3 Density

Density Measurement
Jim White
1 Copyright 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved
Density Log
Why is density important?
Physics of Density measurement Physics of Density measurement
Calibration of density response
Density logging tools
Environmental effects on densityy
Auxiliary measurements (eg Caliper, Pef)
Interpretation
Application examples
2
2 Copyright 2001-2012 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa 2 Copyright 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved
Density Log why is it important?
Petrophysics: The density can provide: p y y p
Porosity
Lithology
Hydrocarbon trends
Rock properties: Integrating the density is used to Rock properties: Integrating the density is used to
obtain overburden pressure.
Rock Mechanics: Density is used to obtain Bulk
Modulus (K
b
) and shear Modulus (G)
Geophysics: Acoustic impedance is v*
3
3 Copyright 2001-2012 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
The Physics of Density Measurements The Physics of Density Measurements
4
Gamma ray interactions with matter function of energy
High Energy
MediumEnergy
Low Energy
High Energy
Medium Energy
ow e gy
Pair Production
Gamma Ray
Compton Scatter
Gamma Ray
Absorption
Gamma Ray
Energy Level
> 10 MeV
Energy Level
<10 MeV and
> 75 KeV
Energy Level
< 100 KeV
5
> 75 KeV
Gamma ray interactions with matter function of energy
MediumEnergy
Low Energy
Medium Energy
ow e gy
Density tool
only uses
these two
Compton Scatter
Gamma Ray
Absorption
Gamma Ray
interactions
Energy Level
<10 MeV and
> 75 KeV
Energy Level
< 100 KeV
6
> 75 KeV
-Rays interactions-Compton Scattering
Compton Scattering
It is the scattering of a gamma ray by
an orbital electron
Compton Scattering
an orbital electron.
As a result of this interaction, the
gamma ray loses energy and an gamma ray loses energy and an
electron is ejected from its orbit.
Compton scattering predominates in
the 75 keVto 10 MeVenergy
range.
U d f D it ( ) L i Used for Density ( ) Logging
7
-Rays interactions photoelectric absorption
The Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric Absorption
occurs when the incident
gamma ray is completely
absorbed by the electron.
It is a low energy effect gy
hence the Photoelectric
Absorption Index Pef is Absorption Index, Pef, is
measured using GRs with
8
the lowest energy.
Density tool holds a GR source and GR detectors
Gamma
Ray detector
GR i t t ith k i GRs are interact with rock using:
M di (C t S tt i ) Medium energy (Compton Scattering)
Low energy (Photoelectric)
Gamma Ray y
Source -662 Kev
The Density-Lithology Log- Scintillation detectors
3
)

1 2
3
o
n
d
)

r
g
y

(
K
e
v
)
o
u
n
t
/
s
e
c
o
Time
Energy (Kev)
E
n
e
r
C
1 - The scattered -rays are detected by a scintillation detector which convert
the rays into a flash of light which is then seen by the photomultiplier tube
Time
Energy (Kev)
the -rays into a flash of light, which is then seen by the photomultiplier tube.
2 The photomultiplier converts this light into an electrical signal proportional
to the energy of the detected -rays.
10
to the energy of the detected rays.
3 - The counts are accumulated to give an energy spectrum
The Energy Spectrum separates GRs(Compton scattering)
from the lower energy GRs (Photoelectric Effect) from the lower energy GRs (Photoelectric Effect)
11
Gamma
Ray detector
3 gm/cc
2 gm/cc
Fewer GRs reach the detector if
formation density increases.
Gamma Ray
Source -662 Kev
Gamma
Ray detector
Note:
1) Heavy shielding on the tool ) y g
prevents GRs arriving directly
from the source.
2) Natural GRs from the
formation are too few to upset formation are too few to upset
the measurement.
Gamma Ray
source
Count rate sensitivity to increasing density
Increasing density, fewer GRs travel through the formation
G
R

C
o
u
n
t
G
14
GR Energy
Calibration of density response Calibration of density response
15
Compton Scattering and electron density
Usually an equal
number of protons
and neutrons exist in
most elements.
Comptonscatteringonlyindicates Compton scattering only indicates
the number of electrons, (Electron
density) however the mass of the y)
formation is primarily in the
neutrons and protons.
Fortunately we know that usually
Protons+Neutrons 2*Electrons Protons + Neutrons ~2*Electrons
for most elements. (2*Z / A = 1)
Therefore we can use electronic
density to predict the true density of
the formation.
Comptonscatteringonlyindicates Compton scattering only indicates
the number of electrons, (Electron
density) however the mass of the y)
formation is primarily in the
neutrons and protons.
Fortunately we know that usually
Protons+Neutrons 2*Electrons Protons + Neutrons ~2*Electrons
for most elements. (2*Z / A = 1)
Therefore we can use electronic
density to predict the true density of
the formation.
Z and A for common elements
Element Z A 2Z/A
Carbon 6 12.01 .999
Oxygen 8 16 1
Silicon 14 28.09 0.997
Calcium 20 40 08 0 998 Calcium 20 40.08 0.998
Hydrogen 1 1.008 1.98
Sodium 11 22.99 0.957
Z and A for common elements and compounds
2Z/Afor some 2Z/A for some
common compounds:
Quartz .999
Calcite .999
D l it 998 Dolomite .998
Halite (salt) .958
Fresh water 1.11
Calibration of Electron density to Bulk density
An empirical An empirical
equation converts
electron density to
bulk density so that
the density tool
i th t
Bulk
Density
gives the correct
bulk density for 0 to
100% water-
(what the
log reads)
100% water
limestone
mixtures.
log reads)
Electron Densityy
(what the tool measures)
Comparison of true density with measured density on log
Atomic
Number
(Z)
Atomic
Weight (W)
2 . Z / A
Electron
Density
Measured
Density
f T l
True
Density
(Z)
g ( ) y
from Tool
y
Quartz 11.78 60.09 0.999 2.65 2.65 2.65
C l i 15 71 100 1 0 999 2 708 2 71 2 71 Calcite 15.71 100.1 0.999 2.708 2.71 2.71
Dolomite 13.74 184.4 0.998 2.863 2.85 2.85
15 69 136 2 0 999 2 957 2 98 2 96 Anhydrite 15.69 136.2 0.999 2.957 2.98 2.96
Fresh
Water 7.52 18.02 1.11 1.11 1 1
Oil 5.61 * 0.85 0.85
0.85
0.97
Sulphur 16 32.7 0.999 2.066 2.02 2.07 p 16 32.7 0.999 2.066 2.02 2.07
Aluminium 13 26.98 0.964 2.602 2.6 2.7
Halite 15.3 58.45 0.958 2.074 2.03 2.17
22
Halite 15.3 58.45 0.958 2.074 2.03 2.17
Gypsum 14.07 172.2 1.022 2.372 2.35 2.32
Calibration summary Calibration summary
The tool measured density b has been experimentally The tool measured density, b , has been experimentally
related to the electron densitye;
b = 1.0704 e - 0.1883
The tool needs to be calibrated in a known condition
which is fresh water and limestone, to give densities, 1.00
d 2 71 ti l A lib ti i f d i th and 2.71 respectively. A calibration is performed in the
workshop usually every 3 months to ensure the tool
response remains correct. p
The bulk density versus the electron density equation fits
for all the common minerals, salt is a typical exception:
Salt - True density 2.17
Density tool value 2.03
23
Porosity from density Porosity from density
24
Porosity from the density
Density of mixture read by the
d it l i th l i ht d
fluid
matrix
density log is the volume-weighted
average of the two densities:
fluid
matrix
| 1 |
log = |*fluid + (1-|)*matrix
| 1|
Density of mixture read by the
fl id
t i
y y
density log is the volume-weighted
average of the two densities:
fluid
matrix
| |
log = |*fluid + (1-|)*matrix
| 1|
log = |*fluid + matrix -|*matrix
| = (matrix - log)
(matrix - fluid)
Pe in Complex Lithology
Density log example
Example: Example:
Density reads 2.49
4950
Density reads 2.49
gm/cc
What is the porosity?
Assume matrix density
5000
is 2.65 gm/cc, and the
fluid in the formation is
27
fresh water density 1.0
Pe Log Example- 2
Example: Example:
Density reads 2.49
4950
Density reads 2.49
gm/cc
What is the porosity?
5000
is 2.65 gm/cc, and the
28
fresh water density 1.0
29
Comparison of core porosity with porosity logs
Note that density is generally accepted
to provide the best porosity, as is shown p p y
here. However there are usually
situations where other logs are needed
confirm the density results.
Density logging Tools Density logging Tools
31
Density log development history
D
S
LWD( 90s)
LDT (80s-90s) FDC (70s-80s) TLD (2000 +) FDL (50s-60s)
32
LWD( 90 s)
1 S, 2 D
LDT (80 s 90 s)
1 S, 2 D
FDC (70 s 80 s)
1 S, 2 D
TLD (2000 )
1 S, 3 D
FDL (50 s 60 s)
1 S, 1 D
The Density-Lithology Log
The density tool has a Cesium
Source and one or more scintillation Source and one or more scintillation
detectors
The tool is normally a pad-type tool y p yp
with a hydraulic arm opened that
presses the pad against the borehole
walls This is done to minimise walls. This is done to minimise
borehole effects
More than one detector is normally
used to compensate for the borehole
effects (mud, mud-cake; hole
enlargement and rugosity) enlargement and rugosity).
A source to detector spacing of 0.5 to
1 ft is used. Similarly a detector to
33
detector spacing of 0.5-1 ft is also
used
Borehole correction using two detectors
If the hole is perfect and no mudcake, the p ,
short spacing (SS) and the long spacing (LS)
will read the same value of density.
Th SS i ff t d b th d k d The SS is affected more by the mud-cake and
poor hole if either are present. (see blue semi-
circle showing SS sensitive volume). g )
If mudcake density < formation density, the SS
will read higher count rates and therefore
lower density.
If mudcake density > formation density, the SS
will read relatively lower count rates and will read relatively lower count rates, and
therefore higher density.
A Spine and Rib diagram can be constructed
to deliver a corrected density
Borehole correction using two detectors Case 1
1000
2.0 gm/cc
1000
Case 1
N h t No washout or
mudcake
Formation is 2 7
2.5 gm/cc
2.7
Long
Spacing
Detector
Formation is 2.7
gm/cc
3 0 /
2.7
Detector
Counts
Both detectors
correctly read
2 7 /
3.0 gm/cc
100
500 5000
2.7 gm/cc
Short Spacing Detector Counts
500 5000
Borehole correction using two detectors Case 2
1000
C 2
1000
2.0 gm/cc
Case 2
washout or
thick mudcake
LS
(Long
2 5
thick mudcake
Formation
density is 2.7
Spacing
Detector
C t )
2.5 gm/cc
2.7
2.5
2 0
y
LS density now
d 2 5 /
Counts)
2.7
2.0
reads 2.5 gm/cc,
not 2.7
100
3.0 gm/cc
500 5000
SS density now
reads 2.0 gm/cc,
SS (Short Spacing Detector Counts)
500 5000
g
not 2.7.
Correction for thick mudcake or large washout.
1000
A correction is made
1000
2.0 gm/cc
using the LS and SS
apparent densities (of
2 5 and 2 0) to
LS
(Long
2 5
2.5 and 2.0) to
compute the true
density of 2.7.
Spacing
Detector
C t )
2.5 gm/cc
2.7
2.5
2 0
y
The correction path is
Counts)
2.7
2.0
called a RIB.
The line where both
LS and SS densities
100
3.0 gm/cc
500 5000
LS and SS densities
agree is the SPINE.
SS (Short Spacing Detector Counts)
500 5000
Spine and Ribs - for two detector tools
Plotting SS counts vs LS counts- If
Spine
Plotting SS counts vs. LS counts- If
the points fall on the spine; then
there is no borehole correction.
Spine
Ribs
The Spine and Rib are part of the
tool calibrations
Ex-1 Red point: This suggests that Ex 1 Red point: This suggests that
the mud cake is light. Correction is
made parallel to one of the ribs to
bring it to the spine. b = 2.60
Ex-2: Green point Barite mud:
correction is also parallel to one of co ec o s a so pa a e o o e o
the ribs towards the spine. b =
2.35
38
Density correction curve (eg. DRHO, HDRA.)
Density correction Density correction
DRHO reads zero for
much of the log, but g
opposite mudcake
(indicated from caliper) it
d th t t 0 1 /
Density
reads that up to 0.1 gm/cc
correction has been
applied
y
Density
correction
applied.
It is computed from the
difference between long
correction
Density from LDT
spacing density and the
final corrected density.
39
Three detector Density-Lithology Tool
Density - Lithology
The 3 detector density logging
tool measures the formation
y gy
density and formation lithology.
It is designed to improve g p
correction for poor borehole
and thick mudcake compared
to the two detector tool.
In addition the tool could be
run at relatively higher speed
with the same statistical
40
accuracy.
Three detector Density-Lithology Tool
The 3 detectors measure the ray The 3 detectors measure the -ray
spectrum over 11 pre-selected
energy windows These 11 energy windows. These 11
countrates are assumed to be a
function of the following: function of the following:
Mud Density and Mud Pe
Mud Cake Density and Pe
Formation Density and
41
Formation Density and
Formation Pe
TLD-Three detector Density-Lithology Tool
Computer Inversion using Forward p g
modelling
The forward modelling uses 11
count rates from all 3 detectors to
determine the formation density determine the formation density
and Pef (It does not use the
Spine and Ribs method). p )
The inversion delivers the density
f f f
Log shows two passes with
different standoffs between
d it d d f ti Th
and Pef of the formation and the
mudcake/mud, as well as an
indication of the mudcake
density pad and formation. The
individual count rates differ
between passes, but the
computed density is the same
42
indication of the mudcake
thickness.
computed density is the same.
Environmental effects on the density Environmental effects on the density
43
Effect of washout, or caving on density
LWD-Wireline density comparison y p
A classical comparison of the
density log run by first: LWD
and two days later by wireline a d t o days ate by e e
(LDT)
On the left, the yellow area
shows the caliper enlargement shows the caliper enlargement
because of low collapse
gradient
On the right track shows the On the right-track shows the
LWD density (red) and the
LDT density (blue).
N t th ti b t Note the separation between
the two curves in poor hole
conditions
45
Borehole size effects on density
The 2 detector density tool is a pad tool with collimated
(focused) source and detectors It experiences little or (focused) source and detectors. It experiences little or
no environmental effect.
In large holes however the curvature of the pad versus In large holes however, the curvature of the pad versus
that of the hole causes a small standoff, giving a minor
error that needs to be corrected. (see below) ( )
The 3 detector tool automatically corrects for this.
Density Data Quality
Master calibration (in known density environment) is good.
Density correction curve (DRHO or HDRA) is > -0.05 and < .1 gm/cc
(Caliper will probably indicate poor hole if outside this range.)
Densities will normally lie between 1.9 and 3.1 gm/cc, except coal
(1 4gm/cc) (1.4gm/cc)
Check for known markers (Salt 2.03, Anhydrite 2.98)
Consistent with other log measurements.
47
Example of Density log run with other measurements
GR gamma ray
Density
Densityy
correction
Use log inserts to identify curve mnemonics
Auxilliary measurements Caliper Pef Auxilliary measurements Caliper, Pef
50
Density tools are always run with a caliper log
6 16
CALIPER
Caliper arm
opens to opens to
measure hole
diameter, as well
as push density
sensor on
borehole wall borehole wall.
Caliper logs - applications
Caliper logs are seen on many sensors Caliper logs are seen on many sensors
(single caliper: density, micro-resistivity,,
dielectric logs... g
Dual caliper: image logs
A li ti Applications:
Quality control of log readings
Identify mudcake (permeable zones) Identify mudcake (permeable zones)
Compute volume of borehole (and cement)
Assist drilling/completion engineers by
alerting them to zones of washout
Assist geomechanical interpretation
( i t ti f li d h l ) (orientation of ovalized holes)
The Photoelectric Effect (Pe) The Photoelectric Effect (Pe)
53
-Rays interactions photoelectric absorption
occurs when the incident
i l t l
absorbed by the electron.
It is a low energy effect
hence the Photoelectric hence the Photoelectric
Absorption Index, Pef,
th l t uses the lowest energy
GRs.
54
Energy Spectrum separates high and low energy GRs
55
Pef for lithology determination
Pe is related directly to Z, the number of electrons per
atom, hence fixed for each element.
Pe = ( Z/10 )
3.6
Its units are barns/electron
Remember these
Typical values in
Limestone 5.08 5
Remember these
approximate values:
Sandstone 1.81 2
Dolomite 3.14 3.2 Dolomite 3.14 3.2
Shale 1.8 to 6 3 4
Anhydrite 5.05 5 Anhydrite 5.05 5
Salt 4.65 5
Pef is good for determining lithology
u = 0.4
u = 0 u = 0
Note Pef does not change much when porosity changes from 0 to 40%,
it i bl t id tif diff t lith l i i d d t f th i it so it is able to identify different lithologies independent of their porosity.
Pef Log Example
Brief exercise:
Using your Worksession
sheet on Density, add y
typical PEF values in the
track labeled with PEF
Pef environmental effects
Pef is quite a shallow measurement due to the low energy level Pef is quite a shallow measurement due to the low energy level
of the gamma rays it will only read a few inches into the
formation.
This shallow reading measurement is particularly sensitive to
washouts, where mud properties can dominate the response.
Barite muds (Pef of barite is 233!) can upset the formation Pef Barite muds (Pef of barite is 233!) can upset the formation Pef,
particularly if the mudcake is thick, or the hole is slightly washed
out and barite can sit in the washouts.
In such cases there is little useful information from the Pef log.
Interpreting lithology mixtures
If Pef values are to be used in equations they must be If Pef values are to be used in equations, they must be
first converted to a
Volumetric photoelectric absorption index U Volumetric photoelectric absorption index U.
U = Pe *
b
U Pe
b
This parameter can then be used in a formula for This parameter can then be used in a formula for
computing the components of the reservoir.
For example: U = U
f
+(1 - ). U
ma
Density log example
0 10
4950
PEF PEF
5000
61
Density Outputs Density Outputs
The outputs names are usually:
RHOB (b) / RHOZ / DENS, the corrected bulk density
RHO8, high resolution bulk density. RHO8, high resolution bulk density.
DRHO, HDRA (A), the correction that has been
applied to b, pp ,
PEF , the photo-electric absorption coefficient
CALI is the hole size
62
Density Parameters Density Parameters
63
Density Log why is it important?
Petrophysics: The density can provide: p y y p
Porosity
Lithology
Hydrocarbon trends
Rock properties: Integrating the density is used to Rock properties: Integrating the density is used to
obtain overburden pressure.
Rock Mechanics: Density is used to obtain Bulk
Modulus (K
b
) and shear Modulus (G)
Geophysics: Acoustic impedance is v*
64

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Density Measurement

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