart.

Another marked event in Madrid was the Marcelo H. del Pilar-Jose Rizal rivalry for leadership in the Asociacion Hispano Filipino. A faction emerged from the Filipinos in Madrid, the Rizalistas andPilaristas, Rizal and del Pilar's compatriots, respectively, during the organization's election. Losing the election, Rizal decided to go back home, fearing that his presence may result to bigger and stronger faction among the Filipinos in Madrid. But instead of going straight to Hongkong, he went back to Brussels to finish his second novel, the El Filibusterismo. (For a detailed discussion regarding the novel, click here).