CHAPTER 32 IONIZING RADIATION,

NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

PROBLEMS
_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 10. REASONING The reaction specified is
2 22 1 H + 11 Na A 4 Z X+ 2 He

This reaction must satisfy the conservation of nucleon number and the conservation of A X. electric charge. Using these laws, we will be able to identify the unknown species Z SOLUTION The conservation of nucleon number states that the total number of nucleons present before and after the reaction takes place are the same. Therefore, we have 2 + 22 = { A+ 4 {
Before After

or

A = 2 + 22 4 = 20

The conservation of electric charge states that the total number of protons present before and after the reaction takes place are the same 1 + 11 = Z +2 { {
Before After

or

Z = 1 + 11 2 = 10

Therefore, with A = 20 and Z = 10, we consult the periodic table on the inside of the back A X is the nucleus of neon 20 cover and find that the unknown species Z 10 Ne . _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 12. REASONING AND SOLUTION 1 a. We note that 0 n is a neutron (n) and 1 is a proton (p), so the reaction can be written as 1H
14 7N

( n, p ) 14 6C

.
238 92 U

b. This reaction can be written as

( n, ) 239 92 U

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IONIZING RADIATION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

c. We note that 2 is a deuteron (d), so the reaction can be written as 1H

24 12 Mg

( n, d ) 23 11 Na

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 14. REASONING The conservation of nucleon number states that the total number of nucleons (protons plus neutrons) before the reaction occurs must be equal to the total number of nucleons after the reaction. This conservation law will allow us to find the atomic mass number A of the unknown nucleus. The conservation of electric charge states that the net electric charge of the particles before the reaction must be equal to the net charge after the reaction. This conservation law will allow us to find the atomic number Z of the unknown nucleus. With a knowledge of the atomic number, we can use the periodic table to identify the element. SOLUTION a. The total number of nucleons before the reaction is 1 + 232 = 233. The total number of nucleons after the reaction is A. Setting these two numbers equal to each other yields A = 233 . The net electric charge before the reaction is 0 + 90 = 90. The net electric charge after the reaction is Z. Setting these two numbers equal to each other yields Z = 90 . A check of the periodic table shows that this element is Thoriu ! 233 . 90Th" b. The
233 90Th

nucleus subsequently undergoes decay

233 90Th A Z X# 0 1 e .

( e)
0 1

, as does its daughter. The

first reaction is

By employing an analysis similar to that used in part

233 91 $a . This daughter nucleus also undergoes A 0 Z X # 1 e . Using the analysis of part (a) again,

(a), the unknown nucleus is found to be decay according to the reaction

233 91 $a

we

see that the final unknown nucleus is

233 92 U

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 18. REASONING The fission reaction is

1 23% 0 n + 92 U 101 132 %0 &n + 42 Mo +

( 01n )

where is the number of neutrons produced. This reaction must satisfy the conservation of nucleon number. Using this conservation law, we will be able to determine .

Chapter 32 Problems

22

SOLUTION The conservation of nucleon number states that the total number of nucleons present before and after the reaction takes place are the same. Therefore, we have 1 + 101 + ( 1) 1+223% 3 = 132 1 4 4 2 4 43
Before After

or

= 1 + 23% 132 101 = 3

20. REASONING AND SOLUTION The energy liberated can be found from the mass defect of the reaction, which is m = 235.044 u 2(1.009 u) 140.914 u 91.926 u = 0.186 u The equivalent energy is E = (0.186 u)(931.5 MeV)/(1 u) = _____________________________________________________________________________ _

23. REASONING We first determine the energy released by 1.0 kg of 23% 92 U . Using the data given in the problem statement, we can then determine the number of kilograms of coal that must be burned to produce the same energy. SOLUTION The energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit is given in the text (see Section 31.3) as 1 u ' 1(4924 10 )10 * ' 931(% M e+ Therefore, the energy released in the fission of 1.0 kg of !1(0 ,g of
23% 92 U" 23% 92 U

is

1(0 10 3 g-,g 6(022 10 23 nu/.ei 1(0 o. 23% g- o. 2(0 10 2 M e+ 1(4924 10 )10 * 13 = 8(2 10 * nu/.ei 931(% M e+

When 1.0 kg of coal is burned, about 3.0 107 J is released; therefore the number of kilograms of coal that must be burned to produce an energy of 8.2 1013 J is 1(0 ,g m/oa. ' 8(2 01013 * 7 3(0 010

6 ' 2(7 010 ,g *

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IONIZING RADIATION, NUCLEAR ENERGY, AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________________________ _ 28. REASONING The energy produced by a fusion reaction is the mass defect m (in u) for the reaction times 931.5 MeV/u, since 931.5 MeV is the energy equivalent of 1 u. The mass defect is the total mass of the initial nuclei minus the total mass of the product nuclei. Note that the ray is a photon and has no rest mass. Therefore, we will ignore it in our calculation. SOLUTION Using the given masses, we obtain 931(% Me+ 931(% Me+ 1nerg2 = ( m ) = ( 1(0078 u + 12(0000 u 13(00%7 u ) = 2(0 Me+ 1u 1u

30. REASONING The conservation of nucleon number states that the total number of nucleons (protons plus neutrons) before the reaction occurs must be equal to the total number of nucleons after the reaction. This conservation law will allow us to find the atomic mass number A of the unknown particle Y. The conservation of electric charge states that the net electric charge of the particles before the reaction must be equal to the net charge after the reaction. This conservation law will allow us to find the atomic number Z of the unknown particle X. SOLUTION a. The total number of nucleons before the reaction is 1 + A. The total number of nucleons after the reaction is 3. Setting these two numbers equal to each other yields A = 2 . The net electric charge before the reaction is Z + 1. The net electric charge after the reaction is 1. Setting these two numbers equal to each other yields Z = 0 . The nucleon
1 ZX 1 =0 n i3 a neutron . The nucleon A 14

=2 1 H i3 a 5euteriu

nu/.eu3 .

b. The sum of the atomic masses before the reaction is 1.0087 u + 2.0141 u = 3.0228 u. The sum of the atomic mass after the reaction is 3.0161 u. The difference between the sums is 3.0228 u 3.0161 u = 0.0067 u. This mass difference is equivalent to an energy of 931(% Me+ = 6(2 Me+ 1u _____________________________________________________________________________ _

( 0(0067 u )