Annotated Bibliography

"1830s-1860s - Telegraph." Imagining the Internet: A History and Forecast. Elon University School of Communications, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1830.xhtml>. This is a secondary source that talks about the development of the telegraph and world changes due to the telegraph. I found this website by searching for information about the telegraph. I used this website to learn about the history of the telegraph and the effects that it had on America; I used information about how many telegraph lines were strung up in the United States in the 1800s. "About Weekly North Carolina Standard. (Raleigh, N.C.) 1850-1858." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84045030/>. The website is a secondary source, but the image of the newspaper article is a primary source since it was published in the 1800s. I found this using Google Images. I used the image of the newspaper as an example of a newspaper from the time period. "Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)" Magnet Lab: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Florida State University, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/volta.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand biography of Alessandro Volta. I found this site through Google Images online. I used the image of Alessandro Volta so I and other people can see the inventor of the battery.

"Another Wedding by Telegraph." Proquest. N.p., 13 July 2010. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://search.proquest.com.proxy.elm4you.org/docview/569088812/abstract?accountid= 45111>. This newspaper article detailing a wedding by telegraph is a primary source since it was published in the 1800s. I found this by using elm4you to search for primary sources. I used this article to show one of the effects of the telegraph - how it led to weddings being performed via the telegraph. "Benjamin Franklin." America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/franklinb/aa_franklinb_subj.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand account of Benjamin Franklin's life. I found this site online and through Google Images. I used the image of Ben Franklin on my website so both I and other people would have a face to match to the discoverer of electricity. Blanchard, Janice. "Smoke Signals." Changing Aging. Erickson School, 10 Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.umbc.edu/blogs/changingaging/2008/12/smoke_signals.html> This is a secondary source because it has a secondhand account of the information. This talks about how smoke signals are used. I found this source via Google Images, and I used an image of a smoke signal as an example of an early form of communication. Coe, Lewis. The Telegraph: A History of Morses Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1993. Print. This is a secondary source that gives a little bit of history about the telegraph but then goes on to talk about the effects of the telegraph and companies that sprung up because of

it. I found this book at the library. I used this book to find information on the effects that the telegraph had on the railroads and on the news industry. Communication Across the Nation The History of the Telegraph. Near Field Communication. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/history-of-thetelegraph.html>. This website is a secondary source because it is a secondhand account of information. I found this by searching for websites that talked about the invention of the telegraph and its effects. I used this website to learn about early forms of communication and to get a brief history of the telegraph. "Disturnell's New Map of the United States and Canada Showing All the Canals, Rail Roads, Telegraph Lines and Principal Stage Routes." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/item/gm70005366/>. The website is a secondary source, but the map of railroad lines, telegraph lines and more that I used is a primary source since it was created in the 1800s. I found this image using Google Images. I used the image to show people how telegraph lines usually followed railroad lines. "Hans Christian rsted (1777-1851)." Magnet Lab: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Florida State University, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/oersted.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand biography of Hans Christian Oersted's life. I found this source through Google Images online. I used the image of Hans Christian Oersted so I and others can see the discoverer of electromagnetism.

Harlow, Alvin F. Old Wires and New Waves: The History of the Telegraph, Telephone, and Wireless. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company Incorporated, 1936. Print. This is a secondary source that gives information on the history of the telegraph and telephone. I found this book at the library. I used this book to get information about how the telegraph changed how wars were fought. "How Telegraph Machines Work." YouTube. YouTube, 26 July 2008. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8f9A4xIlWk>. This is a secondary source because it is a modern way of describing how telegraphs work. I found this by searching for videos about how telegraphs work. I used this so that both I and other people can have a visual image of how the telegraph worked. "How to Draw a Heart." Easy-drawings-and-sketches.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.easy-drawings-and-sketches.com/draw-a-heart.html>. This is a secondary source that talks about how to draw a heart. I found this through Google Images. I used one of the images of a heart from this to make the specific webpage more interesting to look at; I didn't want the webpage to end up being text-only. "John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/brit5.html>. The website is a secondary source since it has a secondhand account detailing communications between England and America, but the image of Sturgeon's research I used is a primary source. I found the site through Google Images online. I used the image so that I and others can clearly see some of the research and thought that went into making an electromagnet.

"Letter from Mabel Hubbard Bell to Alexander Graham Bell." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/item/magbell.03500134/>. This website is a secondary source because it has a secondhand account of information from the 1800s, but the image I used is a primary source because it is a letter that was written during the time period from a wife to a husband. I found the image of the letter through Google Images, and I used the image as an example of one form of communication before the telegraph. "Man Behind Morse Code." YouTube. YouTube, 04 June 2008. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oo0hSZ9R_Xk>. This is a secondary source, as this is a secondhand account of how Alfred Vail played an important role in the invention of the telegraph. I found this video by searching YouTube for telegraph videos. I used this as another way to inform people of what went into inventing the telegraph. "Maps." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/item/mmorse000105/>. The website is a secondary source, but the map provided is a primary source since it was drawn up in the 1800s. I found this by using Google Images. I used this image to show just how far the telegraph lines had stretched and how far people were predicting they would stretch over time. McCormick, Anita Louise. The Invention of the Telegraph and Telephones In American History. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2004. Print. This is a secondary source that gives history on both the telegraph and the telephone and then talks about their effects on America. I found this book at the library. I used this book

to find lots of information about the different people who helped make the invention of the telegraph possible and information on different effects that the telegraph had in America. "Morse Apparatus and Alphabet." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006691784/>. The website is a secondary source, but the paper in the picture is a primary source since it was made in the 1800s. I found this by searching the Library of Congress for documents on the telegraph. I used the image so that people have an idea of what Morse Code looks like. "Morse Code & the Telegraph." History.com. A+E Networks, 2009. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph>. This is a secondary source since it is a secondhand account of the history of the telegraph. I found this by searching for information about telegraph history and effects. I used this website to learn a great deal about the different inventions and ideas that were vital to the invention of the telegraph. Morse, Samuel F.B. "Excerpt of Invention of the Telegraph." Student Resources in Context. Electronic Library for Minnesota, 1999. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://ic.galegroup.com.proxy.elm4you.org/ic/suic/PrimarySourcesDetailsPage/Primary SourcesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SUIC&windowstate=normal& contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=PrimarySources&limiter=&u=mns minitex&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&se arch_within_results=&p=SUIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentI d=GALE|EJ2151000135>.

This is a primary source because the entry is written by Samuel Morse himself, who details some of what went into making the telegraph. I found this by using elm4you and searching for primary sources. I used this source so I had a better idea of Morse's feelings about his contributions to the telegraph. "Namesakes." Smithsonian Institution Archives. Smithsonian Institution, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/henry/namesakes>. This is a secondary source because it is simply detailing what things have been named after Joseph Henry; it is a secondhand account of information. I found this through Google Images online. I used the portrait of Joseph Henry so I and others have a face to match with the description of the person who first experimented with sending electric signals across distances. Nonnenmacher, Tomas. History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry. EH.Net Encyclopedia. Economic History Association, 14 Aug. 2001. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/history-of-the-u-s-telegraph-industry/>. This is a secondary source since it is a secondhand account of the history and effects of the telegraph. I found this by searching for information about the telegraph. I used this website to learn about some of the effects of the telegraph on America mainly how the railroad and telegraph industries now existed side by side. "Peace and Community Building Curriculum--Teacher Guided Lessons." Voices Compassionate Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://voiceseducation.org/content/peace-andcommunity-building-curriculum-teacher-guided-lessons>. This is a secondary source that talks about learning about peace. I found this through Google Images. I used the peace graphic on my website to go along with the new feelings

of hope for world peace that people had because of the telegraph; I thought it would make that specific webpage more interesting. Rood, Ron, and Linda Thatcher. "Crossroads of the West." Utah.gov. Utah State Historical Society, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://historytogo.utah.gov/facts/brief_history/crossroadsofthewest.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand account of the history of Utah. I found this site using Google Images. I used an image from here as a visual aid to show the telegraph being installed along railroad lines. "Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919: Impact of the Telegraph." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/collection/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/collectionhighlights/#impact-of-the-telegraph>. This is a secondary source that gives a brief summary of some of the effects that the telegraph had. I found this site by searching for information on telegraph effects. I used this website to learn about what the telegraph led to and how telegraph lines ran all across the United States shortly after the telegraph was presented to the public. "Samuel F.B. Morse Sent the First Telegraphic Message." America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform_morsecod_1.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand account of the first telegraph message; however, the image of Morse may actually be a primary source since it was painted by Morse himself. I found this source through Google Images. I used the image

so that I and other people are able to see the man who is credited with being the inventor of the telegraph. "Samuel Finley Breese Morse: Artist and Inventor." National Museum of American History Blog. National Museum of American History, 10 May 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.americanhistory.si.edu/osaycanyousee/2012/05/samuel-finley-breese-morseartist-and-inventor.html>. This is a secondary source because it is a secondhand account of Morses biography. I found this through Google Images. I used the image of the telegraph key so that people can see the original key that was used for one of the first telegraph messages. "Signal Telegraph Machine and Operator - Fredericksburg." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004660282/>. The website is a secondary source, but the sketch of a telegraph and its operator is a primary source since it was drawn during the 1800s. I found this image through Google Images. I used the image to show a scene from that time period; I thought it would help people form a mental image in their heads of the time period and how the telegraph worked. Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Centurys On-line Pioneers. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc., 1998. Print. This is a secondary source that gives information on the history of the telegraph and the effects it had in society. I found this book at the library. I used this book to get a little information on the history of the telegraph, and then I found a lot of information on the

effects of the telegraph, such as the effects on the news industry, how it led to romance, and the new feeling of hope. Telegraph History A Trip Back in Time. Nearfieldcommunicationtags.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nearfieldcommunicationtags.com/telegraph-history.html>. This is a secondary source that talks about the history of the telegraph. I found this website by searching for information online about the telegraph. I used this site to learn about some of the early forms of communication. "Telegraph Stations in the United States, the Canadas & Nova Scotia." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/item/97683602>. The website is a secondary source, but the map of telegraph stations is a primary source since it was created during the 1800s. I found this by using Google Images to search for maps that had to do with the telegraph. I used this map so that people can fully understand how quickly and how far the telegraph spread. "Train, 1850s." University System of Georgia. University System of Georgia, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/gastudiesimages/Train%201850s.htm>. This is a secondary source since it is just an image of what a train looked like in the 1850s. I found this by using Google Images. I used this picture so that people have an idea what trains looked like; I thought it also provided a nice touch to the specific webpage that I put it on. "Western Union Telegraph Envelope." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2013645798>. The website is a secondary source, but the telegraph envelope is a primary source since it is an example of an envelope from the time period. I found this using Google Images. I

used this image because I thought that it was a nice touch to the webpage I put it on; it's a nice visual for people so they can see what the telegraph envelopes looked like. "Words and Deeds in American History." Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgibin/ampage?collId=mcc&fileName=019/page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=r?ammem/mcc: @field%28DOCID+@lit%28mcc/019%29%29>. The website itself is a secondary source, but the image of the message is a primary source because it is the exact message that was first publicly sent along the telegraph. I searched for primary sources using Google to find this. I used this so that I and other people can see for themselves the message that was sent; it's an important historical piece. "Working of a Telegraph - Physics." YouTube. YouTube, 28 Aug. 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mvqlsd3prW8>. This is a secondary source because it's another modern video describing how the telegraph worked. I found this by searching for videos about the workings of a telegraph. I used this video to further show people how a telegraph worked; a visual representation of this is better than a written one.