Living wage From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with Basic income. Unbalanced scales.

svg The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (September 2012) In public policy, a living wage is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their needs that are considered to be basic. This is not necessarily the sa me as subsistence, which refers to a biological minimum, though the two terms ar e commonly confused. These needs include shelter (housing) and other incidentals such as clothing and nutrition. In some nations such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland, this standard generally means that a person working forty hours a w eek, with no additional income, should be able to afford the basics for quality of life, food, utilities, transport, health care, and minimal recreation, one co urse a year to upgrade their education and childcare although in many cases educ ation, saving for retirement, and less commonly legal fees and insurance, or tak ing care of a sick or elderly family member are not included. It also does not a llow for debt repayment of any kind. In addition to this definition, living wage activists further define "living wage" as the wage equivalent to the poverty li ne for a family of four. This is two adults working full-time with one child age 9 and another of 4. The living wage differs from the minimum wage in that the latter is set by law a nd can fail to meet the requirements to have a basic quality of life and leaves the family to rely on government programs for additional income. It differs some what from basic needs in that the basic needs model usually measures a minimum l evel of consumption, without regard for the source of the income. Living wage is defined by the wage that can meet the basic needs to maintain a s afe, decent standard of living within the community.[1] The particular amount th at must be earned per hour to meet these needs varies depending on location. In 1990 the first living wage campaigns were launched by community initiatives in t he US addressing increasing poverty faced by workers and their families. They ar gued that employee, employer, and the community win with a living wage. Employee s would be more willing to work, helping the employer reduce worker turnover rat io and it would help the community when the citizens have enough to have a decen t life.[2] Poverty threshold is the income necessary for a household to be able to consume a low cost, nutritious diet and purchase non-food necessities in a given country . Poverty lines and living wages are measured differently. Poverty lines are mea sured by household units and living wage is based on individual workers. one sufficient to not only support on A related concept is that of a family wage eself, but also to raise a family. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Implementations 2.1 Australia 2.2 Bangladesh 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 Impact 4 Living wage estimates 5 Living wage movements 5.1 Living Wage Aotearoa New Zealand 5.2 New York City Living Wage 5.3 Harvard Living Wage Campaign 5.4 Miami University Living Wage Campaign 5.5 Johns Hopkins University 5.6 Swarthmore Living Wage and Democracy Campaign 5.7 Asia Floor Wage

5.8 Living wage 5.9 University of Virginia Living Wage Campaign 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History[edit] Activists argue that a wage is more than just compensation for labor. It is a me ans of securing a living and it leads to public policies that address both the l evel of the wage and its decency.[3] In his Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith recognized that rising real wages lead to t he "improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of people" and are there fore an advantage to society.[4] Growth and a system of liberty were the means b y which the laboring poor were able to secure high wages and an acceptable stand ard of living. Rising real wages are secured by growth through increasing produc tivity against stable price levels, i.e. prices not affected by inflation. A sys tem of liberty, secured through political institutions whereupon even the "lower ranks of people" could secure the opportunity for higher wages and an acceptabl e standard of living. Servants, labourers and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society. But what improves the circumstances of the gr eater part can never be regarded as an inconvenience to the whole. No society ca n surely be ?ourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members a re poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, an d lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, cloathed and lodged. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I .viii.36[4] According to living wage advocates Smith advocated that labor should receive an equitable share of what labor produces; According to Smith, this equitable share amounts to more than subsistence. Smith equated the interests of labor and the interests of land with overarching societal interests. He reasoned that as wages and rents rise, as a result of higher productivity, societal growth will occur thus increasing the quality of life for the greater part of its members.[3] Activists argue that the greater good for society is achieved through justice. T hey argue that government should in turn attempt to align the interests of those pursuing profits with the interests of the labor in order to produce societal a dvantages for the majority of society. Smith argued that higher productivity and overall growth led to higher wages that in turn led to greater benefits for soc iety. Based on his writings, one can infer that Smith would support a living wag e commensurate with the overall growth of the economy. This, in turn, would lead to more happiness and joy for people, while helping to keep families and people out of poverty. Political institutions can create a system of liberty for indiv iduals to ensure opportunity for higher wages through higher production and thus stable growth for society. No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1933, Statement on National Industrial Recov ery Act.[5] In 1891, Pope Leo XIII issued a papal bull entitled Rerum Novarum, which is cons idered the Catholic Church's first expression of a view supportive of a living w age. The Church recognized that wages should be sufficient to support a family. This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has b een reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by Pope Pius XI in 1 931 Quadragesimo Anno and again in 1961, by Pope John XXIII writing in the encyc lical Mater et Magistra. More recently, Pope John Paul II wrote, "Hence in every case a just wage is the concrete means of verifying the whole socioeconomic sys

tem and, in any case, of checking that it is functioning justly."[6] Today, one of major supporting groups for the Living Wage is the Universal Livin g Wage group. The group currently has over 1,500 followers and continues to grow .[7] Implementations[edit] Australia[edit] In Australia, the 1907 Harvester Judgment ruled that an employer was obliged to pay his employees a wage that guaranteed them a standard of living which was rea sonable for "a human being in a civilised community" to live in "frugal comfort estimated by current... standards,"[8] regardless of the employer's capacity to pay. Justice Higgins established a wage of 7/- (7 shillings) per day or 42/- per week as a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers. The judgmen t was later overturned but remains influential. From the Harvester Judgement aro se the Australian industrial concept of the "basic wage". For most skilled worke rs, in addition to the basic wage they received a margin on top of the basic wag e, in proportion to a court or commission's judgement of a group of worker's ski ll levels. In 1913, to compensate for the rising cost of living, the basic wage was increased to 8/- per day, the first increase since the minimum was set. The first Retail Price Index in Australia was published late in 1912, the A Series I ndex. From 1934, the basic wage was indexed against the C Series Index of househ old prices. The concept of a basic wage was repeatedly challenged by employer gr oups through the Basic wage cases and Metal Trades Award cases where the employe rs argued that the basic wage and margin ought to be replaced by a "total wage". The basic wage system remained in place in Australia until 1967. It was also ad opted by some state tribunals and was in use in some states during the 1980s. Bangladesh[edit] In Bangladesh salaries are among the lowest in the world. During 2012 wages hove red around US$ 38 per month depending on the exchange rate. Studies by Professor Doug Miller during 2010 to 2012, has highlighted the evolving global trade prac tices in "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail." This white p aper published in 2013 by University of Manchester, appear to suggest that the c ompetition amongst buying organizations have implications to poor wages in count ries such as Bangladesh. It has laid down a road map to achieve sustainable wage s. United Kingdom[edit] In the United Kingdom, many campaigning organisations have responded to the low level of the National Minimum Wage by asserting the need for it to be increased to a level more comparable to a living wage. For instance, the Mayor of London's office hosts a Living Wage Unit which monitors the level needed for a living wa ge in London (which has considerably higher living costs than the rest of the UK ). Other organisations with an interest in living wage issues include Church Act ion on Poverty [9] and the Scottish Low Pay Unit. Since 2011, the Living Wage Foundation has been the focus of these efforts, and has accredited "Living Wage Employers", based on the London calculations and an outside London figure calculated by the Centre for Research in Social Policy at Loughborough University, using its Minimum Income Standard.[10] The 2014 Living Wage rates are 8.80 for London and 7.65 for the rest of the UK[11] The Guardian newspaper columnist Polly Toynbee is also a major supporter of the campaign for a living wage. The activist group Bloomsbury Fightback! are campaig ning for a living wage to be implemented across the University of London.[12] Th e Labour Party leader, Ed Miliband actively supports the living wage saying that the living wage 'can make Britain both a fairer and more prosperous place',[13] also supporting tax breaks for employers who adopt the living wage.[14] The Lab our Party has implemented the living wage in some local councils which it contro ls, such as in Birmingham[15] and Cardiff[16] councils. Mayor of London Boris Jo hnson is also a keen supporter of the Living Wage, and has stated that "paying t he London Living Wage ensures hard-working Londoners are helped to make ends mee t"[17] In recent years, new research has been published in a number of reports on the p

otential impact of raising the UK's statutory National Minimum Wage to the same level as the Living Wage. This includes includes "Beyond the Bottom Line"[18] by the IPPR & Resolution Foundation and "The Economic Impact of Extending the Livi ng Wage to all Employees in the UK"[19] by Landman Economics. United States[edit] In the United States, the state of Maryland and several municipalities and local governments have enacted ordinances which set a minimum wage higher than the fe deral minimum that requires all jobs to meet the living wage for that region. Th is usually works out to be $3 to $7 above the federal minimum wage. However, San Francisco, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico have notably passed very wide-re aching living wage ordinances.[citation needed] U.S. cities with living wage law s include Santa Fe and Albuquerque in New Mexico; San Francisco, California; and Washington D.C.[20] The city of Chicago, Illinois also passed a living wage ord inance in 2006, but it was vetoed by Mayor Richard M. Daley.[21] Living wage law s typically cover only businesses that receive state assistance or have contract s with the government.[22] This effort began in 1994 when an alliance between a labor union and religious l eaders in Baltimore launched a successful campaign requiring city service contra ctors to pay a living wage.[23] Subsequent to this effort, community advocates h ave won similar ordinances in cities such as Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and St. Louis. In 2007, there were at least 140 living wage ordinances in citie s throughout the United States and more than 100 living wage campaigns underway in cities, counties, states, and college campuses.[24] Although these ordinances are recent, a number of studies have attempted to meas ure the impact of these policies on wages and employment. Researchers have had d ifficulty measuring the impact of these policies because it is difficult to isol ate a control group for comparison. A notable study defined the control group as the subset of cities that attempted to pass a living wage law but were unsucces sful.[25] This comparison indicates that living wages raise the average wage lev el in cities, however, it reduces the likelihood of employment for individuals i n the bottom percentile of wage distribution. Impact[edit] Research shows that minimum wage laws and living wage legislation impact poverty differently: evidence demonstrates that living wage legislation reduces poverty .[26] The parties impacted by minimum wage laws and living wage laws differ as l iving wage legislation generally applies to a more limited sector of the populat ion. It is estimated that workers who qualify for the living wage legislation ar e currently between 1-2% of the bottom quartile of wage distribution.[26] One mu st consider that the impact of living wage laws depends heavily on the degree to which these ordinances are enforced. "There is evidence that living wage ordinances modestly reduce the poverty rates in locations in which these ordinances are enacted.However, there is no evidenc e that state minimum wage laws do so."[27] With minimum wage laws, the increased costs are passed to employers who in turn charge consumers higher prices if pos sible. Faced with higher prices, consumers purchase fewer goods thus leading to a redistribution among low wage workers. Those impacted by living wage legislati on are typically low wage employees who are selling services to the local govern ments[citation needed]. Living wage estimates[edit] As of 2003, there are 122 living wage ordinances in American cities and an addit ional 75 under discussion.[28] Article 23 of the United Nations Universal Declar ation of Human Rights states that " Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and for his family an existence wo rthy of human dignity." In addition to legislative acts, many corporations have adopted voluntary codes of conduct. The Sullivan Principles in South Africa an e xample of a voluntary code of conduct which state that firms should compensate w orkers to at least cover their basic needs. Country One full-time worker (four person household) Average number of full-t

ime worker equivalents in country (four person household) One full-time wo rker (household size varies by country) Average number of full-time worker equiv alents in each country Bangladesh 1.61 1.14 2.02 1.44 India 1.55 1.32 1.79 1.52 Zimbabwe 2.43 1.70 3.18 2.22 Low income average 1.86 1.39 2.33 1.72 Armenia 3.03 2.05 2.52 1.70 Ecuador 1.94 1.74 2. 23 2.01 Egypt 1.96 1.77 2.45 2.21 China 2.08 1.47 1.95 1.38 South Africa 3.10 2.60 3.35 2.81 Lower Middle Income Average 2.42 1.93 2.50 2.02 Lithuania 4.62 3.21 3.97 2.76 Costa Rica 3.68 3.38 3.90 3.58 Upper Middle Income Average 4.14 3.30 3.94 3.17 United States 13.10 11.00 13.36 11.23 Switzerland 16.41 13.23 14.76 11.91 High Income Average 14.75 12.10 14.06 11.57 In the above table, cross national comparable living wages were estimated for tw elve countries and reported in local currencies and purchasing power parity(PPP) . Living wage estimates for the year 2000, range from US $1.7 PPP per hour in lo w-income examples to approximately US$11.6 PPP per hour in high-income examples. [28] Living wage movements[edit] Living Wage Aotearoa New Zealand[edit] In New Zealand a new social movement, Living Wage Aotearoa New Zealand was forme d on May 2012. In February 2013, independent research by the Family Centre Social Policy Resear ch Unit identified the New Zealand Living Wage as $18.40 per hour.[29] This comp ares to a statutory minimum wage of $13.75 per hour. New Zealand is 23rd worst of 30 developed countries for income inequality, going from being one of the most equal to one of the most unequal countries in the wo rld in the last two decades.[30] Most of that increase was due to larger pay inc reases for the top earners while those on low wages have been held back. New York City Living Wage[edit] The proposed law will inform taxpayer of where their investment dollars go and w ill hold developers to more stringent employment standards. The proposed act wil l require developers who receive substantial tax-payer funded subsidies to pay e mployees a minimum living wage. The law is designed to raise quality of life and stimulate local economy. Specifically the proposed act will guarantee that work ers in large developmental projects will receive a wage of at least $10.00 an ho ur. The living wage will get indexed so that it keeps up with cost of living inc reases. Furthermore the act will require that employees who do not receive healt h insurance from their employer will receive an additional $1.50 an hour to subs idize their healthcare expenses. Workers employed at a subsidized development wi ll also be entitled to the living wage guarantee.[31] Many city officials have opposed living wage requirements because they believe t hat they restrict business climate thus making cities less appealing to potentia l industries. Logistically cities must hire employees to administer the ordinanc e. Conversely advocates for the legislation have acknowledged that when wages ar en't sufficient, low-wage workers are often forced to rely on public assistance in the form of food stamps or Medicaid.[31] James Parrott of the Fiscal Policy Institute testified during a May 2011 New Yor k City Council meeting that real wages for low-wage workers in the city have dec lined substantially over the last 20 years, despite dramatic increases in averag e education levels. A report by the Fiscal Policy Institute indicated that busin ess tax subsidies have grown two and a half times faster than overall New York C ity tax collections and asks why these public resources are invested in poverty-

level jobs. Mr. Parrott testified that income inequality in New York City exceed s that of other large cities, with the highest-earning 1 percent receiving 44 pe rcent of all income. Harvard Living Wage Campaign[edit] Harvard University students began organizing a campaign to combat the issue of l ow living wages for Harvard workers beginning in 1998. After failed attempts to get a meeting with Harvard president Neil Rudenstine, The Living Wage Campaign b egan to take action. As the movement gained momentum, The Living Wage Campaign h eld rallies with the support of students, alumni, faculty, staff, community memb ers and organizations. Most importantly, the rallies gained the support of the H arvard workers, strengthening the campaign's demands for a higher wage. After va rious measures trying to provoke change among the administration, the movement t ook its most drastic measure. Approximately fifty students occupied the office o f the president and university administrators in 2001 for a three week sit-in. W hile students were in the office of the president, supporters would sleep outsid e the building to show solidarity. At the end of the sit-in, dining hall workers were able to agree on a contract to raise the pay of workers. After the sit-in, The Living Wage Campaign sparked unions, contract and service workers to begin negotiating for fair wages.[32] Miami University Living Wage Campaign[edit] The Miami University Living Wage Campaign began after it became known that Miami University wage was 18-19% below the market value. In 2003 the members of the M iami University Fair Labor Coalition began marching for university staff wages. After negotiations failed between the university and the American Federation of State and County Municipal Employees (AFSCME), workers went on strike. For two w eeks workers protested and students created a tent city as a way of showing supp ort for the strikers. Eventually more students, faculty and community members ca me out to show support. Even the union president at the time also went on a hung er strike as another means of protesting wages. In late 2003 the union was able to make an agreement with the university for gradual raises totaling about 10.25 %. There was still an ongoing push for Miami University to adopt a living wage p olicy.[33] Johns Hopkins University[edit] The Student Labor Action Committee (SLAC) of Johns Hopkins University took actio n by conducting a sit-in until the administration listen to their demands. In 19 99, after a petition with thousands of signatures, John's Hopkins president, Wil liam R. Brody raised the hourly wage (to only $7.75) but did not include healthc are benefits nor would the wage adjust for inflation. The sit-in began in early 2000 to meet the demands of students for the university to adopt a living wage. A few weeks later, a settlement was made with the administration. SLAC now just ensures that the living wage policy is implemented.[34] Swarthmore Living Wage and Democracy Campaign[edit] Starting in 2000, the Living Wage and Democracy Campaign of Swarthmore College b egan as small meetings between students and staff to voice concerns about their wages the lack of respect. Over the next two years the Living Wage and Democracy Campaign voiced concerns to the university administration. As a response in 200 2, the wage is increased from $6.66 to $9 an hour. While the campaign was please d with this first step, the believed the college still had a long way to go. The college president, Al Bloom created the Ad Hoc Committee to help learn what the living wage was and released a committee report. In the report suggested an hou rly wage, childcare benefit, health coverage for employees and families.[35] Asia Floor Wage[edit] Launched in 2009, Asia Floor Wage is a loose coalition of labour and other group s seeking to implement a Living Wage throughout Asia, with a particular focus on textile manufacturing. There are member associations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, H ong Kong S.A.R., India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lank a, Thailand and Turkey as well as supporters in Europe and North America. The ca mpaign targets multinational employers who do not pay their developing world wor kers a living wage.[36] Living wage[edit]

In 2013 the University of Manchester published a report suggesting that the comp etition amongst buying organizations has implications for poor wages in countrie s such as Bangladesh.[37] University of Virginia Living Wage Campaign[edit] The Living Wage Campaign at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virgi nia, composed of University students, faculty, staff, and community members, beg an in 1995 during the administration of University President John Casteen and co ntinues under the administration of President Teresa Sullivan.[38] The campaign has demanded that the university raise wages to meet basic standards of cost-ofliving in the Charlottesville area, as calculated by the nonpartisan Economic Po licy Institute.[38] In 2000, the campaign succeeded in persuading university administrators to raise the wage floor from $6.10 to $8.19; however, this wage increase soon fell to in flation and cost-of-living increases, and only applied to direct employees, not contracted workers.[38] In the spring of 2006, the campaign garnered national me dia attention when 17 students staged a sit-in in the university president's off ice in Madison Hall. A professor was arrested on the first day of the protest. T he 17 students were arrested after 4 days of protest and later acquitted at tria l.[39][40] Beginning in 2010, the campaign has staged a series of rallies and other events to draw attention to the necessity of the living wage for UVA employees. They ha ve also met with members of the administration numerous times, including with th e president.[38] In making the argument for a living wage, the campaign has clai med that continuing to pay low wages is inconsistent with the University's value s of the "Community of Trust."[38] They have also noted that University Presiden t Sullivan's 2011 co-written textbook, The Social Organization of Work, states t hat, "Being paid a living wage for one's work is a necessary condition for selfactualization."[41] After rallies and meetings in the spring of 2011, President Sullivan posted a "Commitment to Lowest-Paid Employees" on the University Presid ent's website including a letter addressed to the Campaign.[42] However, the uni versity still does not pay a living wage. On February 8, 2012, the Campaign released a series of demands to University adm inistrators calling for a living wage policy at the University. These demands in cluded a requirement that the University "explicitly address" the issue by Feb. 17. Although University President Teresa Sullivan did respond to the demands in a mass email sent to the University community shortly before the end of the day on February 17, the Campaign criticized her response as "intentionally misleadin g" and vowed to take action.[43] On February 18, the campaign announced that at least 12 students would begin a h unger strike to publicize the plight of low-paid workers and compel the universi ty to raise wages.[44] Several student organizations and community groups pledge d their support to the campaign during the strike. As the action progressed othe r students joined the strike, by the end 26 students had participated in multipl e days of the fast. Over 75 individuals participated in day long solidarity fast s. The hunger strike garnered significant national attention.[45][46] After 13 d ays the hunger strike came to a close without public concessions from the admini stration. Shortly after the end of the strike Charlottesville's city council vot ed to raise the base pay for municipal employees to $13/hour, the same wage that the strikers were asking the University of Virginia to pay.[47] Criticism[edit] Setting the minimum wage at a living wage has been criticized for allegedly dest roying jobs.[48][49] Other problems with the living wage is that the cost of living varies by locatio n and is different for each individual. A living wage that is sufficient for a s ingle person may be insufficient to raise a family on. See also[edit] Distributism Guaranteed Minimum Income

Labor market Minimum wage Positive rights Precarious work Supply and demand Trade Boards Act 1909 Working poor Notes[edit] Jump up ^ Gertner, Jon (January 15, 2006). "What Is a Living Wage?". The New Yor k Times. Retrieved 19 March 2012. Jump up ^ "Living Wage Fact Sheet" (PDF). Vibrant Communities Calgary. August 20 09. Retrieved 19 March 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Clary, B. J. (2009). "Smith and Living Wages:Arguments in Supp ort of a Mandated Living Wage". American Journal of Economics and Sociology 68 ( 5): 1063 1084. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2009.00653.x. edit ^ Jump up to: a b ([1776] 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the We alth of Nations. Jump up ^ Tritch, Teresa (March 7, 2014). "F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage". New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2014. Jump up ^ William P., Quigley (28 August 2006). "The Living Wage and Catholic So cial Teaching". America. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Jump up ^ "Universal Living Wage Campaign". Universallivingwage.org. Retrieved 2 013-02-14. Jump up ^ [1][dead link] Jump up ^ http://www.church-poverty.org.uk/livingwage Jump up ^ http://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/crsp/mis/thelivingwage/ Jump up ^ http://www.livingwage.org.uk/ Jump up ^ [2], http://bloomsburyfightback.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/no-poverty-wa ges-write-to-the-vc-of-the-university-of-london. Jump up ^ "The Living Wage Campaign". Retrieved 2011-03-17. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24807471 Jump up ^ "Birmingham City Council plans to introduce 'living wage'". BBC News. 11 June 2012. Jump up ^ "Cardiff council low paid get 1,500 'living wage' rise". BBC News. 3 Ju ly 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-24801589 Jump up ^ http://www.resolutionfoundation.org/media/media/downloads/Beyond_the_B ottom_Line_-_FINAL.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.unison.org.uk/upload/sharepoint/Briefings%20and%20Circular s/Landman%20Economics%20Living%20Wage%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf Jump up ^ Bellandi, Deanna (2006-07-27). "Chicago Council Passes 'Living Wage' A ct". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved 2007-10-12. Jump up ^ "Mayor vetoes Chicago's 'living wage' ordinance aimed at big retailers ". USA Today. September 11, 2006. Retrieved September 17, 2010. Jump up ^ "Living Wage: Frequently Asked Questions" (factsheet). Retrieved 200806-29. Jump up ^ ""The National Movement." The Living Wage Resource Center.". Retrieved 2008-06-29. Jump up ^ "Living Wage Wins" (news release). Retrieved 2008-06-29. Jump up ^ Scott Adams and David Neumark, " The Effects of Living Wage Laws: Evid ence from Failed and Derailed Living Wage Campaigns, " Journal of Urban Economic s 58( September 2005): 177-202. ^ Jump up to: a b Clain, S. H. (2007). "How Living Wage Legislation Affects U.S. Poverty Rates". Journal of Labor Research 29 (3): 205 218. doi:10.1007/s12122-007 -9028-8. edit. Jump up ^ Neumark D, Adams S (2003a) Do living wage ordinances reduce urban pove rty? J Hum Resour 38:490 521 (Summer) ^ Jump up to: a b Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodo logy and internationally comparable estimates.International Labour Review, 145(4

), 308-338. Jump up ^ http://www.livingwagenz.org.nz/files/embargo%20file/Living%20Wage%20In vestigation%20Report.pdf Jump up ^ OECD. (2008). Growing unequal: Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries Paris: OECD. ^ Jump up to: a b Folbre, Nancy (23 May 2011). "A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'? A New York City 'Living Wage'?". New York Times. R etrieved 29 February 2012. Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the Living Wage Debate at Harvard." The Harvard Li ving Wage Campaign. http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~pslm/livingwage/portal.html (acc essed November 28, 2011). Jump up ^ "Our History." Fair Labor Action Coalition. http://www.musfs.org/ (acc essed November 28, 2011). Jump up ^ "Johns Hopkins University." Student Worker Solidarity Resource Center. http://www.livingwageaction.org/campaigns_hopkins.htm (accessed November 28, 20 11). Jump up ^ "Brief History of the Campaign." SLW&DC. http://www.sccs.swarthmore.ed u/org/living_wage/history.html (accessed November 28, 2011). Jump up ^ "The Asia Floor Wage campaign Decent income for garment workers in Asi a." Bettina Musiolek, October 2011. http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/m aterialien/2011_Musiolek-Asia_Floor_Wage.pdf (accessed January 20, 2012). Jump up ^ Miller, D. (2013). "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion R etail". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2212100. edit ^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia, "Keeping Our Promises 2010", 2010 Jump up ^ Lisa Provence, "NEWS- Protesters acquitted: In arrests, timing is all" , The Hook, May 25, 2006 Jump up ^ Nell Boeschenstein "Judge dismisses case against "Living Wage" Protest ers", C-VILLE Weekly, May 30, 2006 Jump up ^ Sullivan, Teresa. The Social Organization of Work Google Books, 2011 Jump up ^ University of Virginia President, "Commitment to Lowest Paid Workers", 2011 Jump up ^ Davis, Megan (8 February 2012). "UVa Living Wage Campaign threatens 'a ction'". The Daily Progress. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Jump up ^ "12 U.Va. students go on hunger strike to protest employee pay". Richm ond Times-Dispatch. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Jump up ^ Kingkade, Tyler (28 February 2012). "University Of Virginia Students O n Day 11 Of Hunger Strike For Hourly Employees Pay Raise". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Jump up ^ Mellisa, Harris-Perry (3 March 2012). "Foot Soldiers". MSNBC. Retrieve d 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ Moomaw, Graham (17 July 2012). "Charlottesville OKs 'living-wage' bump to $13". The Daily Progress. Retrieved 21 October 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org.uk/blog/living-wage-likely-to-destroy-jobs-and-incr ease-poverty Jump up ^ http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21565994-sense-and-nonsense-abou t-minimum-wages-wage-flaws References[edit] S Webb and B Webb, Industrial Democracy (Longmans 1902) Ryan, John A. Living Wage Macmillan, New York 1906 OCLC 39046728 Gertner, Jon, "What is a Living Wage?", The New York Times, January 15, 2006 Sklar, Holly; Mykyta, Laryssa; Wefald, Susan, "Raise The Floor: Wages and Polici es That Work For All Of Us", 2002, South End Press. [3] ISBN 0-89608-683-6 Nadeem, Shehzad, "The Living Wage Movement and the Economics of Morality,", Rese arch in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 28: 137-167 (2008) Miller, Doug, Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail (February 5, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2212100 or http://dx.doi.o rg/10.2139/ssrn.2212100 External links[edit]

Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of Labor) Pope Leo XIII (1891); seminal work of modern Roman Catholic social thought addresses the plight of the industrial work ers in the wake of the Industrial Revolution Living Wage Calculator comparing minimum wage, living wage, and poverty wage for New York City Living wage on the Open Directory Project Measuring the Full Impact of Minimum and Living Wage Laws from Dollars & Sense m agazine LaborFair Resources - Link to Fair Labor Practices The Economic Policy Institute - Living Wage The Economic Policy Institute Family Budget Calculator (London) Living Wage Unit page Living Wage Calculator ACORN Living Wage campaign Universal Living Wage Campaign [4]-Link to New York Living Wage Campaign The Living Wage Campaign at The University of Virginia Doug Miller of Northumbria University, UK propose to use IE techniques to determ ine Living Wage [show] v t e Employment Categories: Employment compensationCatholic social teaching Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Ce tina Dansk Deutsch Espaol Franais Galego ??? ??????? Polski Portugus ??????? Slovencina ?????? / srpski Svenska ?????????? Edit links This page was last modified on 16 March 2014 at 19:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add

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