6.2 Fire Load - Deluge

6th International Seminar on Fire on Explosion Hazards University of Leeds April 2010
The Effect of Deluge Water in Jet Fire against Cylindrical Objects

M.Sc. Ragnar Wighus, Chief Scientist , M.Sc. Thai Trung Mai SINTEF NBL as, Norwegian Fire Research Laboratory, Trondheim, Norway
Ragnar Wighus 6th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards Leeds 2010 SINTEF NBL as 1
Content:
Tests with isothermal and adiabatic objects Tests with deluge system activated Practical consequences of the tests The way forward
Test rig
Two test series carried out, contracted by former Hydro Oil & Energy, currently merged into Statoil
The experiments were carried out in a test rig consisting of oil barrels, arranged in rows with three barrels end against end, in a pattern as shown in Figure 1. From one end, three barrels were removed, such that the jet fire hit the fourth barrel centrally inside the grid of barrels The first test series had the purpose to investigate temperatures and heat loads from the jet fire onto insulated and non-insulated objects. The insulated case was in practice carried out with empty barrels, as non-insulated case utilized water-filled barrels. (Adiabatic or isothermal behaviour) The second test series was dedicated the effect of deluge systems on hat load, and was carried out with two different types of deluge nozzles, at varying water application rate, applied after stabilization of the jet fire
Full scale tests with 0,9 kg/s Propane jet (gas phase) in between cylindrical objects
Water filled barrels Empty barrels Water filled barrels, deluge applied from 3,5 m above
HV og MV nozzles, 7 nozzles Application rates from 8,5 21 l/m2 min
Deluge activated
Conditions for tests with deluge

Nozzle identification MV K41 Pressure bar 0,7 1,4 2,2 4,2 2,2 4,2 5,1 Water application rate 2 litres/m min 8,5 12,2 15,1 21 9,5 13,3 14,7
HV K26
Measurements
Measurements of thermocouple temperatures between the barrels is the main result of these test series. In addition, some measurements of thermocouple temperatures centrally inside barrels was carried out Heat flux density to the ambient was measured by total hat flux meters (Medtherm type)
From above 21 2,64 m 14 7 20 13 6 19 12 5 18 11 4 17 10 3 16 9 2 15 8 1 Level I, III and IV
Central plane, from the side
6m
IV 3m III 1m II I 1m
Jet nozzle 25 mm
From above
Deluge system
Rack C Rack B Rack A
2,64 m
Rack D
Cut AA
3m
From the side
7m
A
6m
3m
1m
1m
Cover area for deluge

From above
2m
Propane jet 2,64 m 2 m
Deluge system
7m
Test rig:
Typical temperature history without deluge, thermocouples between barrels

Rack A 1.5 m
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 T id ( sekund er ) Wat er filled barrels Empty barrels
Max 30 sek average temperature without deluge, thermocouples between barrels

1400 1200 1000
T e m p e r a tu r C
800 600 400 200 0 Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4m Water filled barrels Max 30 sek average Empty barrels Max 30 sek average
Average temperatures during tests
Rack A 1-3m Rack B 1-3m Rack C 1-3m Rack D 1-3m
Water filled barrels 1071 1016 1016 1059
Empty barrels 1053 1270 1253 1169
Test results:
1400 1200 1000
T e m p e r a tu r C
800 600 400 200 0 Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack A Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack B Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack C Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D Rack D 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m 1 m 1.5 m 2 m 2.5 m 3 m 4 m Water filled barrels Max 30 sek average Empty barrels Max 30 sek average
Video from test with MV-nozzles
Thermocouples Rack A, MV-nozzles
Thermocouples Rack A, HV-nozzles
Average temperatures during tests
Test results:
Normalized heat flux
MV K41-extern 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0
Without w ater 8,5 l/m 2 m in 9,5 l/m 2 m in 12,2 l/m 2 m in 13,3 l/m 2 m in 14.7 l/m 2 m in 15,1 l/m 2 m in 21,0 l/m 2 m in
MV K41-intern
HV K26-ekstern
HV K26-intern
Results:
The heat flux measured between objects can be in the order of 50 kW/m2 higher when objects are insulated at the surface, compared to objects that are cooled from inside for instance by water or other substances The effect of deluge with HV-nozzles is measured mostly in the upper part of the jet fire The effect of deluge with MV-nozzles is a little bigger than for HVnozzles at 3,5 m application height, still mostly seen in the upper part of the jet fire The extent of the volume with the highest temperatures are reduced, without any significant change in the core zone of the jet fire The reduction of heat flux to the ambient, induced by deluge, reflecting both reduced temperatures and reduced volume with high temperatures, is in the order of 20% at its maximum These conclusions are valid for water application rate from 8 -21 liter/m2 minute
Practical consequences of the tests

Deluge (as tested here) has its largest effect outside the core area of a jet fire, where the velocity is not at its highest A certain reduction of the volume containing the highest heat flux densities is measured This certain reduction of temperatures above 1200 C still gives a reduction of heat load to objects with a certain heat capacity, which in turn leads to slower heating of the objects. This may have a significant value for the race between reduction of steel strength and pressure relief, which is important in process safety matters
Possible continued work:

Investigations on higher water application rates Investigations on larger water application areas Investigation on more direct application of deluge water Optimization of water application variation of droplet sizes and velocities
Possible continued work (2):

It is important to utilize these test results for verification of computer models. Combined efforts with large scale experiments and computer models is the way forwards.
Recent research project started in 2009: The effect of deluge an water monitors in a large scale test rig
Cooperation between ComputIt (Prof. Bjrn F Magnussen) and SINTEF NBL JIP with ConocoPhillips, Statoil og Ptil (at present) Outdoor test location 30m x40m with collection and treatment of run-off water from tests Realistic test rig 15m x 10m area, 10 m high
Aknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Statoil, Norway, who made these tests results available for publication
The test rig at SINTEF NBL as
Before deluge
At the release of deluge
After deluge activation
After deluge activation, max flow of water
Deluge systems
Deluge systems can be either global or local Global system: Et pattern of overhead nozzles with a specified water application rate (10-20 liter/m2 min) Local system: Protects equipment and covers zones that is not covered by the global system HV-nozzles and MV-nozzles (High Velocity, Medium Velocity)
Design of deluge systems

NFPA 15: Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2007 Edition 1.1 Scope. 1.1.1 This standard provides the minimum requirements for the design, installation, and system acceptance testing of water spray fixed systems for fire protection service and the minimum requirements for the periodic testing and maintenance of ultra high-speed water spray fixed systems. 1.1.2* Water spray fixed systems shall be specifically designed to provide for effective fire control, extinguishment, prevention, or exposure protection. 1.1.3* This standard shall not apply to water spray protection from portable nozzles, sprinkler systems, monitor nozzles, water mist suppression systems, explosion suppression, or other means of application covered by other standards of NFPA.
To-dimensjonal sketch of radiative heat flux exchange between a thermocouple and its ambient
IV III II I
References NORSOK S-001 Technical safety (Edition 4, February 2008) Guidelines for the Protection of Pressurised Equipment Exposed to Fire (Scandpower) NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2007 Edition
Jet fire:
Burning liquid/gas flowing with high velocity from a reservior with high pressure A jet fire test representing a combined high local heat laod simultaneously with erosive effect has been developed (OTI/NPD), with a 0,3 kg/s sonic Propane gas release into a box-like construction In the present tests the release rate of Propane is 0,9 kg/s hitting oil barrels
Offshore standard heat loads

Fire loads used in oil-and gas industry in Norway are described in NORSOK S-001:
The global average heat load represents the average heat load that expose a significant part of the process segment or structure. The global average heat load provides the major part of the heat input to the process segment and, hence, affects the pressure in the segment. The local peak heat load exposes a small (local) area of the process segment or of the structure to the peak heat flux. The local peak heat load, with the highest heat flux, determines the rupture temperature of different equipment and piping within the process segment. The local peak heat load has marginal influence on the pressure profile within the process segment.
Standardized time-temperature curves for test furnaces

TIME- TEMPERATURE CURVES FOR TEST FURNACES
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100
3: "RWS curve"
2: HC-curve ISO 834-3
Temperature in furnace [C]
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40
1: Standard fire curve ISO 834
[Time in minutes]
60
80
100
120
Blackbody radiation
400 300
kW/m 2
200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [C]
Quotient for temperatures representing radiation used in this presentation
T T f T T
4 W 4 0
4 W 4 0
: view factor : emissivity : Stefan-Boltzmans constant (kW/m2 K-4) TW : Temperature with water application (K) T0 : Temperature without water application (K)

6.2 Fire Load - Deluge

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6th International Seminar on Fire on Explosion Hazards University of Leeds April 2010

The Effect of Deluge Water in Jet Fire against Cylindrical Objects

Conditions for tests with deluge

From above 21 2,64 m 14 7 20 13 6 19 12 5 18 11 4 17 10 3 16 9 2 15 8 1 Level I, III and IV

Central plane, from the side

From the side

Cover area for deluge

Propane jet 2,64 m 2 m

Typical temperature history without deluge, thermocouples between barrels

Max 30 sek average temperature without deluge, thermocouples between barrels

Average temperatures during tests

Rack A 1-3m Rack B 1-3m Rack C 1-3m Rack D 1-3m

Water filled barrels 1071 1016 1016 1059

Empty barrels 1053 1270 1253 1169

Video from test with MV-nozzles

Thermocouples Rack A, MV-nozzles

Thermocouples Rack A, HV-nozzles

Average temperatures during tests

Practical consequences of the tests

Possible continued work:

Possible continued work (2):

The test rig at SINTEF NBL as

At the release of deluge

After deluge activation

After deluge activation, max flow of water

Design of deluge systems

Offshore standard heat loads

Standardized time-temperature curves for test furnaces

2: HC-curve ISO 834-3

Temperature in furnace [C]

1: Standard fire curve ISO 834

200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Quotient for temperatures representing radiation used in this presentation

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