GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

LITERATURE: FIGURES OF SPEECH AND SOUND DEVICES SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS HINTS: When looking at Metaphors or Similes, remember the following: Identify the TWO things that are being compared. Identify the common element between these two things how and why are they alike? Discuss the effect of the figure of speech: is it effective, accurate, does it emphasise a theme or something else that is important? Question 1: 5 minutes (Taken from: various notes and exam papers) (2) (2) (2)

Look at the following similes (comparisons): What qualities are compared? 1.1 The aircraft rose like a bird into the air. 1.2 The garden was as bare as a pavement. 1.3 Her hair is like spun gold. Question 2: 10 minutes (Taken from: various notes and papers)

2.1 Explain the difference between a Metaphor and a Simile Identify and explain the meaning AND the effect of the following similes and metaphors: 2.2 My teacher gave me a real ear-bashing. 2.3 I had to hold my tongue. 2.4 He was as brave as a cornered warthog. 2.5 Her eyes are like diamonds. Question 3: 15 minutes (Taken from various papers and notes)

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(3) (3) (3) (3)

3.1 Explain what a Personification is. 3.2 Explain alliteration by giving an example of your own.

(3) (3)

3.3 Explain the following personifications: (What human qualities are given to things that are not human and what is the effect?) 3.3 1 Hunger sat miserably in the informal settlement. (3) 3.3.2 The mountain listened to the rumbles beneath the surface. (3) 3.3.3 As the rain pounded on the ground, everyone ran for cover. (3) 3.3.4 The old car groaned as it made its way down the long open road. (3) TOTAL = [40] SECTION B: SOLUTIONS AND HINTS Question 1: 1.1 The birds ability to rise quickly into the air and fly easily is the same as that of an aircraft. (2) 1.2 A pavement is usually paved or concreted and contains no plants or growing material. In the same way the garden contains no growth. (2) 1.3 Her hair is as smooth and of golden colour of gold threads that had been spun. (2)

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

Question 2: 2.1 Simile: Comparison using the words as, than or like. Metaphor: condensed/shorter comparison without the words as or like. Sometimes one thing is made equal to something else by using the word is (She is as sweet as a rose simile; She is a rose metaphor) (4) 2.2 Metaphor: The teacher scolded the learner severely he didnt really hit the learner or bashed the learners ears. The scolding was as severe and hurtful AS if he had his ears bashed. (3) 2.3 Metaphor: means that the person had to keep quiet figurative meaning. Physically one cant hold a tongue. It is as if you would hold something down. (3) (Use discretion when marking any answer that shows the link in the things being compared) (It is sometimes very difficult to identify a metaphor and is often confused with a personification that is another type of comparison.) 2.4 Simile: In the same way that a warthog would show courage when being driven into a corner, so would this person display the same bravery when in danger. (3) 2.5 Simile: Her eyes are just as bright and shiny as that of diamonds. Question 3: 3.1 Personification: It is a special kind of metaphor because one thing is also described by comparing it to something else. In this case a dead or non-human thing is given a typical quality or characteristic of a living or human thing. Example: The tree dances in the wind. Trees dont really dance, but humans do. Thus, the tree is given a human quality. (3) 3.2 Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words (NOT always) to create an effect of sound. Example: The snake sailed softly with its slack long body through the silver sands. (Repetition of the s-sound) (3) 3.3.1 The human qualities of sitting and being miserable are given to an inanimate (nonliving) object, hunger. The personification emphasises the severe hunger of the people in the settlements. (3) 3.3.2 The human ability to listen is transferred to the mountain. (Non-human thing). By using a personification the reader can more easily visualize the picture that the writer is trying to paint in words. (3) (Use discretion: any explanation that makes sense in this context) 3.3.3 Only humans can beat or pound on something. This personification shows the severity of the rain storm by giving it a human quality. (3) 3.3.4 Groan is a description of human pain or discomfort. In this example it is used to describe the creaking sound that the car is making. It is easy for us to visualize the picture of the car and the sound its making, because the writer uses a sound that is familiar to humans. (3) TOTAL= [40] Learner Note: It is essential (very important) for you to STUDY the different Figures of Speech and Sound Devices before you could even begin to identify it as used in poetry or other genres. (See Section C) (3)

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

SECTION C: ADDITIONAL NOTES

Comparisons

Opposites

Simile

Irony

Metaphor

Sarcasm

Personification

Oxymoron

Exaggeration and understatement

Sound Devices

Litotes

Alliteration

Hyperbole

Assonance

Euphemism

Onomatopoeia

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

Important Definitions and examples 1. Alliteration: Repetition of a consonant sound example the furrow followed flee fsound 2. Assonance: Using the same vowel sound ex. Man hat, penny merry : a-sound or esound. 3. Hyperbole: to exaggerate to make something bigger, better, larger, stronger than life. It is used to show the writer / poets strong feelings about something. Example: He is much stronger than a lion 4. Simile/Comparison: when two things are being compared using the words like, as or than. Example: She is as pretty as a rose or She smells like honey. 5. Metaphor: Also a comparison but without the words like, as or than = indirect comparison. Example: All the world is a stage or She is a rose Onomatopoeia: the sound made by a thing is imitated by the use of the word e.g. the CLINCK of the glass or the CLIP-CLOP of hooves or the BUZZING of bees. 6. Oxymoron: A statement with two parts that seem opposites e.g. I must be cruel to be kind or cold-fire or loving-hate 7. Personification: Lifeless things or non-human things are given human qualities e.g. the trees whispered or a lifeless thing is directly addressed as if a person: DEATH, where is thy sting? 8. Satire: Using humour to criticize something, usually serious social criticism. (Like in cartoons) 9. Irony: of speech: When one thing is said but the opposite meant of situation: when one thing is expected to happen, but the opposite happens.

10. Pun: a play on words that are very similar in sound or spelling, but different in meaning e.g. Find me tomorrow and I shall be a grave man (Shakespeare meaning here a dead man in his grave.) 11. Rhetorical question: is a question asked but no answer expected or wanted e.g. Isnt life unfair? Litotes: This is an understatement in which a NEGATIVE word is used to mean the opposite. Example: She is not the friendliest person. (She is actually a VERY unfriendly person) 12. Euphemism: (A form of understatement) It is a softer way of expressing something harsh or unpleasant. It often deals with subjects like death, health and failure. Example: He is abusing substances instead of saying He is a drug addict. 13. Sarcasm: This is a form of irony that aims at hurting or insulting someone. (Usually shown by the speakers tone of voice.) Example: Well, that was intelligent! (meaning the person did something very stupid)

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

SECTION D: HOMEWORK

30 MINUTES

Learner Note: Make sure that you are able to answer the questions in the allocated time frames. If you get stuck, you should refer to either the additional notes or your class teacher. Answers to homework questions will be given to you in the next session. Question 1: Complete the following definitions. Write down ONLY the number and correct answer. 1.1 A _______ is a direct comparison using the words as or like. (1) 1.2 A ________ is an indirect comparison without the words as or like. (1) 1.3 Language may be either uses literally or ______________________ (1) 1.4 _____________ is a sound device that imitates or reproduces sounds and actions of things. (1) 1.5 Shirleys boyfriend broke her heart is an example of _______________ language. (1) 1.6 A ___________ is a figure of speech where inanimate things are given human qualities. (1) 1.7 The repetition of consonant sounds is called ______________ (1) 1.8 Assonance is the repetition of ___________ sounds. (1) 1.9 When someone dies, you can say He passed away instead of saying He died. This is an example of ___________________ (1) 1.10 An _____________ is a deliberate exaggeration in order to make a point. It is usually used to create humour. (1) [10] Question 2: Define the following figures of speech AND give an example of each. 2.1 Rhetorical question (3) 2.2 Oxymoron (3) Question 3: Answer the following questions. 3.1 Explain what you understand by SATIRE. (3) 3.2 What is the difference between Sarcasm and Irony? (4) 3.3 Why do we use figures of speech in the English Language? Give your own ideas. (2) 3.4 The mother waves her son off to war with painful pride. Explain why this is an example of an oxymoron. (2) Question 4: Identify the figures of speech or sound devices in the following examples. Write down ONLY the number and correct answer. 4.1 and custom lie upon thee with a weight Heavy as frost, and deep almost as life. (1) (From: Ode: Intimations of immorality by W Wordsworth) 4.2 She became the bud blooming into womanhood She was a petal, colourful and fragile. (1) (From: Romeo and Juliet) 4.3 Sky lowered and muttering thunder, some sad drops Wept at completing of the immortal sin. (1) (From: Paradise Lost by Milton)
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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

Question 5: Study the following cartoon and discuss the use of the PUN in the picture. (10)

Hints:
Explain the words icon and aikona Why is it an example of a PUN? What is the effect on the message of the cartoon? Is it effective?

TOTAL = [40]

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GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE GRADE 12 SESSION 23 (LEARNER NOTES)

SECTION E: SOLUTIONS TO SESSION 22 HOMEWORK Space doesnt / does not begin 150 kilometres above our heads. (2) Does a huge rocket lift and boost the space ship from the ground? (2) 3.1 push 3.2 small (2) Not only has going into space been difficult, but also dangerous. (2) (Whole sentence correct for 2 marks) 5. Every day satellites are circling the earth. (2) (Remember to use the continuous tense: is/are + verb + ing) 6. mustnt they? (2) 7. The alien said that he didnt / did not think there was any other life in the universe. (3) 8. 8.1 Two thousand years ago the earth was like a giant magnet. (2) 8.2 In 2050 the earth will be like a giant magnet. (2) 8.3 While the sun is a ball of fire, the earth is like a giant magnet. (2) 9. 9.1 Sending humans into space is not very hard. (isnt) (1) 9.2 They must not be given food to drink and air to breath. (1) 9.3 Huge rockets are not (arent) needed to lift things off the ground. (1) 10. Nothing around the earth clings to it. (2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 11. (whole sentence must be correct for marks especially verb phrase)( marks are subtracted if ? marks are not used) 11.1 Why must their spacecraft protect them from scorching sunlight, dangerous radiation and bitter cold? (2) 11.2 How must their spacecraft protect them from scorching sunlight, dangerous radiation and bitter cold? (2) 11.3 Must their spacecraft protect them from scorching sunlight, dangerous radiation and bitter cold? (2) 11.4 Who must protect their spacecraft from scorching sunlight, dangerous radiation and bitter cold? (2) 12. Radiate (1) Total = [35]

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