PowerPlannersInternational

PSS/E Training Course for NG SA

Converted Load Flow for Switching Studies

Week 2 Day-1-D EOA Head Office, Dammam Dec. 01 Dec 05, 2013
For switching studies, generators have to be converted to the thevinin's sources. This analysis is only for t+ (and is not a transient / dynamic analysis)

Objectives of a Balanced Switching Study

To calculate the conditions that will exist in the power system just after a sudden change such as the opening of a transmission line, switching on of a large load, application of a fault, or tripping of a generator. These calculations are useful, for example: To show the immediate voltage dip caused by switching on of a large motor. To give symmetrical fault duty at a bus. To show the immediate change of flow that will be seen on each tie-line into an area(before the inertial swing of rotor angles) when one such tie or a generator within the area is tripped. To show the voltage rise which occurs when a line is opened at one end. This could separate a generation plant from the network and result in what is commonly known as load rejection. A switching study is a calculation of conditions at time, t+. A switching study is, the calculation of the transmission system conditions at the first instant, t = t+, of a dynamic simulation, separated from the subsequent calculation of conditions at later instants, t > t+. Switching study results are presented and examined with the same output and limit checking activities as are used in power flow work studies.

Pre and Post Switching Condition

Every power flow calculation establishes the condition of the entire transmission network, outward from generator terminals to load terminals, for an instant, t. The transients of the flux linkages in the rotors of electrical machines are of prime interest and must be accurately accounted for. Simulations of conditions at, t+ (t plus), and later must use boundary conditions that recognize dynamic, rather than steady-state, behavior of equipment. Both generator and load characteristics applicable to t+ are different from those applying at t..

Pre and Post Switching Condition

Loads are commonly assumed to have a constant MVA steady-state characteristic in steady-state power flow solutions applying to t, but to be better modeled by a mixture of constant current and constant impedance characteristics at t+ and later. The instantaneous change caused by a switching is followed by a period when all generator flux linkages, rotor angular positions, and other power plant quantities vary, as dictated by the differential equations governing their dynamic behavior. The power flow database of PSSE allows the entry of generator and load data pertaining to pre-disturbance conditions at t, to switching conditions at t+, and to system dynamic behavior over an arbitrarily long period after the initiation of the disturbance. The user of PSSE may then obtain a solution for any of the three time regimes, steady-state, switching, or dynamic behavior, by executing appropriately selected sequences of PSSE analytical processes. Switching, or t+, solutions and dynamic simulations require the generator boundary conditions to beset in accordance with the electromagnetic laws governing rotor flux linkages. Therefore, the power flow boundary condition in which power output and bus voltage are specified, must be replaced by a specification of a Thevenin or Norton source where instantaneous value is determined by instantaneous values of flux linkages. Thet+boundaryconditionrecognizesthatgeneratorrotorfluxlinkagesmustobey L dM ll l

Generator Model for Switching Conditions

ITs just a source of P and Q

Here its a source, impedance and transformer.

Converted Power Flow Case for Balanced Switching

Ensure the power flow case is solved ZSORCE, must be included in the database for every generator, and stepup transformer data, XTRAN and GENTAP, must be present for all generators where the implicit step-up transformer treatment is used Convert the generators to a Norton Equivalent (generator boundary condition, activity CONG) Convert the loads to a voltage dependent model (load boundary condition, activity CONL) These operations result in a converted power flow case which can be saved in its converted form for subsequent switching analyses. Note that this converted case should be saved using a different name because the conversion process is not reversible. Perform optimal ordering activity ORDR determines an ordering of the network buses such that sparsity is maintained Perform the triangular factorization activity FACT that decomposes the network admittance matrix (Y matrix) into its upper and lower triangular factors for use in the triangularized Y matrix network solution TYSL

Power Flow Solution (TYSL)for Balanced Switching

The triangularized Y matrix network solution activity TYSL is

designed for those situations where the internal flux linkages of generators are assumed to remain unchanged as a load or fault is switched onto the system, as a line is opened or closed, or as a load is removed. It determines the instantaneous change in network voltages as the switching operation takes place. This activity is used for balanced short circuit, motor starting, voltage dip, and initial load rejection overvoltage studies; this class of studies is called switching studies.
Switching Studies