FI!

Ing a
CnmmunIcatInn
bcfnrc thc AfrIcan
CnmmIssInn nn
Human and Peoples
RIghts



A complainants manual


2013


1

TalIe of Conlenls
GENERAL INFORMATION ........................................................................... 3
Why and hov lo liing a connunicalion lefoie lhe Afiican
Connission ............................................................................................ 4
Does lhe aulhoi of lhe conpIainl iequiie consenl of viclin` .......... 4
Is il possilIe lo liing a cIass oi iepiesenlalive aclion` ..................... 4
LegaI iepiesenlalion and oiaI piesenlalions` .................................... 4
Againsl vhon can a conpIainl le lioughl` ..................................... 4
Main iefeience docunenls vhen sulnilling a connunicalion ...... 4
Afiican Connission case Iav ............................................................... 5
Woiking Ianguages ................................................................................. 5
5EIZURE .............................................................................................................. 6
Seizuie iequiienenls ............................................................................. 6
Infoining pailies .................................................................................... 7
IiovisionaI neasuies .............................................................................. 7
ADMI55IBILITY ............................................................................................... 9
Iiocess of adnissiliIily ......................................................................... 9
AdnissiliIily lased on lhe Chailei: .................................................... 9
AilicIe 56(5): exhauslion of IocaI ienedies neaning ................... 1O
Lxhauslion of IocaI ienedies - luiden of pioof .............................. 12
Lxceplions lo lhe exhauslion of IocaI ienedies iuIe ....................... 12
AilicIe 56(6): lhe reasonable time requirement ............................. 15
Revision of decision on adnissiliIily................................................. 16
AnicalIe sellIenenl ............................................................................. 17
MERIT5 ............................................................................................................. 18
Definilion and piocess: ....................................................................... 18
Tining and pioceduie ......................................................................... 18
AppIicalIe Iavs and piincipIes .......................................................... 18
Types of evidence accepled ................................................................ 18
IiaclicaI advice foi diafling connunicalion on neiils ................. 19
REMEDIE5 ........................................................................................................ 20
Types of ienedies ................................................................................ 2O
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ................................................................. 22
IiequenlIy ciled cases: ........................................................................ 23



2

Backgrnund
The idea for this Complainants Manual was born in Banjul, The
Canlia, duiing lhe 51
sl
Oidinaiy Session of lhe Afiican Connission on
Human and Peoples Rights (African Commission or the Commission).
A gioup of civiI sociely oiganisalions voiking (aIso) as Iiliganls lefoie
the African Commission formed the Group of litigants for Strengthening
the Protective Mandate of the African Commission (Litigants Group) to
discuss and exchange on cuiienl chaIIenges and expeiiences nade in
Iiligaling lefoie lhe Afiican Connission. As lhe nosl accessilIe hunan
iighls nechanisn on lhe conlinenl foi viclins of hunan iighls vioIalions,
lhe Connission is lhe nain foiun foi uphoIding lhe iighls of viclins and
il has iendeied inpoilanl decisions ovei lhe pasl 25 yeais,
Hovevei, Iiliganls idenlified a nunlei of chaIIenges lhal have- and lo
sone exlenl conlinue lo- pievenl lhe Connission fion pIaying a noie
neaningfuI ioIe in piolecling hunan iighls on lhe conlinenl lhiough lhe
connunicalion pioceduie. Aside fion piaclicaI, inslilulionaI and IegaI
chaIIenges, lheie appeais lo le a geneiaI Iack of avaieness of lhe
Commissions protective mandate, which is also reflected by the overall
Iov nunlei of cases lhal lhe Connission has deaIl vilh lo dale,
pailicuIaiIy in Iighl of lhe scaIe of lhe hunan iighls vioIalions connilled
on lhe conlinenl, and as conpaied lo olhei iegionaI nechanisns.
One ieason foi lhe ieIaliveIy Iov nunlei of cases nighl le lhe Iack of
avaieness anong viclins, as veII as Iavyeis and civiI sociely
organisations working with victims, about the Commissions protective
nandale, and lhe pioceduie in vhich lhis nandale can le diieclIy
invoked ly viclins, oiganisalions and olheis. This nanuaI is designed lo
addiess lhis shoilconing, and lo expIain and cIaiify lhe lasic pioceduiaI
steps to follow when submitting complaints (communications) to the
Afiican Connission. The nanuaI is lheiefoie onIy inlended lo
faniIiaiize lhose vilhoul any Iiligalion expeiience lefoie lhe Connission
with the Commissions communication process. It is not intended to be
exhauslive, and nay conlain eiiois. None of lhe oiganisalions invoIved in
lhe pulIicalion of lhis nanuaI aie IialIe foi any use lhal nay le nade of
lhe infoinalion conlained lheiein.
The Lgyplian Inilialive foi IeisonaI Righls look lhe Iead in diafling lhis
nanuaI, vilh inpul fion olhei oiganisalions of lhe Liliganls Cioup. Ioi
fuilhei infoinalion on lhis ManuaI pIease conlacl Yasnine Shash, LegaI
Reseaichei al lhe Lgyplian Inilialive foi IeisonaI Righls al
Yasnineeipi.oig. .

3

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Why brIng a casc bcfnrc thc AfrIcan CnmmIssInn?
Connission is a quasi-judiciaI lody offeiing inpoilanl
avenue foi viclins of hunan iighls vioIalions connilled in
Afiica lo liing cases againsl lhe slale(s) iesponsilIe
Iighl inpunily on nalionaI IeveI
Iail of an advocacy slialegy and pulIic piessuie
Ollain ienedy vheie olhei allenpls have faiIed
Venue lo addiess sliucluiaI piolIens, inslead of focusing on
lhe case of one individuaI.

2. Whn can brIng a cnmp!aInt?
Slales Iailies lo lhe Afiican Chailei (AilicIes 47 lo 54) (See,
e.g., D. R. Ccngc t. 8urundi, Ruanda and Uganda |lo dale onIy
inlei-slale case decided ly lhe Afiican Connissionj)
IndividuaIs and NCOs (AilicIe 55)
Oidinaiy cilizens, a gioup of individuaIs oi NCOs
NCOs do nol need olseivei slalus vilh lhe
Connission lo fiIe a conpIainl
The aulhoi of lhe connunicalion need nol le ieIaled lo
lhe viclin(s) of lhe aluse lul lhe viclin(s) nusl le
nenlioned.















Nc|c. The Connission has a veiy lioad appioach lo slanding
in olhei voids, lo vho can liing a conpIainl. The Connission
has enphasized lhal peisons vishing lo fiIe connunicalions
need not be victims or members of the victims family, or that
vioIalions of hunan iighls need nol anounl lo seiious oi
nassive vioIalions. Ieisons olhei lhan viclins can fiIe
connunicalions and NCOs heIping victims dont need to be
Iocaled in lhe slale in queslion. IIoving fion lhe alove, il can
le seen lhal, lhiough lhis open-dooi appioach lo slanding,
individuaIs and NCOs pIay a veiy inpoilanl ioIe in lhe
Commissions fulfillment of its protective mandate.
4

3. Dncs thc authnr nf thc cnmp!aInt rcquIrc cnnscnt nf vIctIm?
OidinaiiIy, lhe aulhoi shouId have consenl of viclin.
Hovevei, vhen il is inpossilIe lo gel consenl (foi inslance in
cases of nassive hunan iighls vioIalions, oi vheie lhe viclin
is inpiisoned oi disappeaied), lhe Connission nighl vaive
lhis iequiienenl (See, e.g., Ar|ic|c 19 t. |ri|rca(275/O3)).

4. Is It pnssIb!c tn brIng a c!ass nr rcprcscntatIvc actInn?
Yes vheie aIIeged vioIalion ieIales lo a Iaige nunlei of
peopIe oi ceilain calegoiy of peopIe (See, e.g. Zinoaouc
|auqcrs fcr Hunan Rign|s, Hunan Rign|s Trus| fcr Scu|ncrn
Africa t. Tnc Gctcrnncn| cf Zinoaouc (314/O5) , Ar|ic|c 19 t S|a|c
cf |ri|rca(275/O3) and |n|crign|s c Di|scnuanc|c t
8c|suana(319/O6).

5. Lcga! RcprcscntatInn and Ora! PrcscntatInns?
Cases need nol le sulnilled ly Iavyeis, hovevei, lhe
Connission has noled lhal IegaI iepiesenlalion can le usefuI.
The conpIainanl need nol liaveI lo lhe Connission lo sulnil
lheii Connunicalion oi aigue lheii case, lhe case can le
handIed enliieIy lhiough viillen sulnissions (lhough see
leIov p.19 foi lhe possiliIily of heaiings).
AilicIe 1O4 of lhe RuIes of Iioceduie of lhe Connission slales
lhal lhe Connission nay, eilhei al lhe iequesl of lhe aulhoi of
lhe connunicalion oi al ils ovn inilialive, faciIilale access lo
fiee IegaI aid lo lhe aulhoi in conneclion vilh lhe
iepiesenlalion of lhe case. Iiee IegaI aid shaII onIy le
faciIilaled vheie lhe Connission is convinced:
Thal il is essenliaI foi lhe piopei dischaige of lhe
Commissions duties, and to ensure equality of the
pailies lefoie il,
The aulhoi of lhe Connunicalion has no sufficienl
neans lo neel aII oi pail of lhe cosls invoIved,

6. AgaInst whnm can a cnmp!aInt bc brnught?
Any slale paily lo lhe Afiican Chailei
53 nenlei slales of lhe Afiican Union (AU) have
ialified lhe Chailei, Moiocco vilhdiev fion lhe AU.
7. MaIn rcfcrcncc dncumcnts whcn submIttIng a cnmmunIcatInn
The Afiican Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (aIso
referred to as Banjul Charter, available here:
http:}}www.achpr.org}iles}instruments}achpr}banjulcharter.pd.


RuIes of Iioceduie of lhe Afiican Connission
(http:}}www.achpr.org}iles}instruments}rules-o-procedure-
2u1u}rulesoprocedure2u1uen.pd
Olhei inleinalionaI liealies, convenlions and iegionaI
juiispiudence, vhich aie ieIevanl lo lhe complainants case.
AilicIe 61 of lhe Chailei: The Connission shaII aIso
lake inlo consideialion, as sulsidiaiy neasuies lo
deleinine lhe piincipIes of Iav, olhei geneiaI oi
speciaI inleinalionaI convenlions, Iaying dovn iuIes
expiessIy iecognised ly Menlei Slales of lhe
Oiganisalion of Afiican Unily, Afiican piaclices
consislenl vilh inleinalionaI noins on Hunan and
Peoples Rights, customs generally accepted as law,
geneiaI piincipIes of Iav iecognised ly Afiican Slales
as veII as IegaI piecedenls and docliine.
See foi fuilhei IegaI insliunenls lhal nighl le appIicalIe
suljecl lo lheii ialificalion ly lhe ieIevanl slale:
http:}}www.achpr.org}instruments}

8. AfrIcan CnmmIssInn casc !aw
The lesl souices of Afiican Connission case Iav incIude:
Case Lav AnaIysei: http:}}caselaw.ihrda.org}acmhpr}
Univeisily of Iieloiia, Cenlie foi Hunan Righls:
hllp://vvv1.chi.up.ac.za/index.php/aloul-lhe-
afiican-hunan-iighls-case-Iav-dalalase.hlnI
Univeisily of Minnesola:
hllp://vvv1.unn.edu/hunanils/afiica/ (iange of
Afiican hunan iighls iesouices),
Connission Aclivily Repoils:
hllp://vvv.achpi.oig/seaich/`l=826
9. WnrkIng !anguagcs
Any connunicalions sulnilled lo lhe Connission nusl le in
one of the African Unions working Ianguages, which shaII
le, if possilIe, Afiican Ianguages, Aialic, LngIish, Iiench and
Ioiluguese.
10. What Is thc prnccdurc fnr brIngIng a cnmp!aInt?
6

The complainant sends a letter of introduction of a
conpIainl in vhich he/she/lhey incIude a liief desciiplion of
lhe facls, allenpls lo exhausl doneslic ienedies, conlacls and
olhei infoinalion conlained in RuIe 93(2) of lhe RuIes of
Iioceduie.
The Iellei of inlioduclion of conpIainl is senl lo lhe Secielaiial
of lhe Connission, vhich is lased in anjuI, The Canlia. Il is
sufficienl lo send lhe connunicalions ly enaiI, hovevei, il is
advisalIe lo aIso send a haid copy ly ieguIai naiI.
Conlacls:
Secielaiy, Afiican Connission on Hunan and IeopIes
Righls
Kaiiala Avenue
I.O. ox 673
anjuI
The Canlia
Iax: +22O 4392 962
LnaiI: au-lanjuIafiica-union.oig

ShouId lhe conpIainanls nol ieceive an acknovIedgnenl, il is
advised lo foIIov up and iequesl acknovIedgnenl of ieceipl.
Aflei iegisleiing lhe Connunicalion, lheie aie lhiee nain
slages:


5EIZURE
Seizuie is lhe aclion ly vhich lhe Connission decides lo considei a
Connunicalion (RuIe 93).
!"#$%&" ()*#++#,#-#./ 0"&#.+


1. 5cIzurc RcquIrcmcnts
Ioi a connunicalion lo le seized ly lhe Connission il nusl
fuIfiII lhe foIIoving iequiienenls:
Signed (if sulnilled onIine, lhen scan signaluie and
send ly enaiI) nole lhal lhe conpIainanl can iequesl
anonynily,
Againsl Slales lhal aie pailies lo lhe Chailei,
ReveaI a prina facic vioIalion of lhe Chailei (ieveaI
incidenls lhal upon iniliaI olseivalion ieveaI a
vioIalion of hunan iighls, ialhei lhan geneiaI
slalenenls aloul hunan iighls silualion in counliy).
2. InfnrmIng PartIcs
If lhe Connission decides lo le seized, lhe Secielaiial viII
infoin lhe conpIainanl and lhe slale conceined.
Nc|c: lhe slale is onIy nov infoined of lhe exislence of
lhe connunicalion
The connunicalion is lhen defeiied foi consideialion on
adnissiliIily
PROVI5IONAL MEA5URE5
Accoiding lo Rule 98 of the Rules of Procedure, al any line
aflei lhe ieceipl of a Connunicalion and lefoie a
deleininalion on lhe neiils, lhe Connission nay, on ils
inilialive oi al lhe iequesl of a paily lo lhe Connunicalion,
iequesl lhal lhe Slale conceined adopl IiovisionaI Measuies lo
pievenl iiiepaialIe hain lo lhe viclin oi viclins of lhe aIIeged
vioIalion as uigenlIy as lhe silualion denands.
A iequesl foi piovisionaI neasuies can le sulnilled lo
lhe Connission al any line once lhe Connission has
decided lo le seized of lhe Connission. Whal
conslilules a iisk of iiiepaialIe hain is decided on a
case ly case lasis.
Ioi exanpIe: In |gqp|ian |ni|ia|itc fcr Pcrscna| Rign|s c
|n|crign|s v. |gqp| (334/O6), lhe ConpIainanls
iequesled piovisionaI neasuies, in oidei lo pul a hoId
on lhe execulion of a dealh senlence unliI lhe case
lefoie lhe Connission is consideied. A dealh senlence
is an exanpIe of iiiepaialIe hain. Olhei exanpIes
8

vheie lhe Connission has iequesled lhe iespondenl
slale lo adopl piovisionaI neasuies incIude: cases of
seiious oi nassive vioIalions, cases vheie lhe
conpIainanl vas foicilIy ienoved fion his counliy of
oiigin and vanled lo ieluin pending lhe oulcone of
lhe connunicalion, cases vheie lhe conpIainanls veie
pievenled fion voling in a nalionaI geneiaI eIeclion.
UT -
The iequesl foi piovisionaI neasuies is independenl of a decision
on lhe sulslance, as ils puipose is lo piolecl iighls al lhe line lhe
iequesl is nade. Il does lheiefoie nol inpIy a decision of lhe
Connission on lhe sulslance of lhe case.

9

ADMI55IBILITY
1. Prnccss nf AdmIssIbI!Ity (RuIe 1O5 of lhe RuIes of Iioceduie +
AilicIe 56 of lhe Afiican Chailei)
Once lhe connunicalion is seized, lhe Connission viII
iequesl lhe conpIainanl lo piesenl evidence and aigunenls on
adnissiliIily vilhin lvo nonlhs.
The slale paily has lvo nonlhs fion lhe line il is nolified of
lhe conpIainls admissibility submission lo sulnil ils
aigunenls on adnissiliIily in iesponse. Upon ieceiving lhe
states submissions, the complainant may comment on those
sulnissions vilhin a nonlh.
2. AdmIssIbI!Ity bascd nn thc Chartcr:
AilicIe 56 of lhe Chailei sels oul sctcn ciileiia foi adnissiliIily.
Il is essenliaI lhal a|| sctcn cri|cria aie nel.
3. ArtIc!c 56(1): IndIcatc authnrs cvcn If thc !attcr rcqucst
annnymIty,
Nane and addiess of aulhoi (and nol necessaiiIy lhe viclin)
nusl le piovided.
Need lo juslify iequesl foi anonynily`
No ieasons foi anonynily aie nol iequiied.
Loss oi Iack of piopei conlacl nay iesuIl in connunicalion
leing decIaied inadnissilIe oi cIosed aIlogelhei (See, e.g.,
Conn. Krisnna Acnu|an and Anncs|q |n|crna|icna| t.
Ma|aui(62/92),Dicuncssi and O|ncrs t. Guinca(7O/92), ]cana t.
Madagascar(1O8/93)).
Whal happens if conlacl ie-eslalIished`
Connission can ieopen a cIosed connunicalion oi a
connunicalion lhal had leen defeiied sinc dic
(adjcurncd indcfini|c|q). Lg. Riffaa| Ma||aui t. Sudan
(311/O5).
4. ArtIc!c 56(2): Compatible with the Constitutive Act of thc AU
or with the present Charter:
CnmmunIcatInn must !"#$%&%$'(() addrcss vIn!atInn nf rIghts
guaianleed in Chailei, cannol le jusl vague slalenenls aloul
geneiaI poIilicaI silualion in a counliy.
1u

AIIeged facls nusl have occuiied aflei lhe ialificalion of lhe
Chailei ly lhe slale againsl vhon lhe conpIainl is sulnilled
(excepl in lhe case of vioIalions lhal conlinued lo le
peipelialed aflei lhe enliy inlo foice of lhe Chailei, such as
enfoiced disappeaiance).
5. ArtIc!c 56(3)Are not written in disparaging nr Insu!tIng
!anguagc dIrcctcd agaInst thc 5tatc cnnccrncd and Its
InstItutInns nr tn thc AU:
|iguc Cancrcunaisc dcs Drci|s dc |'Hcnnc t. Cancrccn (65/92):
Connunicalion inadnissilIe lecause of slalenenls such as:
regime of torturers, government barbarisms, Paul
iya nusl iespond lo ciines againsl hunanily.
6. When sulnilling a connunicalion lo lhe Connission, Ianguage
used shouId lheiefoie le neuliaI, and nol ain al undeinining lhe
inlegiily/ slalus/ iepulalion of a peison oi an inslilulion (such as
a pailicuIai ninisliy oi goveinnenl).

7. ArtIc!c 56(4) Are not based cxc!usIvc!y nn ncws dIsscmInatcd
through the mass media:
Aulhoi nusl invesligale and asceilain liulh of facls.
Media iepoils can le used, lhough nol excIusiveIy, and nusl
le acconpanied / sulslanlialed ly olhei naleiiaI. Lvidence
sulslanlialing lhe aIIegalions shouId le annexed lo
connunicalion, incIuding affidavils, couil judgnenls,
eyevilness/expeil iepoils, iepoils of NCOS and inleinalionaI
oiganisalions (AU, UN, LU elc).
8. ArtIc!c 56(5): Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any,
unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged
*+,# ,.', ,.%! %! ,.# /+!, $0%,%$'( $0%,#0%+1 &+0
'2/%!!%3%(%,)4/+!, $'!#! &'%( 3#$'5!# +& ('$6 +& #7.'5!,%+188
Local remedies are any judicial/ legal mechanisms put in
pIace al lhe doneslic IeveI lo ensuie lhe effeclive sellIenenl of
dispules.
9. ArtIc!c 56(5):
What does exhaustion of local remedies mean?
11

efoie liinging a dispule lo lhe Connission, lhe
conpIainanl nusl have uliIized aII lhe IegaI oi judiciaI
avenues avaiIalIe doneslicaIIy lo iesoIve lhe nallei.
Case is inadnissilIe if pending lefoie lhe nalionaI
couils, conpIainanl faiIs lo shov lhal he/she nade
effoil lo appeaI, oi if lhe conpIainanl chooses lo appIy
foi cIenency inslead of laking lhe nallei lo lhe couils.
LocaI ienedies nusl le ac|ua||q a||cnp|cd: conpIainanl
cannol ieIy on pasl oi olhei expeiiences foi nol
allenpling.
Musl sulnil infoinalion on aII lhe sleps laken lo
exhausl IocaI ienedies, hnwcvcr:
10. ArtIc!c 56(5):

Local remedies must be available, effective and sufficient
A ienedy is = available if the petitioner can pursue it
vilhoul inpedinenl.
A ienedy is = effective if it offers a reasonable
piospecl of success.
A ienedy is = sufficient if it is capable of redressing
lhe conpIainl.
avaI!ab!c cffcctIvc suffIcIcnt
DnmcstIc
RcmcdIcs
12

These ciileiia have leen sel oul in nany diffeienl cases fion lhe
Connission and aie nov veII eslalIished. (lhe Ieading aulhoiily on lhese
ciileiia is lhe case of Sir Dauda K. ]auara / Ganoia (Tnc) 147/95-149/96).
11. ArtIc!c 56(5)
Whn has thc Burdcn nf Prnnf?
ConpIainanl has lhe luiden lo piove lhal IocaI
ienedies exisl and have leen exhausled.
uiden lhen shifls lo lhe slale, vhich nusl shov vhy
ienedies have nol leen exhausled and hov lhe
ienedies aie avaiIalIe and can le used lo soIve
conpIainl lefoie Connission.
CeneiaI slalenenls aie nol enough specific pioof is
iequiied
AilicIe 19 v Liiliea: Whenever a State alleges the
fai|urc oq |nc Ccnp|ainan| |c cxnaus| dcncs|ic rcncdics,
i| nas |nc ourdcn cf sncuing |na| |nc rcncdics |na| natc
nc| occn cxnaus|cd arc atai|ao|c, cffcc|itc and sufficicn|
|c curc |nc tic|a|icn a||cgcd, i.c. |na| |nc func|icn cf |ncsc
rcncdics ui|nin |nc dcncs|ic |cga| sqs|cn is sui|ao|c |c
addrcss an infringcncn| cf a |cga| rign| and arc
cffcc|itc. lncn a S|a|c dccs |nis, |nc ourdcn cf
rcspcnsioi|i|q |ncn snif|s |c |nc Ccnp|ainan| unc nus|
dcncns|ra|c |na| |nc rcncdics in qucs|icn ucrc
cxnaus|cd cr ,.', ,.# #7$#",%+1 "0+9%2#2 &+0 %1
:0,%$(# ;<=;> +& ,.# :&0%$'1 ?.'0,#0 %! '""(%$'3(#.

12. ArtIc!c 56(5) ExccptInns:
On!y avaI!ab!c, cffcctIvc and suffIcIcnt rcmcdIcs nccd tn bc
cxhaustcd. ExccptInns tn thc cxhaustInn nf !nca! rcmcdIcs
ru!c:





13










Ouslei of }uiisdiclion of Couils
Ouslei: vheie slale has adopled Iavs lhal ousl
(i.e. excIude oi nuIIify) lhe juiisdiclion of
oidinaiy couils, IocaI ienedies aie found lo le
non-exislenl (e.g. 129/94 Citi| |iocr|ics Org t
Nigcria: goveinnenl enacled Iavs ousling lhe
juiisdiclion of couils in Nigeiia lo adjudicale
IegaIily of any deciee. The Connission heId
lhal since the decrees complained of oust the
jurisdic|icn cf |nc ccur|s |c adjudica|c |ncir ta|idi|q,
i| is rcascnao|c |c prcsunc |na| |cca| rcncdics ui||
nc| cn|q oc prc|cngcd ou| arc ccr|ain |c qic|d nc
results.)








UnduIy IioIonged Renedies (e.g. appeaI pending foi
12 yeais, case going on foi 5 yeais)
'rcncdics, |nc atai|aoi|i|q cf unicn is nc|
ctidcn|, cannc| oc intc|cd oq |nc S|a|c |c
|nc dc|rincn| cf |nc ccnp|ainan|. Tncrcfcrc,
in a si|ua|icn uncrc |nc jurisdic|icn cf |nc
ccur|s natc occn cus|cd oq dccrccs uncsc
ta|idi|q cannc| oc cna||cngcd cr qucs|icncd
j...] |cca| rcncdics arc dccncd nc| cn|q |c oc
unatai|ao|c ou| a|sc ncn- cxis|cn|.'
Conunicalion 147/95-149/96: Sii
Davda K. }avaia / Canlia, Para. 34

Undu!y
prn!nngcd
rcmcdIcs
Oustcr nf
jurIsdIctInn
nf cnurts

E!cmcnt nf
fcar
5ItuatInn nf
scrInus nr
massIvc
vIn!atInns
14

In geneiaI, juiispiudence fion lhe Inlei-
Aneiican Connission and Couil foi Hunan
Righls as veII as lhe Afiican Connission
suggesl lhal the term unduly prolonged does
nol indicale a piecise linefiane oi duialion.
The line lhal eIapses since doneslic pioceduies
aie inilialed logelhei vilh lhe ciicunslances of
lhe case and lheii ieIalion lo each olhei decide
if the prolongation from the states side is to be
seen as unjuslifialIe.
|nga Mc|cngc t Cancrccn (59/91) 12 yeais
pending, Oudjcurioq Ccssi Pau| t 8cnin (199/97)
- case going on foi 5 yeais.
LIenenl of Ieai fleeing ones country
LIenenl of Ieai: vheie conpIainanl has fIed in
feai fion lhe counliy oi vheie aIIeged vioIalion
look pIace and couId lheiefoie nol exhausl
doneslic ienedies Connunicalion MAY le
decIaied adnissilIe (see, e.g., Ou|c t.
Kcnqa(232/99), Rign|s |n|crna|icna| t. Nigcria
(215/98), ]auara t. Tnc Ganoia (147/95). BUT
conliasl lhese cases vilh Mr. Oocr| Cninnanc t
Zinoaouc (3O7/O5)and Micnac| Majuru t.
Zinoaouc (3O8/O5) vheie Connission iuIed
lhal conpIainanls did nol denonsliale eIenenl
of feai and decided Connunicalion
inadnissilIe foi Iack of exhauslion of doneslic
ienedies).
Silualion of Seiious oi Massive VioIalions: conpIainanl
nusl denonsliale naluie and scope of vioIalion(s)
nusl shov, foi exanpIe, lhal lhe viclins aie so nany
and lhe ciines aie so seiious oi nassive (videspiead)
lhal il is lasicaIIy inpiaclicaI lo liing lhen lefoie
couils(This has happened in quile a fev cases e.g.
cases againsl Sudan, Zaiie (nov Denocialic RepulIic
of Congo), and Rvanda).
Nole: lhe undeiIying ialionaIe foi 56(5) is foi lhe slale
lo have anpIe nolice of (an) aIIeged vioIalion(s) and le
given an oppoilunily lo ienedy il. If lhe slale had
anpIe nolice and line yel faiIed lo lake sleps lo
ienedy lhe vioIalion, lhis couId undeinine lhe
avaiIaliIily, effecliveness oi sufficiency of doneslic
ienedies. (see, e.g. Ar|ic|c 19 t. |ri|rca (275/O3)).
1

Olhei inslances vheie lhe Connission nay considei
lhal lheie is no need lo exhausl doneslic ienedies
incIude vheie lhe conpIainanl(s) can shov lhal lhe
IegaI fianevoik in lhe ieIevanl Respondenl Slale does
not provide for available, effective and sufficient
ienedies in lhe specific case, foi inslance vheie an
annesly Iav oi cIenency oidei pievenled a
conpIainanl fion liinging a ciininaI aclion
(Zinlalve Hunan Righls NCO Ioiun v Zinlalve,
245/O2) oi vheie lioad innunily piovisions shieId
aIIeged peipelialois fion pioseculion (Mcnin ||ga|,
Osnan Hunncida and Anir Su|inan, (rcprcscn|cd oq
|n|crna|icna| |cdcra|icn fcr Hunan Rign|s (||DH) and
lcr|d Organiza|icn Agains| Tcr|urc (OMCT)) t. Sudan,
379/O9).

13. ArtIc!c 56(6): Are submitted within a reasonab!c pcrInd frnm
thc tImc !nca! rcmcdIcs arc cxhaustcd, nr frnm thc datc thc
Commission is seized with the matter
AdvisalIe lo sulnil as soon as possilIe.
IieviousIy lhe Connission had leen Ienienl vilh inleipieling
the reasonable time requirement, where cases were
consideied adnissilIe vilhin a specliun lhal ianged fion
seveiaI nonlhs lo 16 yeais. The Connission liealed cases on
lheii ovn neiils depending on ieasons given foi lheii deIay.
Connunicalions veie consideied adnissilIe aflei 16
yeais (97/93) and aflei 12 yeais (59/91), vhiIe olheis
veie consideied inadnissilIe aflei 22 nonlhs (3O8/O5).
RecenlIy lhe Connission has leen ieIying on juiispiudence
fion lhe Inlei-Aneiican and lhe Luiopean Couil foi Hunan
Righls and lheii iespeclive chaileis. AccoidingIy, lhe
Connission has lecone noie sliingenl vilh inleipieling
reasonable time to a period of apprnxImatc!y sIx mnnths.
This iuIe appIies unIess lhe Connission sees lhal lheie aie
conpeIIing ieasons, vhich deIayed lhe connunicalion.
In Micnac| Majuru t. Zinoaouc (3O8/O5) lhe
Commission stated that The piovisions of olhei
inleinalionaI iegionaI insliunenls Iike lhe Luiopean
Convenlion on Hunan Righls and IundanenlaI
Iieedons and lhe Inlei-Aneiican Convenlion on
16

Hunan Righls, aie aInosl siniIai and slale lhal lhey ...
nay onIy deaI vilh lhe nallei ... vilhin a peiiod of six
nonlhs fion lhe dale on vhich lhe finaI decision vas
laken, aflei lhis peiiod has eIapsed lhe |Luiopean/
Inlei-Aneiicanj Couil/Connission viII no Iongei
enleilain lhe connunicalion. In lhis case, lhe
Connission consideied lhal a 22 nonlhs deIay in
liinging lhe case lefoie lhe Connission vas oulside a
reasonable time period.
Hovevei, lhe Connission has aIso enphasized lhal
vhiIe eIsevheie six nonlhs seens lo le lhe usuaI
slandaid, each case nusl le liealed on ils ovn neiil.
Wheie lheie is good and conpeIIing ieason vhy a
ConpIainanl couId nol sulnil his/hei conpIainl foi
consideialion on line, lhe Connission nay exanine
lhe conpIainl lo ensuie faiiness and juslice.

14. ArtIc!c 56(7):
Do not deal with cases which have been settled by those States
Invn!vcd In accnrdancc wIth thc prIncIp!cs nf thc Chartcr nf thc
UnItcd NatInns, nr thc CnnstItutIvc Act nf thc AU nr thc
provisions of the present Charter.
Connunicalions lhal have leen finaIized ly sone olhei
inleinalionaI nechanisn siniIai lo lhe Connission =
inadnissilIe
L.g. Anncs|q |n|crna|icna| t. Tunisia (69/92)
Connunicalions sliII pending lefoie anolhei
adjudicaling lody = inadnissilIe
L.g. Mpa|a-Nsusu t. Zairc(15/88): connunicalion
aIieady leen iefeiied lo UN Hunan Righls Connillee
Connission viII, hovevei, considei connunicalions lhal
have leen discussed ly non-judiciaI inleinalionaI lodies, such
as UN speciaI iappoileuis
L.g. 8a|ucri |and C|ains Ccnni||cc t Cancrccn (26O/O2)
L.g. SHRO c COHR| t Sudan (279/O3 and 296/O5)
15. RcvIsInn nf DccIsInn nn AdmIssIbI!Ity
1

If Connission decIaies a connunicalion inadnissilIe,
conpIainanl can ieinlioduce il lo lhe Connission foi ieviev.
RuIe 1O7(4) If lhe Connission has decIaied a
Connunicalion inadnissilIe lhis decision nay le
ievieved al a Ialei dale, upon lhe sulnission of nev
evidence, conlained in a viillen iequesl lo lhe
Connission ly lhe aulhoi.
Ioi exanpIe vhen ieason foi decIaiing inadnissilIe
has leen ieclified oi vheie conpIainanl leIieves
Connission nade a nislake.



16. AmIcab!c 5ctt!cmcnt (Ru!c 109)
Once a connunicalion is decIaied adnissilIe, lhe
Connission puls ilseIf al disposaI of pailies lo faciIilale
fiiendIy sellIenenl. This can occui al any slage in pioceedings.
If fiiendIy sellIenenl is ieached, a iepoil conlaining leins of
sellIenenl is piesenled lo lhe Connission. Mallei is lhen
cIosed.
The Connission sliongIy encouiages fiiendIy sellIenenl of
lhe dispule. If pailies expiess viIIingness lo sellIe lhe nallei
anicalIy, lhen lhe Connission viII appoinl a Rappoileui lo
faciIilale:
SellIenenl can onIy le nade: 1) in conpIiance vilh
hunan iighls, and 2) vilh fuII coopeialion of lolh
pailies. This is inpoilanl lecause an inlaIance of
povei lelveen lvo pailies can sleei conpIainanl lo
accepl sonelhing lhal is nol lo lheii advanlage.
Revised RuIes of Iioceduie Connission is nov conpeIIed lo
nake il pulIicIy knovn hov lhe sellIenenl fuIfiIIs lhe lvo
iequiienenls alove.
17. Dcc!arcd AdmIssIb!c? What Ncxt?
When a Connunicalion is decIaied adnissilIe, and is nol
sellIed anicalIy, lhe Connission viII invile lhe conpIainanl
lo nake sulnissions on lhe neiils vilhin 6O days.

18

MERIT5
1. DcfInItInn and prnccss:
Once connunicalion is decIaied adnissilIe, Connission
pioceeds lo considei sulslanlive issues of lhe case.
ArtIc!c 46: lhe Connission can use any appiopiiale nelhod of
invesligalion: e.g. facl-finding visils.
2. TImIng and prnccdurc (Ru!c 108)
Tine laken lo ieach a decision depends on nany faclois Iike
lhe scheduIe of lhe Connission, lhe nunlei of ils sessions
and lhe diIigence of lhe conpIainanl. Hovevei, on aveiage, il
is a piocess lhal lakes seveiaI yeais.
The iespondenl slale has a iighl of iepIy vilhin 6O days aflei
lhe conpIainanl sulnils ils sulnissions on lhe neiils.
Aflei lhe slale paily nakes ils sulnissions, lhe conpIainanl
nay nake addilionaI sulnissions in iesponse vilhin 3O days.
This line Iinil cannol le exlended. olh pailies aie enlilIed lo
copies of each others sulnissions.
3. App!Icab!c !aws and prIncIp!cs
In deciding on lhe neiils, lhe Connission exanines aII lhe
aIIegalions and aigunenls sulnilled ly lhe pailies. If lhe
iespondenl slale faiIs lo nake any sulnission on lhe neiils,
lhe Connission shouId pioceed lo exanine lhe
Connunicalion onIy on lhe lasis of infoinalion ieceived fion
lhe conpIainanl(s).
The Connission appIies lhe Afiican Chailei and geneiaI
inleinalionaI hunan iighls Iav, piincipIes and slandaids
(AilicIes 6O & 61).
4. Typcs nf cvIdcncc acccptcd
Docunenls can le incIuded lo suppoil aIIeged facls (e.g.
affidavils, couil judgnenls, vilness leslinony, Lxpeil
opinions, MedicaI / psychoIogicaI iecoids, phologiaphic
evidence, iepoils of NCOs and inleinalionaI oiganisalions
(UN, AU, LU, elc), , Media ailicIes).
CeneiaIIy, lhe noie infoinalion lhal can le sulnilled lo
suppoil an aIIeged vioIalion, lhe lellei. When sulnilling lhe
information to the Commissions Secretariat, it is important to
19

ensuie lhal lhe Secielaiial ieceives aII infoinalion used,
possilIy ly vay of annexing lhe infoinalion lo lhe
connunicalion. As fiIes can gel Iosl, il is advisalIe lo send
infoinalion eIeclionicaIIy as veII as ly posl, and lo iequesl
acknovIedgnenl of ieceipl of aII infoinalion sulnilled (e.g.
of connunicalion and of X nunlei of Annexes). Il is aIso
inpoilanl lo keep a copy of aII infoinalion sulnilled lo lhe
Connission in case a dossiei is Iosl al a Ialei slage in lhe
pioceedings.
5. PractIca! advIcc fnr draftIng cnmmunIcatInn nn mcrIts
Lnsuie lhal aII aIIegalions aie veII suppoiled and lased on
specific facls.
CIeaiIy specify lhe iighls lhal aie vioIaled vilh iefeience lo lhe
Afiican Chailei.
Conducl lhoiough ieseaich on Connission case Iav and olhei
intl human rights jurisprudence dealing with the relevant
iighls.

6. HcarIngs at thc CnmmIssInn: (Ru!c 99 (4)):
The Commissions Rules of Procedure provide both parties to
a connunicalion vilh lhe possiliIily lo iequesl a heaiing, on
lhe adnissiliIily and/ oi lhe sulslance of lhe Connunicalion
(see RuIe 99).
A heaiing can heIp you lo piesenl facls diieclIy lo lhe
Connission, and lo aigue youi case in fionl of lhe
Connission and ansvei any queslions lhal lhe Connission
nay have. Il couId aIso piovide an oppoilunily foi lhe viclin
lo piesenl hei/ his case lo lhe Connission.
Hovevei, a heaiing nay aIso deIay lhe consideialion of a
connunicalion ly lhe Connission and invoIve significanl
costs as it requires travelling to the Commissions session and
possilIy an exlended slay duiing lhe session. il is inpoilanl lo
veigh lhe advanlages/ disadvanlages of iequesling a heaiing.
A paily iequesling a heaiing shaII do so al Ieasl 9O days lefoie
lhe leginning of lhe session in vhich lhe Connunicalion is
leing consideied. A iequesl can le nade ly a Iellei oulIining
lhe ieasons vhy a heaiing viII heIp lhe faciIilalion of lhe
connunicalion pioceduie.

2u

REMEDIE5
1. DcscrIptInn
In oidei lo encouiage lhe Connission lo specify a ienedy,
conpIainanls nusl cIeaiIy iequesl a ienedy and juslify vhy il
is appiopiiale.
AdvisalIe lo iequesl specific ienedies foi Ialei foIIov up on
lheii inpIenenlalion ly lhe slale.
IncIude ienedies lhal viII nol onIy deaI vilh lhe individuaI
case al hand, lul viII addiess a noie syslenic, sliucluiaI fIav.
2. Typcs nf rcmcdIcs/ fnrms nf rcparatInn
Renedy/ foin of iepaialion iequesled nusl depend on lhe
naluie of lhe vioIalion and lhe diffeienl lypes of hain infIicled
on lhe conpIainanl, as veII as lhe sliucluiaI ieasons vhich
have Ied lo such hain (e.g. IegaI sliucluie, poIicies,
disciininalion)
Ioins of Repaialion incIude:
1. Reslilulion: iesloie conpIainanl lo oiiginaI silualion
lefoie vioIalion. IncIudes: iesloialion of Iileily,
citizenship, return to ones place of residence,
iesloialion of enpIoynenl and ieluin of piopeily.
2. Conpensalion: econonicaIIy assessalIe danages foi
noiaI, naleiiaI oi olhei foins of hain
AdvisalIe lo ask foi a specific anounl, facloiing
in infIalion duiing lhe yeais lhe connunicalion
is consideied
3. RehaliIilalion: foi inslance (access lo) nedicaI and/ oi
psychoIogicaI caie as veII as IegaI and sociaI seivices.
4. Salisfaclion: can incIude lioad iange of neasuies, foi
inslance a ieliiaI in case of viongfuI conviclion,
olIigalion lo caiiy oul an independenl and lhoiough
invesligalion and pioseculion of lhose iesponsilIe foi
lhe vioIalion (s), apoIogy fion Slale/ fion aulhoiily in
queslion; publication of ACmHPRs ruling; building of
nonunenls, gianling cilizenship)
5. Cuaianlees of non-iepelilion: ienedies lhal conliilule
lo pievenlion of fuilhei occuiience of siniIai vioIalions
21

SliucluiaI changes (e.g. iepeaI of deciees/Iavs
lhal aie foi inslance a laiiiei lo accounlaliIily
(such as annesly Iavs oi innunily piovisions)
oi iefoining eIecloiaI Iavs),
Requesl slale lo invesligale, piosecule and
punish peipelialois foi loiluie ieIaled
vioIalions, consuIl lhe IslanluI IiolocoI, foi
exlia-judiciaI kiIIings, consuIl Minnesola
IiolocoI.




22

1. What If a statc faI!s tn rcspnnd?
Il is nol unusuaI foi Slales lo ignoie connunicalions and
iefuse lo coopeiale vilh lhe Connission.
In lhis case, lhe Connission ieIies on lhe facls al ils disposaI lo
ieach a finaI decision.
2. WIthdrawa! nf cnmmunIcatInn
A conpIainanl nay decide lo vilhdiav a connunicalion al
any slage of lhe pioceedings.
3. Ru!Ings nf thc CnmmIssInn
Reconnendalions / Decisions aie nade aflei consideialion of
lhe facls sulnilled ly aulhoi, state partys observations (if
any) and pioceedings lefoie Connission.
The ieconnendalions ienain confidenliaI unliI lhey aie
adopled ly lhe AssenlIy of Heads of Slale of lhe Afiican
Union al ils annuaI neeling (AilicIe 59).
Iailies lhen ieceive a Iellei fion lhe Secielaiial of lhe
Connission vilh lhe decision.
4. Enfnrccmcnt
The Connission is a quasi-judiciaI lody and sone slales have
in the past argued that the Commissions finaI
ieconnendalions aie lheiefoie nol IegaIIy linding.
Connission usuaIIy iequiies lhe slale lo infoin il, vilhin 18O
days, of lhe neasuies laken lo inpIenenl lhe
ieconnendalions.
Il is Iefl lo lhe conpIainanl lo deveIop a slialegy lo ensuie
enfoicenenl vhich can incIude a vaiiely of sleps oulIined
fuilhei leIov. Il is inpoilanl lo keep lhe Connission
infoined aloul lhe slalus of inpIenenlalion in lhe iespondenl
slale.
Il can le heIpfuI lo iequesl lhe Connission lo infoin you
aloul lhe dale in vhich lhe iespondenl slale vas nolified,
vhich aulhoiily in lhe iespondenl slale vas nolified and lo
possilIy send lhe decision lo olhei lodies/ aulhoiilies in lhe
iespondenl slale.
23

Inslilulions lesl pIaced lo faciIilale enfoicenenl al lhe nalionaI
IeveI incIude:
Coveinnenl/Lxeculive: lo engage ieIevanl nalionaI
inslilulions lo addiess specific iepaialion neasuies
such as olIigalion lo invesligale and piosecule,
conpensalion, iehaliIilalion, apoIogies, Iav iefoin
pioposaIs, eieclion of nonunenls elc,
Couils: foi fieeing delainees foi exanpIe,
IaiIianenl: foi IegisIalive anendnenls and changing
Iavs
NalionaI hunan iighls inslilulions foi
ieconnendalions on conpIiance.
ConpIainanls can aIso go lack lo lhe Connission in
cases of non-conpIiance- foi inslance ly fiIing a
sepaiale conpIainl using AilicIe 1 oi use lhe slale
iepoiling pioceduie of lhe Connission undei AilicIe
62 lo iaise faiIuie of conpIiance.
Media Can le a looI of advocacy diiecled al lhe
conceined execulive lodies lo conpIy vilh lhe
Commissions decision and implement it

FREQUENTLY CITED CA5E5:
Casc 5ubjcct / ArtIc!cs vIn!atcd
5ncIa! and EcnnnmIc RIghts
ActInn Ccntcr (5ERAC) and
Ccntcr fnr EcnnnmIc and
5ncIa! RIghts (CE5R) /
NIgcrIa
155/96
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo Life
Righl lo Iiopeily
Righl lo HeaIlh
Iioleclion of lhe IaniIy and VuIneialIe
Cioups
Righl lo Iiee DisposaI of WeaIlh and
NaluiaI Resouices
Righl lo a CeneiaI Salisfacloiy
Lnviionnenl
24

5Ir Dawda K. Jawara /
GambIa (Thc)
147/95-149/96
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Receive Infoinalion and Iiee
Lxpiession
Righl lo Iieedon of Associalion
Righl lo Iieedon of AssenlIy
Righl lo Iieedon of Movenenl
Righl lo Iailicipale in Coveinnenl
Righl lo SeIf-Deleininalion
Duly lo Cuaianlee Independence of
Couils
EgyptIan InItIatIvc fnr
Pcrsnna! RIghts &
INTERIGHT5 / Egypt
OlIigalions of Menlei Slales
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo LquaIily lefoie lhe Lav and
LquaI Iioleclion of lhe Lav
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo Receive Infoinalion and Iiee
Lxpiession
Righl lo HeaIlh
Iioleclion of lhe IaniIy and VuIneialIe
Cioups
Duly lo Cuaianlee Independence of
Couils
Ccntrc fnr MInnrIty RIghts
Dcvc!npmcnt (Kcnya) and
MInnrIty RIghts Grnup (nn
bcha!f nf EndnrnIs Wc!farc
CnuncI!) / Kcnya
276/03
Righl lo Iieedon of Conscience
Righl lo Iiopeily
Righl lo Lducalion
Righl lo Iiee DisposaI of WeaIlh and
NaluiaI Resouices
Righl lo Lcononic, SociaI and CuIluiaI
DeveIopnenl
Ma!awI AfrIca AssncIatInn,
Amncsty IntcrnatInna!, Ms
5arr DInp, UnInn
IntcrafrIcaInc dcs drnIts dc
!'Hnmmc and RADDHO,
Cn!!cctIf dcs vcuvcs ct
ayants-DrnIt, AssncIatInn
maurItanIcnnc dcs drnIts dc
!'Hnmmc / MaurItanIa
54/91-61/91-96/93-98/93-
164/97_196/97-210/98
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo Life
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Receive Infoinalion and Iiee
Lxpiession
Righl lo Iieedon of Associalion
Righl lo Iieedon of AssenlIy
Righl lo Iieedon of Movenenl
Righl lo Iiopeily
2

Righl lo HeaIlh
Iioleclion of lhe IaniIy and VuIneialIe
Cioups
Duly lo Cuaianlee Independence of
Couils
CIvI! LIbcrtIcs OrganIsatInn
(In rcspcct nf thc NIgcrIan
Bar AssncIatInn) / NIgcrIa
101/93
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Iieedon of Associalion

Frcc Lcga! AssIstancc
Grnup, Lawycrs' CnmmIttcc
fnr Human RIghts, UnInn
IntcrafrIcaInc dcs DrnIts dc
!'Hnmmc, Lcs TmnIns dc
Jchnvah / DRC
25/89-47/90-56/91-100/93

Righl lo Life
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Iieedon of Conscience
Righl lo HeaIlh
Righl lo Lducalion

CnnstItutInna! RIghts
Prnjcct (In rcspcct nf Wahab
Akamu, G. Adcga and
nthcrs) / NIgcrIa
60/91

Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
CnmmIssInn natInna!c dcs
drnIts dc !'Hnmmc ct dcs
!Ibcrts / Chad
74/92
Righl lo Life
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Iieedon of Associalion
CnnstItutInna! RIghts
Prnjcct (In rcspcct nf
ZamanI Lakwnt and sIx
nthcrs) / NIgcrIa
87/93
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Amncsty IntcrnatInna!,
CnmIt Lnns!I Bachc!ard,
Lawycrs' CnmmIttcc fnr
Human RIghts, AssncIatInn
nf Mcmbcrs nf thc
EpIscnpa! Cnnfcrcncc nf
East AfrIca / 5udan
48/90-50/91-52/91-89/93
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo Life
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Iieedon of Conscience
Righl lo Receive Infoinalion and Iiee
26

Lxpiession
Righl lo Iieedon of Associalion
Duly lo Cuaianlee Independence of
Couils

Rcncnntrc AfrIcaInc pnur !a
Dfcnsc dcs DrnIts dc
!'Hnmmc (RADDHO) /
ZambIa
71/92
Righl lo Iieedon fion Disciininalion
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
Righl lo Iieedon of Movenenl

Embga Mcknngn LnuIs /
Camcrnnn
59/91
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI
KrIshna Achuthan (nn
bcha!f nf A!ckc Banda),
Amncsty IntcrnatInna! (nn
bcha!f nf Ortnn and Vcra
ChIrwa), Amncsty
IntcrnatInna! (nn bcha!f nf
Ortnn and Vcra ChIrwa) /
Ma!awI
64/92-68/92-78/92_8AR
Righl lo Life
Iiohililion of Toiluie and CiueI,
Inhunan and Degiading Tiealnenl
Righl lo IeisonaI Lileily and Iioleclion
fion Aililiaiy Aiiesl
Righl lo Iaii TiiaI