INTRODUCTION TO COUNTRY NIGERIA

Source: Nigerianstalk.org

Motto: UNITY AND FAITH, PEACE AND PROGRESS Anthem: ARISE, O COMPATRIOTS

Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital is Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin - west, Chad and Cameroon - east, and Niger north, the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean south. There are around 500 ethnic groupspresent in Nigeria, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. The name Nigeria was taken from the River Niger running through the country. It was British colonial country like many other countries in 19th century and got its independence in 1960. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, known as "the Giant of Africa", and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria is divided in half between Christians, who live in the South and central parts of the country, and Muslims, concentrated mostly in the north. Its oil reserves have brought great revenues to the country. It is listed among the

"Next Eleven" economies. Nigeria is member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and the African Union.

History
The Fulani Empire ruled the region from the beginning of the 19th century until the British annexed Lagos in 1851 and seized control of the rest of the region by 1886. It formally became the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914. During World War I, native troops of the West African frontier force joined with French forces to defeat the German garrison in Cameroon.

Independent Nigeria Faces Ethnic Conflicts

On Oct. 1, 1960, Nigeria gained independence, and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations by joining the United Nations. Organized as a loose federation of self-governing states, the independent nation faced the overwhelming task of unifying a country with 250 ethnic and linguistic groups.

Religion and Fighting Threaten Nigeria's Stability

Nigeria's stability has been repeatedly threatened by fighting between fundamentalist Muslims and Christians over the spread of Islamic law (sharia) across the heavily Muslim north 1\3rd of Nigeria's 36 states is ruled by sharia law. Since end of military rule in 1999 more than 10,000 people have died in religious clashes.

Corruption and Violence Taint Democratic Elections

April 2007 national elections the countrys first transition from one democratically elected president to another were marred by widespread allegations of fraud, ballot stuffing, violence, and chaos.

Geography

Source: Glpinc.org

Nigeria is one-third larger than Texas in geographic area wise and the most populous country in Africa is situated on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa. Its neighbors are Benin, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad. The lower course of the Niger River flows south through the western part of the country into the Gulf of Guinea. Swamps and mangrove forests border the southern coast; inland are hardwood forests.

POWER PLANT INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (abbreviated PHC or PHCN) formerly the National Electric Power Authority (abbreviated NEPA) is an institute governing the use of electricity in Nigeria. The record of electricity development in Nigeria can be traced back to the end of the 19th century when the first generating power plant was installed in the city of Lagos in 1898. From then until 1950, the pattern of electricity development was in the form of individual electricity power undertaking spread all over the towns. Some of the few activitywere Federal Government bodies under the Public Works Dept, some by the Native Authorities and others by the Municipal Authorities.

CURRENT SENARIO OF POWER PLANT INDUSTRY

It is worthy to note that electricity consumption by the domestic sector has dominated other sectors since 1978, while the industrial sectors demand has witnessed continuous downward trend. The fall in the industrial sectors demand for electricity can be attributed to inadequate power supply which has forced manufacturers to resort to privately generated electricity for powering their production processes. Due to the recent reforms embarked on by government to restore electricity supply in Nigeria, it becomes important to model the key drivers of electricity demand in Nigeria in order to obtain empirical insights for electricity demand and supply projection and policy analysis. To survive, many Nigerians have their own power plants, creating the world's highest concentration of small-scale generators. 2\3rd of all electricity is produced in basements and backyards, at a cost of $13 billion a year. Generator merchants say the government is their best client.

The contract with CHINA:

The federal government has signed a deal with Chinese companies to build a $1.3 billion power plant in the country.The deal is part of efforts to end chronic electricity shortages that are a major brake on growth. President Good luck Jonathan is on a drive to increase investment in the power sector and has nearly completed the privatization of its inefficient state electricity company. According to Reuters; a loan from Chinas Eximbank will pay for 75 per cent of the planned 700 megawatt Zungeru hydro-electric power plant, while the federal government has put up the rest of the cash.

The plant would be a boost to the countrys current 4,500 megawatt electricity capacity and is scheduled to be finished in four years, although Nigerian projects usually run over time and over budget and many are never completed.

MAJOR CHALLENGES:The main challenges faced by the power and alternate power sector in Nigeria are: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Poor using up of existing assets and overdue maintenance Delays in the execution and accomplishment of new projects Inadequate power relocation at newly completed and fictionalized power plants Erratic supply of gas domestic resources for power generation The National Grid is yet to cover many parts of the country Poor voltage profile to the tail-end consumer Some sections of the National structure are outdated with equipments in a state of poor and insufficient maintenance viii) ix) Poor technical staff recruitment, capacity building and training program Inappropriate tariff that would enable the utility to get adequate funds to maintain and expand the infrastructure.

STEEPLED ANALISYS
The purpose of STEEPLED is to identify factors that may impact on the services, customers, products, markets, staff, profitability, etc. of the power plant industry and to find out the scope to exploit in Nigeria regarding new business opportunity to know the relation of the Nigeria with other countries and find out the new scope of improving the relation of India and Nigeria.

1) Social
Income Distribution
Despite deficiencies in aggregate economic statistics, a few general tendencies concerning growth, income distribution, prices, wages, and the employment rate could be discerned. The Office of Statistics indicated that GDP grew 6.0 percent annually betweenFY 1959 and FY 1967. GDP shrink at an inflation-adjusted annual rate of 1.1 percent between FY 1967 and FY 1970 However, because capital destruction such as occurs during wartime is not reflected n annual measures of GDP, the decline in net domestic production was probably severely understated. Nigeria's decline in real GNP per capita by 1988, to US$290, relegated the nation to low-income status below India, Pakistan, and Ghana. Other indicators of development--life expectancy, for which Nigeria ranked 155th out of the world's 177 countries, and infant mortality, for which Nigeria ranked 148th among 173 countries--were consistent with Nigeria's low ranking in income per capita.

LABOUR MOBILITY
Mobility of Labour: Mobility of labour refers to change in location or change in occupation. After land, the labour as a factor of production is least mobile. Labourer generally does not want to leave his native place and hence mobility in Case of labour is relatively less.

Types of mobility
1) Geographical Mobility: It refers to movement from one place to another; it may be from village to town or one town to another town or from one country to another country. This mobility is always difficult. Worker has to face lot of problems due to change in place. As far as Indian labourers are concerned the Keralian or Sikh are supposed to be more mobile others.

2) Occupational Mobility: This may be of two types:- a) Horizontal b) Vertical mobility 1. Horizontal mobility: Means worker moves from one occupation to another

but almost in the same grade e.g. carpenter becomes blacksmith. 2. Vertical mobility: Means moving from lower occupation to School teacher

becomes college teacher for getting sizeable work appropriate hours of work required to be given to the laborer.

FAMILY AND LIFE STYLE

In Nigeria, the family is extremely important. Most individuals aspire to marry especially before the age of thirty five (for women) and forty two (for men). Although Nigeria families are matrilineal, hardly can one observe remarkable difference between Nigeria families and some Africa countries whose families are matrilineal Even in matrilineal societies; women were still subordinate to men, considered as second place to men; the only difference being that inheritance and authority pass through the women to the male of the line. Men are still dominant in private and public life.

Emphasis has always been placed on the male especially in the family system; mainly because the families in Nigeria are matrilineal the males are seen as continuity of both family name and lineage and the men are suppose to be dominant with women being subject to them. Unlike the men, the women are described by their biological sex and family responsibilities.

CULTURE
Nigerian culture is as old as 2000 years and what makes it stand out is its diversity .Nigerian culture is as multi-ethnic as the people in Nigeria. The people of Nigeria still cherish their traditional languages, music, dance and literature. Nigeria comprises of three large ethnic groups, which are.

1) Yoruba 2) Hausa-Fulani 3) Igbo.

However there are other ethnic groups as well. Thus culture in Nigeria is most positively multi-ethnic.

Nigeria culture includes varieties in types of clothing and languages as there are different groups of people living in the country. The hospitality of people represents this tradition. Among the games, the Nigerians enjoy soccer the most. Polo, cricket, swimming and wrestling are popular among the affluent classes.

LIFE EXPECTANCY
The average life expectancy in Nigeria, for man is 51 years and for woman id 53 years of 2011 by the World Banks recent report, is the 17th lowest in the world .the average life expectancy rose from 46 years in 1990 to 52 years in 2011.The report also showed that child death rate dropped from 126 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 78 per 1000 live births in 2012.

HEALTH
From all indications, the health condition in Nigeria is highly deplorable. Among the most common diseases in Nigeria are HIV/AIDS Malaria Common cold or Flu Pelvic Inflammatory disease Acute diarrhea.

HIV/AIDS remains a major issue of concern among children, young people and women in Nigeria with a prevalence rate of 4.4 per cent. An estimated 2.9 million Nigerians (mostly females) are living with the virus. The epidemic is also increasing the population of orphans in the country, which is already estimated at 7 million.

WORK ATTITUED
The lack of enthusiasm is very glaring in the attitude of many Nigerian workers who see their jobs as dull, laborious, repetitious, tedious, irritating, risky or dangerous. The careless attitude towards work by both high-ranking and low-ranking workers has become a great obstacle to the development of most of the Third World countries, because poor quality work reduces productivity and declining services cripple economic growth of any nation. In Africa, most especially in Nigeria, most of the people want jobs but dont want to work; they want the money but dont want to expend the energy. This is one of the reasons Nigeria is not progressing because nothing is as depressing and frustrating as having someone on a job who is not interested in working. People who want a job without the right work ethics are a menace. Unfortunately, this set of people is in different sectors of the economy: Among politicians, they are the type that will embezzle the money meant to develop their constituencies. Among the contractors, they are the type that will collect the money and refuse to deliver the projects. Among the civil servants, they are the type that will always be absent and come late to the office. Among the lecturers, they are the type that will demand gratification, both sexual and financial, before passing their students. Among the teachers, they are the type that will not go to school and refuse to cover the syllabus. Among the artisans, they are the type that will collect money from their customers and refuse to do their job on time. Among the businesspeople, they are the type that will import/sell the substandard products at high prices. Among the students, they are the type who always engages in malpractice to pass their examinations.

These categories of people, and many others not mentioned, are more interested in being job keepers than workers. They are more concerned with receiving a paycheck than in doing good work; they want success without hard work, promotion without responsibility, result without the process, and honor without work. Governments must stop undermining the power of the workers because the power of productivity is evident in the influence of labor unions. Unions control the workers, who control the productivity, and as a result, can cripple a country, destroy an economy through industrial actions and other means. The leaders must know that they cannot run a country when people are not working because you cant force people to work.

LIVING CONDITIONS
General living conditions in Nigeria are poor, especially for children and women. Newborn and under-five death rates are high. The weakened Public Health Care (PHC) system with low coverage of key interventions has resulted in the persistence of high disease burden. Nigerias education system is also in a state of neglect largely due to decaying institutional infrastructure. Sixty-six per cent of the population is literate, and at 75 per cent, the rate for men is higher than that for women which is 57 per cent. As far as safety is concerned, Nigeria is not exactly a prime example, especially for foreigners. Kidnapping of expats unfortunately is very common, as the perpetrators can often expect large ransoms from international companies. Muggings and theft are widespread, and home invasion is a near-constant threat, even in guarded compounds. Again, expats are a lucrative target for criminals, as they are, in general, likely to be wealthy. It would generally be wise not to wander around on your own, especially at night. Some areas of the country should be steered clear of completely in order to avoid problems with criminals or the Nigerian authorities.

1) Social of India
EDUCATION LEVEL
Literacy rate of India is 74.04 %( 2011). The male literacy rate is 82.14%65 & female literacy rate is 46%.

LABOUR MOBILITY
Mobility of labor refers to change in location or change in occupation. After land, the labor as a factor of production is least mobile. Laborer generally does not want to leave his native place and hence mobility in Case of labor is relatively less. Types:1)GeographicalMobility 2) Occupational Mobility

FAMILY AND LIFE STYLE

Though India consists of diverse ethnic groups they follow a common lifestyle .now India is accepting open culture and there is no discrimination between boys and girls. and the appropriate marriage age for boys is 25 and among girls is 21.

CULTURE

The culture of India is among the world's oldest, reaching back about 5,000 yearsIndia is a very diverse country, and different regions have their own distinct cultures. Language, religion, food and the arts are just some of the various aspects of Indian culture. 84% Of population in India isHindu and about 13% are Muslims.

 LIFE EXPECTANCY
Population: 1,220,800,359 (July 2013 est.) Birth rate: 20.24 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) Country comparison to the world: 87

Death rate:7.39 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: Sex ratio: at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female 119

0-14 years: 15-24 years: 25-54 years: 55-64 years: 65 years and over:

1.13 male(s)/female 1.12 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.91 male(s)/female

HEALTH
Constitute states and territories of India provide a universal health care system. The National Health Policy was updated and endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983.

HEALTH ISSUES
Malnutrition High infant mortality rate Diseases Diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia continue to plague India due to increased resistance to Hepatitis Poor sanitation Safe drinking water

Female and rural health issues

Following sectors provides health care

public sector

private sector

national rural health commission

Work attitudes
The work attitudes of Indians are better and they seem to be courageous and work with full dedication they develop a positive attitude towards all the aspects and march ahead victoriously.

LIVING CONDITIONS
Generally the living condition in India is at improving stage. due to infrastructural development education level is also going high. India is fast on its way to becoming a large and globally importance. India aims to eradicate poverty by 2020

POVERTY
A 24.3% of the population earned less than US$1 a day in 2005, down from 42.1% in 1981. 41.6% of its population is living below the new international poverty line of $1.25 (PPP) per day, down from 59.8% in 1981

 PHYSICAL INFRASTURUTURE
India has allocated nearly half of the total outlay of the five-year plans for infrastructural development since independence. In the area of irrigation, energy, transport, communications and social overheads. Much of the total outlay was spent.

Comparison of social factors Topic Education level Nigeria

Literacy rate of Nigeria was 61.3% in 2011(estimated) The appropriate marriage age for boys is 42 and for girls is 35 Still there is wide discrimination prevailing between boys and girls.

India
Literacy rate of India was 74.04% in 2011(estimated) The appropriate marriage age for boys is 25 and for girls are 21. India has adapted open culture so there is less discrimination.

Family and life style

Culture

53%of population is

84% of population is Hindu and 13% is Muslim. There is a similarity that India also Nigeria follows many follows many traditions and traditions and speaks many speaks many languages. languages. People of Nigeria are lazy and there is lack of enthusiasm and they would like to earn money but dont want to utilize the energy. Living condition is very poor especially for women and children. Most common prevailing are: People of India are courageous and they show dedication towards the work. Living conditions is at improving stage

Work attitudes

Living conditions

Health

HIV/AIDS Malaria Common cold or Flu Pelvic Inflammatory disease Acute diarrhea.

diseases Most common diseases prevailing are dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia

2) TECHNOLOGY
introduction
Nigeria is one country in Africa with records of dismal electricity supply, a situation that is forcing the people to search desperately for other sources of power. Ordinary Nigerians are angry too. The power supply, they say, is epileptic. Nigeria is a big oil exporter, but its people get only a few hours of electricity a day. To survive, many Nigerians have their own power plants, creating the world's highest concentration of small-scale generators. Twothirds of all electricity is produced in basements and backyards, at a cost of $13 billion a year. The solar power technology is a recent phenomenon that provides suitable and efficient alternative to the miserable supply network of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). And the technology is gradually gaining acceptance.

Government spending on technology

Power:Out of which government of Nigeria spending on technology of Power is N161.42 billion. With the help of all the government spending Nigeria is able to produce 200 million kWh while the Total consumption of electricity in Nigeria is 626 million kWh (in yr 2008 est.)

The World Bank estimates that with the right technology, Nigeria can generate up to 10,000 MW over the medium to long term, through indomitable Solar Power.

 Industrial processes and Industry focus on technological focus (Computerization)

Power:The Total Installed Capacity of the currently generating plants is 7,876 MW, but the Installed available Capacity is less than 4,000MW as at December 2009. To produce the electricity they only use fossil fuel i.e. 100% production from fossil fuel.

Alternate power:Alternate power resources are yet to introduce properly. At the current scenario they are using solar power as a mode of alternate power resource that also up tovery small extended.

New invention and development in power sector: new invention:

Combined Cycle Gas Powered Generators:

It has increased the gains from introducing competition into generation.

Modern Computing:
It has brought improvements in transmission & system dispatch, which for the introduction of short-term and contract markets in bulk power. allows

Such markets encourage the introduction of private management methods and private investment as well as fostering the privatization of existing assets.

Development:-

The power sector in Nigeria is undergoing structural reforms aimed at improving and expanding the current grid generation capacity and distribution network. The Government has injected huge funds into this sector while also granting licenses to private companies for the provision of electricity. It is also aiming to increase electricity generation capacity to 25,000 MW by 2020 from the current installed capacity of 6500 MW while also pledging to connect 75% of the population to the grid from the current 40% by 2025.

Rate of technology transfer:Technology Transfer is the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities

among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, equipment or services. It is closely related to knowledge transfer. Technology Transfer (TT) became the policy of the Nigeria state in 1983 Nigerias attempt at developing the national economy in the 1970s, when crude oil was discovered focused on the establishment of infrastructure and industries utilizing assortment of foreign technologies and these technologies many were unsuitable and obsolete. Technology Transfer is achieved through the execution of project agreements between Nigerians and their foreign counterparts.

Life cycle and speed of technology obsolescence

Life cycle
Life cycle means the course of events that brings a new product into way of life and follows its growth into a mature product and into eventual critical mass and decline. The life cycle impacts in Nigeria increase significantly over the time-period 2003 but at different rates depending on the types of technologies deployed. Renewable such as large hydro and solar proposed by the Government have a potential to reduce the

overall life cycle environmental impacts from the electricity mix, considering their lower environmental impacts compared to fossil-fuels. However, this requires a fivefold increase in grid investments from the current US$1.7 billion per year to US$9.40 billion by 2030.

Technological obsolescence

Technological obsolescence is one form of functional obsolescence. With the rapid pace of technological change, technological obsolescence is the principle cause of functional obsolescence today. In fact, when technological obsolescence is occurring, it generally overshadows all other causes of obsolescence. In the changing scenario the speed of technological obsolescence is very high as every day new technology are invented and because of this within the few time period the technology gets out dated. In Nigeria the speed of technological obsolesce is high in every sector but power sector is not affected as much. Even today they are following the old way of power generation and also trying to introduce new technology for production of the power for the reason to meet the demand of power. The Nigeria is not able to produce electricity as per the demand and they are in a need to import the electricity although the future is showing a hopeful aspect to them.

Technology of India
Government spending on technology
Power :Government spends around US$ 1.6 billion came in FY12.

With the help of all the government spending India is able to produce total 835.3 billion kWh .and the total electricity consumption is 600.6 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Industrial processes and Industry focus on technological focus (Computerization)

Power:The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 229.251 GW as of October 2013. The world's fifth largest. Captive power plants generate an additional 34.444 GW.installed capacity (GW) 209.27 For the production of power India mainly uses 3 modes which are Fossil fuel: 81.7% nuclear: 3.4% other: 0.3% hydro: 14.5%

Alternate power:For alternate power India has various option and installed capacity like Renewal energy installed capacity in India.

Technology installed Wind Small hydro Biomass Solar1 Hybrids

Capacity 18420.40mw 3496.14 1248.60 176.25 1.74 Source: indexmundi.com

 New invention and development in power sector: New invention and Development:The India is now more focusing in alternate power source and The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050. The journey of Power development in India was mainly taking place in 1897

Rate of technology transfer:It is consider as a continues process in India and the rate or frequency of technology transfer is speedy in term of adapting and exploiting new way for electricity production. By using power and alternate power the India export the electricity 810 million kWh (2009 est.)

Table of comparison of technological factor:

Particular Nigeria government spends India Government spends around US$ 1.6 billion

Government spending on technology

around n161.42 billion on technology of Power

Installed Capacity

The Totalestimated Installed Capacity of the currently generating

The total estimated installed capacity is 229.251 GW and available capacity is nearby same.

plants is 7,876 MW but the Installed is available less than

Capacity

4,000MW as at December 2009.

Sources of production
fossil

To

produce

the

For the production of power India mainly uses 3 modes which are fossil fuel, hydro and nuclear while for alternate power source they use Wind, Biomass, Solar and Hybrids

electricity they only use fuel i.e. from 100% fossil

production fuel.

Rate of technology transfer

In power industry the rate of technology transfer is very slow and less adoptive.

The rate of technology transfer is fast and they are adopting new technology for better production and utilization of resources.

3) Economic
Economic Growth and Change in GDP:
Economic growth is the increase in the market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Of more importance is the growth of the ratio of GDP to population (GDP per capita), which is also called per capita income. An increase in per capita income is referred to as intensive growth. GDP growth caused only by increases in population or territory is called extensive growth. GDP (purchasing power parity): $450.5 billion (2012 est.) $420.8 billion (2011 est.) $391.9 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP - real growth rate 7.1% (2012 est.) 7.4% (2011 est.) 8% (2010 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP) $2,700 (2012 est.) $2,600 (2011 est.) $2,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP - composition by sector Agriculture: 30.9% industry: 43% services: 26% (2012 est.)

Inflation rate:
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.1% (2012 est.) 10.8% (2011 est.)

This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices

Income:
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 38.2% (2010 est.) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 43.7 (2003) &50.6 (1997)

Unemployment rate:
Unemployment rate:
23.9% (2011 est.) This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

Monetary policy:
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of

promoting economic growth and stability. The official goals usually include relatively stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary economics provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.

Consumer confidence:
NIGERIA CONSUMER CONFIDENCE
Consumer Confidence in Nigeria increased to -6 in the third quarter of 2013 from -8.40 in the second quarter of 2013. Consumer Confidence in Nigeria is reported by the Central Bank of Nigeria. From 2009 until 2013, the overall consumer confidence index is computed as an average of three measures: the outlook on macroeconomic conditions, family financial situation and family income.

Stage of business cycle:

Identifying business cycle stylized facts is essential as these often form the basis for the construction and validation of theoretical business cycle models. Furthermore, understanding the cyclical patterns in economic activity, and their causes, is important to the decisions of both policymakers and market participants., Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Products life cycle (PLC) can be divided into several stages characterized by the revenue generated by the product. If a curve is drawn showing product.

.
Source:Nku.edu

Interest rate:
NIGERIA INTEREST RATE The benchmark interest rate in Nigeria was last recorded at 12 percent. Interest Rate in Nigeria is reported by the Central Bank of Nigeria. Interest Rate in Nigeria averaged 9.31 Percent from 2007 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 12 Percent in November of 2013 and a record low of 6 Percent in July of 2009. In Nigeria, interest rate decisions are taken by The Central Bank of Nigeria.

currency fluctuations (exchange rates):

 Exchange rates: nairas (NGN) per US dollar 157.3 (2012 est.) 154.7 (2011 est.) 150.3 (2010 est.) 148.9 (2009) 117.8 (2008)

2) Economic of India
Economic Growth and Change in GDP:
GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.735 trillion (2012 est.) $4.492 trillion (2011 est.) $4.205 trillion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - real growth rate 5.4% (2012 est.) 6.8% (2011 est.) 10.1% (2010 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP) $3,900 (2012 est.) $3,700 (2011 est.) $3,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP - composition by sector Agriculture: 17% industry: 18% services: 65% (2011 est.)

 Inflation rate:
In India Inflation rate is (consumer prices)is9.2% (2012 est.) & 8.9% (2011 est.) This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices

Income:
In India income Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 31.1% (2005 est.)&Distribution of family income - Gini index: 36.8 (2004) 37.8 (1997).

Government spending:
Government spending in India in 1st quarter of 2013 was 1773.81INR billion and it decreased to 1666.79 INR billion in the 2nd quarter. From 2004-2013, Indian Government spending averaged 1270.6 billion reaching an all time high of 1822.0 INR Billion (2012) and low 735.8 INR Billion(2004).

Unemployment rate:
The unemployment rate in India is 9.9% in 2012(estimated) and 9.8% in 2011 This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

Monetary policy:
Monetary policy is the main aim the liquidity in the market. Also the monetary policy is helping the government to the CRR, SLR rate.

Monetary policy is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual, and contractionary policy expands the money supply more slowly than usual or even shrinks it.

Consumer confidence:
Consumer confidence is an economic indicator which measures the degree of optimism that consumers feel about the overall state of the economy and their personal financial situation In essence, if consumer confidence is high, consumers will be making more purchases. On the other hand, if confidence is lower, consumers tend to save more and spend less. A month-to-month trend in consumer confidence suggests the outlook of consumers on their ability to find and retain good jobs according to their perception of the current state of the economy and their personal financial situation.

Currency fluctuations (exchange rates)

Exchange rates: Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar 53.17(2012 est.) 46.671(2011 est.) 45.726 (2010 est.) 48.405 (2009) 43.319(2008)

Topic

Nigeria

India

Comparison of economic factors:

1.Economic Growth and Change in GDP( GDP (purchasing power parity))

$450.5 billion (2012 est.) $420.8 billion (2011 est.) $391.9 billion (2010 est.) 7.1% (2012 est.) 7.4% (2011 est.) 8% (2010 est.) $2,700 (2012 est.) $2,600 (2011 est.) $2,500 (2010 est.) Agriculture: 30.9% industry: 43% services: 26% (2012 est.) In Nigeria 2011 rate had been 10.8%&2012 rate is 12.1% In Nigeria is Lowest 10%: 1.8%& highest 10%: 38.2% (2010 est.) 43.7 (2003) 50.6 (1997) In Nigeria government spending the electricity 10%of rural households and 40 % of the countrys total population 23.9% (2011 est.) 4.9% (2011 est.) 157.3 (2012 est.) 154.7 (2011 est.) 150.3 (2010 est.) 148.9 (2009) 117.8 (2008)

$4.735 trillion (2012 est.) $4.492 trillion (2011 est.) $4.205 trillion (2010 est.) 5.4% (2012 est.) 6.8% (2011 est.) 10.1% (2010 est.) $3,900 (2012 est.) $3,700 (2011 est.) $3,500 (2010 est.) Agriculture: 17% industry: 18% services: 65% (2011 est.) In India 2011 had been 8.9%& 2012 rate is 9.2% In India is lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 31.1% (2005) 36.8 (2004) 37.8 (1997) Indian Government spending in electricity averaged 1270.6 billion reaching. 9.9% (2012 est.) 9.8% (2011 est.) 53.17(2012 est.) 46.671(2011 est.) 45.726 (2010 est.) 48.405 (2009) 43.319(2008)

GDP - real growth rate GDP - per capita (PPP)

GDP - composition by sector

2.Inflation rate

3. Income:

Distribution of family income Gini index 4.Government spending:

5.Unemployment rate: 6. Currency fluctuations (exchange rates)

4) ENVIRONMENT Natural Recourses and Ecological

 Natural resources
Natural resources refer to the undomesticated natural essence of the environment. They contain a significant amount of material that exists relatively uninterrupted by mankind, in a natural form. Examples such as land or raw materials occur naturally within environments. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.

Types and classification of natural resources

Natural resources are classified in different ways but in a simple way, natural resources can be categorized into 4 types which can be based on the nature of their origin, stage of development, renewability and availability. Different natural resources available in Nigeria are:

water

Atmosphe ric

sun energy

rock and mineral

land

Environmental issues (International, National and Local )

Every country faces some uncontrollable environmental issues and the main environmental issue in Nigeria includes: soil ruin

rapid deforestation urban air and water pollution desertification oil pollution - water, air, and soil Damage from oil spills Loss of arable land and Rapid urbanization.

It is also subject to periodic droughts and flooding.

Environmental regulations
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was established as a part of environmental regulation of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Development. NESREA is stimulating with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. The mission is to inspire personal and collective responsibility in building an environmentally conscious society for the accomplishment of sustainable development in Nigerian. The Federal Government of Nigeria has promulgated various laws and Regulations to safeguard the Nigerian environment. These include: Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1988 (FEPAAct). The following Regulations were made pursuant to the FEPAAct: National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations: National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations; and National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations. Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act). Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act of 1988 (Harmful Wastes Act).

In more there is some policy forNational Climate Policy Development Framework:-

 National Environment Policy, The National Policy on Drought and Desertification, The National Forest Policy.

Global warming and waste disposal techniques

Waste-to-wealth
The concept of Waste-to-Wealth literally means moving waste from a platform of exhausted utility to valuable and desirable level. Its transformation: in engineering, requires some form of energy, and in economics requires factor of production. Some type which give rise to waste Metal Waste, Glass Material, Plastics/ Polythene Materials, Climate Change and Solid Waste Management

In order to give some indication of how climate change and waste management could interact. Some Specific Impacts on Waste Management Processes to control the waste Strategies for Reducing Green House Gases in Municipal Solid Waste Product Stewardship: Paperless Office: Anaerobic Digestion: Bioreactors: Compost as Landfill Cover: Biomass Pyrolysis/Gasification: Co-firing Waste Biomass

Sustainable energy and threats from natural causes

The energy which has been generated from the natural resources, like the sunlight, rain, tides, wind, and geothermal heat which can be refill tranquilly is called renewable energy. It mainly covers.. hydropower energy, biomass/bio-energy, Wind energy.

Threats
Some of the major threats from natural causes are as below: Pollution Climate change Over exploitation

Staff attitudes
The staff attitude in Nigeria is a bit twisted as the local public in Nigeria wants to earn money but resisted to work and have a lazy attitude towards job while some population is such who believe in hard work and shop its proper dedication for work and such kind of population is literate.

Management style :
As you would expect in a strictly hierarchical culture, managers are expected to lead quite strongly. The boss is expected to make decisions.

Directions should be given in a polite and friendly but authoritative fashion. This does

not mean that subordinates are inefficient or lazy it is just that they expect the boss to know exactly what he wants to happen and to explain things to them fully.

In return for loyalty, the manager will often take on a paternalistic role with regard to colleagues. The manager is expected to take an interest in subordinates beyond their directly work-related duties. People are as likely to ask the boss advice on personal matters as they are on business issues.

5) ENVIROMENT of India
NATURAL RESOURCES
India has an abundance of natural resources. Coal, iron and ore are some of the natural resources of India. Natural gas and chromites are also natural resources in the country.

Current ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE

Some of the main environmental prevailing issues are soil erosion air pollution from industrial wastes and vehicle discharges water pollution from raw mess and runoff of agricultural pesticides tap water is not drinkable throughout the country Natural disasters.

Environmental regulations
The regulation of India imposes Fundamental duty on every citizen 'to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife'. To protect t he environmental issues the government has formed some act like: Water pollution act Air pollution act Environment protection act.

Table of comparison of environmental factors

Global warming and waste disposal techniques

Waste Management is becoming most difficult situations in almost any nation. In India there are some techniques been followed to dispose the waste like Incineration Recycling Energy recovery Avoidance and reduction

Sustainable energy and threats from natural causes

Sustainable energy include wind, solar, and bio Threats... Climate Change and Existing Relevant Policies National Action Plan on Climate Change

Staff attitude:
Staff attitude in India is effective and the people believed in seniceior work but the elements like corruption strike unethical practices may come into picture some time.

Management style
In power sector Indian management mostly show autocratic management style but not at the cost of harmony and freedom.

Topic Environmental issue

Nigeria

India

The main environmental issue in Nigeria are.. Soil ruin, rapid deforestation, urban air and water pollution, desertification, oil pollution - water, air, and soil, Damage from oil spills, Loss of arable land andRapid urbanization.

The main environmental issue in India are.. Soil erosion, air pollution from industrial wastes and vehicle discharges, water pollution from raw mess and runoff of agricultural pesticides tap water is not drinkable throughout the country and other Natural disasters.

Environmental Regulations

Some environmental regulation in Nigeria are:

Some environmental regulation act of India are: 1) Water pollution act

1)National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations

2)Environmental Impact

2) Air pollution act 3) Environmentalprotection act.

Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act).

3)Harmful Wastes (Special

Criminal Provisions etc.) Act of 1988 (Harmful Wastes Act).

Disposal Techniques

Some disposal techniques Some disposal techniques used by Nigerian citizens are: used by Indian citizens are:
1) Paperless Office 2) Anaerobic Digestion 3) Bioreactors 4) Compost as Landfill Cover 5)Biomass 6) Co-firing Waste Biomass

1) Incineration 2) Recycling 3) Energy recovery 4) Avoidance and reduction

Threats

Some of the environmental Threats:

Some of the environmental Threats:

1) Pollution 2) Climate change 3) Over exploitation

1) Climate Change and Existing Relevant Policies 2) National Action Plan on Climate Change

Staff attitude

The attitude of staff towards work is bit lazy while because of the supply the labor is available at a low wages. Mainly follow autocratic style of leadership.

The attitude of work is serious but to get specialized knowledge staff the wages should be given properly. Follow partly autocratic style. The employees have some rights protected by government and trade unions.

Management style

5.) POLITICAL
INTRODUCTION
Nigerian politics is a very complex topic, but, it is not entirely different from world politics. Nigeria operates a federal presidential system. The administration is designed along threele vels of authority: Federal, state and local governments. The country has 36 states, which are divided into 774 local governments.

The cabinet consists of the president, vice president, ministers,special advisers and their assi stants. TheMinistry works with the independent national regulator, the Nigerian Communic ations Commission (NCC), and both collectively establish the policies andregulatory Framew ork that govern the Nigerian telecommunications industry.

GOVERNMENT POLICY AND TREND POLICES.

Declared Republic on 1st October, 1963 Adopted present day constitution on 5th May, 1999 It came into force on 31st May, 1999

Its constitution is divided into 3 divisions:

-Executive -Legislature -Judiciary

Executive powers

Head of the State

PRESIDENT

Chief Executive of the Federation

Commanderin-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federation of Nigeria

LEGISLATIVE POWER
Without legislative power any country cannot manage their political and economical rules and regulation. National assembly of Nigeria has two chambers senate and House of Representatives. The house of representatives is made by the speaker of House of Representatives which has 360 member elected for the four year terms. The senate which is made by the speaker of the senate which has 109 members all is elected for four year term.

National Assembly

Senate (109 members, 4 years

House of Representative s (360 members, 4 years)

JUDICIARY
Judiciary follows the law of politics and economic condition of country. Nigerian judiciary system is same as to the India judiciary system. First go to the court of appeal and follow thats rules and then go to the federal high court and finally the decision take by the Supreme Court. Three judiciary system of Nigeria are as follow:

Court of Appeal Supreme Court Nigerian judiciary

Federal High Court

THE PRESIDENT

(Source: nigeria.com)

Dr.GOODLUCK EBELE AZIKIWE JONATHAN

The current president of Nigeria isDr.goodluckebeleazikiwe Jonathan, who is the head of the 14th state and who make the president after success of Umaru Musa Yar'Adua to the office in 2010. The president elected as both Head of State and head of the national executive and is also elected by popular vote to a maximum of two for four-year terms.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATION

Upon in advance independence in 1960, Nigeria made the liberation and renovation of the dignity of Africa the attraction of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The mutual relations between the Republic of India and the Federal Republic of Nigeria have greatly expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial tie. Nigeria supplies 20% of crude oil to India as per needs and is India's largest trading partner in Africa.

POLITICAL STABILITY AND POLITICAL PARTIES.

Political stability and peaceful existence among Nigeria's different population is vital for development and democratic consolidation and could serve as a model for the region and Africa as a whole. This capacity is given by the leading Nigerian scholar who addressed strategies for training the military to avoid future revolution & solving the cultural diversity question through national settlement. The current political parties are the people Democratic Party (PDP) has under enemy control politics since Nigerias democracy starting: both the earlier and current president was candidate presented by PDP. The other political party includes all Nigeria people party (anpp) and action congress (ac).

 DEMOCRATISATION
Nigeria became democracy country in 1999 when it elected OlusegunObasanjo, the past military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule then UmaruYar'Adua of the Peoples came into power in the general election of 2007 . YarAdua had died on 5 May 2010. Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was confirmed in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State. The international media reported that the elections have to be run smoothly with relatively little aggression or elector scheme in contrast to previous elections.

SAFETY REGULATIONS AND TRADES UNION ACTIVITY

Health and safety management system not only highlights the impact of poor health and safety standards on organizational performance but also encourage greater awareness of health and safety issues and responsibilities. But in Nigerian statutory regulation, capable of ensure the adoption and implementation of health and safety management systems by organizations then also it become ineffective. This become the result by many literature review, is a general lack of awareness on most important health and safety issues between the Nigerian construction workers. There is an incapacity and or opposition by organizations to pay enough attention to health and safety management.

CIVIL UNREST
His disequilibrium and perceived vice of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to a number of back-to-back military coups. The Nigerian civil war began as the Nigerian western and northern side attacked south-eastern on 6 July 1967 at garkem. The 30 month war, with a long blockade of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimate of the number of dead in the former eastern region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and hunger, during the 30-month civil war.

POLITICAL IN INDIA
GOVERNMENT POLICY AND TRADE POLICIES IN INDIA
Government Policy:
FDI Policy of India 2012 The Manufacturing Policy of India Industrial Policy of India EXIM Policy of India National Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2006 National Policy for Older Persons 1999 National Policy for Senior Citizen 2011

Trade policies
The Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry announce innovative Foreign Trade Policy on 27th August 2009 for the period 2009-2014, in progress this policy known as Exim Policy. After five years foreign trade policy needs amendments in general, aims at developing export potential, improving export performance, encourage foreign trade and creating positive balance of payments position. The Export Import Policy or Foreign Trade Policy is updated every year on the 31st of March and the modifications, improvements and new schemes become useful from April month of each year.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN INDIA

INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATIONS:
FEMA :The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 has come into effect on June 1, 2000 and has replaced the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA). FEMA is a civil law. FEMA defines capital account and current account transactions, while power is delegated on Reserve Bank of India to regulate capital account transactions. FERA was a criminal law and the act was very drastic. It provided imprisonment for even a minor offense. Under this Act a person was presumed guilty unless he proved himself guiltless. With liberalization, an

urgent need was felt to remove the drastic measures of FERA and hence a liberal act FEMA was enacted to swap FERA.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:
India is New Zealand's 15th-largest bilateral trading partner. For the year ended June 2013, overall goods trade between the two countries was over NZ$ 1.1 billion. Of that total, $725.912 million was New Zealand exports going to India, making India our twelfth-largest export destination. Even this figure understates the importance of the Indian market, with exports having increased rapidly from just NZ$366 million five years earlier, reflecting India's emerging economic power. It is predicted that by 2025, India will be third-largest economy in the world.

POLITICAL STABILITY AND POLITICAL PARTIES

Political stability
When the Congress spokespersons talked of political stability without mention its relationship with economic growth, their apprehensions of coalition governments appeared misplaced. Further Congress talking political stability was like "the devil quoting the scripture". One cannot but remember that it was the Congress that undermined the governments of 5 Prime Ministers, viz. Mr. Charan Singh, Mr. Chandrashekar, Mr. H. D. DeveGowda, Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral and of course Mr. AtalBehari Vajpayee. Every one, of these governments, was toppled on flimsiest grounds. Indeed, they could have easily lasted their full term, if and only if politics had taken the back seat.

DEMOCRATISATION IN INDIA
Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political rule. It may be the transition from an authoritarian rule to a full democracy, a transition from a controlling political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system. The outcome should be consolidated or democratization may face common reversals.Different patterns of democratization are often used to give

information of other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a conflict or whether its economy grows. Democratization itself is partisan by various factors, including economic development, history, and civil society.

SAFETY REGULATIONS AND TRADES UNION ACTIVITY

Environmental imperatives and safety requirements are two critical issues facing the automotive industry, worldwide. Indian Automobile Industry in the last decade has made important progress on the environmental front by adopting tough release standards, and is progressively aligning technically with international safety standards. India the Trade Union movement is generally separated on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labor, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 12 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labor.

Comparison of political aspects: TOPIC NIGERIA INDIA

government policy and trade policies

Nigerian government follows the FDI Policy of India 2012. trade policy under the WTO The Manufacturing Policy of agreement. India. Industrial Policy of India. EXIM Policy of India National Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2006. National Policy for Older Persons 1999. National Policy for Senior Citizen 2011. Nigeria made the liberation and India is New Zealand's 15threnovation of the dignity of Africa largest bilateral trading the attraction of its foreign policy partner and played a leading role in the The Foreign Exchange fight against the apartheid regime Management Act for in South Africa. international trade regulations. Political stability and peaceful existence among Nigeria's different population is critical for development and democratic consolidation.
In Nigerian statutory regulation, capable of ensure the adoption and implementation of health and safety management systems by organizations then also it become ineffective.

international trade regulations and international relations

Political and parties

stability political

In India the political parties could have easily lasted their full term, if and only if politics had taken the back seat. India the Trade Union movement is generally separated on political lines and made important progress on the environmental front by adopting tough release standards, and technology for safety standards. Democratization itself is partisan by various factors, including economic development, history, and civil society.

safety regulations and trades union activity

Democratization

Through

Democratization

elections have to be run smoothly with relatively little aggression or elector scheme in contrast to previous elections.

6) LEGAL

CURRENT LEGISLATION IN THE HOME MARKET

Power and alternate power both have the similar kind of Current legislation in the home market of Nigeria are as follow:

Company Registration and Obtaining Relevant Permits

When any company or person decided about make investment in power sector then usually involves registration of a company with the corporate affairs commission. The investor also has the permit and approval from regulatory Agencies and its depending on th e specific activities and the composition of the investor. Some of the approvals required from are as below: relevant agencies and the

NERC Licenses (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission)

All persons who invested in the electricity supply sector it including generation, Transmission, system operation, distribution etc. are required relevant license from NERC. For that licenses fill up the form and submit with prescribed application fee.

Transactions
Major transactions are required for the undertaken by electricity supply industry include power purchase agreements, vesting contracts, management contacts, and other financing agreements, company acquisitions and take-over.

 Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)

These are agreements made for the sale of electric power between a power generating company and some wholesale purchaser like as a distributor.

Gas Sale Agreements

Gas sale agreements are off take agreements providing for the bulk purchase of gas from a gas producer by as a consumer for the electricity company.

Company Take- overs and Acquisitions

The power sector commission includes privatizing and commercializing electric power plants or activities and other components of the power sector owned by the government.

FUTURE LAGISLATION
As per above legislation the future legislation of power and alternate power are same as to the current legislation in Nigeria as per our assumption because all the rules and regulation are same in the following energy sector: Renewable energy application in Nigeria: Early use of, Open to the sun drying Use of firewood for the cooking Use of solar energy in the crop production Use of wind energy in the winnowing process.

 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION REGULATORY BODIES AND PROCESSES ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS

The Nigerian environmental regulators have power to require the some production documents, samples, follow the regular site of inspection etc. for the carrying or investigating environmental damage. The FEPA Act empowers has to require some sample of the product which is used for the production and also conduct some activities like conduct site inspections, interview employees.

EMPLOYMENT LAWS AND CONTRACT LAWS

The general employment laws and contract law followed by the power and alternate power industries in Nigeria there are not any specific law for power and alternate power industries in Nigeria.

Some of the major applicable employment laws in Nigeria in the 21st Century are as below:

Employment Contracts, Staff Handbook, etc:

This law provides that every employer must give to each of its employees a written contract within three months of the employer getting the services of the employee. The contract of employment must sufficiently state the particulars of the employer and the employee, all the position and job related functions and other facilities , terms and condition of the contract like hours of work, remuneration , holiday and holiday pay, incapacity due to illness or injury, etc.

 Trade Union Membership:

It is unlawful for an employment contract to require an employee from joining a Trade Union. In the same way employees contracts cannot beput out by reason of the employee joining a Trade Union. Collective Agreements: The Nigerian Supreme Court has however held in a number of its judgments that collective agreements are only enforceable when the terms and conditions of the collective agreement are incorporated into each and every employee's contract of employment. This is because of the common law rule that contracts of employment are personal to the parties who enter into them willingly.

Annual Holidays, Accrual or Accumulation and Payments:

Nigerian Employment Laws requires that every employee in Nigeria, who has been in the employment of an employer for a continuous period of twelve months, is entitled to a holiday with full pay of at least six working days pay.

Maternity Leave:
In this law a pregnant woman is entitled to Maternity Leave of at least six (6) weeks before the delivery of her child and six (6) weeks after the delivery of the child. A pregnant woman is also entitled to 50% of the wage when she was not absent from her employment by reason of her carrying and delivering a child.

Non Return to Work after Annual Leave or Leave of Absence:

The employees claiming that they are going on their annual holiday and not returning to their employment or returning after taking a longer period of time than approved by the employment contract can lead to end or cancel of the employment contract.

 Redundancy of Employees:
Redundancy is the involuntary and permanent loss of employment caused by excess manpower. Nigerian Employment Law recommends the principle of last in, first out to be adopted by an employer in the discharge of the particular category of employees affected subject to factors such as relative merit including the employee(s) skill, ability and reliability.

Factories Act:
The Factories Law is a legislation that provides that all factories in Nigeria must be compulsory registered, within a month of its commencement of business, with the Director of Factories who is required to keep a Register of all the Factories in Nigeria.

Workmen Compensation Act:

The Workmen Compensation Act is employment legislation for the payment of compensation to employees who face the injuries in the employment. Where death results come from a workman's injury, his dependant is entitled to 42 months of workman's earnings from his employer. Where the injury causes permanent and total incapacity to the employee, the employer is required to pay to the employee a total of equal to 54 months of the employee's earnings.

CONSUMER PROTECTION
Regulation 5 of the connection and disconnection procedures for provides that a power distribution company can only disconnect their supply to customers when the customer are not able to paid the amount of correct billed for that supply address by the last payment date, high must not be less than 10 working days from the date of delivery of the bills, is clearly shown on the bills and the period between the payment date the date of

disconnection is not less than 3 month. The customer regulation provides the services of power supply at least 15 hours daily to the consumer in Nigeria.

COMPETITIVE REGULATIONS
The Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission is constituted under the Electricity Power Sector Reform Act 2005 and takes decision about that the electricity sector whether or not to approve a merger/acquisition in the electricity sector in order to ensure that services are offered competitively.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES

Power and alternate power industries have not any corporate governance practices in Nigeria.

LEGAL in India
CURRENT LEGISLATION IN THE HOME MARKET IN INDIA
The Electricity Act, 2003 is legislation in India that aims to transform the power sector in India. The act covers most important issues involving generation, distribution, transmission and trading in power. While some of the sections have previously been perform and are yielding benefits, there are a few other sections that are yet to be fully compulsory till date.

FUTURE LEGISLATION
All the rules and regulation in the future power and alternate power will same as to the current legislation of power and alternate power in India in these future power and alternate power activities all future activities are as below:

 Central Government Intervention in the 1970s. Public Good versus Private Profit. Failure to Provide Open Access. Command and Controlled Competition. Missing the Wood for the Trees. Demand Side Management. Lack of a Long Term Energy Security Plan. Gas. Hydro. Nuclear Power.

INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION REGULATORY BODIES AND PROCESSES ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN INDIA

Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), is a key in regulator of power sector in India, is also the statutory bodyworking with quasi-judicialstatus under sec - 76 of the Electricity Act 2003 in India. CERC was primarily constituted on 24 July 1998 under the Ministry of Powers of Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 for explanation of electricity tariffs, transparent policies about subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, and for matters related Electricity Tariff regulation. CERC was instituted primarily to control the tariff of Power Generating companies owned or controlled by the government of India, and any other generating company which has a multiple scheme for power generationand interstate transmission, including tariff of generating companies.

Environmental regulations:
Clarity of Roles and Objectives Autonomy Participation Accountability

 Transparency Predictability:
Source: Stern and Holder, 1999, p.45.

EMPLOYMENT LAWS AND CONTRACT LAWS IN INDIA

Contract of employment. Minimum wage. Living wage. Working time. Health and safety. Anti-discrimination. Unfair dismissal. Child labour.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES

Build civil society capacity to participate in regulatory processes Training & capacity building for regulators & their staff Operationalize transparency mechanisms

Comparison of legal aspects:

TOPIC NIGERIA INDIA

Current Legislation The Market In

Company

Registration

and The Electricity Act, 2003

Obtaining Relevant Permits NERC Licenses (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission) Transactions Gas Sale Agreements Power (PPAs) Purchase Agreements

Home

Future legislation

The future legislation of power and alternate power are same as to the current legislation in Nigeria as per our assumption.

India will follow the same Electricity Act, 2003 for power and alternate power in future.

International legislation regulatory bodies and processes environmental regulations

In this the FEPA Act give power to require some sample of the product which is used for the production and also conduct some activities like conduct site

In this CERC was instituted primarily to control the tariff of Power Generating companies owned or controlled by the government of India,

inspections, interview employees.

Employment laws and contract laws.

Employment Contracts, Staff Handbook, etc. Trade Union Membership.

Collective Agreements.

Annual Holidays, Accrual or Accumulation and Payments. Maternity Leave.

Contract of employment. Minimum wage. Living wage. Working time. Health and safety. Anti-discrimination. Unfair dismissal. Child labor.

 Redundancy of Employees. Factories Act. Workmen Compensation Act. Corporate governance practices Power and alternate power In India power related company provide the Build civil society capacity to participate in regulatory processes ,Training & capacity building for regulators & their staff ,Operationalize transparency mechanisms

industries have not any corporate governance practices in Nigeria.

7) Ethical

Introduction

Ethics has very strong link with education. In fact if education is to fulfill its purpose of catering for some aspects of societal needs, it must of necessity be involved with morality to a very high degree, otherwise it will do more harm than good to the society. This is what is happening especially in Nigeria and most other African countries. Organizations must teach ethics to their people at all levels. They should also ensure that ethics is practiced in all spheres of life. Solutions to unethical behavior must focus on changing people by employing the following approaches; values related, economics, legal/judicial sanctions, religious, managerial, leadership, family, socio-cultural, educational, training and development, police/armed forces reforms, motivation, modernization, development and multi-dimensional

approaches. These are some of the ways of solving several problems created by corruption and bribery in African businesses. The result of this study shows that unethical behavior are still prevalent in Nigerian organizations..Lack of ethical conduct leads to unpredictable behavior in our economic, political and other interactions with foreign organizations. This could lead to lack of attractiveness of investment opportunities to foreign investor to come to Nigerian on the one hand.

Intellectual Property Rights in Nigeria

Intellectual property covers an expanse of legal territory that includes copyrights, trademarks and patent law. While trademark law regulates and protects a brand identity and copyrights serves the preservation of rights to creative work such as literary or musical art, Patent law deals with safeguarding rights over scientific/ technological inventions from outright copying to knowledgeable or unknowledgeable incorporation of already patented work and even to the incorporation of such a product that is sufficiently similar to one.

In event of where the above mentioned infringement occurs, a patent owner can get legal help to stop the practice and even sue for damages. An Inventor who wishes to safeguard his work from copying may apply for a Patent.

The Patent and Designs Act of 1990 is the governing Patent law in Nigeria and prescribes if and whose product may be granted the statutory rights. S.344 of this act lays down rules that determine if a product Patented in favor of the inventor.

The term intellectual property refers broadly to the creations of the human mind. Intellectual property is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements, which attach to certain names, written and recorded media and inventions. Intellectual property covers

two main branches namely, copyright and industrial property. Copyright deals primarily with literary, musical and artistic creations. Industrial property on the other hand involves patents, trademarks, industrial designs. Intellectualproperty is defined as an intangible asset because it has no physical form. It is a category of intangible right protecting commercially valuable works, products and services of the human intellect. Nigeria's status as a favorable destination for foreign direct investment as well as a place where local creative talent can flourish is in jeopardy due to the activities of individuals that place no value on intellectual property (IP) Intellectual property rights are protected through the registration of such rights with the relevant registries and regulatory bodies established and maintained by the Nigerian Government. E.g. The Trademarks, Patent and Designs Registry, The Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) and other related offices such as the National Office for Technology Acquisition Promotion (NOTAP), Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), National Agency for Food Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC). All these offices run their independent registries and often interface in the discharge of their mandate. Intellectual property rights in Nigeria are enforced through tribunals such as the Trademarks and Patent Tribunal, the Courts; various regulatory bodies such as the Nigerian Customs

Service (NCS); the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS); Consumer Protection Council (CPC) and the Nigerian Police (in instances of counterfeiting). Nigeria is facing challenges in the process of strengthening its intellectual property system. Specifically, the areas of concern for Nigeria involves the establishment of appropriate legal and institutional framework, creating awareness on the importance of IPR, enforcement of intellectual property rights and the future of the Intellectual Property system in general. Concerted efforts to enforce global intellectual property rights (IPR) continue to focus intensely on the developing countries of Africa particular. These efforts have spawned a complex system of legal mechanisms that is still very much in process of evolution, encompassing international and regional conventions, WTO dispute settlements, bilateral and plurilateral treaties, decisions of national courts and regulatory bodies, and a welter of local laws and border controls. Enforcement of IPR in Nigeria should be greatly facilitated as this will further improve the countrys image abroad, create confidence in the Nigerian investment climate, and increase the inflow of business activities to the country. The major cost to developing countries in which piracy, infringement and counterfeiting thrives is the loss of access to foreign investment, because of concerns by investors that intellectual property which is produced as the result of the relevant investment, will be stolen by others

CORRUPTION & BRIBERY

Politicalcorruption is not a recent phenomenon that pervades the Nigerian state. Since the creation of modern public administration in the country, there have been cases of official misuse of resources for personal enrichment. Nigeria is ranked 139th out of 176 countries in Transparency International 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, tied

with Azerbaijan, Kenya, Nepal, and Pakistan. Petty corruption is reportedly widespread and surveys indicate that it is very hard to do business in Nigeria without having to pay facilitation payments to public officials. Companies should note that property rights, contracts and commercials disputes can be difficult to

enforce and settle in Nigerian courts due to corruption, inefficiency and under-staffing. Tax administration lacks transparency that has led either to high levels of tax evasion or tax officials demanding bribes in return for lower tax rates. The police are perceived to be one of the most corrupt institutions in Nigeria, and X Squad, the disciplinary body responsible for investigating corruption inside the police is reportedly corrupt themselves as well.

Corruption Practice by Parents of Students

Parents are known to have used unorthodox means to influence their children's or wards' admission to federal government secondary schools, commonly referred to as unity schools. A high JAMB score is critical for admission in to the university in Nigeria, and this has led to cheating by some students and parents.

Corruption practice by Lecturers

Within the university system, some students resort to "sorting such students will then say they have gone into the university and having what they not work for. Lecturers and students print fake receipts, which they use in collecting school fees, and some unsuspecting students are usually discovered by the audit department.

Corruption Practice by Police

It has been alleged that some unscrupulous officers rent firearms to criminals who use them to harass the public and engage in highway robberies. The police are also alleged to be collecting an unauthorized fee before granting bail to anyone who is arrested. Some police in traffic control collect a graduated illegal charge on all operators of inter- and intra-city. Some tax officials are alleged to be using two types of receipts to collect revenue. Once receipt is the original, and hence genuine, while the second is usually a false one for the collectors private use, thus depriving government of its legitimate revenue.

Causes of Corruption in Nigeria

Trade Restriction- This is Government-induced source of rent a seeking/corruption. The restriction on importation of foreign automobiles is examples of how

government

officials

and

politicians

can

make

quick

money

via

rent

seeking/corruption. Government subsidies- When government allocates scarce recourses to individuals and firms using legal criteria other than the ability or willingness to pay, corruption is likely to be the result.. Price controls- The purpose is to lower the price of some goods below market value. For social and political reason, these are also a source of corruption. Low wages in civil service-When public wages are low, public servants may be compelled to use their official positions to collect bribes as a way of making ends meet, particularly when the chances of being caught are low. Sociological factors- Muilti-ethnic societies may be more likely to fall prey to corruption as a result of failure to manage ethnic conflict in a way that is fair to everyone.

Solutions
In order to prevent corruption from happening at all, Nigerian should emphasis transparency, integrity, and accountability in all their private and public transaction. There Archaism Model is named for Achan who appears in the Old Testament of the Bible. Achan in the scripture was avaricious. He was caught and his entire family was severely dealt with. His children, who might have expected to inherit the proceeds of his illegal act, were not allowed to do so. The solution is as follows: Enforcement of Anti-Corruption Law-The law should be enforced to its fullest and without fear and favor. Improvement of Sociopolitical and Economic Life- This is another weapon against corruption in Nigeria. The multiplying effects of this improvement will reduce the tendency of public servants to demand and take bribes and get involved in other corrupt practices.

 Social responsibility:
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of self-regulation, conscious attempts and self-efforts undertaken by organizations for self-preservation and enhancement of their operations. CSR is usually integrated into a business model for an organization to be able to live in harmony with its operating environment. Corporate social responsibility policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism for a business entity to monitor and ensure its adherence to laws, ethical standards, and norms and nuances of its environment. CSR when proactively undertaken promotes the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and by voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. In the midst of the cacophonous buck-passing, a Bill on Corporate Social Responsibility is now before the National Assembly. The Bill is for an Act to create the Corporate Social Responsibility Commission, which will be charged with providing standards, integration of social responsibility, and international trade issues The role of the Commission will include publishing the annual report of the social and environmental impact of the activities of firms; developing policies to encourage corporate organizations to undertake community engagement as part of CSR; ensuring that companies sponsor cultural and educational activities that offer added value to Nigerias socio-political and technological development; promoting statutory labor standards and collective social governance in the context of globalization and Ensuring that companies are accountable not only to employees and their trade unions but also to investors, consumers, and host communities and to the wider environment.

Nigeria is in dire need of development. Most of its public infrastructure is collapsing. The business climate is inclement and many business entities are going under. Many companies are relocating to outside of Nigeria.. So it is vital that the contributions of companies which would be strategic to the growth of the society are encouraged. Thus,

social, economic and environmental progress should be the panacea and expectation when companies are sited in a defined location. If government is looking for ways to improve CSR activities in Nigeria, it could do so through policies, persuasion and complementary activities. The addition of CSR tax to profit tax, education tax and VAT will be most damaging to business interest. As the CSR bill continues to make progress through the National Assembly, corporate Nigeria may remain skeptical of its real value. Corporate Social Responsibility is in the interest of every business entity, but Nigeria should approach it in the context of global

Reputation of country and business sector

Reputation of country
It has many positive points such as very good opportunities for expatriates to go and earn money and many people going there for staying and doing business .and thus it is a developing country many sectors are developing so wide business opportunities are available. As coin has two sides similarly negative points are threats of loots no much safety of life it has high cost of living

Reputation of sector
Nigeria is considered very poor especially for power sector because only 4 hours of electricity are available out of 24 hours.

Ethical of India
Development of Intellectual Property Law in India
Intellectual Property Right (IPR) in India was imported from the west the first Indian law regarding ipris The Indian Trade and Merchandise Marks Act 1884 this law mainly covers the points like.
patents

industrial design

copyrights

geographical indications

trademark

CORRUPTION & BRIBARY

Corruption in India is a major issue that adversely affects its economy As per study approximate 62% had firsthand experience of paying bribes and has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. Generally in following fields corruption is found: Politics Bureaucracy Land & properties

 Tendering process & awarding contracts Medicine Driving licenses Legal documents Public servants in India can be penalized for corruption under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 Prosecution section of Income Tax Act,1961 The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 to prohibit benami transactions.

Social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating tool whereby a business monitors and ensures its active submission with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international rules.. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. The new law would require companies that meet certain set of criteria, to spend at least two percent of their average profits in the last three years towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities. But only companies reporting Rs 5 crore or more profits in the last three years have to make the CSR spend.

Reputation of country and business sector

As India is a developing country there are many scopes of businesses and wide opportunities are available. Government has also adopted privatisation, globalisation and liberalization so it gives a perfect platform for international industry and also reputation of country is good so that also allows many sectors to develop tremendously.

Comparison of ethical factor s Topic Intellectual property rights Nigeria It includes copyrights trademark and patents. India Ipr laws practiced in India are patents, copyrights, and trademark. Industrialdesign, geographical indications.

Corruption and bribery

There are various corruption practices followed by students,lecturers,police.and political corruption is prominent in Nigeria,

In India corruption is found in Politics, Bureaucracy, Land & propertiesTendering process & awarding contracts, MedicineDriving licenses, Legal documents. So we can conclude corruption is practiced everywhere.
Similarly people of India also follow the ethics of csr. There is good availability of power and it provides a huge scope for the businessman. Because government has adopted liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation.

Csr

Csr is must for any businessman to follow so even Nigeria cannot be escaped from it. Power sector is very poor as nil 4 hours electricity is available out of 24 hours

Reputation of business and sector

8) DEMOGRPHIC:
Population:
170,123,740(July2012est.) Co unt 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ry Nig 123, 126, 129, 133, 137, 128, 131, 135, 146, 149, 152, 155, 170, eri 337, 635, 934, 881, 253, 772, 859, 031, 255, 229, 217, 215, 123, a 800 600 900 700 100 000 700 200 300 100 300 600 700 (Source: www.indexmundi.com)

Introduction/INDUSTRY SECTOER:
Electricity - production: 20.13 billion kWh (2008 est.) Electric power generation in Nigeria began in 1896. In 1929, the Nigeria Electric Supply Company (NESCO) was established. In 1951, the Electric Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) was established to take over the assets of NESCO. In 1962, NDA (Nigeria Dams Authority) was established to develop the hydropower potentials in Nigeria. In 1972, ECN and NDA were merged to form NEPA (National Electric Power Authority), which later metamorphosis to Power Holding Company of Nigeria, as a holding company for its imminent unbundling and subsequent privatization. Previously, the Federal Ministry of Power oversees the electric power sector in Nigeria. It served both as the policy making body and the regulator; doing the latter mostly through the Electrical Inspectorate Services, a department in the Ministry. The electric power sector in Nigeria started with the Niger Dams Authority which controlled the Dams around Shiroro and River Niger. Age structure: in Nigeria age structure are follows: 0-14 years: 43.8% (male 39,127,615/female 37,334,281) 15-24 years: 19.3% (male 17,201,067/female 16,451,357)

25-54 years: 30.1% (male 25,842,967/female 26,699,432) 55-64 years: 3.8% (male 3,016,896/female 3,603,048) 65 years and over: 3% (male 2,390,154/female 2,840,722) (2013 est.)

GENDER:
There are 114 boys to every 100 girls, i.e. 1.14:1 At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Population Growth Rate:

1.092% (2011 est.)

Ethnicity:
Ethnic groups: Nigeria, is the Africa's most populous country there are calm of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, I jaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%.

Language:
In Nigeria are including these languages: Mandarin Chinese 12.44%, Spanish 4.85%, English 4.83%, Arabic 3.25%, Hindi 2.68%, Bengali 2.66%, Portuguese 2.62%, Russian 2.12%, Japanese 1.8%, Standard German

1.33%,Javanese1.25%(2009est.) English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, over 500 additional indigenous languages.

 Disability:
It is estimated that there are approximately 19 million Nigerians with disabilities out of a total population of 140 million.

Mobility:
Nigeria is an important destination country for migrants in the West African region. The latest available figures indicate that the number of immigrants residing in Nigeria has more than doubled in recent decades, from 477,135 in 1991 to 971,450 in 2005 (NPC, 1991). The number of immigrants is expected to increase to 1.1 million in 2010 (UNPD, 2009). However, immigrants make up only 0.7 per cent of the total population.

Demographic trends describe the historical changes:

age:
In Nigeria age structure was total population in 2012 age of 25-54 male 25,123,834 & female 25,945,571 whenever in 2013 male 25,842,967& female 26,699,432.

Language:
There are more than 250 languages spoken in Nigeria. English is considered to be the official language. However, it is notable that not more than about 50% of the population is able to speak in English. Every tribe has got its own language, which they prefer following as the standard mode of communication among themselves.English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, over 500 additional indigenous languages.

Ethnicity:
Traditions among Nigerias 389 ethnic groups give the country a cultural diversity. That is historical change.The most numerous ethnic group in the northern two-thirds of the country is the Hausa-Fulani, the over half of the Yorubas are Christian and about a quarter are Muslim, with the remainder hold traditional Yoruba views. The overwhelming majority of who are Muslim.

DEMOGRAPHIC of India
Population
In India July 2012 population are the 1,205,073,612.

History about power sector

Power development in India was first started in 1897 in Darjeeling, followed by commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902. India's electricity generation capacity additions from 1950 to 1985 were very low when compared to developed nations. Since 1990, India has been one of the fastest growing markets for new electricity generation capacity. India's Power Finance Corporation Limited projects that current and approved electricity capacity addition projects in India are expected to add about 100 GW of installed capacity between 2012 and 2017. This growth makes India one the fastest growing markets for electricity infrastructure equipment. India's installed capacity growth rates are still less than those achieved by China, and short of capacity needed to ensure universal availability of electricity throughout India by 2017.

Age structure:
In India age structure are as there: 0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 years: years: years: years: 29.3% 18.2% 40.2% 6.8% (male (male (male (male 187,386,162/female 116,019,042/female 249,017,538/female 41,035,270/female 165,345,284) 103,660,359) 235,042,251) 40,449,880)

65 years and over: 5.6% (male 31,892,823/female 35,225,003) (2012 est.)

 Gender:
Here Gender details are follows:
In India gender ratio: at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.12 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Population growth rate:

In India population growth rate is 1.312% (2012 est.)

Ethnicity:
In India ethnicity group to continue the Aryan, Dravidian, & Mongoloid.

Language:
In India different religions are stay. & they are speaking the different language. In India national language is Hindi & peoples are the most widely spoken Hindi language. English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)

Disability:
Census 2001 has revealed that over 21 million people in India as suffering from one or the other kind of disability. This is equivalent to 2.1% of the population. Among the total disabled in the country, 12.6 million are males and 9.3 million are females.

 Mobility:
This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving).net migration rate:-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Comparison of demographic factors :

Topic 1.Population 2. GENDER:

Nigeria In Nigeria is 170,123,740 (July 2012 est.) In Nigeria the gender ratio :0-14 years: 43.9% (male 38,232,053/female 36,483,243) 15-24 years: 19.3% (male 16,757,436/female 16,018,589) 25-54 years: 30% (male 25,123,834/female 25,945,571) 55-64 years: 3.8% (male 2,981,187/female 3,520,154) 65 years and over: 3% (male 2,325,682/female 2,735,991) (2012 est.)

Inida In India is 1,205,073,612 (July 2012 est.) In India the gender ratio 0-14 years: 29.3% (male 187,386,162/female 165,345,284) 15-24 years: 18.2% (male 116,019,042/female 103,660,359) 25-54 years: 40.2% (male 249,017,538/female 235,042,251) 55-64 years: 6.8% (male 41,035,270/female 40,449,880) 65 years and over: 5.6% (male 31,892,823/female 35,225,003) (2012 est.) 0-14 years: 29.3% (male 187,386,162/female 165,345,284) 15-24 years: 18.2% (male 116,019,042/female 103,660,359) 25-54 years: 40.2% (male 249,017,538/female 235,042,251) 55-64 years: 6.8% (male 41,035,270/female 40,449,880) 65 years and over: 5.6% (male 31,892,823/female 35,225,003) (2012 est.)

3.Age structure:

0-14 years: 43.8% (male 39,127,615/female 37,334,281) 15-24 years: 19.3% (male 17,201,067/female 16,451,357) 25-54 years: 30.1% (male 25,842,967/female 26,699,432) 55-64 years: 3.8% (male 3,016,896/female 3,603,048) 65 years and over: 3% (male 2,390,154/female 2,840,722) (2013 est.)

4.Population Growth Rate: 5.Language

1.092% (2011 est.) Mandarin Chinese ,Spanish English ,Arabic,Hindi,Russian, Japanese, Bengali

1.312% (2012 est.) India ,Bengali,Telugu,Marathi Tamil ,Gujarati ,Malayalam Oriya ,Punjabi English Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%