J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.

165 (2010) 14941504

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Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ j nnf m
Axial CouettePoiseuille ow of Bingham uids through concentric annuli
Yu-Quan Liu

, Ke-Qin Zhu
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 25 July 2009
Received in revised form 21 June 2010
Accepted 29 July 2010
Keywords:
Bingham uids
Axial CouettePoiseuille ow
Concentric annuli
Analytical solutions
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, the axial CouettePoiseuille ow of Bingham uids through concentric annuli is studied.
Analytical solutions of different types of ow are derived. Compared to previous studies, we emphasize
two newtypes of ow, whichhave beenmissedpreviously, are foundinour results. Hence, there are eight
different forms of the velocity prole depending on values of three dimensionless parameters, which are
the Bingham, axial Couette numbers and the radius ratio. Distributions of these eight forms are specied
in the parameter plane of axial Couette number vs. Binghamnumber for various radius ratios. These new
ow regimes are analyzed from both a mathematical and physical perspective.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Flows of non-Newtonian uids through annuli, induced either
by the forcing pressure gradient or by the motion of boundaries,
are frequently encounteredinvarious industrial applications, espe-
ciallyinoil well drilling. One of the most important properties these
uids exhibit is viscoplasticity, which indicates that the strain rate
will retain zero until a yield stress z
0
is reached. Therefore, studies
of annular ows utilizing a variety of viscoplastic models have been
carried out during the last several decades.
Some relatively simple models of yield stress uids, which are
also widely applied in researches, are presented here. They are the
Casson
z =
_
_

1]2
0
+
_
z
0

_
1]2
_
_
2
(1a)
HerschelBulkley
z =
_

n1
+
z
0

_
(1b)
and RobertsonStiff models
z =
_
_

1]n
0

(n1)]n
+
_
z
0

_
1]n
_
_
n
(1c)

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 6277 1654; fax: +86 10 6278 1824.
E-mail address: liu-yq02@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (Y.-Q. Liu).
One may obtain the Bingham or power-law model by setting
n=1 or z
0
=0 in (1b) and (1c), respectively.
Analytical or semi-analytical solutions of viscoplastic uidows
through simple geometries, such as pipes, slots and concentric
annuli have been quite thoroughly studied and published. Some of
the early analytical solutions for Bingham uids were reviewed by
Birdet al. [1], includingows drivenbya torque appliedtothe outer
cylinder, an axial motion of the inner cylinder or a constant pres-
sure gradient in a concentric annulus. Fordhamet al. [2] developed
a general method for calculating viscoplastic ows in concentric
annuli of arbitrary radius ratio, which is worked for models (1a),
(1b) and (1c) mentioned above.
To the best of our knowledge, analytical solutions possibly
derivedfor Binghamuidowthroughconcentric annuli are nearly
all under the following three conditions:

Rotation of the inner/outer cylinder.

Axial moving of the inner cylinder.

An axial pressure gradient.

Notice that what Bird et al. [1] reviewed referred to individ-
ual instances of the conditions above. From then on, solutions for
combinations of these were found in succession. Bittleston and
Hassager [3] combined the rotation of the inner cylinder and the
pressure gradient together, and considered ow of Bingham uids
both in a slot and in an annulus. Filip and David [4] investigated
RobertsonStiff uid ow produced by the inner cylinder moving
along its axis and by the pressure gradient imposed in the axial
direction, which is supposed to cover the results for Bingham and
power-law uids. Moreover, Peng and Zhu [5] worked on Bing-
hamuids inspiral Couette ow, whichmeant TaylorCouette ow
0377-0257/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.07.013
Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504 1495
between two concentric rotating cylinders with the sliding of the
inner cylinder.
Due to the different position of the plug zone, different types
of the velocity prole may be observed. Assuming the maximum
velocity of Poiseuille ow for Newtonian uids in a circular pipe
as the characteristic velocity for non-dimensionalization, one can
divide the parameter plane of rotational/axial Couette number vs.
Bingham number into a couple of regions, in any of which only
one specic type of ow appears. Bittleston and Hassager [3] per-
formed this task, while Tsangaris et al. [6] and Chen and Zhu [7] did
it more precisely in their respective work, which considered the
plane CouettePoiseuille ow of Bingham uids with two equally
porous parallel walls.
Nevertheless, Filip and David [4] only gave out the restrictions
for the axial Couette number except for the Bingham number,
and they did not outline the distribution of different types of
ow upon the parameter plane. Frankly, this is totally understood
for their semi-analytical results caused by the complexity of the
RobertsonStiff model. But as we mentioned, the Bingham model
can be recovered by setting n=1 in (1c), which makes their results
fully analytical. Then it is possible to map out the parameter space.
We have done so, and found it similar to that in Tsangaris et al. [6]
and Chen and Zhu [7]. Actually, ow cases presented in Filip and
David [4], Tsangaris et al. [6] and Chen and Zhu [7] are essentially
the same after comparison.
As we will show in this paper, ow cases in annular channels
have some distinctions fromthose inplane channels, andextending
results originated from Filip and David [4] to Bingham uids leads
to errors in the parameter plane. More importantly, we stress that
there are two newtypes of ow, missed in Filip and David [4], with
which the parameter plane is nally able to be fullled.
The rest of this paper will be organized as follows. In Section
2, a brief introduction to the geometry, governing equations and
boundary conditions is given. In Section 3, the analytical solutions
correspondingtodifferent types of owarederived. Wewill discuss
our results, and compare them with former works in Section 4. A
conclusion will be reached in Section 5.
2. Geometry, governing equations and boundary conditions
Consider the steady, laminar and incompressible owof a Bing-
hamplastic uid between two innite concentric cylinders with R
1
and R
2
as the inner and outer radii, respectively. The inner cylin-
der moves with a constant velocity U
c
while the outer one remains
stationary. Also, a constant negative pressure gradient dp/dz <0 is
imposed in the axial direction. Schematic of the geometry is shown
in Fig. 1.
The governing equations include the continuity andmomentum
equations
U = 0 (2a)

U
t
+(U )U = p + z (2b)
where , U, p and z denote consecutively the density, velocity
vector, pressure and deviatoric stress tensor of the uid. In the
cylindrical coordinate system
_
r, 0, z
_
, the velocity vector is
U = U
r
e
r
+U
0
e
0
+U
z
e
z
(3)
where U
r
, U
0
, U
z
denote the velocity components in the radial,
azimuthal and axial directions, and e
r
, e
0
, e
z
denote the unit vectors
of these three directions, respectively.
Fig. 1. Schematic of axial CouettePoiseuille ow through concentric annuli.
The constitutive relations for Bingham uids are written as
shown below
=
_

0
+
z
0

_
z : z
0
= 0 z z
0
(4)
where and represent the deviatoric stress and strain rate ten-
sors, while their second invariants z and are
z =
_
z
ij
z
ij
]2
=
_

ij

ij
]2
(5)
Furthermore, z
0
is the yield stress and
0
is the viscosity. The
expression of is
= U +(U)
T
(6)
According to the axisymmetric property of the problem, we
assume, as Filip and David [4] did, that the only non-zero veloc-
ity component is U
z
, which is a function only of r. So the continuity
equation and the momentumequations for U
r
and U
0
are naturally
satised, while the momentum equation in the axial direction is
reduced to the following one
d(rz
rz
)
r dr
=
dp
dz
(7)
where z
rz
= z
rz (r) is the only non-zero component of z. Then (4)
is reduced to
z
rz
=
_

0
+
z
0

dU
z
]dr

_
dU
z
dr
|z
rz
| : z
0
dU
z
dr
= 0 |z
rz
| z
0
(8)
The boundary conditions include the non-slip conditions at the
wall
U
z

r=R
1
= U
c
(9a)
U
z

r=R
2
= 0 (9b)
1496 Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504
together with two continuity conditions for the velocity compo-
nents and stress across the yield surface
U
z

r=y
= U
p
(10a)
dU
z
dr

r=y
= 0 (10b)
where y is the position of the yield surface, and U
p
is the velocity
of the plug zone.
For ow with a plug zone detached from both cylinders, the
motion of the plug zone, , is determined by conservation of
momentum, which is represented by Frigaard et al. [8]
_

(o n)ds =
_

dU
dt
_
d (10c)
where o =p +z, is the unit tensor, and n is the outward nor-
mal to . Since no rotational motions of the plug zone occur in
this problem, the conservation of angular momentum will not be
considered here.
So far, the problem is established mathematically. To non-
dimensionalize it, the following dimensionless variables are used:
r =
r
R
2

U
z
=
U
z
U
0
z
rz
=
z
rz
R
2

0
U
0
(11)
where U
0
= (R
2
2
]2
0
)dp]dz is twice of the max velocity of
HagenPoiseuille ow. From here on, the tildes are eliminated for
the sake of convenience. Therefore, we can obtain the dimension-
less forms of the momentum equation (7)
d(rz
rz
)
r dr
= 2 (12)
the constitutive equations (8)
z
rz
=
_
1 +
8

dU
z
]dr

_
dU
z
dr
|z
rz
| : 8
dU
z
dr
= 0 |z
rz
| 8
(13)
and the boundary condition (9a) and (9b)
U
z

r=
= Cc (14a)
U
z

r=1
= 0 (14b)
In this problem we have three dimensionless parame-
ters: the radius ratio =R
1
/R
2
(0, 1), the Bingham number
B=z
0
R
2
/
0
U
0
0, and the axial Couette number Co =U
c
/U
0
, which
can be either a positive number or a negative one.
3. Analytical solutions
No matter what the velocity prole is like, a general solution of
z
rz
from (12) exists:
z
rz
= r +
C
r
(15)
whereCis anintegral constant. Accordingto(13), oncetheBingham
uid has yielded, the strain rate dU
z
/dr would not change sign in
one shear ow zone. Substituting (15) into (13), a general solution
of U
z
would be
U
z
=
1
2
r
2
+C ln r 8sgn
_
dU
z
dr
_
r +D (16)
with an extra integral constant D.
Now we analyze various cases of the velocity prole in detail.
3.1. Cases corresponding to those in Filip and David [4]
In this part, all ve cases are already studied in Filip and David
[4], but they only gave out the restrictions for the axial Couette
number except for the Bingham number. We will determine the
accurate restrictions of every individual case concerning both the
axial Couettenumber CoandtheBinghamnumber B, sothat specic
regions in the parameter plane Co B, related to specic types of
ow, may be recognized.
3.1.1. Case I
Flow with a plug zone detached from both cylinders, as shown
in Fig. 2.
In this case, two shear ow zones are attached to the inner and
outer cylinders respectively with the plug zone between them. At
the interface r =r
1
and r =r
2
, we have z
rz
=B, where r
1
r
2
1.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

1
2
r
2
+C
1
ln r 8r +C
2
( r r
1
)
U
p
(r
1
r r
2
)

1
2
r
2
+C
3
ln r +8r +C
4
(r
2
r 1)
(17)
Applying the conditions onbothboundaries (14a) and (14b) and
at two yield surfaces (10a) and (10b) leads to a set of six equa-
tions for seven unknowns: C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, r
1
, r
2
and U
p
. Eq. (10c)
should be added due to the equilibrium of the plug zone, which in
a dimensionless form is
r
2
r
1
= 8 (18)
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

_
Cc +r
2
0
ln
r

8(r )
1
2
(r
2

2
) ( r r
1
)
r
2
0
ln r
2
8(1 r
2
) +
1
2
(1 r
2
2
) (r
1
r r
2
)
r
2
0
ln r 8(1 r) +
1
2
(1 r
2
) (r
2
r 1)
(19)
In which r
2
0
= r
1
r
2
is the position where z
rz
=0, and r
2
satises
the following implicit expression:
2Cc +2r
2
(r
2
8) ln
r
2
8
r
2
+28(1 r
2
) 1 +(8 +)
2
= 0 (20)
Restrictions
According to r
1
r
2
1 and (18), the rst restriction of this
case should be
0 8 1 (21)
Moreover, we have +Br
2
1, and can obtain from (20) that
dCc
dr
2
= (2r
2
8) ln
r
2
r
2
8
0 (22)
Hence, another restriction for Co should be
Cc
2
Cc Cc
3
(23)
where
Cc
2
= Cc

r
2
=1
= (1 8) ln

1 8
+
1
2
[1 ( +8)
2
] (24)
Cc
3
= Cc

r
2
=+8
= ( +8) ln( +8) +
1
2
[(1 8)
2

2
] (25)
3.1.2. Case II
Flow with a plug zone attached to the outer cylinder, as shown
in Fig. 3.
In this case, the shear owzone is attached to the inner cylinder
while the plug zone is attached to the outer one. At the interface
r =r
1
, we have z
rz
=B, where r
1
1.
Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504 1497
Fig. 2. Schematic of case I: ow with a plug zone detached from both cylinders.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

1
2
r
2
+C
5
ln r 8r +C
6
( r r
1
)
0 (r
1
r 1)
(26)
Fig. 3. Schematic of case II: ow with a plug zone attached to the outer cylinder.
Applying the conditions on the inner boundary (14a) and at the
yield surface (10a) and (10b) leads to a set of three equations for
three unknowns: C
5
, C
6
and r
1
.
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc +r
1
(r
1
+8) ln
r

8(r )
1
2
(r
2

2
) ( r r
1
)
0 (r
1
r 1)
(27)
with r
1
satisfying the following implicit expression:
2Cc +2r
1
(r
1
+8) ln
r
1

28(r
1
) (r
2
1

2
) = 0 (28)
Restrictions
The distribution of z
rz
in the annulus is
z
rz
= r +
r
1
(r
1
+8)
r
(29)
In this case we need | z
rz
|
r=1
| 8. Substituting (29) into it
with r
1
1, we get r
1
1B, which means 1Br
1
1 when
0B1, or r
1
1 when B>1. We can obtain from (28)
that
dCc
dr
1
= (2r
1
+8) ln
r
1

0 (30)
So the only restriction of this case for Co is
_
Cc
1
Cc Cc
2
(0 8 1 )
Cc
1
Cc 0 (8 : 1 )
(31)
where
Cc
1
= Cc

r
1
=1
= (ln +1 )8 +
_
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
(32)
Notice that for any B0, case II would appear as long as (31) is
satised, which indicates no extra restriction for B in case II.
1498 Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504
Fig. 4. Schematic of case III: ow with a plug zone attached to the inner cylinder.
3.1.3. Case III
Flow with a plug zone attached to the inner cylinder, as shown
in Fig. 4.
In this case, the shear owzone is attached to the outer cylinder
while the plug zone is attached to the inner one. At the interface
r =r
2
, we have z
rz
=B, where r
2
1.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc ( r r
2
)

1
2
r
2
+C
7
lnr +8r +C
8
(r
2
r 1)
(33)
Applying the conditions on the outer boundary (14b) and at the
yield surface (10a) and (10b) leads to a set of three equations for
three unknowns: C
7
, C
8
and r
2
.
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc ( r r
2
)
r
2
(r
2
8) ln r 8(1 r) +
1
2
(1 r
2
) (r
2
r 1)
(34)
with r
2
satisfying the following implicit expression:
2Cc 2r
2
(r
2
8) ln r
2
+28(1 r
2
) (1 r
2
2
) = 0 (35)
Restrictions
The distribution of z
rz
in the annulus is
z
rz
= r +
r
2
(r
2
8)
r
(36)
In this case,

z
rz
|
r=

8 should be satised. Substituting

(36) into it with r
2
1, we have B r
2
B+. In order to
ensure r
2
exists, there must be an intersection between intervals
[8 , 8 +] and [, 1], which induces the restriction for B in this
case:
0 8 1 + (37)
Fig. 5. Schematic of case IV: shear ow dominant throughout the annulus (Co <0).
Afterwards, considering the lengths of intervals [8 , 8 +]
and [, 1] are 2 and 1, respectively, the value range for r
2
is
identied for different and B as follows:
0 -
1
3
_
r
2
8 + (0 8 2)
8 r
2
8 + (2 - 8 1 )
8 r
2
1 (1 - 8 1 +)
(38a)
1
3
- - 1
_
r
2
8 + (0 8 1 )
r
2
1 (1 - 8 2)
8 r
2
1 (2 - 8 1 +)
(38b)
We can obtain from (35) that
dCc
dr
2
= (2r
2
8) lnr
2
0 (39)
which is valid for (38a) and (38b), and leads to the restriction for
Co:
0 -
1
3
_
Cc
3
Cc Cc
4
(0 8 2)
Cc
3
Cc Cc
5
(2 - 8 1 )
0 Cc Cc
5
(1 - 8 1 +)
(40a)
1
3
- - 1
_
Cc
3
Cc Cc
4
(0 8 1 )
0 Cc Cc
4
(1 - 8 2)
0 Cc Cc
5
(2 - 8 1 +)
(40b)
where
Cc
4
= Cc

r
2
=
= ( ln +1 )8 +
_

2
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
(41)
Cc
5
= Cc

r
2
=8
= (8 ) ln(8 ) +
1
2
_
(1 8)
2

(42)
3.1.4. Case IV
Shear owdominant throughout the annulus (Co <0), as shown
in Fig. 5.
Inthis case, no plug zone exists. Nonetheless, the velocity prole
is dependent on the Bingham number B, which distinguishes from
that in plane channels in Tsangaris et al. [6] and Chen and Zhu [7].
Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504 1499
Fig. 6. Schematic of case V: shear ow dominant throughout the annulus (Co >0).
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
1
2
r
2
+C
9
ln r 8r +C
10
(43)
Applying the conditions on both boundaries (14a) and (14b)
leads to a set of two equations for two unknowns: C
9
and C
10
. After
detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc 8(1 )
1
2
(1
2
)
_
ln r
ln
+8(1 r) +
1
2
(1 r
2
) (44)
Restrictions
The distribution of z
rz
in the annulus is
z
rz
= r +
Cc 8(1 ) 1]2(1
2
)
r ln
(45)
Case IV demands z
rz
B throughout r 1, which gives
Cc 8(1 ) +
1
2
(1
2
) +r(r +8) ln (46)
As ln <0, the right side of (46) reaches a minimum when r =1.
So the only restriction of this case for Co is
Cc Cc
1
(47)
Notice that there is no extra restriction for B in case IV, as well
as in case II.
3.1.5. Case V
Shear owdominant throughout the annulus (Co >0), as shown
in Fig. 6.
Inthis case, theplugzonedoes not exist, either. InTsangaris et al.
[6] and Chen and Zhu [7], cases IVand Vare organized together and
referred to as Pure shear ow. Here we split them apart because
of the form of the restriction for Co, which will be shown below.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
1
2
r
2
+C
11
ln r +8r +C
12
(48)
Applying the conditions on both boundaries (14a) and (14b)
leads to a set of two equations for two unknowns: C
11
and C
12
.
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc +8(1 )
1
2
(1
2
)
_
ln r
ln
8(1 r) +
1
2
(1 r
2
) (49)
Restrictions
The distribution of z
rz
in the annulus is
z
rz
= r +
Cc +8(1 ) 1]2(1
2
)
r ln
(50)
Case V demands z
rz
B throughout r 1, which gives
Cc 8(1 ) +1]2(1
2
) +r(r 8) ln (51)
The maximum of the right side of (51) depends on the value
range of B. If 0B2, the maximumis reached when r =, result-
ing in
Cc Cc
4
(52a)
If 2 <B2, the maximum is reached when r =B/2, resulting in
Cc Cc
6
(52b)
And if B>2, the maximum is reached when r =1, resulting in
Cc Cc
7
(52c)
where
Cc
6
= 8(1 ) +
1
2
(1
2
)
8
2
4
ln (53)
Cc
7
= (ln +1 )8 +
_
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
(54)
3.2. New cases discovered by us
For the CouettePoiseuille owof Binghamuids in plane chan-
nels, all types of ow consist of the ve cases discussed above and
the Pure plug ow case, where no owactually occurs due to the
competition between the yield stress and the applied pressure gra-
dient, and the parameter plane Co B is fully lled with these six
cases. However, for that in annular channels, a blank area in the
parameter plane Co B remains to be identied, which is divided
into three regions:
(1) Cc
5
Cc Cc
6
2 8 1 +
(2) 0 Cc Cc
6
1 + 8 2
(3) 0 Cc Cc
7
8 2
Apparently none of the cases given above can occupy this blank
area, which implies an essential requirement for newtypes of ow
in annular channels besides those already presented.
3.2.1. Case VI
Another owwith a plug zone detached fromboth cylinders, as
shown in Fig. 7.
In this case, two shear ow zones are attached to the inner and
outer cylinders respectively with the plug zone between them. At
the interface r =r
1
and r =r
2
, we have z
rz
=B, where r
1
r
2
1.
Pay attention to the differences between case VI and case I concen-
trated in the inner shear ow zone, where dU
z
]dr - 0 in case VI
and dU
z
/dr >0 in case I.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

1
2
r
2
+C
13
ln r +8r +C
14
( r r
1
)
U
p
(r
1
r r
2
)

1
2
r
2
+C
15
ln r +8r +C
16
(r
2
r 1)
(55)
1500 Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504
Fig. 7. Schematic of case VI: another ow with a plug zone detached from both
cylinders.
Applying the conditions onbothboundaries (14a) and (14b) and
at two yield surfaces (10a) and (10b) leads to a set of six equations
for seven unknowns: C
13
, C
14
, C
15
, C
16
, r
1
, r
2
and U
p
. Eq. (10c) is
added due to the equilibrium of the plug zone, which in a dimen-
sionless form is
r
1
+r
2
= 8 (56)
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

_
Cc r
1
r
2
ln
r

+8(r )
1
2
(r
2

2
) ( r r
1
)
r
1
r
2
ln r
2
8(1 r
2
) +
1
2
(1 r
2
2
) (r
1
r r
2
)
r
1
r
2
ln r 8(1 r) +
1
2
(1 r
2
) (r
2
r 1)
(57)
with r
2
satisfying the following implicit expression:
2Cc +2r
2
(r
2
8) ln
8 r
2
r
2
1 +(8 )
2
+28(1 r
2
) = 0 (58)
Restrictions
According to r
1
r
2
1 and (56), the rst restriction of this
case should be
2 8 2 (59)
Consequently, the value ranges for r
1
and r
2
are
_
_
_
r
1

8
2
r
2
8 (2 8 1 +)
8 1 r
1

8
2
r
2
1 (1 + - 8 2)
(60)
Moreover, we can obtain form (58) that
dCc
dr
2
= (r
1
r
2
) ln
r
1
r
2
0 (61)
Fig. 8. Schematic of case VII: another ow with a plug zone attached to the outer
cylinder.
Hence, another restriction for Co should be
_
Cc
5
Cc Cc
6
(2 8 1 +)
Cc
8
Cc Cc
6
(1 + 8 2)
(62)
where
Cc
8
= Cc

r
2
=1
= (8 1) ln
8 1

+
1
2
[1 (8 )
2
] (63)
3.2.2. Case VII
Another owwith a plug zone attached to the outer cylinder, as
shown in Fig. 8.
As we can see, blank regions (1) and part of (2) have been lled
with case VI. We will demonstrate that the rest of the blank regions
belong to only one new case.
In this case, the shear owzone is attached to the inner cylinder
while the plug zone is attached to the outer one. At the interface
r =r
1
, we have z
rz
=B, where r
1
1. Pay attention to the differ-
ences between case VII and case II concentrated in the inner shear
ow zone, where dU
z
/dr <0 in case VII and dU
z
/dr >0 in case II.
The form of the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_

1
2
r
2
+C
17
ln r +8r +C
18
( r r
1
)
0 (r
1
r 1)
(64)
Applying the conditions on the inner boundary (14a) and at the
yield surface (10a) and (10b) leads to a set of three equations for
three unknowns: C
17
, C
18
and r
1
.
After detailed analyses, we nd the velocity prole is
U
z
=
_
Cc +r
1
(r
1
8) ln
r

+8(r )
1
2
(r
2

2
) ( r r
1
)
0 (r
1
r 1)
(65)
Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504 1501
with r
1
satisfying the following implicit expression:
2Cc +2r
1
(r
1
8) ln
r
1

+28(r
1
) (r
2
1

2
) = 0 (66)
Restrictions
The distribution of z
rz
in the annulus is
z
rz
= r +
r
1
(r
1
8)
r
(67)
In this case we need | z
rz
|
r=1
| 8. Substituting (67) into it with
r
1
1, we get r
1
B1, which induces the restriction for B in
this case:
8 1 + (68)
Afterwards, the value range for r
1
is identied for different B as
follows:
_
r
1
8 1 (1 + 8 2)
r
1
1 (8 : 2)
(69)
We can obtain from (66) that
dCc
dr
1
= (2r
1
8) ln
r
1

0 (70)
which is valid for (69), and leads to the restriction for Co:
_
0 Cc Cc
8
(1 + 8 2)
0 Cc Cc
7
(8 : 2)
(71)
So far, the parameter plane Co B has been lled up.
3.2.3. Case VIII
Pure plug ow
In this case, the Bingham uid stays stationary in the annulus.
In fact, it has been involved in all the cases except IV and V as a
limit situation. As long as Co / = 0, shear ow will absolutely occur,
which reveals Co =0 and B1 as the restrictions of this case.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Division of the parameter plane
For the axial CouettePoiseuille ow of Bingham uids through
concentric annuli, all eight types of owhave beensolvedfully ana-
lytically. We derive eight critical axial Couette numbers Co
1
Co
8
with corresponding value ranges for B, which are
Cc
1
= (ln +1 )8 +
_
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
8 0
Cc
2
= (1 8) ln

1 8
+
1
2
[1 ( +8)
2
] 0 8 1
Cc
3
= ( +8) ln( +8) +
1
2
[(1 8)
2

2
] 0 8 1
Cc
4
= ( ln +1 )8 +
_

2
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
0 8 2
Cc
5
= (8 ) ln(8 ) +
1
2
[(1 8)
2

2
] 2 8 1 +
Cc
6
=
8
2
4
ln 8(1 ) +
1
2
(1
2
) 2 8 2
Cc
7
= (ln +1 )8 +
_
ln +
1
2
(1
2
)
_
8 2
Cc
8
= (8 1) ln
8 1

+
1
2
[1 (8 )
2
] 1 + 8 2
(72)
According to (72), distributions of various ow cases are
observed with Co
1
Co
8
drawn on the parameter plane Co B.
Due to distinctions between [0, 1/3] and [1/3, 1] in case
III, we illustrate the distributions by setting =0.25 and =0.5
with 8 [0, 2.5], as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Red lines in
Figs. 9(a) and 10(a) refer to case VIII, while red circles stand for
Fig. 9. Phase diagram with =0.25: (a) full map and (b) upper half.
demarcation points of at least three owcases, fromthe left corre-
sponding consecutively to B=2, B=1, B=1+, B=2 in Fig. 9(b)
and B=1, B=2, B=1+, B=2 in Fig. 10(b).
Since the radius ratio appears in three out of four demarca-
tion points, it has signicant effects upon regions of ow cases. As
increases, regions of cases I, VI and VII become narrower in width
in Figs. 9(b) and 10(b), for the value ranges for B are [0, 1 ],
[2, 2] and, [1 +, 2.5] respectively. More importantly, deter-
mines whether cases I and VI have an intersection between their
value ranges for B. When [0, 1/3], an intersection 8 [2, 1 ]
exists, and cases I and VI are possible to occur under same B, as
long as restrictions for Co are satised. When [1/3, 1], no such
phenomenon exists.
By setting =0.9, we illustrate the variation of the phase dia-
gram when 1, as shown in Fig. 11. It seems that cases I and
VI are greatly depressed. Considering the longitudinal coordinate,
however, all cases are greatly depressed except for cases IV and V.
4.2. Comparison to results of Filip and David [4]
Fillip and David [4] studied the axial CouettePoiseuille ow of
RobertsonStiff uids (1c), which is thought to include the results
for Bingham uids, as (1c) reduces to (4) by setting n=1. Natu-
rally, a comparison between our results and theirs is supposed to
be performed.
1502 Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504
Fig. 10. Phase diagram with =0.5: (a) full map and (b) upper half.
In [4], Filip and David set the axial velocity of the inner cylin-
der V to be positive all along, while the pressure gradient P, which
is equal to dp/dz in this paper, can be either positive or negative,
depending on assisting or opposing the drag on the uid caused by
the moving inner cylinder. Besides the radius ratio k, the other two
dimensionless parameters are dened as:
1
0
=
2z
0

R
(73)
/=

R
2K
_
R
v
_
n
(74)
Apparently, k and T
0
are equal to our and B. The connection
between / and Co is
_
Cc =
_
/

n=1
_
1
P : 0
Cc =
_
/

n=1
_
1
P - 0
(75)
First we performsome qualitative comparisons. Basing on P and
/, their ow cases consist of the following six ones
(1) P : 0 / : /
cr1,2
(2) P : 0 /
cr1,2
/ /
cr2,3
(3) P : 0 / - /
cr2,3
(4) P - 0 / : /
cr4,5
(5) P - 0 /
cr4,5
/ /
cr5,6
(6) P - 0 / - /
cr5,6
(76)
Fig. 11. Phase diagram with =0.9: (a) full map; (b) upper half.
which correspond consecutively to our cases I (Co >0), III, V,
I(Co <0), II and IV, and are essentially the same as those in plane
channels [6,7]. None of them involve cases VI and VII in this paper.
Then we come to quantitative comparisons. The critical num-
bers in (76) are
/
cr1,2
=
_
(k +1
0
1) 1
1]n
0
+
_
1
k+1
0
_

k (k +1
0
)

_
1]n
d
_n
/
cr2,3
=
_
(k 1) 1
1]n
0
+
_
1
k
_

k (k 1
0
)

_
1]n
d
_n
/
cr4,5
=
_
(k +1
0
1) 1
1]n
0
+
_
11
0
k
_
1 1
0

_
1]n
d
_
n
/
cr5,6
=
_
(k 1) 1
1]n
0
+
_
1
k
_
1 +1
0

_
1]n
d
_n
(77)
Substituting (77) into (76), with n=1 and (75), we have
(1) P : 0 0 - Cc - Cc
3
(2) P : 0 Cc
3
Cc Cc
4
(3) P : 0 Cc : Cc
4
(4) P - 0 Cc
2
- Cc - 0
(5) P - 0 Cc
1
Cc Cc
2
(6) P - 0 Cc - Cc
1
(78)
Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504 1503
Fig. 12. Illustration of analyses in Section 4.3.
where
Cc
3
=
_
/
cr1,2

n=1
_
1
Cc
4
=
_
/
cr2,3

n=1
_
1
Cc
2
=
_
/
cr4,5

n=1
_
1
Cc
1
=
_
/
cr5,6

n=1
_
1
(79)
Expressions of Co
1
Co
4
are in (72).
As seen from above, when results of Filip and David [4] reduce
to those for Bingham uids, only cases IV and critical numbers
Co
1
Co
4
emerge, with no restrictions for B at all. From Fig. 9 and
Fig. 10, (78) match the lower half of the parameter plane, but are
correct in the upper half only if B2. Once B>2, cases VI and VII
start to appear, which their results cannot describe.
4.3. Analyses of cases VI and VII
It is necessary to analyze more detailly the appearances of cases
VI and VII rstly presented in this paper. The following analyses are
illustrated in Fig. 12.
It is well knownthat velocity proles are essentially determined
by stress proles. For ow in plane channels, the stress prole
can be written as z
xy
=y +C, which exhibits a linearly mono-
tonic decreasing distribution. By altering the integral constant C,
the stress prole is shifted parallelly throughout, leading to the
emergence of cases IV. For that in annular channels, however, the
stress prole is z
rz
=r +C/r, which is not linear any more. Addi-
tionally, alterations of C give rise to more complicated variations
of the stress prole. For C>0, the stress prole remains monotonic
decreasing, leading again to the emergence of cases IV. For C<0,
although z
rz
<0 is valid all along, z
rz
monotonically increases rst,
then monotonically decreases as r increases. If the increasing and
decreasing parts of z
rz
exceedthe line z
rz
=B simultaneously, case
VI appears. Otherwise, individually exceeding of the increasing and
decreasing parts reveals cases VII and III, where the latter one is
not specially distinguished from that obtained for C>0 during the
solving process.
Physically, there is a new way of maintaining the equilibrium
of the plug zone for ow in annular channels. In case I, we have
z
rz
|
r=r
1
= z
rz
|
r=r
2
= 8ontheyieldsurfaces of theplugzone, which
means they are in the same direction and against the pressure
gradient together. Nevertheless, in case VI, we have z
rz
|
r=r
1
=
z
rz
|
r=r
2
= 8, which means they are in the opposite direction, and
tangent stress on the outer side has to resist that on the inner side
as well as the pressure gradient. The reason why case VI cannot be
foundinplane channels is breakdownof the equilibriumif opposite
stresses exist on the two at yield surfaces, as they have same area.
On the other hand, yield surfaces are curved in annular channels,
leading to different areas on the inner and outer sides. Therefore,
it enables the equilibrium to be established. Distinctions between
cases VII and II can also be explained in this way.
5. Conclusion
We derive the analytical solution for the axial
CouettePoiseuille ow of Bingham uids through concentric
annuli, which takes eight different forms depending on three
dimensionless parameters: the radius ratio , the Binghamnumber
1504 Y.-Q. Liu, K.-Q. Zhu / J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 165 (2010) 14941504
B and the axial Couette number Co. Domains belonging to all forms
are validated in the parameter plane Co B for various radius
ratios with fully analytical boundaries.
Compared to earlier researches, we emphasize that two brand-
new ow cases are discovered, and restrictions concerning the
dimensionless parameters for each of the eight forms are precisely
veried. After careful comparison with results fromFilip and David
[4], we show that they missed these two ow cases, and gave out
incorrect restrictions for several cases.
Finally, we explain why the two brand-new ow cases,
which are impossible to appear in plane channels, emerge in
annular channels both mathematically and physically. Results
and analyses presented in this paper might be instructive for
solving ows of viscoplastic uids in annuli or other geome-
tries.
Acknowledgements
This researchis supportedbythe National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China under Grant No. 10772097. The nal manuscript
benets from comments and suggestions provided by two refer-
ees. In particular, we are indebted to a referee whose questions
have enriched the contents of the paper.
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