CHEM 2011-1 (Dr.

Huffman) 2014, Winter Quarter Final Exam - Review Sheet General comments: To expect to do well on this exam I suggest that at a minimum you MUST know how to work all the problems from the board and from the chapter text. This is the most key piece of this course. Go back and work all the examples again. If you do not know how to work one without looking, keep working until you do. Ask me if you have questions. Also make sure you understand the conceptual parts of the material. What is the big picture of what we are calculating and doing. There will be both number-based, and concept-based problems. The first thing you should do when arriving at any problem that involves a reaction is WRITE THE PERTINENT REACTION on the page. This is the most critical step, and requires you to know what reaction is taking place at that moment in solution. One reaction may have gotten you to that place, but will no longer happen (e.g. a weak acid reacting with a strong base) because the reactants are used up in what was a strong/irreversible reaction. There is always a dynamic equilibrium of reactions going forward and backward, however. It is critical to be able to predict which reaction is taking place at a given moment in solution. o If you do not get a question right on the exam, I reserve the right to offer very little or no partial credit if you do not at least attempt to write down the pertinent reaction in solution. (!!) Think conceptually about the question being asked. Does the final pH make sense for what you put into solution? E.g., if you put a base into solution, do you have an acidic pH? Using an ICE table may work in many situations, but this essentially makes the assumption that the autoprotolysis of water can be ignored for the solution. This may, or may not work. For a strong acid or strong base (or anything that fully dissociates) you do NOT need to write a K-expression down, because the K-value is so large that it essentially goes all the way to the right. You may, if you wish, write it and ignore the equation. When solving problems systematically, write all the equations and expressions you know to be true. You do not necessarily need to use all of them. You only need as many equations as unknowns you want to solve for. Use the easiest (unique) expressions to solve. The exam will be cumulative and will be 65-80% old material, with the remaining material coming from the new sections (Chapter 7 and Kinetics). The rest of the exam will be material covered earlier in the course. The cumulative sections of the exam will cover Chapters 6, 8-10. Chapter 6 is all introductory material, and Chapters 8-10 go into more detail. The test will be written to be somewhat less than twice as long as a single hour exam, so time budgeting will be important. Keep in mind that exam #2 was written a bit too hard, and exam #3 was on the easy side. Kinetics Section: The kinetics section of the final will include mathematical/quantitative questions, but also conceptual problems and those involving graphs and molecular scenes For this section of the course doing extra problems will be even more important than other sections, because we didnt work as many examples in class Thus, I highly suggest working the optional/suggested problems from the Silberberg text that are listed at the end of this document. It is highly likely that one of these will show up on the exam. The key types of calculation from the kinetics section include: o Determining reaction rate from experimental data Page 1 of 6

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Determining rate order & rate constant from experimental data Determining rate order from plots of [A], ln[A] or 1/[A] Simple calculations involving integrated rate laws (including half-life calculations) Calculating H, or Ea from energy diagram

Overview of topics per lecture Lecture 1: Overview of thermodynamics and kinetics Reversible & irreversible reactions Static and dynamic equilibria The equilibrium constant, K Equilibrium standard state Lecture 2: Equilibrium constant: expression manipulation Equilibrium constant: multiplied by a common factor Equilibrium quotient, Q Predicting direction of reaction from Q Kc and Kp Equilibrium and G Lecture 3: Le Chatliers Principle, disturbing equilibrium Adding/removing material Adding/removing gas Changing temperature Lecture 4: Brnsted-Lowry acids and bases Water acidity Hydronium ion Autoprotolysis Kw pH, pOH Kw and temperature Strong acids and bases Lecture 5: Weak acids and bases HF Common examples Conjugate pairs Polyprotic acids/bases Table of acid dissociation constants K relationship for multi-protic acids/bases

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Lecture 6: Equilibrium calculations Solving for values at equilibrium ICE tables Solubility product, Ksp Lecture 7: Common ion effect Effect of pH on solubility Lewis acids Complexation Lecture 8 Precipitation Lecture 9 Strength of acid/base conjugates Naming acids/ions Fraction of dissociation Acidic/basic/neutral salts Lecture 10 Buffers Definition Conceptual purpose / idea Mix of a weak acid and weak base Derivation, properties of Henderson-Hasselbach Equation Lecture 11 Adding acid/base to buffer Preparing buffers Lecture 12 Buffer capacity Lecture 13 Polyprotic acids/bases/intermediates How to solve in each case Lecture 14 Diprotic buffers Lecture 15 Polyprotic (>2) species and how to solve Principle species

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Lecture 16 Titrations Strong acid and strong base Weak acid with strong base Equivalence point Qualitative zones on titration curves Lecture 17 Qualitative trends in titration curves Endpoints vs equivalence points 1st and 2nd derivatives Lecture 18 Diprotic base + strong acid titration Lecture 19 Chapter 7 Ionic strength Conceptual understanding Quantitative calculation: = (c1z12 + c2z22 + ) One ionic strength for the whole solution Activity Conceptual understanding A = [C]c Lecture 20 Activity coefficients, c Ideal = 1.0, and decreases when increases Find via table + interpolation Calculate via Debye-Hckel Equation Expanded Keq relationship K = [C]cc [D]dd / [A]aa[B]bb Ionic strength effect on solubility (including plot, slide 11) Lecture 21 Calculations using activities Dilute concentration of strong acid/base => problem Systematic solution of equilibrium problems Charge balance equations Add up number of CHARGES in solution Add concentration of positive ions to one side, concentration of negative ions to other; multiple each concentration by the number of charges per ion. Do NOT add a given ion twice in a charge balance equation. The concentration in a solution has one value, whether multiple sources or not.

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Lecture 22 Mass balance equations May be multiple for a given reaction Two styles: (see also Recitation Lecture #12) a) Follow a species/ion: Tricycle analogy b) Stoichiometry: Sandwich example Dilute concentration of strong acid/base => solution Know how to solve for pH of dilute or intermediate concentration of strong acid or base Calculating pH of strong acid High concentration -> pH = -log(F) Low concentration -> to calculate pH you must take autoprotolysis of water into account Solve systematically, like learned in Chapter 7 When does water become important? Lecture 23 Kinetics/Thermodynamic differences Chemical kinetics: study of how fast chemical reactions occur Reaction rate: [C]/ t (rate always positive) Factors that influence reaction rate: - Concentration - Physical state - Temperature - Catalysis Rate Law: Rate = k[A]m[B]n Reaction order Calculating reaction order & rate constant from experimental data Lecture 24 Integrated rate laws Collision Theory Transition State Theory Energy diagrams Lecture 25 Reaction mechanisms Catalysis Enzymes Optional Problems for additional study: These problems represent questions that I would expect you to be able to answer on an exam. Pick as many as you feel you ned to practice areas you are not yet confident in. Solution sets for all chapters have been uploaded to Blackboard. Chapter 6: Exercises: A, B, D, H, I, K Problems: 1-6, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22, 25, 29, 30, 33-38, 39, 41, 45, 47, 50, 53 Chapter 8: Exercises: A, D, F, G, I, J Problems: 1-3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 18, 21, 23, 27, 33, 36, 38, 41 Chapter 9: Exercises: B, C Page 5 of 6

Problems: 2, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25 Chapter 10: Exercises: A, C Problems: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 28b, 31 Chapter 7: Exercises: B, D, F, H Problems: 1-7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25 Kinetics (Chapter 16, Silberberg): Problems: 2, 4, 5, 11, 14, 18, 25, 28, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 59, 61, 69, 72a-c, 77, 90, 96a-b

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