Name _______________________________________________________ Date ________________

Chapter 6 Reading Organizer Answer Key

6.1
1. What is the key characteristic of client/server systems? The key characteristic of client/server systems is that the client sends a request to a server, and the server responds by carrying out a unction, such as sending information back to the client. . !"#lain the follo$ing #rotocols% &##lication 'rotocol ( )y#erte"t Transfer 'rotocol *)TT'+ governs the $ay that a $eb server and a $eb client interact. )TT' defines the format of the re,uests and res#onses e"changed bet$een the client and server. )TT' relies on other #rotocols to govern ho$ the messages are trans#orted bet$een client and server. Trans#ort 'rotocol ( Transmission -ontrol 'rotocol *T-'+ is the trans#ort #rotocol that manages the individual conversations bet$een $eb servers and $eb clients. T-' formats the )TT' messages into segments to be sent to the destination host. .t also #rovides flo$ control and ackno$ledgement of #ackets e"changed bet$een hosts. .nternet$ork 'rotocol ( The most common internet$ork #rotocol is .nternet 'rotocol *.'+. .' is res#onsible for taking the formatted segments from T-', assigning the logical addressing, and enca#sulating them into #ackets for routing to the destination host. /. What #rotocols are associated $ith the &##lication layer? )TT', 0T', DN1, 12T', Telent, D)-' 3. !"#lain in detail ho$ T-' sends information through the net$ork. T-' breaks u# a message into small #ieces kno$n as segments. The segments are numbered in se,uence and #assed to .' #rocess for assembly into #ackets. T-' kee#s track of the number of segments that have been sent to a s#ecific host from a s#ecific a##lication. .f the sender does not receive an ackno$ledgement $ithin a certain #eriod of time, it assumes that the segments $ere lost and retransmits them. 4nly the #ortion of the message that is lost is resent, not the entire message. --N& Discovery 3.5 6onesr5 Net$orking for )ome and 1mall 7usinesses 1 58/15/ 559

:. What are t$o #rotocols that use T-' to ensure delivery of data? 0T', and )TT' ;. !"#lain ho$ <D' differs from T-'? <D' is a =best effort= delivery system that does not re,uire ackno$ledgment of recei#t. This is similar to sending a standard letter through the #ostal system. .t is not guaranteed that the letter is received, but the chances are good. 9. Why is <D' #refered $ith a##lications such as streaming audio, video and voice over .' *>o.'+? &ckno$ledgments $ould slo$ do$n delivery and retransmissions are undesirable. ?.

8. When a message is delivered using either T-' or <D', the #rotocols and services re,uested are identified by a #ort number. !"#lain $hat #ort numbers are and ho$ they are used. & #ort is a numeric identifier $ithin each segment that is used to kee# track of s#ecific conversations and destination services re,uested. !very message that a host sends contains both a source and destination #ort.

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6.!
15. What does the Domain Name 1ystem *DN1+ #rovide? & $ay for hosts to use a name to re,uest the .' address of a s#ecific server. 11. Domain name servers maintain a table. What information do these tables contain? & DN1 server contains a table that associates hostnames in a domain $ith corres#onding .' addresses.

Co"plete #ab Activity 6.!.1

1 . When a $eb client receives the .' address of a $eb server $hat occurs? The client bro$ser uses that .' address and #ort ?5 to re,uest $eb services. This re,uest is sent to the server using the )y#erte"t Transfer 'rotocol *)TT'+. 1/. What #rotocol do $eb servers use to transfer data? )TT'

Co"plete $ac%et &racer Activity 6.!.!

13. What is the #ur#ose of * 0ile Transfer 'rotocol 0T'+? The 0ile Transfer 'rotocol *0T'+ #rovides an easy method to transfer files from one com#uter to another. 1:. Which t$o #ort numbers are associated $ith 0T'? 5 and 1

Co"plete #ab Activity 6.!.1

1;. What is 1im#le 2ail Transfer 'rotocol *12T'+ used for? 12T' is used by an email client to send messages to its local email server. 19. What #ort number is associated $ith 12T'? 'ort :

1?. !"#lain in detail the differences bet$een '4'/ and .2&'3? --N& Discovery 3.5 6onesr5 Net$orking for )ome and 1mall 7usinesses / 58/15/ 559

$ost O ice $rotocol '$O$() * & server that su##orts '4' clients receives and stores messages addressed to its users. When the client connects to the email server, the messages are do$nloaded to the client. 7y default, messages are not ke#t on the server after they have been accessed by the client. -lients contact '4'/ servers on #ort 115. +nternet ,essage Access $rotocol '+,A$-) * & server that su##orts .2&' client also receives and stores messages address to its users. )o$ever, it kee#s the messages in the mailbo"es on the server, unless they are deleted by the user. The most current version of .2&' is .2&'3 $hich listens for client re,uests on #ort 13/.

Co"plete #ab Activity 6.!.18. !"#lain $hat .nstant 2essaging *.2+ is used for. .2 soft$are is run locally on each com#uter and allo$s users to communicate or chat over the .nternet in real@time. 5. !"#lain in detail >oice over .' *>o.'+. 2aking tele#hone calls over the .nternet is becoming increasingly #o#ular. &n .nternet tele#hony client uses #eer@to@#eer technology similar to that used by instant messaging. .' tele#hony makes use of >oice over .' *>o.'+ technology $hich uses .' #ackets to carry digitiAed voice as data. 1. .t is necessary for a server to kno$ $hich services are being re,uested by a client *such as% DN1, Web, !mail, 0T', etc+. )o$ can these client re,uests be identified by the server? -lient re,uests can be identified because the re,uest is made to a s#ecific destination #ort. -lients are #re@configured to use a destination #ort that is registered on the .nternet for each service.

. 'orts are broken into three categories and range in number from 1 to ;:,:/:. 'orts are assigned and managed by an organiAation kno$n as the .nternet -or#oration for &ssigned Names and Numbers *.-&NN +. --N& Discovery 3.5 6onesr5 3 Net$orking for )ome and 1mall 7usinesses 58/15/ 559

#ist and e.plain the three #ort number categories. Well@Bno$n 'orts @ Destination #orts that are associated $ith common net$ork a##lications are identified as $ell@kno$n #orts. These #orts are in the range of 1 to 15 /. Cegistered 'orts @ 'orts 15 3 through 381:1 can be used as either source or destination #orts. These can be used by organiAations to register s#ecific a##lications such as .2 a##lications. 'rivate 'orts @ 'orts 381: through ;::/:, often used as source #orts. These #orts can be used by any a##lication.

6.(
/. Dist and e"#lain the four layers of the T-'/.' model.

3. 4f the four layers, $hich layer $ill deal $ith cabling issues? *-ircle one+ Dayer 3 Dayer / Dayer Dayer1

:. What are four advantages of the layered model? --N& Discovery 3.5 6onesr5 Net$orking for )ome and 1mall 7usinesses : 58/15/ 559

a. &ssists in #rotocol design, because #rotocols that o#erate at a s#ecific layer have defined information that they act u#on and a defined interface to the layers above and belo$. b. 0osters com#etition because #roducts from different vendors can $ork together. c. 'revents technology or ca#ability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and belo$. d. 'rovides a common language to describe net$orking functions and ca#abilities. ;. When sending messages on a net$ork, the #rotocol stack on a host o#erates from to# to bottom. !"#lain in detail $hat ha##ens during this #rocess. &s the $eb #age is sent do$n the $eb server #rotocol stack, the a##lication data is broken into T-' segments. !ach T-' segment is given a header containing a source and destination #ort. The T-' segment enca#sulates )TT' #rotocol and $eb #age )T2D user data and sends it do$n to the ne"t #rotocol layer, $hich is .'. )ere the T-' segment is enca#sulated $ithin an .' #acket, $hich adds an .' header. The .' header contains source and destination .' addresses. Ne"t, the .' #acket is sent to the !thernet #rotocol $here it is enca#sulated in a frame header and trailer. !ach !thernet frame header contains a source and destination 2&- address. The trailer contains error checking information. 0inally the bits are encoded onto the !thernet media *co##er or fiber o#tic cable+ by the server N.-. 9. What information is contained in an .' header during the above #rocess? The .' header contains source and destination .' addresses. ?. What three items are contained in an .' header and trailer during the above #rocess? a. source 2&- address b. destination 2&- address c. error@checking information

8. When messages are received from the net$ork, the #rotocol stack on a host o#erates from bottom to to#. The #rocess of receiving the $eb #age starts the de@enca#sulation of the message by the client. !"#lain this #rocess in detail.

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&s the bits are received by the -lient N.-, they are decoded and the destination 2&- address is recogniAed by the client as its o$n. The frame is sent u# the $eb client #rotocol stack $here the !thernet header *source and destination 2&- addresses+ and trailer are removed *de@enca#sulated+. The remaining .' #acket and contents are #assed u# to the .' layer. &t the .' layer the .' header *source and destination .' addresses+ is removed and the contents #assed u# to the T-' layer. &t the T-' layer the T-' header *source and destination #orts+ is removed and the $eb #age user data contents are #assed u# to the 7ro$ser a##lication using )TT'. &s T-' segments are received they are reassembled to create the $eb #age. /5. .n $hat order does the four ste# de@enca#sulation #rocess of a message by the client occur? a. remove Ethernet header and trailer
b. remove IP header c. remove TCP header d. pass data to the application

/1. Dist and e"#lain the #ur#ose of the seven layers of the 4#en 1ystem .nterconnect 2odel *41. model+. Dayer 9@ &##lication Dayer 9 58/15/ 559

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Defines interfaces bet$een a##lication soft$are and net$ork communication functions. 'rovides standardiAed serves such as file transfer bet$een systems 'resentation Dayer

Dayer ; (

1tandardiAes user data formats for use bet$een different ty#es of systems. !ncodes and decodes user dataE encry#ts and decry#ts dataE com#resses and decom#resses data. 1ession Dayer

Dayer : (

2anages user sessions and dialogues 2aintains logical links bet$een systems Trans#ort Dayer

Dayer 3 (

2anages end@to@end message delivery over the net$ork. -an #rovide reliable and se,uential #acket delivery through error recovery and flo$ control mechanisms. Net$ork Dayer

Dayer / (

Coutes #ackets according to uni,ue net$ork device addresses. ( Data Dink Dayer

Dayer

Defines #rocedures for o#erating the communication links. Detects and corrects frame transmit errors. 'hysical Dayer

Dayer 1 (

Defines #hysical means of sending data over net$ork devices. .nterfaces bet$een net$ork medium and devices. Defines o#tical, electrical, and mechanical characteristics.

Co"plete $ac%et &racer Activity 6.(.(

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