The gures show the asymmetry of diffraction of layered lithium niobate, the shape of curve obtained is similar to that

obtained theoretically. For the coupling of beams in Crystal 1, the ratio of writing intensities is not 1 in Crystal 2, the intensities of transmission of diffraction beams are not zero. If writing in grating on both sides use ratio of intensities of 1, it will improve the results. There are further experiments to prove the diffraction intensities that readout beams come from the opposite directions.
4. CONCLUSION

From the study of the diffraction beams of grating we have founded the following: (1) The diffraction efciency is independent of optic axis; (2) Because of the different directions of optic axis, it is determined that the diffraction intensities are different when the two beams are incident on the grating; (3) When the beams come from opposite directions, it t to the similar equations that described forward. So, it can achieve beams of unidirectional diffraction. We reported it is possible that all-optical diode in two pieces of photorefractive crystals. Unidirectional diffraction was demonstrated theoretically, and experiment proved asymmetry diffraction in one side.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10572155) and the Key Industrial Project of Guangdong Province (2005A10602002).
REFERENCES 1. M.D. Tocci, M.J. Bloemer, M. Scalora, J.P. Dowling, and C.M. Bowden, Thin-lm nonlinear optical diode, Appl Phys Lett 66 (1995), 2324 2326. 2. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick holograms gratings, Bell Syst Tech J 48 (1969), 2909 2947. 3. D.W. Vahey, J Appl Phys 46 (1975), 3510 3515. 4. V.V. Krishnamachari, O. Grothe, H. Deitmar, and C. Denz, Novelty ltering with a photorefractive lithiumniobate crystal, Appl Phys Lett 87 (2005), 071105. Figure 6 Experiment results 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

of diffraction beams and c axis compare with the forward direction is reverse, so the intensities of diffraction beams increase in crystal ek 1 1, we can calculate the value, taking r k s into equation e 1 2 2 (8), obtain Ds s 0 tanh k, it is diffraction intensities of opposite direction. Diffraction beams of the structure have the unidirectional diffraction character. Neglect the grating is optically damaged during readout, k is stabilization, and so the diffraction and input intensities are linearity proportion.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

MEANDERING PROBE FED PATCH ANTENNA WITH HIGH GAIN CHARACTERISTIC FOR CIRCULARLY POLARIZED APPLICATION
Hau-Wah Lai and Kwai-Man Luk Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Received 21 September 2006 ABSTRACT: A meandering probe-fed circularly polarized stacked patch antenna with truncated corners is studied. The antenna has a wide 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 12%. It exhibits a stable radiation pattern across the axial ratio bandwidth. The antenna has low cross polarization and high gain, which are 14 dB and 10 dBi, respectively. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 10951098, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22357 Key words: circularly polarization; wide axial ratio bandwidth; probe feed; high gain

Figure 5 shows the experimental sketch of measuring the structure that is described above. Thickness of every piece of crystals is 2 mm; the optic axis direction of two crystals are opposite; the crystals are same Fe: LiNbO3; the polarization of beams is normal to the plane of incidence; after writing grating, shut down the reference beams; we can adjust the wave plate to change the intensities of readout beams; record the intensities D1 and D2, and draw the curve using the recorded D1 and D2 values as shown in Figure 6(b). Next, shut down the signal beams, and by recording the intensities of reference and diffraction beams, draw the curve as shown in Figure 6(a).

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1. INTRODUCTION

Patch antennas are attractive for various applications because of low prole and low cost characteristics. Some miniature circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas [13] have smaller size than conventional CP patch antennas. However, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of these antennas is very narrow, which is typically less than 1.5%. For some wireless communication systems, such as the personal communication system (PCS) (1.771.99 GHz), the bandwidth requirement is over 10%. Therefore, CP patch antennas with wide 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth are necessary. Using the L-shaped probe [4] to feed a circular patch with a cross slot, a 4.5% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth can be obtained [5]. With the use of a probe fed corner-truncated patch on an L-shaped ground plane with substrate thickness of 0.150, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of the antenna can be enhanced to about 10% [6]. Even though these two antennas are simple in structure and wide in 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, their gains are not high, which are about 6.8 and 8.5 dBi, respectively. Recently, a meandering probe feed mechanism has been proposed to excite a patch antenna [79]. Both the impedance bandwidth and the gain of a patch antenna can be increased. In this letter, by combining the use of a corner-truncated patch and a meandering probe feed, a meandering probe fed truncated corners stacked patch antenna is proposed. Results show that the antenna has wide axial ratio bandwidth and high gain.
2. ANTENNA GEOMETRY

Figure 2 Axial ratio versus frequency of the antenna. ( ), measured; ( ), simulated

SMA connector and the other end connected to the lower patch. The antenna has a circular ground plane of radius of 100 mm (0.6750). Referring to Figure 1, the dimensions of the meandering probe are g 1.45 mm (0.010), h 9.3 mm (0.0630), and s 23.7 mm (0.160). The dimensions of the antenna are optimized by a parametric study with the aid of IE3D ver 10.1.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The geometry of the meandering probe fed truncated corners stacked-patch antenna is shown in Figure 1. The upper and lower patches, both of which have the same thickness of 1 mm, are in square shape and have lengths L1 66 mm (0.4450) and L2 56 mm (0.3780), respectively. Several small plastic spacers support the patches. The two square patches respectively have a pair of truncated corners with length d1 23.5 mm (0.1590) and d2 17 mm (0.1150). The upper patch is a parasitic element, while the meandering probe feeds the lower patch. The upper and lower patches respectively generate two orthogonal near-degenerate resonant modes for CP radiation and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of the antenna can be enhanced. The height of the lower patch H1 is 11.5 mm (0.0780) and the separation between the upper and lower patch H2 is 7 mm (0.0470). The meandering probe has a rectangular cross-section of thickness 0.5 mm (0.0030) and width ws 16 mm (0.1080). It has one end connected to a 50-ohm

The center frequency of a prototype of the proposed antenna is 2.02 GHz. Figure 2 shows the simulated and measured axial ratio versus frequency of the antenna. It shows that the antenna has a simulated 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 13.8%, which is from 1.885 to 2.164 GHz, while the measured 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 12% from 1.904 to 2.15 GHz. Figure 3 shows the simulated and measured standing wave ratio (SWR) and gain of the antenna. It is observed that the simulated and measured impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 34% (1.576 2.225 GHz) and 29% (1.6 2.145 GHz) for SWR less than 2. This bandwidth is wide enough to cover the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth. It can also be seen in Figure 3 that the antenna has a stable gain of 10 dBi across the operating bandwidth. Without using the stacked patch structure, a meandering probe fed single patch antenna (with substrate thickness of 0.10) has a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 8.2% and a gain of 10 dBi by simulation. This shows that the stacked patch can increase the antennas 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, but it cannot increase its gain. When an L-shaped probe replaces the meandering probe to feed the single patch, a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 8% and a gain of about 9 dBi have been obtained by simulation.

Figure 1 The geometry of the meandering probe fed truncated corners stacked patches antenna: (a) top view; (b) side view

Figure 3 SWR versus frequency of the antenna. ( ), measured; ( ), simulated

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Figure 4 Radiation patterns of the antenna at (a) 1.905 GHz, (b) 2.07 GHz, (c) 2.12GHz. () E-right, 0; (----) E-left, 0; (-) E-right, 90; () E-right, 90

Even though the two feeding mechanisms have the same performance on 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, it is evidenced that the meandering probe can optimize the gain of a CP patch antenna. It is because the meandering probe could suppress the excitation from the vertical portion of the feeding probe [79]. As a result, with the use of a meandering probe, the stacked patch antenna exhibits both wide axial ratio bandwidth and high gain characteristics. Figure 4 shows the simulated and measured radiation patterns of the antenna at 1.905, 2.07, and 2.12 GHz. It shows that the crosspolarization level and back lobe level of the antenna is below 14 dB and 16 dB across the operating bandwidth. The results

shows that the 3-dB beamwidth of the antenna is stable in both 0 and 90 planes across the operating bandwidth.
4. CONCLUSION

A CP patch antenna fed by a meandering probe has been designed. With the use of a meandering probe, the antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 29% for SWR 2 and a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 12%. The antenna has a gain of about 10 dBi, which is very high for a single element. Finally, the antenna has a stable radiation pattern across its operating bandwidth.

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REFERENCES 1. M.L. Wong, H. Wong, and K.M. Luk, Small circularly polarised patch antenna, Electron Lett 41 (2005), 7 8. 2. W.S. Chen, C.K. Wu, and K.L. Wong, Novel compact circularly polarized square microstrip antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag AP-49 (2001), 340 342. 3. W.S. Chen, C.K. Wu, and K.L. Wong, Compact circularly polarized microstrip antenna with bent slots, Electron Lett 34 (1998), 1278 1279. 4. K.M. Luk, C.L. Mak, Y.L. Chow, and K.F. Lee, Broadband microstrip patch antenna, Electron Lett 34 (1998), 14421443. 5. W.K. Lo, J.L. Hu, C.H. Chan, and K.M. Luk, L-shaped probe-feed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna with a cross slot, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25 (2000), 251253. 6. F.S. Chang, K.L. Wong, and T.W. Chiou, Low-cost broadband circularly polarized patch antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag AP-51 (2003), 3006 3009. 7. H.W. Lai and K.M. Luk, Wideband patch antenna with low crosspolarisation, Electron Lett 40 (2004), 159 160. 8. H.W. Lai and K.M. Luk, Design and study of wideband patch antenna fed by meandering probe, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag AP-54 (2006), 564 571. 9. H.W. Lai and K.M. Luk, Wideband stacked patch antenna fed by a meandering probe, Electron Lett 41 (2005), 297298. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

frequencies. A microstrip bandstop lter is implemented to illustrate the validity of this design method.
2. FILTER DESIGN USING BOTH DISCRETE-TIME DOMAIN TECHNIQUE AND EQUAL-LENGTH LINE

We consider a second-order notch lter in the Z domain as follows [4, 5] H z z where k 1 cosn , BW 2 k2 , BW 1 tan 2 1 tan (2) 1 k 2 k 1 1 k 2 z 1 z 2 1 , 2 1 k 1 1 k 2 z 1 k 2z 2

(1)

(3)

DESIGN OF BANDSTOP FILTERS USING DISCRETE-TIME NOTCH FILTER, TWO-SECTION STUB, AND FREQUENCY-SCALING METHOD
Ching-Wen Hsue, Yen-Jen Chen, and Yi-Hsien Tsai Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Received 22 September 2006 ABSTRACT: A new method for the design of a bandstop lter is presented. The two-section open stub is employed to emulate a notch lter in the discrete-time domain. A cascade connection of two-section open stubs with proper frequency scaling serves to represent a bandstop lter of wider stopband bandwidth. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the validity of this design method. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1098 1101, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ mop.22356 Key words: equal-length line; notch lter; Z transform; bandstop lter

N and BW are the normalized central angular frequency and bandwidth of the notch lter, respectively. For a notch lter with N 0.3 and BW 0.1, the system function F(z) of the notch lter is as follows
F z 0.8633 1.0148z 1 0.8633z 2 . 11.0148z 1 0.7265z 2

(4)

When the frequency response of the notch lter is concerned, the parameter z in Eq. (4) is replaced with the following relation [4] z e j , (5)

1. INTRODUCTION

Many authors have contributed signicantly to the study of bandstop lters [1 6]. Bell [1] proposed a design procedure for narrow band stopband lters using both TEM transmission line L resonator and parallel-coupled resonators. Amari and Rosenberg [2] investigated the synthesis technique of a new class of bandstop coupled resonator elliptic lters by using two different coupling schemes. The motivation of this work is to explore a nonconventional method to design bandstop lters by using the discrete-time domain technique. In particular, we present a new design of a second-order notch lter in the Z-domain by means of equal-length two-section shuntopen stubs. The bandwidth increment is obtained by a cascade connection of several staged notch lters centered in different

where is the frequency angle. Figure 1 shows the amplitude response of notch lter F(z). The amplitude of notch lter F(z) is unity except in the vicinity of the normalized angular frequency N 0.3. To design the notch lter with transmission lines, we show in Table 1 the chain-scattering-parameter matrices Tij (i,j 1,2) of a serial line, and a two-section-shunt-open stub in the Z domain [6]. The z parameter is obtained by setting z ej 2 il i (i a, 1, 2), where i is the propagation constant and li is the physical length. Notice that each transmission-line section has the same electrical length with ili , where is the propagation delay of nite lines and is the angular frequency. The scattering parameter S21(z) of a transmission-line conguration is related to the chainscattering parameter T11(z) as follows [6] S 21 1 . T 11 z

(6)

From both Eq. (6) and Table 1, we conclude that a two-section shunt-open stub contributes to a pair of complex conjugated zeros located on the unit circle z 1 in the Z plane. A close examination on both Eq. (1) and chain-scattering parameter matrices of Table 1 reveals that the two-section shunt-open stub is well suitable for the implementation of a notch lter. Setting Eq. (1) to approximate the transmission coefcient of a transmission line shunted with a two-section shunt-open stub, we obtain

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