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CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION

NEW DELHI

New Delhi, the 6
th
January, 2014

NOTIFICATION

No.L-1/132/2013/CERC.- In exercise of the powers conferred under Section 178 of
the Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), and all other powers enabling it in this behalf, and
after previous publication, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission hereby
makes the following regulations, namely:

1. Short title and commencement

(1) These regulations may be called the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Deviation Settlement Mechanism and related matters)
Regulations, 2014.

(2) These regulations shall come into force on 17.2.2014.


2. Definitions and Interpretation

(1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a) Actmeans the Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of2003);

(b) actual drawalin a time-block means electricity drawn by a buyer, as the case may
be, measured by the interface meters;

(c) actual injectionin a time-block means electricity generated or supplied by the
seller, as the case may be, measured by the Interface meters;

(d) beneficiary means a person purchasing electricity generated from a generating
station;

(e) buyermeans a person, including beneficiary, purchasing electricity through a
transaction scheduled in accordance with the regulations applicable for short-term
open access, medium-term open access and long-term access;

(f) 'Connectivity Regulations' means the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Grant of Connectivity, Long Term Access and Medium Term Access
in inter-State Transmission) Regulations, 2009 as amended from time to time and
shall include any subsequent amendment thereof.

(g) Commission' means the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission referred to in
sub-section (1) of section 76 of the Act;

(h) Deviationin a time-block for a seller means its total actual injection minus its total
scheduled generation and for a buyer means its total actual drawal minus its total
scheduled drawal.

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(i) gamingin relation to these regulations, shall mean an intentional mis-declaration
of declared capacity by any seller in order to make an undue commercial gain
through Charge for Deviations;

(j) Grid Codemeans the Grid Code specified by the Commission under clause (h) of
sub-section (1) of Section 79 of the Act.

(k) interface metersmeans interface meters as defined by the Central Electricity
Authority under the Central Electricity Authority (Installation and Operation of
Meters) Regulations, 2006, as amended from time to time.

(l) Load Despatch Centremeans National Load Despatch Centre, Regional Load
Despatch Centre or State Load Despatch Centre, as the case may be, responsible
for coordinating scheduling of the buyers and the sellers in accordance with the
provisions of Grid Code;

(m) 'Open Access Regulations' means the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Open Access in inter-State Transmission) Regulations, 2008 as
amended from time to time and shall include any subsequent amendment thereof.

(n) Scheduled generationat any time or for a time block orany period means
schedule of generation in MW or MWh ex-bus given by the concerned Load
Despatch Centre;

(o) Scheduled drawalat any time or for a time block or any period time block means
schedule of despatch in MW or MWh ex-bus given by the concerned Load
Despatch Centre;

(p) sellermeans a person, including a generating station, supplying electricity
through a transaction scheduled in accordance with the regulations applicable for
short-term open access, medium-term open access and long-term access;

(q) time-blockmeans a time block of 15 minutes, for which specified electrical
parameters and quantities are recorded by special energy meter, with first time
block starting at 00.00 hrs;

(2) Save as aforesaid and unless repugnant to the context or the subject-matter
otherwise requires, words and expressions used in these regulations and not defined,
but defined in the Act, or the Grid Code or any other regulations of this Commission
shall have the meaning assigned to them respectively in the Act or the Grid Code or any
other regulation.

3. Objective

The objective of these regulations is to maintain griddiscipline and grid securityas
envisaged under the Grid Code through the commercial mechanism for Deviation
Settlement through drawal and injection of electricityby the users of the grid.

4 . Scope

These regulations shall be applicable to sellers and buyers involved in the
transactions facilitated through short-term open access or medium-term open access
or long-term access in inter-State transmission of electricity.
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5. Charges for Deviations:

(1) The charges for the Deviations for all the time-blocks shall be payable for over
drawal by the buyer and under-injection by the seller and receivable for under-drawal
by the buyer and over-injection by the seller and shall be worked out on the average
frequency of a time-block at the rates specified in the table below as per the
methodology specified in clause (2) of this regulation:

Average Frequency of the time block(Hz) Charges for Deviation
Below Not Below Paise/kWh
50.05 0.00
50.05 50.04 35.60
50.04 50.03 71.20
50.03 50.02 106.80
50.02 50.01 142.40
50.01 50.00 178.00
50.00 49.99 198.84
49.99 49.98 219.68
49.98 49.97 240.52
49.97 49.96 261.36
49.96 49.95 282.20
49.95 49.94 303.04
49.94 49.93 323.88
49.93 49.92 344.72
49.92 49.91 365.56
49.91 49.90 386.40
49.90 49.89 407.24
49.89 49.88 428.08
49.88 49.87 448.92
49.87 49.86 469.76
49.86 49.85 490.60
49.85 49.84 511.44
49.84 49.83 532.28
49.83 49.82 553.12
49.82 49.81 573.96
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49.81 49.80 594.80
49.80 49.79 615.64
49.79 49.78 636.48
49.78 49.77 657.32
49.77 49.76 678.16
49.76 49.75 699.00
49.75 49.74 719.84
49.74 49.73 740.68
49.73 49.72 761.52
49.72 49.71 782.36
49.71 49.70 803.20
49.70 824.04

(Charges for deviation for each 0.01 Hz step is equivalent to 35.60 Paise/kWh in the
frequency range of 50.05-50.00 Hz, and 20.84 Paise/kWh in frequency range 'below
50 Hz' to 'below 49.70 Hz' )

Provided that

(i) the charges for the Deviation for the generating stations regulated by Commission
using coal or lignite or gas supplied under Administered Price Mechanism (APM) as
fuel, when actual injection is higher or lower than the scheduled generation, shall not
exceed the Cap Rate of 303.04 Paise/kWh as per the methodology specified in
clause (3) of this regulation:

(ii) Provided that no cap rate shall be applicable with effect from 1.4.2014 on the
charges for the Deviation for the generating stations regulated by consumer using gas
supplied under Administered Price Mechanism (APM) as the fuel.

(iii) the charges for the Deviation for the under drawals by the buyerin a time block
in excess of 12% of the schedule or 150 MW, whichever is less, shall be zero.

(iv) the charges for the Deviation for the over-injection by the seller in a time block in
excess of 12% of the schedule or 150 MW, whichever is less,shall be zero, except in
case of injection of infirm power, which shall be governed by the clause (5) of this
Regulation.

(2) The Charge for Deviation shall be determined in accordance with the following
methodology:

(a) The Charge for Deviation shall be zero at grid frequency of 50.05 Hz and above.

(b) The Charge for Deviation corresponding to grid frequency interval of below
50.01 Hz and not below 50.0 Hz shall be based on the median value of the
average energy charge of coal/lignite based generating stations regulated by the
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Commission for any six month period preferably from July to December of
previous year or from January to June for the year or any other six month period if
deemed necessary and suitably adjusted upward to coincide with the Deviation
Price Vector.

(c) The Deviation Price Vectors shall accordingly, be in steps for a frequency interval
of 0.01 Hz between grid frequency of (i) 50.05 Hz and below 50.01 Hz and not
below 50.0 Hz and (ii) below 50.01 Hz and not below 50.0 Hz and below 49.70
Hz.

(d) The Charge for Deviation at grid frequency "below 49.70 Hz" shall be based on
the highest of the average energy charges of generating stationsregulated by
Commissionon RLNG for any six month period preferably from July to December
of previous year or from January to June for the year or any other six month period
if deemed necessary and suitably adjusted upward to coincide with the Deviation
Price Vector.

(3) The Cap rate for the charges for the Deviation for the generating stations
regulated by CERC using coal/lignite or gas supplied under Administered Price
Mechanism (APM) as the fuel, shall be the valuecoinciding withthe energy charges on
imported coal onDeviation Price Vector.

(4) The Charges for Deviation may be reviewed by the Commission from time to
time and shall be re-notified accordingly.

(5) The infirm power injected into the grid by a generating unit of a generating
station during the testing, prior to COD of the unit shall be paid at Charges for Deviation
for infirm power injected into the grid, consequent to testing, for a period not exceeding 6
months or the extended time allowed by the Commission in the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term
Open Access and related matters) Regulations, 2009, as amended from time to time,
subject to ceiling of Cap rates corresponding to the main fuel used for such injection as
specified below:

Domestic coal/ Lignite/Hydro `1.78 / kWh sent out

APM gas as fuel `2.82/ kWh sent out up to
31.3.2014and thereafter, `5.64/ kWh
sent out

Imported Coal `3.03 / kWh sent out

RLNG `8.24 / kWh sent out


(6) Charges for Deviation of Inter-regional Exchange between the two
asynchronously inter-connected Regions shall be computed by the respective
Regional Power Committee, based on Charges for Deviation as per the frequency of
the respective Region. The amount to be settled for the inter-regional exchanges shall
be average of the Charges for Deviation computed for the two regions by way of such
inter-change.

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6. Declaration, scheduling and elimination of gaming

(1) The provisions of the Grid Code and the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Open Access in inter-State Transmission) Regulations, 2008, as
amended from time to time, shall be applicable for declaration of capacity, scheduling
and elimination of gaming.

(2) The generating station, as far as possible, shall generate electricity as per the
day-ahead generation schedule finalized by the Regional Load Despatch Centre in
accordance with the Grid Code.

Provided that the revision in generation schedule on the day of operation shall
be permitted, in accordance with the procedure specified under the Grid Code and
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Open Access in inter-State Transmission)
Regulations, 2008, as the case may be.

(3) The Commission, either suo motu or on a petition made by RLDC, or any
affectedparty, may initiate proceedings against any generating company or seller on
charges ofgaming and if required, may order an inquiry in such manner as decided by
theCommission. When the charge of gaming is established in the above inquiry,
theCommission may, without prejudice to any other action under the Act or regulations
thereunder, disallow any Charges for Deviation received by such generating company
or theseller during the period of such gaming.

7. Limits on Deviation volume and consequences of crossing limits

(1) The over-drawals / under drawals of electricity by any buyer during a time block
shall not exceed 12% of its scheduled drawal or 150 MW, whichever is lower, when grid
frequency is 49.70Hz and above"

Provided thatno overdrawal of electricity by any buyer shall be permissible when
grid frequency is "below 49.70 Hz".


Explanation: The limits specified in this clause shall apply to the sum total of
over-drawal by all the intra-State entities in the State including the distribution
companies and other intra-State buyers, and shall be applicable at the inter-State
boundary of the respective State.

(2) The under-injection / over-injection of electricity by a sellerduring a time-block shall
not exceed 12% of the scheduled injection of such selleror 150 MW, whichever is lower
when frequency is 49.70 Hz and above

Provided that

(i) no under injectionof electricity by a sellershall be permissible when grid
frequency is "below 49.70 Hz" and no over injection of electricity by a seller shall be
permissible when grid frequency is "50.10 Hz and above.

(ii) any infirm injection of power by a generating station prior to COD of a unit during
testing and commissioning activities shall be exempted from the volume limit specified
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above for a period not exceeding 6 months or the extended time allowed by the
Commission in accordance with the Connectivity Regulations.

(iii) any drawal of power by a generating station prior to COD of a unit for the startup
activities shall be exempted from the volume limit specified abovewhen grid frequency
is 49.70 Hz and above".


(3) In addition to Charges for Deviation as stipulated under Regulation 5 of
theseregulations, Additional Charge for Deviation shall be applicable for over-drawal
as well as under-injection of electricity for each time block in excessof the volume limit
specified in Clause (1) and (2) of this regulation when average grid frequency of the
time block is 49.70 Hz and above at the rates specified in the table A & B below in
accordance with the methodologyspecified in clause (7)of this regulation:

TABLE A

When 12% of Schedule is less than or equal to 150 MW
(i)

For over drawal of electricity by
any buyer in excess of 12% and up
to 15% of the schedule in a time
block
Equivalent to 20% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(ii) For over drawal of electricity by any
buyer in excess of 15 % and up to
20% of the schedule in a time block
Equivalent to 40% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(iii) For over drawal of electricity by
any buyer in excess of 20 % of the
schedule in a time block
Equivalent to 100% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(iv) For under injection of electricity by
any seller in excess of 12% and up
to 15% of the schedule in a time
block
Equivalent to 20% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(v) For under injection of electricity by
any seller in excess of 15 % and up
to 20% of the schedule in a time
block
Equivalent to 40% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(vi) For under injection of electricity by
any seller in excess of 20 % of the
schedulein a time block
Equivalent to 100% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
B When 12% of Schedule is more than 150 MW
(i)

For over drawal of electricity by
any buyer is above 150 MW and up
to 200 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 20% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(ii) For over drawal of electricity by any
buyer is above 200 MW and up to
250 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 40% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(iii) For over drawal of electricity by
any buyer is above 250 MW in a
time block
Equivalent to 100% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
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(iv) For under injection of electricity by
any seller is above 150 MW and up
to 200 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 20% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(v) For under injection of electricity by
any seller is above 200 MW and up
to 250 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 40% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.
(vi) For under injection of electricity by
any seller is above 250 MW in a
time block
Equivalent to 100% of the Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average
grid frequency of the time block.

TABLE B

When 12% of Schedule is less than or equal to 150 MW
(i) For under injection of
electricity by any seller in
excess of 12% and up to
15% of the schedule
Equivalent to 20% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.
(ii) For under injection of
electricity by any seller in
excess of 15 % and up to
20% of the schedule
Equivalent to 40% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.
(iii) For under injection of
electricity by any seller in
excess of 20 % of the
schedule
Equivalent to 100% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.
B When 12% of Schedule is more than 150 MW
(i) For under injection of
electricity by any seller is
above 150 MW and up to
200 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 20% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.
(ii) For under injection of
electricity by any seller is
above 200 MW and up to
250 MW in a time block
Equivalent to 40% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.
(iii) For under injection of
electricity by any seller is
above 250 MW in a time
block
Equivalent to 100% of the Cap Rate for
Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the
Charge for Deviation corresponding to
average grid frequency of the time block,
whichever is less.

Provided that

(i) Additional Charge for Deviation for under-injection of electricity, during a
time-block in excess of the volume limit specified in clause (1) and (2) of this regulation
when grid frequency is 49.70 Hz and above, by the generating stations regulated by
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the CERC using coal or lignite or gas supplied under Administered Price Mechanism
(APM) as the fuel shall be at the rates specified below in accordance with the
methodology specified in clause (9) of this regulation:


(ii) Any drawal of power by a generating station prior to COD of a unit for the start up
activities shall be exempted from the levy of additional Charges of Deviation.

(4) In addition to Charges for Deviation as stipulated under Regulation 5 of
theseregulations, Additional Charge for Deviation shall be applicable for
over-injection/under drawal of electricity for each time block by a seller/buyer as the case
may be when grid frequencyis 50.10 Hz and above at the rates equivalent to charges
of deviation corresponding to the grid frequency of below 50.01 Hz but not below 50.0
Hz.

(5) Methodologies for the computation of Charges for Deviation and Additional
Charges for deviation for each regional entity for crossing the volume limits specified for
the under-drawal /over-injection and for over-drawal and under-injection in clause (3)
of this regulation shall be as per Annexure-I and II of these Regulationsrespectively.

(6) In addition to Charges for Deviation as stipulated under Regulation 5 of these
Regulations, Additional Charge for Deviation shall be applicable for over-drawal or
under-injectionof electricity when grid frequency is below 49.70 Hz in accordance
with the methodology specified in clause (8) of this regulation and the same shall be
equivalent to 100% of the Charge for Deviation of 824.04 Paise/kWh corresponding to
the grid frequency of "below 49.70 Hz".

Provided further that Additional Charge for Deviation for under-injection
ofelectricity by a seller, during the time-block when grid frequency is below 49.70 Hz,
by thegenerating stations regulated by CERC using coal or lignite or gas supplied
under Administered PriceMechanism (APM) as the fuel in accordance with the
methodology specified in clause 8 ofthis regulation shall be equivalent to 100% of the
Cap Rate for Deviations of 303.04 Paise/kWh.

Explanation: Additional Charges for Deviation shall not be applicable for net over
drawls by a region as a whole from other regions.

(7) The Additional Charge for Deviation for over-drawal andunder-injection of
electricity for each time block in excess of the volume limit specified in clause (1) and
(2) of this Regulation when grid frequency is "49.70 Hz and above" shall be as
specified by the Commission as a percentage of thecharges for the Deviation
corresponding toaverage grid frequency of the time block with due consideration to
thebehavior of the buyers and sellers towardsgrid discipline:

Provided that the Commission may specify different rates for additional
Charges for Deviation for over drawalsand under injectionsdepending upon different
% deviation from the schedule in excess of the volume limit specified in clause (1) and
(2) of this Regulation.

(8) The additional Charge for Deviation for over-drawals and under-injection
ofelectricity for each time block when grid frequency is below 49.70 Hz shall be
asspecified by the Commission as a percentage of the charges for the Deviation
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corresponding to average gridfrequency of the time block with due consideration to
the behavior of the buyers and sellers towards grid discipline:

Provided that the Commission may specify different rates for Additional
Charges for Deviation for over drawls and under injections and for different ranges of
frequencies below 49.70 Hz.

(9) The Additional Charge for Deviation for under-injection of electricity during
thetime-block in excess of the volume limit specified in Clause (2) of this regulation when
gridfrequency is 49.70 Hz and above, by the generating stations regulated by CERC
using coal/ lignite or gassupplied under Administered Price Mechanism (APM) as the
fuel shall be as specified bythe Commission as a percentage of the Cap Rate or the
Charges for Deviation corresponding to the grid frequency of the time block, or both with
due consideration to the behavior of the generating stations regulated by CERC
towards grid discipline:

(10) In the event of sustained deviation from schedule in one direction (positive or
negative) by any regional entity, such regional entity (buyer or seller) shall have to
make sign of their deviation from schedule changed, at least once, after every 12 time
blocks. To illustrate, if a regional entity has positive deviation from schedule from 07.30
hrs to 10.30 hrs, sign of its deviation from schedule shall be changed in the 13th time
block i.e. 10.30 to 10.45 hrs from positive to negative or negative to positive as the
case may be.

(11) Payment of Charges for Deviation under Regulation 5 and the Additional
Charges for Deviation under Clauses (3) and (4) of this regulation, shall be levied without
prejudice to any action that may be considered appropriate by the Commission under
Section 142 of the Act for contravention of the limits of over-drawal/ under drawal or
under-injection /over-injection as specified in these regulations, for each time block or
violation of provision of clause 10 of these regulations.

(12) The charges for over-drawal/ under-injection and under-drawal/ over-injection
of electricity shall be computed by the respective Regional Power Committee in
accordance with the methodology used for preparation of Regional Energy Accounts.

(13) The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall,on monthly basis,prepare and
publish on its website therecordsof the Deviation Accounts, specifying the quantum
ofover-drawal/ under-injection and corresponding amount of Charges for
Deviationpayable/receivable for each buyer and sellerfor all the time-blocks when grid
frequency was "49.90Hz and above" and "below 49.90" Hz separately.

8. Compliance with instructions of Load Despatch Centre

Notwithstanding anything specified in these Regulations, the sellers and the
buyers shall strictly follow the instructions of the Regional Load Despatch Centre on
injection and drawal in the interest of grid security and grid discipline.

9. Accounting of Charges for Deviation

(1) A statement of Charges for Deviations including Additional Charges for Deviation
levied under these regulations shall be prepared by the Secretariat of the respective
Regional Power Committee on weekly basis based on the data provided by the
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concerned RLDC(s) by the Thursday of the week and shall be issued to all
constituents by next Tuesday, for seven day period ending on the penultimate Sunday
mid-night.

(2) All payments on account of Charges for Deviation including Additional Charges for
Deviation levied under these regulations and interest, if any, received for late payment
shall be credited to the funds called the Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund,
which shall be maintained and operated by the concerned Regional Load Despatch
Centre in each region in accordance with provisions of these regulations.

Provided that

(i) the Commission may by order direct any other entity to operate and maintain
the respective Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund:

(ii) separate books of accounts shall be maintained for the principal component
and interest component of Charges for Deviation and Additional Charges for Deviation
by the Secretariat of the respective Regional Power Committee.

(3) All payments received in the Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund of each
region shall be appropriated in the following sequence:

(a) First towards any cost or expense or other charges incurred on recovery of
Charges for deviation.

(b) Next towards over dues or penal interest, if applicable.

(c) Next towards normal interest.

(d) Lastly, towards charges for deviation and additional charges for deviation.

Explanation: Any Additional Charge for Deviation collected from a regional entity shall
be retained in the Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund of the concerned region
where the regional entity is located.

10. Schedule of Payment of Charges for Deviation

(1) The payment of charges for Deviation shall have a high priority and the concerned
constituent shall pay the indicated amounts within 10 (ten) days of the issue of statement
of Charges for Deviation including Additional Charges for Deviation by the Secretariat of
the respective Regional Power Committee into the Regional Deviation Pool Account
Fund of the concerned region.

(2) If payments against the Charges for Deviation including Additional Charges for
Deviation are delayed by more than two days, i.e., beyond twelve (12) days from the date
of issue of the statement by the Secretariat of the respective Regional Power
Committee, the defaulting constituent shall have to pay simple interest @ 0.04% for
each day of delay.
(3) All payments to the entities entitled to receive any amount on account of charges for
Deviation shall be made within 2 working days of receipt of the payments in the
Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund of the concerned region.

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Provided that

(i) in case of delay in the Payment of charges for Deviations into the respective
Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund and interest there on if any, beyond 12 days
from the date of issue of the Statement of Charges for Deviations the regional entities
who have to receive payment for Deviation or interest thereon shall be paid from the
balance available if any, in the Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund of the region. In
case the balance available is not sufficient to meet the payment to the Regional Entities,
the payment from the Regional Deviation Pool Accounts Fund shall be made on pro rata
basis from the balance available in the Fund.

(ii) the liability to pay interest for the delay in payments to the Regional Deviation Pool
Account Fund shall remain till interest is not paid; irrespective of the fact that
constituents who have to receive payments have been paid from the Regional Deviation
Pool Account Fund in part or full.

(4) All regional entities which had at any time during the previous financial year failed to
make payment of Charges for Deviation including Additional Charges for Deviation
within the time specified in these regulations shall be required to open a Letter of Credit
(LC) equal to 110% of its average payable weekly liability for Deviations in the previous
financial year, in favour of the concerned RLDC within a fortnight from the date these
Regulations come into force.

Provided that

(i) if any regional entity fails to make payment of Charges for Deviation including
Additional Charges for Deviation by the time specified in these regulations during the
current financial year, it shall be required to open a Letter of Credit equal to 110% of
weekly outstanding liability in favour of respective Regional Load Despatch Centre within
a fortnight from the due date of payment.

(ii) LC amount shall be increased to 110% of the payable weekly liability for
Deviation in any week during the year, if it exceeds the previous LC amount by more
than 50%.

Illustration: If the average payable weekly liability for Deviation of a regional entity
during2009-10 is `20 crore, the regional entity shall open LC for 22 crore in 2010-11. If
the weekly payable liability during any week in 2010-11 is `35 crore which is more than
50% of the previous financial years average payable weekly liability of Rs 30 Crore,
the concerned regional entity shall increase the LC amount to `38.5 Crore (1.1*`35.0) by
adding `16.5 Crore.

(5) In case of failure to pay into the Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund within the
specified time of 12 days from the date of issue of statement of charges for Deviations,
the RLDC shall be entitled to encash the LC of the concerned constituent to the extent of
the default and the concerned constituent shall recoup the LC amount within 3 days.


11. Application of fund collected through Deviations

The surplus amount, if any in the Deviation Pool Account Fund as on last day of
the month,shall be transferred to a separate fund namely "Power Systems
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Development Fund" specified by the Commission in the first week of the next month
and shall be utilized, for the purpose specified by the Commission.

12. Power to Relax.

The Commission may by general or special order, for reasons to be recorded in
writing, and after giving an opportunity of hearing to the parties likely to be affected by
grant of relaxation, may relax any of the provisions of these regulations on its own
motion or on an application made before it by an interested person.

13. Power to issue directions:-

If any difficulty arises in giving effect to these regulations, the Commission may
on its own motion or on an application filed by any affected party, issue such directions
as may be considered necessary in furtherance of the objective and purpose of these
regulations.

14. Repeal and Savings

(1) On commencement of these Regulations, Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Unscheduled Interchange charges and related matters) Regulation,
2009 shall stand repealed.

(2) On commencement of these Regulations, any reference to the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (Unscheduled Interchange charges and related
matters) Regulations, 2009 in any of the Regulations, Standards, Codes or
Procedures of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission shall deemed to be
replaced by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Deviation Settlement
Mechanism and related matters) Regulations, 2013.

(3) On commencement of these Regulations, the Regional Unscheduled
Interchange Pool Account Funds shall continue to operate till the UI accounts settlement
for the period prior to commencement of these Regulations is completed and balance if
any, in UI Pool account shall be transferred to the Power System Development Fund.




(A K Saxena)
Chief (Engineering)
14

Annexure-I

Methodologies for the computation of Charges of Deviation and Additional
Charges for deviation for each regional entity for crossing the volume limits
specified for the over-drawal/under injectionby Buyer/Seller

1. When the grid frequency is 49.7 Hz and above

A. When D
tb
i.e. Deviation from schedule in a time block in MW is less than (+/-)12%
of the schedule in MW or 150 MW whichever is lower in each time block, D
tb
to be
payable by the regional entity at normal Charges for Deviation;

B. When D
tb
i.e. Deviation from schedule in a time block in MW is more than
(+/-)12% of the schedule in MW or 150 MW whichever is lower in each time block
(i) D
tb
= D
0
+ D
12/150

Where
D
0
= (+/-)12% of Scheduled Generation (SG) or 150 MW whichever is
lower,
D
12/150
= Deviation in excess of (+/-)12% of the SG or 150 MW,whichever is
lower in each time block
(ii) D
12/150
= D
tb
D
0

(iii) The Charges for Deviation corresponding to D
tb
shall be payable by the
regional entity at normal Charges of Deviation; In addition,graded Additional
Charges for the Deviation for D
12/150
shall be payable by the regional entity for over
drawal/under injectionfor crossing the volume limit on the basis of percentage term
or MW terms as the case may @ 20%, 40%, 100% of Charge of Deviation for the
incremental deviation in each slab. The same is illustrated as under:

Illustrations "A" When 12% of Schedule is less than or equal to 150 MW

Category Additional Charges for Deviation
D
tb
is above12% and up
to 15% of schedule in
MW
50 x (D
tb
- 12% of schedule) x Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average grid
frequency of the time block
D
tb
is above15% and up
to 20% of schedule in
MW
(100 x (D
tb
- 15% of schedule) + 1.50 x
schedule) x Charge for Deviation
corresponding to average grid frequency of
the time block
D
tb
is above20% (250 x (D
tb
- 20% of schedule) + 6.50 x
schedule) x Charge for Deviation
corresponding to average grid frequency of
the time block

Illustrations "B" When 12% of Schedule is more than 150 MW

Category Additional Charges for Deviation
D
tb
is above 150 MW
and up to 200 MW
50 x (D
tb
- 150) x Charge for Deviation
corresponding to average grid frequency of the
time block

15

D
tb
is above200 MW and
up to 250 MW
(100 x (D
tb
- 200) + 2500) x Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average grid
frequency of the time block
D
tb
is above250 MW (250 x (D
tb
- 250) + 7500) x Charge for
Deviation corresponding to average grid
frequency of the time block


Note:The Additional Charge for Deviation for under-injection of electricity, during the
time-block in excess of the volume limit specified in clause 7 (1) and (2) of the
Regulation when grid frequency is 49.70 Hz and above, by the generating
stations regulated by the CERC using coal or lignite or gas supplied under
Administered Price Mechanism (APM) as the fuel shall be calculated with the Cap
Rate for Deviations of 303.04 Paise /kWh or the Charge for Deviation
corresponding to average grid frequency of the time block, whichever is less.


2. When the grid frequency is below 49.7 Hz and above

The charges for deviation corresponding to D
tb
shall be payable by the regional
entity at 1648.08 Paise/kWh including additional chargesfor the deviation
payable by the regional entity at 824.04 Paise/kWh

Note: The charges for Deviation and the additional charges for Deviation for under
injection, during the time block when grid frequency is below 49.70 Hz, by the
generation station regulated by the Commission using coal or lignite or gas
supplied under Administrative Price Mechanism (APM) as the fuel shall be
calculated corresponding to the cap rate for deviations of 303.04 Paise/kWh.
16

Annexure-II


Methodologies for the computation of Charges of Deviation and Additional
Charges for deviation for each regional entity for crossing the volume limits
specified for the under drawal/ over-injection by buyer/Seller

A. When D
tb
i.e. Deviation from schedule in a time block in MW is less than (+/-)12%
of the schedule in MW or 150 MW, whichever is lower in each time block, D
tb
to
be payable by the regional entity at normal Charges for Deviation;

B. When D
tb
i.e. Deviation from schedule in a time block in MW is more than
(+/-)12% of the schedule in MW or 150 MW,whichever is lowerin each time block
(i) D
tb
= D
0
+ D
12/150

Where
D
0
= (+/-)12% of SG or 150 MW whichever is lower,
D
12/150
= Deviation in excess of (+/-)12% of SG or 150 MWwhichever is
lower in each time block
(ii) D
12/150
= D
tb
D
0

(iii) The Charges for Deviation corresponding to D
0
shall be receivable by the
regional entity at normal Charges of Deviation or the ceiling rate whichever is
lower; the regional entity shall not be entitled to any receivable for D
12/150.

C. Additional Charges for the Deviation D
12/150
shall be payable by the regional
entity for under drawal/ over injection when grid frequency is 50.10 Hz or
above in accordance with clause 7 (4) of this Regulation.

1


mcr inoa inir=m srr
ic==r

c on=r, ,u(=

si=r=r

=.q=(.(s,.,u(s.mininsr mcr inoa inir=m srr, inoa si=ri=,
,uus (,uus mr sc) mr =rr=r (s m s=rr ca vrin-rr a=rr = ii=a
=r==mr=r =+rr vrinar mr r m=a q a=rr n mrvr m vra ,
i=i=i=ra ini= nrar , s=rra

(. =ira r= a=rr r=+r

(() ini=r mr r= mcr inoa inir=m srr (in=
n==rr a qn =n =r==) ini=, ,u(= (

(,) ini= (.,.,u(= = na r(

,. i=+rrrrrq qn in

(() ini=r =, on am im =c+r = s=rr, sira r,

(m) si=ri= mr si+rr inoa si=ri=, ,uus (,uus mr sc)
(

(=r) ==-=rm = nr=ainm imr=r =, =rri==ria, uar r=r sri=a
mr c== =rc= r=r i==ria inoa si+ra (

() ==-=rm = nr=ainm sarr =, =rri==ria, inuar r=r
s-rica r cr mr c== =rc= r=r i==ria ino a
si+ra (

(rr) iari=rmr=r = s-rc mc = s-rica inoa mr u m= nr=r
ina si+ra (

(c) uar = s=mri=m inr=r , ==mri=m inr=r sr=
crrrmri=m m i=q =r ini=r m s=r=, s=ia
=nr= m =r== = inoa mr u m= nr=r ina, io==
iari=rmr=r +rr , si+ra (

() =romar ini= = ==== =, =rr=vrri=ra, mcr inoa
inir=m srr (sa==ri=m r=rrr = =romar, crrrmri=m
sr= ==mri=m cr m=r) ini=, ,uue si+ra
sr= io== =m vranar =vrr=r +rr =i==i=a (

(e) srr = si=ri= mr =rr=r c mr s=rr=r (() = iicrc mcr
inoa inir=m srr si+ra (

(o) inuar m i=q ==-=rm = in= = m= nr=ainm sarr
rrcr =mr m= s=ia s-rc si+ra sr= uar m i=q
=mr m= nr=ainm imr=r rrcr m= s=ia imr=r si+ra (

() ini=r m =n=r = , i= mr s=r in=r m i=q +rr= m
=r== = sia nriri=m =r+r = m szv = im=r inu ar
r=r rrrirra r=ar mr =rca =a rrrrrrr rr(
2


() iz mrz = si=ri= mr =rr=r e mr s=rr=r (() m =rz (o) m
s=rr srr r=r iniicrc iz mr z si+ra (
(c) c== =rc= =, ==== =, =rr=vrri=ra, mcr inoa
ri=rm=r (=rc=r mr ==rrr sr= r=) ini=, ,uuc m s=rr
mcr inoa ri=rm=r r=r =rri=+rrirra c== =rc= si+ra (

(c) +rr= rrr m c = iz mrz m sn=rr m s=r=, uarsr sr=
inuarsr mr ==nmr=r s=r m i=q s=r=crr, =rri==ria,
=rrcr +rr= rrr mc , rr +rr= rrr mc r =r= +rr= rrr
mc si+ra (

(z) inr=r ini= =, ==== =, =rr=vrri=ra, mcr
inoa inir=m srr (sa==ri=m r=rrr = inr=r )
ini=, ,uus si+ra sr= == =m vranar =vrr=r +rr
=i==i=a r(

(a) im=r == r ==-=rm r im=r sni=r m i=q s= ia
s-rc = =ni=ra +rr= rrr mc r=r icq q =rnrc r =rnrc
rrc qn=n= = s-rc mr s=r si+ra (

(r) im=r == r ==-=rm r im=r sni=r m i=q s= ia
imr=r = =ni=ra +rr= rrr mc r=r icq q =rnrc r =rnrc
rrc qn=n= = s-rc mr s=r si+ra (

(a) inuar = s=mri=m inr=r , ==mri=m inr=r sr=
crrrmri=m m i=q =r ini=r m s=r=, s=ia
=nr= m =r== = , inoa mr cr m= nr= ina, io==
s-rc mc +rr =i==i=a , si+ra (

(=r) ==-=r m = ( i=c mr q=r ==-=rm si+ra io=m i=q
iniicrc inoa =r=rc=r sr= =rrsr mr uu.uu rrc = sr=+r r
nr= = ==-=rrm =ia invrrr =or =rc= r=r si+ri=i=ra imr
orar (

(,) =rrnrna m i=nr, on am im =c+r m s=r= r inrr n=a
= s=rr sira r , ini=r = na vr-cr sr= cr mr, or
r i=+rrirra r ima si=ri= r iz mrz r srr r=r nrq
q s ini=r = i=+rrirra , nr s=r rr, or u=vr si=ri= r
iz mrz r im=r s ini= = (

s. szv

ini=r mr szv iz m rnarsr r=r inoa mr imr=r a=rr
sarr m =r== = in= n==rr m i=q nriri=m a m =r== =
iz mrz m =rri=mi=a iz svrr=, iz ir sr= iz ==rr mr nrq
==rr (

=. in=ar=

ini= inoa m sa==ri=m r=rrr = s=mri=m inr=r r
==mri=m inr=r r crrrmri=m m =r== = =m= =nr=r =
=n inuarsr sr= uarsr mr =r r(



3

. in=r m i=q +rr=

(() =+rr ==-=rmr m in=r m i=q +rr= uarsr r=r si=rm imr=r sr=
inuarsr r=r m= sarr m i=q =c r a=rr uarsr r=r m= imr=r
sr= inuarsr r=r si=rm sarr m i=q r r a=rr = ini= m
=rz (,) = iniicrc ia m s=r= r =r=rr = iniicrc c=r = ==-=rm
mr sr=a imnn=r = a imq orq

==-=rm mr sr=a imnn =r (qoz) in= m i=q r+rr=
r r r =.im=rnrc rrc
u.u u.uu
u.u u.u= s.cu
u.u= u.us (.,u
u.us u.u, (uc.su
u.u, u.u( (=,.=u
u.u( u.uu (s.uu
u.uu =e.ee (es.s=
=e.ee =e.es ,(e.cs
=e.es =e.e ,=u.,
=e.e =e.ec ,c(.sc
=e.ec =e.e ,s,.,u
=e.e =e.e= sus.u=
=e.e= =e.es s,s.ss
=e.es =e.e, s==.,
=e.e, =e.e( sc.c
=e.e( =e.eu ssc.=u
=e.eu =e.se =u.,=
=e.se =e.ss =,s.us
=e.ss =e.s ==s.e,
=e.s =e.sc =ce.c
=e.sc =e.s =eu.cu
=e.s =e.s= ((.==
=e.s= =e.ss s,.,s
=e.ss =e.s, s.(,
=e.s, =e.s( s.ec
=e.s( =e.su e=.su
=e.su =e.e c(.c=
=e.e =e.s csc.=s
=e.s =e. c.s,
=e. =e.c cs.(c
4

=e.c =e. cee.uu
=e. =e.= (e.s=
=e.= =e.s =u.cs
=e.s =e., c(.,
=e., =e.( s,.sc
=e.( =e.u sus.,u
=e.u s,=.u=

(-m u.u( qoz =c m i=q in= a +rr= u.uu.uu qoz mr
imnn=r =o = s.cu =.im=rnrc rrc a=rr u qoz = r = =e.u
qoz = r mr imnn=r =o = ,u.s= =.im=rnrc rrc m ==mr r)

=a im

(i) =r m = = mr=, i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa
cr mr = mr r m= nr= q= s-rc mcr, or
srr r=r inii=a imq ora , m i=q in= a +rr=, on
nr=ainm sarr s=ia s-rc mr srr si=rm r m= ,
= ini= m =rz (s) = iniicrc rr=r m s=r= sus.u=
=.im=rnrc rrc mr m c= = si=rm r r

(ii) m c=, =r m = = iia mr=a a m saa cr mr
= mr r m= nr= s-rc mcr iomr mininsr r=r
inii=a imr orar m in= a +rr=r = (.=.,u(= =
=r r rr,

(iii) qm ==-=rm = uar r=r s=r imr=r m (,% = si=rm r
(u =rnrc, or +rr m= r, = =rcr m= imr=r m i=q
in= a +rr= vr r,

(iv) qm ==-=rm = inuar r=r s=r s-rc m (,% = si=rm
r (u =rnrc, or +rr m= r, = =rcr si=rm sarr m i=q
in= a +rr=, = =or m sar r mr cvrr m i=nr,
vr r or = ini= m =rz () r=r vrri=a r(

(,) in= m i=q +rr= mr sn=rr=r i=i=i=ra ia m s=r= imr
orqr

(m) in= m i=q +rr= u.u qoz sr= s== si=rm mr iz
imnn=r = vr rr(

(=r) u.u( qoz = r sr= u.u qoz = r r mr iz
imnn=r sa=r= mr a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= or n nrr m
im=r e =r mr sni=r m i=q si=r=rr = = ie= nrr m
o=r = ic==n= am, r nrr m on=r = o am r im=r +rr
s e =r , or srnvm ==r orq, m srr r=r inii=a
mr=r.i==rc sr=rri=a s-rc mcr m sr=a =or +rr= m
=== == = sr=rri=a rr sr= in= mr=a nnc= m s=
sia = = ==rrioa imr orqr(

() in= mr=a nnc= (() u.u qoz sr= u.u( qoz = r
sr= u.u = r r sr= (,) u.u( qoz = r sr=
u.u qoz = r r mr iz imnn=r m sr= =e.u qoz
5

m r m nr u.u( qoz m imnn=r sa=r= m i=q ac=r=,
=c rr(

(rr) =e.u qoz = r mr iz imnn=r = in= m i=q +rr=
im=r e =r= mr sni=r m i=q si=r=rr = = nnar nrr m
o=r = ic==n= am r nrr m on=r = o am r mr s
e =r mr sni=r, ic srnvm ==r orq, m sr=q=qor =
srr r=r inii=a s-rc mcr m sr=a =or +rr=r m
sa= = sr=rri=a rr sr= in= mr=a nnc= m =r=o= m
s= sia = = ==rro imr orqr(

(s) =r m = = mr=r.i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa cr mr
= mr r m= nr= q= s-rc mcr iomr srr r=r inii=a
imr orar , m in= a +rr=r m i=q m c= in= mr=a innc= =
srriaa mr= = =or +rr=r m s= rr(

(=) in= m i=q +rr=r mr ==== = srr r=r in=rm imr
or =mar a=rr ac=r=, si=r=ia imr orqr(

() ic m =rsrzr = n , =rrr m cr=r s-rc mc m s-rc ic
r=r iz = saria = =or c =r = si=rm sni=r m i=q r
==== = =rr=vrri=ra mcr ino a inir=m srr (=romar,
crrrmri=m a=rr ==mri=m inr=r cr m=r) ini=, ,uue =
srr r=r narq q == m i=q =rrr m i=rr==n= iz = saria
= =or m i=q r iniicrc = mr= m sarr m i=q na ==
=r m a-==rrr m c=r mr =r=r m s=rr =a q, in= a +rr=r =
=c=r rr

=ncvrr mr=r.i==rc.rzr +ror r ` (.s.im=rnrc rrc
=r m = = qrq= = s(.s.,u(= am +ror r ` ,.s,.
im=rnrc rrc sr= a-vra +ror r
` .c=.im=rnrc rrc
srriaa mr=r +ror r ` s.us.im=rnrc rrc
sr=q=qor +ror r ` s.,=.im=rnrc rrc

(c) cr sa=mri=m sa==rioa rr m nr sa= rr in= m i=q
+rr=r mr =rr =ni=ra r mr imnn=r m s=r=, in= m i=q +rr=r =
sr=rri=a =ni=ra rr =or =i=ia r=r mr orqr( sa= rr ini=r m
i=q a mr or nr=r =m= = mr= sa= i=na m oi=q cr rr m i=q
=ira in= m i=q +rr=r mr sr=a rr(

c. rrrrrrr, s= rm=r a=rr i= ==ra m=r

(() ==== = =rr=vrri=ra iz mrz a=rr mcr inoa inir=m srr
(sa==ri=m r=rrr = inr=r ) ini=, ,uus m sn=r r=ar mr rrrrrrr,
s=rm=r a=rr i= ==ra m= m i=q =r r(

(,) =rr=+rn s-rc mc iz mrz m s=r= rr +rr= rrr mc r=r
sia= = = ar= mr srr=r icn= mr s-rc s=r m s=r= inoa
mr s-rc m=r

=a im r= m ic s-rc s=r = =rrr, =rri==ria, iz
mrz a=rr mcr ino a inir=m srr (sa==ri=m r=rrr = inr=r )
6

ini=, ,uus, o=r +rr i==ria r, m saa iniicrc iur m s=r=
sra imr orqr(

(s) srr =n=rr = r sr=q=zr=r r=r, r im=r +rrnr rmr= r=r
r= mr rimr m sr=rr= =, i= m sr=rr = im=r s-rc mr r
inuar m in= mrnrr sr=+r m= =mr sr= ic sira r ar srr q=r
=ria, o=r n iniiva m=, = or mr srcvr c =mr( on sna or =
i= mr sr=r =rina r orar ar srr si=ri= r s=m s=rr nrq
q ini= m saa im=r s mr=nr = iam= +rrn zr= inr, q=r
i= mr sni=r m cr=r q=r s-rc mr r inuar r=r ra in= m
i=q im=r +rr sr=r mr s=nrmr= m= =mr(

. in= =rr mr =r=rq qn =r=rsr m si=ru=r m i=rr=

(() ==-=rm m cr=r im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm imr=r.m= imr=r,
=mr s=ia imr=r m (,% r (u =rnrc, or +rr m= r, = si=rm
r rr on iz imnn=r =e.u a=rr s== si=rm (

=a im im=r uar mr inoa mr si=rm imr=r mr s=ia an r
rr on iz imnn=r =e.u qoz = r ,

=rcrm=r = =rz = iniicrc =r=r =r= = =+rr sa=ri=m mrr , io==
ina=r mir a=rr s sa=ri=m uar +rr , r=r si=rm imr=r mr m=
=rr = =r rr sr = =ni=ra =r= mr sa==ri=m =r=r = =r rr(

(,) ==-=rm m cr=r inuar r=r inoa mr m= sarr.si=rm sarr
q= inuar m s=ia sarr m (,% r (u =rnrc, or +rr m= r, =
si=rm r rr, on imnn=r =e.u qoz sr= s== si=rm r

=a im

(i) inuar r=r inoa mr mr m= sarr mr s=ia r rr on
iz imnn=r =e.u qoz = r sr= inuar r=r inoa mr
mr si=rm sarr mr s=ia r rr on iz imnn=r u.
(u qoz = si=rm ,

(ii) ic mr =rsrzr = n =rrr iaini=rr sr= s= sr=+r m= m
cr=r s-rc mcr r=r inoa m im=r = sarr mr c
=r = si=rm sni=r m i=q r =romar ini=r m s=r=,
srr r=r sra narq q == m i=q sna iniicrc =rr
=r=r = ec rr(

(iii) =crcs iaini=rr m i=q im=r ic m =rsrzr n s-rc mc
r=r =or mr im=r mr= mr imr=r mr s=rna iniicrc =rr
=r=r = ec rr on iz imnn=r =e.u sr= s== si=rm r(

(s) ini=r m ini= m saa =rrsn in= m i=q +rr=r m
s=rnr, in= m i=q siai=na +rr= = ini= m =rz (() sr= (,) =
iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=rmar = -m ==-=rm m i=q inoa mr si=rm
imr=r a=rr m= sarr m i=q =r r , on ==-=rm mr sr=a iz
imnn=r = ini= m =rz () = iniicrc ia m s=r=, r =r=rr s =
iniicrc c=r = =e.u qoz sr= s== si=rm





7


=a im

(i) = ini= m =rz ( sr= , = iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=rmar
= ==-=rmr m cr=r inoa m m= sarr m i=q in= m
i=q si=rma= +rr=, on iz imnn=r =r m = = mr =,
i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa ==r mr = mr
r m= nr= q= s-rc mcr or mininsr r=r inii=a imq
ora , r=r =e. qoz sr= si=rm , = ini= m =rz (e)
= iniicrc ia m s=r=, r =r=rr sr = iniicrc c=r =
rr,

(ii) sr=i+rm iaini=rr m i=q ic m =rsr zr m n s-rc mc
r=r inoa mr im=r imr=r mr in= m siai=na +rr= m
scr = ec rr(

=r=rr s
m on s=r mr (,% (u =rnrc = m= r s=m ==mr
(i)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm =
s=r m (,% = si=rm sr=
(% am
==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
mr a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
,u% m ==mr
(ii)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm =
s=r m ( % = si=rm sr=
,u% am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
=u% m ==mr
(iii)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm =
s=r m ,u% mr si=rmar =
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
(uu% m ==mr
(iv)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rrm =
s=r m (,% = si=rm sr=
(% am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
,u% m ==mr
(v)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rrm =
s=r m (% = si=rm sr=
,u% am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
=u% m ==mr
(vi)
im=r uar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rrm =
s=r m ,u% = si=rmar =
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
(uu% m ==mr
=r on s=r mr (,%, (u =rnrc = si=rm
(i)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm = (u
=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,uu =rnrc
am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
,u % m ==mr
(ii)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm = ,uu
=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,u =rnrc
am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
=u% m ==mr
(iii)
im=r uar r=r inoa mr si=rm
imr=r m i=q ==-=rm = ,u
=rnrc = si=rm
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
(uu% m ==mr
(iv)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rm = (u
=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,uu =rnrc
am
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
,u% m ==mr
(v)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rm = ,uu
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
8

=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,u =rnrc
am
=u % m ==mr
(vi)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m= sa
rr m i=q ==-=rm = ,u
=rnrc = si=rm
==-=rm m sr=a iz imnn=r mr
a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= m
(uu% m ==mr
=r=rr sr
=r on s=r mr (,%, (u =rnrc = m= r s=m ==a=
(i)
s=r m (,% = si=rm sr=
(% am im=r inuar r=r inoa m
m= sa rr m i=q
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m ,u% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,
(ii)
s=r m (% = si=rm sr=
,u% am im=r inuar r=r inoa m
m= sarr m i=q
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m =u% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,
(iii)
s=r m ,u% mr si=rmar =
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m (uu% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,
=r on s=r mr (,% , (u =rnrc = si=rm
(i)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rm = (u
=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,uu =rnrc
am
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m ,u% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,
(ii)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rm = ,uu
=rnrc = si=rm sr= ,u =rnrc
am
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m =u% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,
(iii)
im=r inuar r=r inoa m m=
sarr m i=q ==-=rm = ,u
=rnrc = si=rm
sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=
m i=q m c= m (uu% m ==mr
r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr=, or
+rr m= r,


(=) ini=r m ini= m saa =rrsn inuar.uar r=r -m
==-=rmr m i=q inoa m sarr.m= imr=r m i=q, on iz imnn=r
u.(u qoz sr= si=rm , in= m i=q +rr=r m s=rnr, in= m i=q
si=rm +rr=, a-==rrr in= m +rr=r , on iz imnn=r u.u( qoz = r
=im u.u qoz = r r mr iz imnn=r m ==a= c=r = rr(

() m= imr=r.si=rm sarr m i=q iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=ru=r
m= m i=q a=rr = ini= m =rz (s) = si=rm imr=r sr= m= sarr
m i=q -m rr mr m i=q in= a siai=na +rr= qn in= m
i=q +rr=r mr =rr m i=q ia u=vr ini=r m sn=r I sr= II m
s=r= rr(

(c) ini=r m ini= m saa =rrsn in= m i=q +rr=r m
s=rnr, in= m i=q siai=na +rr= inoa mr si=rm sr=r r m= sarr
m i=q =r rr on iz imnn=r = ini= m =rz (s) = iniicrc ia
m s=r= =e.u qoz = r sr= n =e.u qoz = r mr iz
9

imnn=r mr a-==rrr s,=.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in= m i=q +rr= m
(uu% m ==a= rr
=a im ==-=rm m cr=r on iz imnn=r =e.u qoz = m=
, = ini= m =rz s = iniicrc rr=r m s=r= =r m = = mr=
i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa ==r mr = mr r m=
nr= q= s-rc mcr, iomr, mininsr r=r inii=a imr orar , r=r
inuar r=r inoa m m= sarr m i=q in= m i=q siai=na +rr= sus.
u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in=r m i=q m c= m (uu% m ==a= rr(

=rcrm=r in= m i=q siai=na +rr= s rr = == = = r r=r
u si=rm imr=r m i=q =r r r(

() = ini= m =rz (() sr= (,) = iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=rmar =
-m ==-=rm m i=q on iz imnn=r =e.u qoz sr= s== si=rm
inoa mr si=rm imr=r sr= sarr m i=q in= a siai=na +rr=, iz
svrr= m i=q uarsr sr= inuarsr m sr=r = ==m = = inr= m=a
q, ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r mr a-==rrr +rr=r m iavra m = =
srr r=r iniicrc imq orq

=a im srr = ini= m =rz (() sr= (,) = iniicrc =rr
=r=r mr si=rmar = s=r = ini+r iavra in= = i+r= m=a q,
si=rm imr=r sr= m= sarr m i=q in= a siai=na +rr=r m i=q
ini+r c=r mr iniicrc m= =mr(

(s) -m ==-=rm m i=q, on iz imn =r =e.u qoz = r ,
inoa mr si=rm imr=r sr= m= sarr m i=q siai=na +rr=, iz
svrr= m i=q uarsr sr= inuarsr m sr=r = ==m = inr= m= m
=r=r ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r m i=q a-==rrr +rr=r m iavra m =
= srr r=r iniicrc imq orq

=a im srr =e.u qoz = r mr imnn=r mr ini+r =o
m i=q qn si=rm imr=r a=rr m= sarr m i=q in=r m i=q siai=na
+rr=r a ini+r c= iniicrc m= =mr(

(e) = ini= m =rz , = iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=rmar = ==-=rmr
m cr=r, on iz imnn=r =e.u qoz sr= s== si=rm , =r m = =
mr=, i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa cr mr = mr r
m= nr= q= s-rc mcr, io mininsr r=r inii=a imr orar r, r=r
inoa m sarr m in= m i=q siai=na +rr=, iz svrr= m i=q
mininsr r=r inii=a s-rc mcr m sr=r = ==m = = inr= m=
m =r=r, m c= mr iavraar m = = r ==-=rm mr iz imnn=r m
ac=r in= m i=q +rr=r m = = , r crr, srr r=r iniicrc imq
orq(

((u) im=r rr mr r=r qm icvrr = (=mr=r-=m r mr=r-=m) s=r =
=aa in= mr i==ria = , q=r rr mr (uar r inuar) mr -m (,
==-=rmr m nrc m= = m= qm nr= i=niaa s=r = sm in= mr
i i=niaa m=r rr( scr=r m i=q, ic im=r rr mr mr .su rrc
= (u.su rrc mr s=r mr =mr=r-=m in= ar s=r = =m in=
mr =rr, (sn ==-=rm = i=niaa rr, s=rra =mr=r-=m = (u.su =
(u.= rrc = mr=r-=m r mr=r-=m = =mr=r-=m, o=r +rr i==ria r , =
i=niaa r orqr(

((() ini= m saa in= m i=q +rr=r sr= = ini= m =rz (s)
sr= (=) m sa=ra in= m i=q siai=na +rr=r m +rar mr im=r mr=nr
= iam= +rrn zr= inr scra imr orqr( o=r srr r=r -m
==-=rm m i=q ini=r = iniicrc m= sarr.si=rm sarr r
10

si=rm imr=r.m= imr=r mr =r=rsr m s==rr m i=q ini=r m =rz
(u m sn=r m s==rr m io= si=ri= mr =rr=r (=, m s=rr ==ia
==r orq, = inr= imr or =mr(

((,) inoa mr si=rm imr=r.m= sarr qn m= sr=r.si=rm sarr m
i=q +rr=r mr =rr rr =or ==rrsr mr ar= m= m i=q na
rr=r m s=r= =ni=ra rr rn= =i=ia r=r mr orqr(

((s) rr +rr= rrr mc =ri=m sr=rr= = in= =rrar m si+r==rr mr
ar= m=r sr= s sr nn=rc = mrivra m=r, io== si=rm
imr=r.m= sarr mr =rr a=rr =+rr ==-=rmr m i=q on iz imnn=r
=e.eu qoz sr= si=rm a=rr =e.eu qoz = m= r s=m i=q -m
uar sr= inuar m i=q =c.r in= m i=q +rr=r mr a-==rrr =m= mr
s=s= s===r imr orqr(

s. +rr= rrr m c m sc vrr mr sr=

ini=r = iniicrc im=r nra m ra q +rr, inuar sr= uar iz
==rr sr= iz svrr= m ia = sarr sr= imr=r m =n=r = rr
+rr= rrr mc m scvrr mr mzr = r= m=(

e. in= m i=q +rr=r mr ==rrm

(() ini=r m saa scra in= m i=q siai=na +rr=r =ia
in= m +rr=r mr inn=r =ar m =nr= am =ni=ra sr=q=zr=r r=r
s=-=r m=rq q zrcr m sr=rr= = =rarim sr=rr= = =ni=ra rr rn=
=i=ia m =inr= r=r ar= imr orqr sr= =innr= mr s=ri mr ==ra
r nr=r sni=r m i=q =ra icr m i=q s= =nr= am =rrcmr mr or=r
imr orqr(

(,) ini=r m saa scra in= m i=q +rr= io== in= m
siai=na +rr= +rr , qn in==n +rar m i=q ra -ro, ic mr , m =z
=+rr +rar rr in= = ==rr ii=r r=m ii=rr = o=r imq orq
io=mr s=rr a=rr r= ini=r m sn=rr m s=r= -m r =
=ni=ra rr +rr= rrr mcr r=r imr orqr

=a im

(i) srr =ni=ra rr in= = ==rr ii=r m r= a=rr
==r==rrn m= m i=q im=r s mr mr srcvr c =mr

(ii) ==rr mr s= nir =ni=ra rr rn= =i=ia m =inr= r=r
in= m i=q siai=na +rr=r qn in= m i=q +rr=r m = =
rrcm sr= -ro rrcm m i=q ==rr orqr(

(s) -m r mr rr in= = ==rr ii=r = ra =+rr +rarr mr
i=i=i=ra u= = inirioa imr orqr(

(m) =r= in= m i=q +rr=r mr n==r = =r mr mr =ra
r r s +rr=r m i=q(
(=r) sr siac r vrri=am -ro, ic =r , m i=q(
() sr =r=r -ro m i=q(
(rr) sa = in= m i=q +rr=r qn siai=na +rr=r m i=q(

=rcrm=r rr mr = =ra in= m i=q mr siai=na +rr= =ni=ra
r mr s= rr in= = ==rr ii=r = ==rr orqr or rr mr
sni==ra (
11


(u. in= m i=q +rr=r m +rar mr s=r

(() in= m i=q +rr=r m +rar mr s r=ri=mar cr orqr sr=
=ni=ra =rrcm in= m i=q +rr=r mr inn=rr mr or=r m= m (u icr m
sc= scivra =m= mr =cr m=r io== =ni=ra r m rr in= =
==rr ii=r = =ni=ra rn= =i=ia m =inr= r=r in= m i=q siai=na
+rr= vrri== (

(,) ic in= m i=q siai=na +rr= =ia in= m i=q +rr= a
+rarr = cr ic = si=rm mr in==n rar , s=rra =ni=ra rr rn=
=i=ia m =inr= m inn=rr m or=r r mr ar=r=r = ((,) icr m sr
rar , iau=r =rrcm mr in==n m -m ic m i=q u.u=% mr c= =
=r=rr=r -ro scr m=r rr(

(s) in= m i=q +rr=r m =z im=r =m= mr ra m= m i=q mcr=
mrr mr =+rr +rar =ni=ra r mr rr in= = ==rr ii=r =
+rar mr ria m cr mrmr=r icn=r m +rra= imr orqr

=a im

(i) in=r m i=q +rr=r mr or=r m= mr inn=rr ar=r=r =
(, icr = sr =ni=ra rr in= = ==rr ii=r sr= s=
= -ro, ic mr r, = in=r = +rr=r m +rar = in==n
mr cvrr = s rr mrr mr , io in= m i=q +rar r
s== -ro ra m=r rar , r mr rr in= = ==rr
ii=r = s=-=r vrrr = scr m=r rr( ic s=-=r vrrr r r
mrr mr +rar m= m i=q ra r ar rr in=
= ==rr ii=r = +rar ii=r = s=-=r vrrr = ==rriam
sr=rr= = imr orqr,

(ii) rr in= = ==rr ii=r mr +rarr = in==n m i=q on
am -ro scr m=r rr, = a= m nrnoc -ro scr r m=
icr orar im s =rrcmr mr io +rar ra m=r =rr s
srivrm = = r r = = rr in= = ==rr ii=r =
scr m= icr r (

(=) s =+rr rr mrr =, or n in=rr nrr m cr=r im=r +rr ==
ini=r = iniicrc == m sc= in= m i=q siai=na +rr= =ia
in= mr +rar m= = s== = , ini=r mr ar=r=r = n=r
=rnrz m sc= =ni=ra sr=q=zr=r m r = n in=rr nrr = in=r mr
sr=a =c =rarim car m ((u% m ==a= =r=r =rr= mr srr mr
orqr

=a im


(i) ic mr rr mr r= nrr m cr=r ini=r = iniicrc
== =r=r m +rra= in= m i=q si=rm +rr= =ia in= m
i=q +rr=r mr +rar m= = s== =ar , ar s== +rar mr
c ar=r=r = =rnrz m sc= =ni=ra rr +rr= rrr m r =
=rarim nmrr car m ((u% m ==a= =r=r =rr= mr
srr mr orqr,

(ii) =r=r =m= nrr m cr=r im=r =ar = in= m i=q iac
=rarim car m ((u% am mr ni mr orqr ic u% =
si=rm am nnar =r=r mr =m= = si=rm (
12

crcra ic ,uue(u m cr=r rr mr m in= m i=q sr=a iac
=arim car ,u m=rz =q = si=rm ar rr mr nrr ,u(u(( =
,, m=rz m i=q =r=r =rr=r( ic ,u(u(( = im=r =ar m cr=r
=rarim iac car s m=rz =q , or su m=rz =q mr n in=rr nrr
mr sr=a iac =arim car m u% = si=rm , ar n =ni=ra rr
mr (c. m=rz =q mr orza q, ss. m=rz =q ((.(*= s.u) mr
=r=r mr =m= r orqr(

() in= m i=q +rr=r mr inn=rr mr or=r m= mr ar=r=r = (, icr
mr iniicrc == m sc= rr in= = ==rr ii=r = =cr m= =
s== = mr cvrr = , sr=q=zr=r iau=r mr =r=r m i=q =ni=ra =rrcmr
m =r=r mr +rr mr mcr= rr sr= =ni=ra =rrcm ar ic m sc= =r=r
mr =m= mr iaia m=(

((. in=r m =r== = =ra ii=rr mr =r rr

=r m sia= ic m s=r=, in= = ==rr ii=r = si=rvr rr =m=,
ic mr , mr s= =r m = =ar = srr r=r iniicrc inoa
rr=r inmr= ii=r r=m s= ii=r = ==rrrai=a imr orqr sr= s=mr
sr srr r=r iniicrc ro m i=q imr orqr(

(,. ivri=r= m= mr vrina

srr i=i=ra = si+ri=i=ra imq or nr= mr=rr m i=q sr= ivri=r=ar
cr m= = +rrina r nr= =+rrina rmr=r mr =nr mr sn== c m
nrc =n=rr = ian ina r=r imq q srnc =, ini=r m im=r
sn=rr mr =r=rr=r r invrrr srcvr r=r ivri=r= m= =mr(

(s. ic vr or=r m= mr vrina

ic ini=r mr +rrnr m= = mr micr s- rar ar
srr =n=rr = r im=r +rrina rmr= r=r r= imq q srnc = q=
icvr or=r m= =mr o=r n ini=r m szv qn ro m i=q
srnvm ==(

(=. i== sr= rniar

(() ini=r m sr=+r r = mcr inoa inir=m srr (s=ia
ini= +rr= a=rr =n =r==) ini=, ,uue i=i=a ==r orqr(

(,) ini=r m sr=+r r = mcr inoa inir=m srr (s=ia
saini= +rr= qn =n =r==) ini=, ,uue m im=r =c+r =, mininsr
m im=r ini=, =rm, =iar r iur mr mcr inoa inir=m srr
(in= n==rr =mi== qn =n =r==) ini=, ,u(s r=r ia==rria
=rr orqr(

(s) ini=r m sr =+r =, rr s=ia sa=ini= = ==rr
ii=rr mr an am =ri=a ==rr orqr on am im ini=r m sr=+r =
n sni=r m i=q sr ==rr n==rrr mr =r r m= i=r orar sr= sr
= ==rr = mr nmrr, ic mr r, mr inoa rr=r inmr= ii=r = sai=a
m= icr orqr(



(so m=r= =n=r)
==r (orii=)
13

sn=r I

uar.inuar r=r si=rm imr=r.m= sar r m i=q iniicrc =rr =r=rsr mr
siau=r m= m i=q -m rr mr m i=q in= a in= +rr=r qn
siai=na +rr=r mr =rr m i=q ia

(. on iz imnn=r =e. qoz sr= s== si=rm (

m. on zr
crnr
s=rra =rnrc = ==-=rm = s=r = in=
s=r m (+.)(,% r (u =rnrc =, or +rr m= , = m= ar
zr
crnr
m i=q =r=r +rr=r = iac rr(

=r. on zr
crnr
s=rra =rnrc = ==-=rm = s=r = in=
s=r m (+.)(,% r (u =rnrc = or +rr m= = si=rm (

(i) zr
crnr
= zr
u
+ zr
(,.(u
or
zr
u
= s=ia s-rc (q=or) mr (+.)(,%
r (u = rnrc or +rr m= (

zr
(,.(u
= -m ==-=rm = in= s=ia s-rc (q=or)
mr (+.)(,% r (u =rnrc or +rr m= r, =
si=rm(
(ii) zr
(,.(u
= zr
crnr
zr
u


(iii) zr
crnr
m a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= in= m =r=r +rr=r =
rr mr r=r iac rr( =m s=rnr, zr
(,.(u
m i=q in= a
zz siai=na +rr=, -m ==n = nivrr= in= m i=q in= m
+rr= m =rri==ria ,u% =u% sr= (uu% mr c= =, o=r +rr i==ria r ,
iavraar in=r r =rnrc in=rr m sr=rr= =, =rr =r=r mr
siau=r m= m i=q si=rm imr=r.m= sarr m i=q rr mr
r=r =c r( =mr crcra r icr r

crcra m on s=r mr (,%, (u =rnrc = m= r s=m ==a=
~rr in= mr siai=na +rr=
zr
crnr
s=r mr (,% =
si=rm sr= (% am (
u (zr
crnr
s=r mr (,%) x ==-=rm mr
sr=a iz imnn=r m i=q ac=r in= m
i=q +rr=
zr
crnr
s=r mr (% =
si=rm sr= ,u% am (
(uu (zr
crnr
s=r mr (%) + (.u x
s=r) x ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r m
i=q ac=r in= m i=q +rr=
zr
crnr
s=r mr ,u% =
si=rm
,u (zr
crnr
s=r mr ,u%)+ c.u x
s=r) x ==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r m
i=q ac=r in= m i=q +rr=

crcra =r on s=r mr (,%, (u =rnrc = si=rm
zr
crnr
(u =rnrc = si=rm
sr= ,uu =rnrc am
u x (zr
crnr
(u) x ==-=rm mr sr=a iz
imnn=r m i=q ac=r in= m i=q +rr=
zr
crnr
,uu =rnrc = si=rm
sr= ,u =rnrc am
((uu x ( zr
crnr
,uu) + ,uu) x ==-=rm
mr sr=a iz imnn=r m i=q ac=r in=
m i=q +rr=
zr
crnr
,u =rnrc = si=rm
(
(,u x ( zr
crnr
,u)+uu) x ==-=r m mr
sr=a iz imnn=r m i=q ac=r in= m
i=q +rr=


14

icr =r m = = mr= r i==rc r iia mr=a a m saa
==r mr = mr r m= nr= q = s-rc mcr, io mininsr r=r
inii=a imr orar , r=r on iz imnn=r =e.u qoz sr= s== si=rm
, ini= m =rz (() sr= (,) = iniicrc =rr =r=r mr si=rmar =
==-=rmr m cr=r inoa m m= sarr m i=q in= a siai=na +rr=
mr =rr sus.u= =.im=rnrc rrc m in= m i=q mn c= m =r=r r
==-=rm mr sr=a iz imnn=r m ac=r in= m i=q +rr=, or +rr m=
, = mr orqr(

,. on iz imnn=r =e. qoz = r (

zrcrnr m i=q a-==rrr in= m i=q +rr= rr mr r=r s,=.u=
=.im=rnrc rrc m =r=r +rr= =c r( =m s=rnr zrcrr m i=q in=
a siai=na in= +rr=, rr mr r=r s,=.u= =.im=rnrc rrc = =c
r(

icr ==-=rm m cr=r inoa m m= sarr m i=q in= +rr= qn
siai=na in= +rr=, on =r m = = mr=, i==rc r iia mr=a
a (qrq=) m saa sria mr = mr r m=a q mininsr r=r
inii=a s-rc mcr r=r =e.u qoz = r , sus.u= =.im=rnrc
rrc m i=q m c= m =r=r =ira imr orqr(

15

sn=r II

uar.inuar r=r si=rm imr=r.m= sar r m i=q iniicrc =rr =r=rsr mr
siau=r m= m i=q -m rr mr m i=q in= a in= +rr=r qn
siai=na +rr=r mr =rr m i=q ia

m. on zr
crnr
s=rra =rnrc = ==-=rm = s=r = in= s=r m
(+.)(,% r (u =rnrc =, or +rr m= , = m= ar zr
crnr
m i=q
=r=r +rr=r = iac rr(

=r. on zr
crnr
s=rra =rnrc = ==-=rm = s=r = in= s=r m
(+.)(,% r (u =rnrc = or +rr m= , = si=rm (

(i) zr
crnr
= zr
u
+ zr
(,.(u

or
zr
u
= s=r s-rc (q=or) mr (+.)(,% r (u
=rnrc or +rr m= (
zr
(,.(u
= -m ==-=rm = in= s=r s-rc (q=or)
mr (+.)(,% r (u =rnrc or +rr m= r, =
si=rm(

(ii) zr
(,.(u
= zr
crnr
zr
u

(iii) zr
u
in= m a-==rrr in= m =r=r +rr=r = r =r=r c=
=, or +rr m= r, rr qmm r=r ria r= rr, rr mr
zr
(,.(u
m i=q im=r ria r= m i=q r r rr(

. in= zr
(,.(u
m i=q siai=na +rr= m= imr=r si=rm sarr m
i=q rr mr r=r iac rr on iz imnn=r = ini= m =rz
(=) m s=r= u.(u qoz r s== si=rm (