Name: Effendy

Class: ViiiB (14)

We all are Growth and Develop, What is Growth and Development?

Growth is the process of size increase which is irreversible, which involves

volume increment, length increment, and mass increment, Growth is has the following
characteristic:

• It has quantitative property (able to measure)

• It found in meristem tissue
• The reproduction by mitosis

Development is process of becoming mature, there is the characteristic of

development:

• It has qualitative property (cannot be measure)

• It found in gamete
• The reproduction by meiosis

A. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENT..
1. Internal factors
Internal factors are factors that come from inside of the body of the
organisms theirself. Factor which included into internal factors are as
follows:

a. Gene

Gene is property that doesn’t appear from outside. The gene is

formed of some nucleate acid that is composed in macromolecule called
DNA. The gene has function as carrier of genetic factors, so the
property owned by its parent will be derived to its descendant.
 b. Hormone

Hormones that are involved in the process of growth and

development among others are.

• Growth Hormone

Growth hormone is hormone that race growth. In plant

“auxin” that race growth of sprout. In human
“hypophysis” gland that race the growth of bones and
muscles.

• The Hormone of Growth inhibitor

This hormone is having the function to stop the activity
of growth and development. The condition of no growth
and develop is called ‘Dorman’.
• The Hormone of body organs former
This hormone function is to simulate the formation of
body organs. In plant ‘Rhizokalin’ to stimulate root
formation.
• €$€$€$€€$€$Injury hormone

Injury hormone is a hormone that stimulates formation

of new tissue from the edge part of injury which then
will cover that injury part. In plant “traumalin” will from
kalus tissue that will cover injury.

1. External Factors
External factors are factors that come from outside of the body of the
organisms theirself. Those are:

a. Foods
b. Temperature
c. Light
d. Air humidity
 A. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
PLANT..
The growth and development of pants are different with animal. In the animal,
growth and development happen in all parts of the body, while in plant, growth
and development happen only in certain parts.

1. Growth in plants
Growth in plants happens in meristematic region, that is in the tip of
stem and the tip of root. The meristematic region is also called growth point.
Growth of the pant can be measured by auxano meter.

a. Primary Growth
Primary growth is increment of length size I the part of plant’s
stem because the presence of active of primary meristem tissue. The
primary meristem is called also apical meristem because found in the
edge of stem and the edge of root. The primary growth makes stem and
root higher or longer.
Based on its activity, the growth region in the tip of root and the
tip of stem is separated into three growth regions, those are.
• Cell Fision Region
• Cell Extension region
• Cell Diferenciation sel
a. Secondary growth
Secondary growth is the increment of size or thickness of a plant
body organs because of the activity of secondary meristematic tissue,
that is Fellogen in stem cambium and root. The secondary growth causes
the enlargement of stem diameter.
In woody dicotyledon plants, the secondary growth happens
because of the presence of maristematic cells activity between xylem
and phloem. The xylem is formed to intermnal direction and phloem is
formed to external direction. But the velocity of growth (formation)
between xylem and phloem are different. Growth velocity in inner part is
faster than growth in external part, so it makes epidermic tissue and
cortex in outer skin will be broken.
 Based on the growth point of plant, there are two theories of
growth point in plant, those are.
1. Histogenic Theory
– Demeartogen, that is outer layer that forms epidermic
– Periblem, that is inner layer that from cortex
– Pleuron, that is inner layer that form stele
1. Tunica Corpus Theory
– Tunica, that is outer layer that forms epidermic and
cortex
– Corpus, that is inner layer that forms stele.

3. The Development of Plant

The development of plants is a process to reach adultness of the plant. The

development ha qualitative property (cannot be measured), but stated by the change of
shape and adultness level.

Plant is said adult if the plant has a flower. It’s mean the plant is mature.

A. The GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF

ANIMAL..
The growth and development of animal happens in all parts of its body. The
growth and development of animal commonly begun from fertilization process of
union of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) to be zygote development
phase. Zygote is ovum that has been ovulated and doesn’t yet do fision (cleavage)
process into the form of embryo.

Growth and development of animal can be seen from three phases, those are
fision, gastrulation and organogenesis.

1.Fision

Fision is a fision process of zygote to be cell descendant which happens by mitosis.

Because fision happens by mitosis, the size of cell descendant are almost the same.

The first begun from one to be two, two to be four, four to be eight, eight
to be sixteen, and dividing zygote to be 4 cells, which in the third phase, the fision
happens horizontally and produces 8 cells. Then cell fision continues forming morula
and blastula.
 Morula is advancement from cell fison that produces the composition of cell
with the shape of dense ball, while blastula is development liquid called blastosol.

2. Gastrulation

Gastrulation is the process of arranging and regulating of cells into different

layer, also happening the formation of cavity tract. By the formation of this cavity
tract then happens a movement.

In grastrula, it happens the formation of grastosol (arkenteron) then which

will form intestine, blastofor then which will be anus, and embryonal layer.

Embryonal layer in animal some have 2 layers, namely external layer

(ectoderm), middle layer (mesoderm), and inner layer (endoderm). The ectoderm
layer will be skin, while the endoderm will be tract wall and will develop to be various
of function. Meanwhile mesoderm layer form body cavity (celom).

3. Organogesis

Organogenesis is the process of formation of organs and organs system.

Commonly the first organ formed by blood mesoderm which is located above
archenteron.

The organs formed by body layer are as follows.

a. Ectrodem Layer
Ectoderm layer form organs, namely skin, hair, nail, nerve,
system, and medulla adrenal.
b. Mesoderm Layer

Mesoderm layer form organs, those are muscle, blood

and blood vascular, connective tissue (included bones), kidney,
ureter, testis, ovarium, and uterus.

c. Endoderm layer
Endoderm layer forms organs, namely lever, pancreas,
layer in uretra and gland, layer in trachea canal, bronchi, and lung.
A. HUMAN DEVELOPMET..
Development phase in human begun from under five period, childhood
period, teenage period, adult period, and old period.
Same as plant, in vertebrate animals and human also happens primary
growth and secondary growth. The growth in human happens gradually
according to age. Besides, the growth period in human has limitation. In male,
growth will stop approximately 22 years old, while in female, growth will be
stopped in approximately 18 years old.

B. METAMOPHOSIS AND METAGENESIS..

1. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is the change of shape from a certain phase until adult
phase (imago). The metamorphosis has the following characteristics.[\
a. In metamorphosis happens the change of body shape from egg shape
until adult shape.
b. Metamorphosis happens in insect and frog.
c. Metamorphosis some through chrysalis phase (pupa) and some do not
pass through chrysalis phase.
a. Metamorphosis that doesn’t pass chrysalis phase (pupa)
The metamorphosis of this kind happens in the process of shape change
of frog. Frog change process of the frog consists of:
1. Ovulated eggs.
2. Embryo development phase, involves the phase of cell fision, blastula
stadium, gastrula stadium, and tail begin to grow.
3. Hatching stadium.
4. Development during metamorphosis, those are.
Inner gills : it’s of 8 days old
Gills cover : it’s of 12 day old
Back leg : it’s of 2,5 months old
Front leg : it’s of 3 months old
5. Metamorphosis is finished, it is indicated with tail disappearance.
6. The frog of 1 years old
 a. Metamorphosis that through phase of chrysalis (pupa)
This metamorphosis happens in insect. The metamorphosis in insect is
separated in to two, those are imperfect metamorphosis and perfect
metamorphosis.
1. Imperfect metamorphosis

Imperfect metamorphosis commonly happens in the group of

insect hemimetabola. Imperfect metamorphosis, the egg hatch to be
young animal and development to be adult animal.

The young animal (nympha) has the shape is similar with adult
animal only in young animal it’s shape size is still small and has no
wings. Besides, in animal that experience imperfect metamorphosis
happens the process of skin change. The example of animal that
experience imperfect metamorphosis are cockroach, cricket, termite,
dragon fly, walang sangit (rice pest), and bugs.

The phase of imperfect metamorphosis are as follows.

Egg------------Young animal (nympha)---------------------adult animal

Growth is marked with enlargement of body size while

development happens when adultness in completing organs, such as
wing in grasshopper.

2. Perfect metamorphosis
Perfect metamorphosis commonly happens in the insect group
of homometabola .In perfect metamorphosis there is different of
real shape between larva and adult (imago).
In larva phase, the activity done is eating and grows until
rechecking maximum body size. Next, larva stops eat and change
become chrysalis (pupa) is dormant phase (rest or doesn’t make an
activity). The examples of animal that experience perfect
metamorphosis are butterfly, bee, house fly, ant, and beetle.
The phase of perfect metamorphosis is as follows.

Egg---------larva (caterpillar)---------Chrysalis(pupa)------------Adult(imago)
 2. Metagenesis
Metagenesis is change of generation (descendant) from asexual generation
(vegetative) to sexual generation (generative) and vice versa. Metagenesis
happens in plant, particularly in moss plant and fern.
Metagenesis involves sexual cycle (gametophyte generation) and asexual cycle
(sporophyte generation).
The gametophyte and sporophyte generation in moss plant have following
characteristic:
a. Gametophyte generation that is generation of gamete producer
of moss plant. Their characteristics are long age, live lonely,
and have big size
b. Sporophyte generation that is spore producer of sporogonium.
Their characteristics are short age live depend on its
gametophyte, and have small size.

Gametophyte and sporophyte generation of fern plant have the following

characteristic:
a. Gametophyte generation, which is gamete producer of
prothallium their characteristic are long age and live lonely.
b. Sporophyte generation, which is spore producer of fern plant.
Their characteristics are long age and live lonely.

According there are difference between metamorphosis and metagenesis.

Meanwhile the differences among other are.
a. Metamorphosis is the change of shape form a certain phase until
adult phase (imago). Meanwhile metagenesis is the succession of
descendant (generation) from asexual generation (vegetative) to
sexual generation (generative), or vice versa.
b. Metamorphosis happens in animal, particularly in insect and frog mean
while metagenesis happens in plant, particularly in most plant and fern
plant.