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GOR li m = 250 Sm3/Sm3
NO GOR limi t
GOR li m = 1000 Sm3/Sm3
Graph.2: well production history Graph.3: .Production forecast
OTC 19451 9
Such results are very encouraging since they are above the production forecast (see Graph.3).
In this pilot project of the first Motor J acket these main results are observed:
The pump hydraulic efficiency obtained is 70% instead of the 35% on the well ZAM-406 and 30% on
ZAM-116.
The temperature increment of the fluid given by the motor shrouded with the Motor J acket is of an
average of 5C which implies that the thermal propagation expected is positive for the ESPCP Motor
J acket application.
The ZAM-408ML multilateral well production performance
A 56hour hour build up of the well has been done in order to evaluate precisely the well potentially. The analysis
highlights showed the following results:
The pressure derivative trend is similar in its final part of a normal single drain well having 5000 ft long
length (see graph.4).
The skin factor is equal to zero
The productivity index is 6.7m
3
/d/bar.
Graph.4: Log-log plot of the pressure and the derivative
With respect to the former producing wells from this level, the PI is twice bigger which shows the positive results
in terms productivity index of the ZAM-408ML TAM6.
The Zatchi B potential
At the present time an ongoing study is being done in order to increase reservoir recovery factor. In fact, the level
B has an estimate OOIP of 435 MMstb and a GOIP of 1262 MMsm
3
for only a total volume produced of 370,000
stb @ 2005. It has been evaluated that the maximum recovery factor with a traditional method will not go beyond
2%. Hence, the study was oriented on the EOR methods which will allow to have, as objective, a minimum
recovery factor of 10%.
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100
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Elapsedtime (hrs)
Log-Log Match - FlowPeriod 2
Effective length
Distortion due to interference b/w drains
10 OTC 19451
The actual EOR methods which are under instigation are the following:
Thermal methods:
CSS
CSS +gas injection
in-situ combustion
Steam assisted gravity drainage
Chemicals:
Polymer injection
VAPEX
Complex well geometry (CHOPS)
All these different options will be addressed by taking into account the cost issues learned from previous studies.
Since the best hope for recovery of this viscous oil appears to be a thermal application, a special care will be
taken on the core analysis with special analysis on rock compressibility, wet ability, thermal capacity and
transmissibility. In addition, the fluid sampling and pressure testing of the B zone will be performed in order to
have a clear view on viscosity, barrier location and depletion. This study will increase the field perspective.
Conclusions
With the purpose of optimizing heavy oil production from Zatchi B Reservoir, ZAM 408 ML was the first successful
multilateral well ever drilled in West Africa.
The most critical drilling challenges were faced with extremely satisfying results and the whole operations
sequence from spud until rig release were performed in only 65 days.
The formation evaluation process, performed by means of Logging While Drilling technology, allowed the
computation of a reliable CPI which pointed out very good reservoir properties in both drilled legs (high porosity
and oil saturations).
An innovative system called Motor J acket was also installed in order to optimize the artificial lift system.
The first production data are encouraging, the well performances are satisfying and the TAML6 technology allows
mitigating premature water and gas breakthrough, or coning.
The ZAM 408 ML well opens new development perspectives for the Zatchi B Reservoir and the ongoing studies
should support the optimization of the heavy oil recovery, with new dedicated wells to be drilled in the near future.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Eni Congo management, its different technical departments for permission and
encouraging the implementation of the ZAM-408ML project.
We would also like to thank everyone who has contributed to the said project with their constructive comments.
References
1. Fluid mecanics, L.Landau, E. Lifchitz Mir edition Moscow.
2. webb,Eckert, ERG and golstein, J R. heat transfert and friction in tubes with repated-rib roughness, int
J . heat and Mass transfer, vol 14, pp601-617, (1971)
3. Gee, DL, , and Webb, RL, Forced convection heat transfert in helically rib-roughened tubes, Int,
J .Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.23 pp1127-1136, (1980)
4. Garimella, S., Chandrachood, V., Christensen, R.N and Richards, D.E, Investigation of heat transfer and
pressure drop augmentation for turbulent flow in spirally enhances tubes, ASHRAE transactions, Vol. 94,
Part 2, pp. 1119-1131 (1988).
5. Farina, A. and Palgiarini, G., un apparato per lanalisi sperimentale dello scambio termico convettivo in
condotti con parete corrugata, atti del XII congresso Nazionale sula trasmissione del Calore, pp.151-162,
LAquila, 23-24 giugno 1994.
6. Piero De biase, Andrea Fedullo, Nazmul Hug, Zatchi Marine field Layer B (November 2005).
7. Sada D.J oshi, Horizontal well technology.
8. A. Banioni, D. Baldini, R. Riccobon; Drilling and completion program of ZAM-408ML (Eni Congo).
OTC 19451 11
Fig. 1: Zatchi Location Map: the field is located in the Fig. 2: Schematic stratigraphic chart showing the
Congo offshore, with water depth ranging between 55 gross lithological compostion of the Zatchi field.
and 57 meters .
Fig. 3: Schematic cross section highlighting the main tectono-depositional domains of the West African margin. The lower
sedimentary sequences are strongl y deformed by salt tectonics while the upper ones are relati vel y undeformed or characterized by
a low tectonic control (from Brownfield and Charpentier, 2006)
Zatchi Field
Zatchi Zatchi
12 OTC 19451
Fig. 4: Facies Sequence of the typical Zatchi well, with GR and Dendity/Neutron response.
The B Reservoir is characterized by the prevalence of sands alternated with thinner dolomitic
Layers.
Fig. 5: Deposition Model for Zatchi field. The serie is interpreted as a transgressive complex of littoral bars that delimit
areas with lagoon characteristics landward
OTC 19451 13
Fig. 5 bis: NS Cross section passing along the two legs of ZAM 408ML well. The top of the 9 5/8 Multijunction assembl y was set 2.5
meters below the top of B reservoir in order to keep the 2 drains as far as possible from the gas cap. Leg A and B ended
respecti vel y 12.5 and 14.5 above the OWC.
OWC -434
B
L
a
y
e
r
N S
20 CSG @ -155
13 3/8 CSG @ -380
9 5/8 multijunction Ass. @ -409
LEG A / TD -421.5
LEG B/ TD -419.5
Top B @ -406.5
14 OTC 19451
Composite showing the logs recorded on the LEG A of ZAM 408 ML (6 phase). Record of the Resisti vity and Density/Neutron while
drilling.
The overall quality of the logs is good and allows the computation of a reliable CPI (last three tracks of the composite).
The B Reservoir characteristics are excellent, with average porosity around 26% and oil saturation higher than 80%..
In this reservoir section onl y Sand seems to be present with negligible amount of Carbonates
OTC 19451 15
Composite showing the logs recorded on the LEG B of ZAM 408 ML (6 phase). Record of the Resisti vity and Density/Neutron while
drilling.
The overall quality of the logs is good as in LEGA allowing the computation of a reliable CPI (last three tracks of the composite).
The B Reservoir characteristics are excellent, with average porosity around 26% and oil saturation higher than 80%..
In this reservoir section onl y Sand seems to be present with negligible amount of Carbonates